Laporan Tumpangsari Kcang Kedelai dan Jagung

BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang

Tumpangsari merupakan suatu usaha menanam beberapa jenis tanaman pada lahan dan waktu yang sama, yang diatur sedemikian rupa dalam barisanbarisan tanaman. Penanaman dengan cara ini bisa dilakukan pada dua atau lebih  jenis tanaman yang relatif seumur, misalnya jagung dan kacang kedelai atau bisa  juga pada beberapa jenis tanaman yang umurnya berbeda-beda. Untuk dapat melaksanakan pola tanam tumpangsari secara baik perlu diperhatikan beberapa faktor lingkungan yang mempunyai pengaruh di antaranya ketersediaan air, kesuburan tanah, sinar matahari dan hama penyakit. Sistem tanam tumpangsari mempunyai banyak keuntungan yang tidak dimiliki pada pola tanam monokultur. Monokultur, adalah menanam sejenis tanaman pada satu lahan.

Beberapa

keuntungan pada pola tumpangsari antara lain: 1) akan terjadi peningkatan efisiensi (tenaga kerja, pemanfaatan lahan maupun penyerapan sinar matahari), 2) dalam satu areal diperoleh produksi lebih dari satu komoditas, 3) tetap mempunyai peluang mendapatkan hasil manakala satu jenis tanaman yang diusahakan gagal dan 4) kombinasi beberapa jenis tanaman dapat menciptakan beberapa jenis tanaman dapat menciptakan stabilitas biologis sehingga dapat menekan serangan hama dan penyakit serta mempertahankan kelestarian sumber daya lahan dalam hal ini kesuburan tanah.

1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan

1). Mahasiswa

mengenal

monokultur

dan

tumpang

sari

serta

dapat

mempelajari pengaruh tanaman sela terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman pokok.

2). Mahasiswa dapat membandingkan pertumbuhan dan produksi jagung dan kacang kedelai secara monokultur dan tumpang sari.

1

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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Sistematika dan Botani A. Botani Kacang Kedelai

Taksonomi Dalam dunia tumbuhan, kacang kedelai diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut: Kingdom

: Plantae

Filum

: Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta

Kelas

: Magnoliopsida

Ordo

: Fabales

Famili

: Fabaceae

Upafamili

: Faboidae

Genus

: Glycine

Spesies

: Glycine soja L.

B. Morfologi Tanaman 

Biji

Biji kedelai berkeping dua, terbungkus kulit biji dan tidak  mengandung jaringan endospperma. endospperma. Embrio terletak di antara keping biji. Warna kulit biji kuning, hitam, hijau, coklat. Pusar biji (hilum) adalah jaringan bekas biji melekat pada dinding buah. Bentuk biji kedelai umumnya bulat lonjong tetapai ada pula yang bundar atau bulat agak pipih. 

Kecambah

Biji kedelai yang kering akan berkecambah bila memperoleh air yang cukup. Kecambah kedelai tergolong epigeous, yaitu keping biji muncul diatas tanah. Warna hipokotil, yaitu bagian batang kecambah dibawah kepaing, ungu atau hijau yang berhubungan dengan warna bunga. Kedelai yang berhipokotil ungu berbunga

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

Perakaran



Tanaman kedelai mempunyai akar tunggang yang membentuk  akar-akar cabang yang tumbuh menyamping (horizontal) tidak jauh dari permukaan tanah. Jika kelembapan tanah turun, akar akan berkembang lebih ke dalam agar dapat menyerap unsur hara dan air. Pertumbuhan ke samping dapat mencapai jarak 40 cm, dengan kedalaman hingga 120 cm. Selain berfungsi sebagai tempat bertumpunya tanaman dan alat pengangkut air maupun unsur hara, akar tanaman kedelai juga merupakan tempat terbentuknya bintilbintil akar. Bintil akar tersebut berupa berupa koloni bakteri bakteri pengikat  Bradyrhizobium japonicum yang bersimbiosis secara nitrogen Bradyrhizobium japonicum

mutualis dengan kedelai. Pada tanah yang telah mengandung bakteri ini, bintil akar mulai terbentuk sekitar 15  –  20 hari setelah tanam. Bakteri bintil akar dapat mengikat nitrogen langsung dari udara dalam bentuk gas N 2 yang kemudian dapat digunakan oleh kedelai setelah dioksidasi menjadi nitrat (NO 3). 

Batang

Kedelai berbatang dengan tinggi 30 – 100 100 cm. Batang dapat membentuk 3  –  6 cabang, tetapi bila jarak antar tanaman rapat, cabang menjadi berkurang, atau tidak bercabang sama sekali. Tipe pertumbuhan batang dapat dibedakan menjadi terbatas (determinate), tidak terbatas ( indeterminate), dan setengah terbatas (semi-indeterminate). Tipe terbatas memiliki ciri khas berbunga serentak dan mengakhiri pertumbuhan meninggi. Tanaman pendek  sampai sedang, ujung batang hampir sama besar dengan batang bagian tengah, daun teratas sama besar dengan daun batang tengah. Tipe tidak terbatas memiliki ciri berbunga secara bertahap dari bawah ke atas dan tumbuhan terus tumbuh. Tanaman berpostur sedang sampai tinggi, ujung batang lebih kecil dari bagian tengah. Tipe setengah terbatas memiliki karakteristik antara kedua tipe

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Bunga kedelai termasuk bunga sempurna yaitu setiap bunga mempunyai alat jantan dan alat betina. Penyerbukan terjadi pada saat mahkota bunga masih menutup sehingga kemungkinan kawin silang alami amat kecil. Bunga terletak pada ruas-ruas batang, berwarna ungu atau putih. Tidak semua bunga dapat menjadi polong walaupun telah terjadi penyerbukan secara sempurna. Sekitar 60% bunga rontok sebelum membentuk polong. 

Buah

Buah kedelai berbentuk polong. Setiap tanaman t anaman mampu menghasilkan 100  –  250 polong. Polong kedelai berbulu dan berwarna kuning kecoklatan atau abu-abu. Selama proses pematangan buah, polong yang mula-mula berwarna hijau akan berubah menjadi kehitaman. 

Daun

Pada buku ( nodus) pertama tanaman yang tumbuh dari biji terbentuk sepasang daun tunggal. Selanjutnya, pada semua buku di atasnya terbentuk daun majemuk selalu dengan tiga helai. Helai daun tunggal memiliki tangkai pendek dan daun bertiga mempunyai tangkai agak panjang. Masing-masing daun berbentuk  oval, tipis, dan berwarna hijau. Permukaan daun berbulu halus (trichoma) pada kedua sisi. Tunas atau bunga akan muncul pada ketiak tangkai daun majemuk. Setelah tua, daun menguning dan gugur, mulai dari daun yang menempel di bagian bawah batang.

C. Syarat Tumbuh Iklim 1.

Tanaman kedelai sebagian sebagian besar tumbuh di daerah yang beriklim tropis dan subtropis. Sebagai barometer iklim yang cocok bagi kedelai adalah bila cocok bagi tanaman jagung. Bahkan daya tahan kedelai lebih baik daripada jagung. Iklim kering lebih disukai tanaman kedelai

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2.

Tanaman kedelai dapat tumbuh baik di daerah yang memiliki curah hujan sekitar 100-400 mm/bulan. Sedangkan untuk mendapatkan mendapatkan hasil optimal, tanaman kedelai membutuhkan curah hujan antara 100-200 mm/bulan.

3.

Suhu yang dikehendaki tanaman kedelai antara 21-34 derajat C, akan tetapi suhu optimum bagi pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai 23-27 derajat C. Pada proses perkecambahan benih kedelai memerlukan suhu yang cocok sekitar 30 derajat C.

4.

Saat panen kedelai yang jatuh pada musim kemarau akan lebih baik  dari pada musim hujan, karena berpengaruh terhadap waktu pemasakan pemasakan biji dan pengeringan hasil.

Media Tanam

1. Pada dasarnya kedelai menghendaki kondisi tanah yang tidak terlalu basah, tetapi air tetap tersedia. Jagung merupakan tanaman indikator yang baik bagi kedelai. Tanah yang baik ditanami jagung, baik pula ditanami kedelai. 2. Kedelai tidak menuntut struktur tanah yang khusus sebagai sebagai suatu persyaratan tumbuh. Bahkan pada kondisi lahan yang kurang subur dan agak asam pun kedelai dapat tumbuh dengan baik, asal tidak tergenang air yang akan menyebabkan menyebabkan busuknya akar. Kedelai dapat tumbuh baik  pada berbagai jenis tanah, asal drainase dan aerasi tanah cukup baik. 3. Tanah-tanah yang cocok yaitu: alluvial, regosol, grumosol, latosol dan andosol. Pada tanah-tanah podsolik merah kuning dan tanah yang mengandung banyak banyak pasir kwarsa, pertumbuhan kedelai kurang baik, kecuali bila diberi tambahan pupuk organik atau kompos dalam j umlah cukup. 4. Tanah yang baru pertama kali ditanami kedelai, sebelumnya perlu diberi bakteri Rhizobium, kecuali tanah yang sudah pernah ditanami Vigna sinensis (kacang panjang). Kedelai yang ditanam pada tanah

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5. Kedelai juga membutuhkan tanah yang kaya akan humus atau bahan organik. Bahan organik yang cukup dalam tanah akan memperbaiki daya olah dan juga merupakan sumber makanan bagi jasad renik, yang akhirnya akan membebaskan unsur hara untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. 6. Tanah berpasir dapat ditanami kedelai, asal air dan hara tanaman untuk  pertumbuhannya cukup. Tanah yang mengandung liat tinggi, sebaiknya diadakan perbaikan drainase dan aerasi sehingga tanaman tidak kekurangan oksigen dan tidak tergenang air waktu hujan besar. Untuk memperbaiki aerasi, bahan organik sangat penting artinya. 7. Toleransi keasaman tanah sebagai syarat tumbuh bagi kedelai adalah pH= 5,8-7,0 tetapi pada pH 4,5 pun kedelai dapat tumbuh. Pada pH kurang dari 5,5 pertumbuhannya pertumbuhannya sangat terlambat karena keracunan aluminium. Pertumbuhan bakteri bintil dan proses nitrifikasi (proses oksidasi amoniak menjadi nitrit atau proses pembusukan) pembusukan) akan berjalan kurang baik. 8. Dalam pembudidayaan tanaman kedelai, sebaiknya dipilih lokasi yang topografi tanahnya datar, sehingga tidak perlu dibuat teras-teras dan tanggul.

Ketinggian Tempat

Varietas kedelai berbiji kecil, sangat cocok ditanam di lahan dengan ketinggian 0,5- 300 m dpl. Sedangkan varietasi kedelai berbiji besar cocok  ditanam di lahan dengan ketinggian 300-500 m dpl. Kedelai biasanya akan tumbuh baik pada ketinggian tidak lebih dari 500 m dpl.

D. Botani Jagung

Taksonomi Taksonomi Kingdom

:Plantae(Tumbuhan)

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Super Divisi

:Spermatophyta (Menghasilkan biji)

Divisi

:Magnoliophyta (Tumbuh an berbunga)

Kelas

:Liliopsida (berkeping satu/monokotil)

Sub Kelas

:Commelinidae

Ordo

:Poales

Famili

:Poaceae(sukurumput-rumputan)

Genus

:Zea

Spesies

:  Zea mays L

E. Morfologi Tanaman

Tanaman jagung jagung termasuk famili rumput-rumputan (graminae) darisubfamili myadeae. Dua famili yang berdekatan dengan jagung adalahteosinte dan tripsacum yang diduga merupakan asal dari tanaman jagung.Teosinte jagung.Teosinte berasal dari Meksico dan Guatemala sebagai tumbuhan liar didaerah pertanaman  jagung.

Sistem Perakaran

Jagung mempunyai akar serab serabut ut dengan tiga macam akar, akar, yaitu (a) akar seminal, (b) akar adventif, dan (c) akar kait atau penyangga. Akar seminaladalah akar yang berkembang dari radikula dan embrio. Pertumbuhan akar seminal akan melambat setelah plumula muncul ke permukaan tanah danpertumbuhan danpertumbuhan akar seminal akan berhenti pada fase V3. Akar adventif 

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akar adventif yang muncul pada dua atau tiga ti ga buku di atas permukaan tanah.Fungsi tanah.Fungsi dari akar penyangga adalah menjaga tanaman agar tetap tegak  danmengatasi danmengatasi rebah batang. Akar ini juga membantu penyerapan hara dan air.Perkembangan air.Perkembangan akar jagung (kedalaman dan penyebarannya)bergantung penyebarannya)bergantung pada varietas, pengolahan tanah, fisik dan kimia tanah, keadaanair tanah, dan pemupukan. Akar jagung dapat dijadikan indikator toleransitanaman terhadap cekaman aluminium. Tanaman yang toleran t oleran aluminium,tudung akarnya terpotong dan tidak mempunyai bulu-bulu akar (Syafruddin2002). Pemupukan nitrogen dengan takaran berbeda menyebabkanperbedaan perkembangan.

Batang dan Daun

Tanaman jagung mempunyai batang yang tidak bercabang, berbentuksilindris, dan terdiri atas sejumlah ruas dan buku ruas. Pada buku ruasterdapat tunas yang berkembang menjadi tongkol. Dua tunas teratasberkembang menjadi tongkol yang produktif. Batang memiliki tigakomponen jaringan utama, yaitu kulit (epidermis), jaringan pembuluh(bundles pembuluh(bundles vaskuler), dan pusat batang (pith). Bundles vaskuler tertata t ertata dalam lingkaran konsentris dengan kepadatan bundles yang tinggi, dan lingkaran-lingkaran menuju perikarp dekat epidermis. Kepadatan bundles berkurangbegitu mendekati pusat batang. Konsentrasi bundles vaskuler yang tinggi dibawah epidermis menyebabkan menyebabkan batang tahan rebah. Genotipe jagung yangmepunyai batang kuat memiliki lebih banyak  lapisan jaringan sklerenkimberdinding tebal di bawah epidermis batang dan sekeliling bundles vaskuler (Paliwal 2000). Terdapat variasi ketebalan kulit

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2000).Genotipe jagung mempunyai mempunyai keragaman dalam hal panjang, lebar, tebal,sudut, dan warna pigmentasi daun. Lebar helai daun dikategorikan mulaidari sangat sempit (< 5 cm), sempit (5,1-7 cm), sedang (7,1-9 cm), lebar (9,1-11 cm), hingga sangat lebar (>11 cm). Besar sudut daun mempengaruhitipe daun. Sudut daun jagung juga beragam, mulai dari sangat kecil hinggasangat besar (Gambar 1). Beberapa genotipe jagung memiliki antocyaninpada antocyaninpada helai daunnya, yang bisa terdapat pada pinggir daun atau tulang daun.Intensitas warna antocyanin pada pelepah daun bervariasi, dari sangatlemah hingga sangat kuat.Bentuk ujung daun jagung berbeda, yaitu runcing, runcing agak bulat,bulat, bulat agak tumpul, dan tumpul (Gambar 2). Berdasarkan letak posisidaun (sudut daun) terdapat dua tipe daun jagung, yaitu tegak (erect) danmenggantung (pendant). Daun erect biasanya memiliki sudut antara kecilsampai sedang, pola helai daun bisa lurus atau bengkok. Daun pendantumumnya pendantumumnya memiliki sudut yang lebar dan pola daun bervariasi dari lurussampai sangat bengkok. Jagung dengan tipe daun erect memiliki kanopi kecil sehingga dapat ditanam dengan populasi yang tinggi. Kepadatantanaman yang tinggi diharapkan dapat memberikan hasil yang tinggi pula.

Bunga

Jagung disebut juga tanaman berumah satu (monoeciuos) karena bunga jantan dan betinanya terdapat dalam satu tanaman. Bunga betina, tongkol,muncul dari axillary apices tajuk. Bunga jantan (tassel) berkembang darititik tumbuh apikal di ujung tanaman. Pada tahap awal, kedua bunga memilikiprimordia bunga

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secara kontinudari tiap tassel dalam tempo seminggu atau lebih.Rambut jagung (silk) adalah pemanjangan dari saluran stylar ovary yangmatang pada tongkol. Rambut jagung tumbuh dengan panjang hingga 30,5cm atau lebih sehingga keluar dari ujung kelobot. Panjang rambut jagungbergantung pada panjang tongkol dan kelobot.Tanaman jagung adalah protandry, di mana pada sebagian besar varietas, bunga jantannya muncul (anthesis) 1-3 hari sebelum rambut bungabetina muncul (silking). Serbuk sari (pollen) terlepas mulai dari spikeletyang terletak pada spike yang di tengah, 2-3 cm dari ujung malai (tassel),kemudian (tassel),kemudian turun ke bawah. Satu bulir anther melepas 15-30 juta serbuk  sari.Serbuk sari sangat ringan dan jatuh karena gravitasi atau tertiup anginsehingga terjadi penyerbukan silang. Dalam keadaan tercekam (stress)karena kekurangan air, keluarnya rambut tongkol kemungkinan tertunda, sedangkan keluarnya malai tidak terpengaruh. Interval antara keluarnyabunga keluarnyabunga betina dan bunga jantan (anthesis silking interval, ASI) adalah halyang sangat penting. ASI yang kecil menunjukkan terdapat terdapat sinkronisasipembungaan, sinkronisasipembungaan, yang berarti peluang terjadinya penyerbukan sempurnasangat sempurnasangat besar. Semakin besar nilai ASI semakin kecil sinkronisasi pembungaandan pembungaandan penyerbukan terhambat sehingga menurunkan hasil. Cekaman abiotisumumnya mempengaruhi mempengaruhi nilai ASI, seperti pada cekaman kekeringan dantemperatur tinggi.Penyerbukan tinggi.Penyerbukan pada jagung terjadi bila serbuk sari dari bunga jantanmenempel jantanmenempel pada rambut tongkol. Hampir 95% dari persarian tersebut berasaldari serbuk sari tanaman lain, dan hanya 5% yang berasal dari serbuk saritanaman sendiri. Oleh karena itu, tanaman jagung disebut tanaman bersarisilang (cross pollinated crop), di mana sebagian besar dari serbuk sari

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Tongkol dan Biji

naman jagung mempunyai satu atau dua tongkol, tergantung varietas.Tongkol  jagung diselimuti oleh oleh daun kelobot. kelobot. Tongkol jagung yang yang terletakpada bagian atas umumnya lebih dahulu terbentuk dan lebih besar dibanding yang terletak  pada bagian bawah. Setiap tongkol terdiri atas 10-16 baris biji yang jumlahnya selalu genap.Biji jagung disebut kariopsis, dinding ovari atau perikarp menyatu dengankulit biji atau testa, membentuk dinding buah. Biji jagung terdiri atas tigabagian utama, yaitu (a) pericarp, berupa lapisan luar yang tipis, berfungsimencegah berfungsimencegah embrio dari organisme pengganggu dan kehilangan air; (b)endosperm, sebagai cadangan makanan, makanan, mencapai 75% dari bobot biji yang mengandung 90% pati dan 10% protein, mineral, minyak, dan l ainnya; dan(c) embrio (lembaga), sebagai miniatur tanaman yang terdiri atas plamule,akar radikal, scutelum, dan koleoptil (Hardman and Gunsolus 1998).Pati endosperm tersusun dari senyawa anhidroglukosa yang sebagianbesar terdiri atas dua molekul, yaitu amilosa dan amilopektin, dan sebagiankecil bahan antara (White 1994). Namun pada beberapa jenis jagungterdapa j agungterdapatt variasi proporsi kandungan amilosa dan amilopektin. Proteinendosperm biji jagung terdiri atas beberapa fraksi, yang berdasarkankelarutannya berdasarkankelarutannya diklasifikasikan menjadi albumin (larut dalam air), globumin(larut dalam larutan salin), zein atau prolamin (larut dalam alkoholkonsentrasi alkoholkonsentrasi tinggi), dan glutein (larut dalam alkali). Pada sebagian besar jagung, proporsi proporsi masing-masing fraksi fraksi protein adalah albumin albumin 3%, globulin3%, prolamin 60%, dan glutein.

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Energi 1.866 kJ (446 kcal) Karbohidrat 30,16 g Gula 7,33 g Diet serat 9,3 g Lemak 19,94 g  jenuh 2,884 g monounsaturated monounsaturated 4,404 g polyunsaturated 11,255 g Protein 36,49 g Tryptophan 0,591 g Treonin 1,766 g Isoleusin 1,971 g Leucine 3,309 g Lysine 2,706 g Metionin 0,547 g Fenilalanin 2,122 g Tirosin 1,539 g Valin 2,029 g

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Kalsium 277 mg (28%) Besi 15,70 mg (126%) Magnesium 280 mg (76%) Fosfor 704 mg (101%) Kalium 1797 mg (38%) Natrium 2 mg (0%) Seng 4,89 mg (49%) Sumber: USDA Nutrient database

Karena kangdungan gizinya yang sangat tinggi, kedelai memiliki banyak  manfaat, diantaranya diantaranya sebagai bahan pangan pangan yaitu tahu, kecap, tempe. tempe. Selain itu, kacang kedelai kedelai yang diolah menjadi tepung tepung kedelai secara garis besar besar dapat dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok manfaat utama, yaitu: olahan dalam bentuk protein kedelai dan minyak kedelai. Dalam bentuk protein kedelai dapat digunakan sebagai bahan industri makanan yang diolah menjadi: susu, vetsin, kue-kue, permen dan daging nabati serta sebagai bahan industri bukan makanan seperti : kertas, cat cair, tinta cetak  dan tekstil.

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Karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati umumnya berupa campuran amilosa dan amilopektin. Pada jagung ketan, sebagian besar atau seluruh patinya merupakan amilopektin. Perbedaan ini tidak banyak  berpengaruh pada kandungan gizi, tetapi lebih berarti dalam pengolahan sebagai bahan pangan. Jagung manis diketahui mengandung amilopektin lebih rendah tetapi mengalami peningkatan fitoglikogen dan sukrosa. Kandungan gizi Jagung per 100 gram bahan adalah: 

Kalori : 355 Kalori



Protein : 9,2 gr



Lemak : 3,9 gr



Karbohidrat : 73,7 gr



Kalsium : 10 mg



Fosfor : 256 mg



Ferrum : 2,4 mg

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dijadikan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Lebih dari itu, saripati jagung dapat diubah menjadi polimer sebagai bahan campuran pengganti p engganti fungsi utama plastik. Salah satu perusahaan di Jepang telah mencampur polimer jagung dan plastik menjadi bahan baku casing komputer yang siap dipasarkan.

2.3 Teknik Budidaya A. Teknik Budidaya Jagung

1. Tanah di cangkul sampai halus dan gembur, setelah lahan dicangkul sampai halus, barulah ditajuk dengan kedalaman tiga sentimeter untuk  menaruh bibit yang akan ditanam. 2. Bibit ditimbun sekadarnya. sekadarnya. Tekstur tanahnya harus gembur. Tidak boleh diinjak karena dapat menyebabkan tanah menjadi padat. Setiap lubang diisi sebutir benih dengan jarak 20 – 70 70 sentimeter. 3. Pada umur empat hari setelah bibit tumbuh, pupuklah dengan pupuk  berimbang (Urea, TS, dan KCL).

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Hama yang sering menyerang tanaman jagung adalah :

1). Lalat bibit (Atherigona exigua Stein) Setelah 4-5 hari ditanam biasanya biji mulai tumbuh. Penyemprotan untuk mencegah/memberantas lalat bibit segera dilakukan setelah biji tumbuh dan tersembul di atas tanah. Penyemprotan dilakukan dengan interval 2-3 hari sekali. Pestisida dipergunakan adalah Basudin (Diazinon), Surecide dan lainlain, dengan dosis 1,5- 2,5 cc/ liter air. Serangan lalat bibit ini berlangsung sampai tanaman berumur tanaman ± 3 minggu.

2). Ulat daun (Prodenia litura F). Menyerang pupuk daun pada waktu tanaman berumur 1 (satu) bulan. Pemberantasan agar dilakukan secepatnya dengan insektisida seperti terdapat pada serangan lalat bibit.

3). Penggerek daun (Sesamia inferens WLK). Menyerang

pada

waktu

tanaman

telah

berbunga.

Tindakan pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan penyemprotan segera setelah terlihat adanya telur-telur yang biasanya terletak di bawah daun pada saat

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

Penyakit pada Jagung

Penyakit pada tanaman jagung adalah: 1).

Penyakit bercak daun (Leaf bligh)

Penyebab: cendawan cendawan Helminthosporium turcicum. Gejala: pada daun tampak  bercak memanjang dan teratur berwarna kuning dan dikelilingi warna coklat, bercak berkembang dan meluas dari ujung daun hingga ke pangkal daun, semula bercak tampak basah, kemudian berubah warna menjadi coklat kekuning-kuningan, kekuning-kuningan, kemudian berubah menjadi coklat tua. Akhirnya seluruh permukaan daun berwarna coklat. Pengendalian: Pengendalian: (1) pergiliran tanaman. (2) mengatur kondisi lahan tidak lembab; (3) Prenventif diawal dengan GLIO 2). Penyakit karat (Rust)

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dan polong. Gejala: layu, pertumbuhannya pertumbuhannya terhambat.  Pengendalian  Pengendalian:: (1) menanam kedelai pada waktunya, mengolah tanah dengan baik, bersih, memenuhi syarat, tidak ditumbuhi tanaman inang seperti: terung-terungan, kapas-kapasan atau kacangkacangan; (2) membuang bagian tanaman yang terserang hama dan membakarnya; membakarnya; (3) menggunakan menggunakan musuh alami (predator maupun parasit); (4) penyemprotan insektisida dilakukan pada permukaan daun bagian atas dan bawah.  b.  Melano Agromyza Agromyza Phaseoli, kecil kecil sekali (1,5 mm) Lalat bertelur pada leher akar, larva masuk ke dalam batang memakan isi batang, kemudian menjadi lalat dan bertelur. Lebih berbahaya bagi kedelai yang ditanam di ladang. l adang.

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 Pengendalian  Pengendalian:: (1) kedelai ditanam tepat pada waktunya (setelah panen padi), sebelum ulat berkembang biak; (2) penyemprotan obat Dursban 20 EC sampai 15 hari sebelum panen.  .  Kepala polong (Riptortis (Riptortis Lincearis) Lincearis) Gejala: polong bercak-bercak hitam dan menjadi hampa.  Pengendalian  Pengendalian:: penyemprotan Surecide 25 EC, Azodrin 15 WSC.  g.  Lalat kacang (Ophiomyia (Ophiomyia Phaseoli) Menyerang tanaman muda yang baru tumbuh.  Pengendalian  Pengendalian:: Saat benih ditanam, tanah diberi Furadan 36, kemudian setelah benih ditanam, tanah ditutup dengan jerami . Satu minggu setelah benih menjadi kecambah dilakukan penyemprotan dengan insektisida Azodrin 15 WSC, dengan dosis 2 cc/liter air, volume larutan 1000 liter/ha.

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seperti Dursban 20 EC, Azodrin 15 WSC dan Basudin 50 EC.

. Teknik Budidaya Kedelai

1.Pembukaan Lahan, pembersihan tanaman gulma dan batu-batu 2. Pengolahan tanah (menggemburka (m enggemburkan n lahan) 3. Menentukan jarak tanam - Ukuran petak : 5 m X 3 m

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dengan baik, bersih, memenuhi syarat, tidak ditumbuhi tanaman inang seperti: terung-terungan, kapas-kapasan atau kacangkacangan; (2) membuang bagian tanaman yang terserang hama dan membakarnya; membakarnya; (3) menggunakan menggunakan musuh alami (predator maupun parasit); (4) penyemprotan insektisida dilakukan pada permukaan daun bagian atas dan bawah.  b.  Melano Agromyza Agromyza Phaseoli, kecil kecil sekali (1,5 mm) Lalat bertelur pada leher akar, larva masuk ke dalam batang memakan isi batang, kemudian menjadi lalat dan bertelur. Lebih berbahaya bagi kedelai yang ditanam di ladang.  Pengenda  Pengendalian: lian: (1) waktu tanam pada saat tanah masih lembab dan subur (tidak pada bulan-bulan kering); (2) penyemprotan Agrothion 50 EC, Azodrin 15 WSC, Sumithoin 50 EC, Surecide 25 EC

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 .  Kepala polong (Riptortis (Riptortis Lincearis) Gejala: polong bercak-bercak hitam dan menjadi hampa.  Pengenda  Pengendalian: lian: penyemprotan Surecide 25 EC, Azodrin 15 WSC.  g.  Lalat kacang (Ophiomyia (Ophiomyia Phaseoli) Menyerang tanaman muda yang baru tumbuh.  Pengenda  Pengendalian: lian: Saat benih ditanam, tanah diberi Furadan 36, kemudian

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 a.  Aphis SPP (Aphis Glycine) Kutu dewasa ukuran kecil 1-1,5 mm berwarna hitam, ada yang bersayap dan tidak. Kutu ini dapat dapat menularkan virus SMV (Soyabean Mosaik  Virus). Menyerang pada awal pertumbuhan dan masa pertumbuhan bunga dan polong. Gejala: layu, pertumbuhannya pertumbuhannya terhambat.

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Ulat yang berasal dari kupu-kupu ini bertelur di bawah daun buah, setelah menetas, ulat masuk ke dalam buah sampai besar, memakan buah muda. Gejala: pada buah terdapat lubang kecil. Waktu buah masih hijau, polong bagian luar berubah warna, di dalam polong terdapat ulat gemuk hijau dan kotorannya.  Pengendalian  Pengendalian:: (1) kedelai ditanam tepat pada waktunya (setelah panen

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Tumpang sari adalah suatu bentuk pertanaman campuran ( polyculture) berupa pelibatan dua jenis atau lebih tanaman pada satu areal lahan tanam dalam waktu yang bersamaan atau agak bersamaan. Tumpang sari yang umum dilakukan adalah penanaman dalam waktu yang hampir bersamaan untuk dua  jenis tanaman budidaya yang yang sama, seperti seperti jagung dan kedelai, kedelai, atau jagung dankacang tanah. Dalam kepustakaan, kepustakaan, hal ini dikenal sebagai double-

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lain: 1. Membuat daun tanaman lebih hijau segar dan banyak mengandung butir hijau daun (chlorophyl) yang mempunyai peranan sangat panting dalam proses fotosintesa 2. Mempercepat pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi, jumlah anakan, cabang

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