Laporan Survey Batimetri Ketapang

KL 3103

FIELD DATA DATA ACQUISITI ACQUISITION ON AND ANALYSIS

Final Assignment

Lecturer:

Ahmad Mukhlis Firdaus, S.T., S.T., M.T.

By:

Group 8 Achmad Hasan

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%harisma &a'a(ra

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Dan' Ar'an+ah

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Hari %urnia-an

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TA6LE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... LIST OF FI7U8ES............................................................................................................ * LIST OF TA6LES............................................................................................................. ! CHA2TE8 I9 INT8ODUCTION.......................................................................................$ .

................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... .............................. ................... 6 6ack1r3und.....................

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Aim an and 2u 2ur:3s0s..................... ................................ ..................... ........................................... ................................. 6

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2r3;0c( C350ra10..................... ................................ ..................... ...................................... .................................. ...... 6

CHA2TE8 II9 6ASIC THEO8Y.......................................................................................  .

............................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... ............................... 8 6a(h'm0(r'....................

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Ech3 S3 S3undin1..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................ 8

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GPS System................. System............................ ...................... ..................... ........................................ .............................. 9

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............................... ..................... ..................... ............................. ................... 10 M0(h3d 34 Ma::in1 .....................

CHA2TE8 III9 ua(i3ns (3 d0(0rmin0 (h0 0@ac(  :3si(i3n 34 (h0 r0c0i50r 43r i( (3 c3m:u(0 43ur unkn3-n >uan(i(i0s (hr00 :3si(i3n c33rdina(0s and cl3ck d05ia(i3n 4r3m sa(0lli(0 (im0. F3r r0c0i50r in c3n(inu3us, m3s( r0c0i50rs ha50 a (rack al13ri(hm, s3m0(im0s call0d a tracker, (ha( c3m=in0s s0(s 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s c3ll0c(0d a( a di440r0n( (im0sBin 0440c(, (akin1 ad5an(a10 34 (h0 4ac( (ha( succ0ssi50 r0c0i50r :3si(i3ns ar0 usuall' cl3s0 (3 0ach 3(h0r. A4(0r a s0( 34 m0asur0m0n( ar0 :r3c0ss0d, (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(s (h0 r0c0i50r l3ca(i3n c3rr0s:3ndin1 ar0 usuall' cl3s0 (3 0ach 3(h0r. A4(0r a s0( 34  m0asur0m0n(s ar0 :r3c0ss0d, (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(s (h0 r0c0i50r l3ca(i3n c3rr0s:3ndin1 (3 (h0 n0@( s0( 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s. u0 is als3 kn3-n as uir0d 4r3m 6ak3sur(anal.

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oun*ing Line %lan In sur50' :lannin1 (h0r0 ar0 s3m0 (0chnical :r0:ara(i3n -0 n00d (3 d3, includin1  :r0:arin1 6as0d Ma:, 2r0:arin1 su::3r(in1 da(a such as =0nchmark :3in( 4r3m 6ak3su(anal, Minis(r' 34 2u=lic u0 34 usin1 s3nar  (3 m0asur0 d0:(h.

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Ti*al O4ser-ation Tid0 ar0 a ris0 and 4all (h0 sur4ac0 34 s0a l050ls =0caus0 34 (h0 m33n 1ra5i(a(i3n, sun 1ra5i(a(i3n, r3(a(i3n and r053lu(i3n 34 0ar(h. Tid0 caus0 (h0 d0:(h 34 (h0 s0a 5ar' d0:0nds 3n -h0n (h0 d0:(h ar0 m0asur0d. This is =0caus0 (h0 m33n 1ra5i(a(i3n and (h0 sun 1ra5i(a(i3n is s(r3n1 0n3u1h (3 dra- and ur10 (h0 s0a l050l. 60caus0 34 (his (id0,  =a(h'm0(ric is n3( accura(0 i4 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric da(a hasn( c3rr0c(0d =' (idal da(a. S3  =a(h'm0(ric is ac(uall' c3nn0c(0d (3 (idal. Tidal 3=s0r5a(i3n usuall' 3=s0r50d 3n "# 3r ! da's. Tidal 3=s0r5a(i3n c3uld =0 d3n0 manuall' and au(3ma(icall'. And 43r =a(h'm0(ric da(a c3rr0c(i3n, (idal da(a usuall' 3=s0r50 -i(h d0ns0 (im0 in(0r5al durin1 =a(h'm0(ric sur50'. Th0r0 is s3m0 (idal 3=s0r5a(i3n m0(h3d. L0as( S>uar0, Admiral(', and NAOTid0

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Least 5uare Th0 m0(h3d 34 least s5uares is a s(andard a::r3ach in r01r0ssi3n anal'sis (3 (h0 a::r3@ima(0 s3lu(i3n 34 350rd0(0rmin0d s's(0ms, i.0., s0(s 34 0>ua(i3ns in -hich (h0r0 ar0 m3r0 0>ua(i3ns (han unkn3-ns. KL0as( s>uar0sK m0ans (ha( (h0 350rall s3lu(i3n minimi+0s (h0 sum 34 (h0 s>uar0s 34 (h0 0rr3rs mad0 in (h0 r0sul(s 34 050r' sin1l0 0>ua(i3n.

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Th0 m3s( im:3r(an( a::lica(i3n is in  da(a 4i((in1. Th0 =0s( 4i( in (h0 l0as(G s>uar0s s0ns0 minimi+0s (h0 sum 34 s>uar0d r0siduals,  a r0sidual =0in1 (h0 di440r0nc0 =0(-00n an 3=s0r50d 5alu0 and (h0 4i((0d 5alu0 :r35id0d =' a m3d0l. uar0s m0(h3ds ha50 :r3=l0ms in such cas0s, (h0 m0(h3d3l31' r0>uir0d 43r 4i((in1 0rr3rsGinG5aria=l0s m3d0ls ma'  =0 c3nsid0r0d ins(0ad 34 (ha( 43r l0as( s>uar0s. L0as( s>uar0s :r3=l0ms 4all in(3 (-3 ca(013ri0s9 lin0ar 3r 3rdinar' l0as( s>uar0s and n3nGlin0ar l0as( s>uar0s, d0:0ndin1 3n -h0(h0r 3r n3( (h0 r0siduals ar0 lin0ar in all unkn3-ns. Th0 lin0ar l0as(Gs>uar0s :r3=l0m 3ccurs in s(a(is(ical r01r0ssi3n anal'sis i( has a cl3s0dG43rm s3lu(i3n.  Th0 n3nGlin0ar :r3=l0m is usuall' s3l50d =' i(0ra(i50 r04in0m0n( a( 0ach i(0ra(i3n (h0 s's(0m is a::r3@ima(0d =' a lin0ar 3n0, and (hus (h0 c3r0 calcula(i3n is similar in =3(h cas0s. 23l'n3mial l0as( s>uar0sd0scri=0 (h0 5arianc0 in a :r0dic(i3n 34 (h0 d0:0nd0n( 5aria=l0 as a 4unc(i3n 34 (h0 ind0:0nd0n( 5aria=l0 and (h0 d05ia(i3ns 4r3m (h0 4i((0d cur50.uar0s is 5alid and :rac(ical 43r m3r0 10n0ral 4amili0s 34  4unc(i3ns. Als3, =' i(0ra(i50l' a::l'in1 l3cal >uadra(ic a::r3@ima(i3n (3 (h0 lik0lih33d (hr3u1h (h0 Fish0r in43rma(i3n, (h0 l0as(Gs>uar0s m0(h3d ma' =0 us0d (3 4i( a 10n0rali+0d lin0ar m3d0l. F3r (h0 (3:ic 34 a::r3@ima(in1 a 4unc(i3n =' a sum 34 3(h0rs usin1 an 3=;0c(i50 4unc(i3n =as0d 3n s>uar0d dis(anc0s, s00 l0as( s>uar0s 4unc(i3n a::r3@ima(i3n.Th0 l0as(Gs>uar0s m0(h3d is usuall' cr0di(0d (3 Carl Fri0drich 7auss )/!,=u( i( -as 4irs( :u=lish0d =' Adri0nGMari0 L010ndr0.

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A*miralty A n0- 0di(i3n 34 (h0  Admiralty Method of Tidal Prediction N.2. !/ -as issu0d in &anuar' /)$, and i( is 40l( (ha( (his is a sui(a=l0 3::3r(uni(' (3 d0scri=0 (h0 m0(h3d in s3m0 d0(ail, -i(h ( h0 r0as3ns 43r (h0 al(0ra(i3ns (ha( ha50 n3- =00n mad0. Th0 m0(h3d is in(0nd0d (3 su::l' a :r0dic(i3n 34 h3url' h0i1h(s 43r all (h3s0 :3r(s 43r -hich Harm3nic C3ns(an(s ar0 :u=lish0d in Admiral(' Tid0 Ta=l0s A.T.T., ui:m0n( such as a :3ck0( calcula(3r 3r slid0 rul0 can =0 us0d (3 ad5an(a10 i4  a5aila=l0 h3-050r, a small (a=l0 34 l31ari(hms is includ0d insid0 (h0 c350rs 34   N.2. !/. Th0 M0(h3d in53l50s (h0 c3m=ina(i3n 34 (h0 Tidal An1l0s A and Fac(3rs F 43r (h0 da' -i(h (h0 43ur main Harm3nic C3ns(i(u0n(s M, S, %

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and O 43r (h0 :lac0 c3nc0rn0d. Th0 50c(3rial sum 34 (h0 (-3 s0midiurnal S.D. c3ns(i(u0n(s is 3=(ain0d =' :l3((in1 3n F3rm A. H3url' h0i1h(s 43r (h0 S.D. (id0 ar0 0@(rac(0d 4r3m F3rm A usin1 (h0 di5id0rs and :l3((0d 3n F3rm 6 r040rr0d (3 (h0 lin0 34 M0an L050l -hich, a4(0r =0in1 c3rr0c(0d 43r kn3-n s0as3nal 5aria(i3ns, has =00n dra-n acr3ss (h0 43rm. An h3url' s:00d 34 / :0r h3ur has  =00n assum0d 43r (h0 (3(al S.D. (id0. Th0 5alu0s 34 A and F ar0 calcula(0d 43r #### 3n0 Tim0 3n (h0 da' in >u0s(i3n and c3rr0c(0d (3 ## 3n0 Tim0 =' (h0 addi(i3n 34 (h0 an1l0s a. Thus (h0 :has0s ar0 c3rr0c( a( n33n =u( =0c3m0 :r31r0ssi50l' in 0rr3r du0 (3 (h0 assum:(i3n 3 4 a sin1l0 s:00d 43r all (h0 S.D. c3ns(i(u0n(s. Th0 0rr3r in53l50d in usin1 (his sim:li4i0d m0(h3d 34 calcula(i3n is nil a( ## and incr0as0s  :r31r0ssi50l' as (h0 (im0 incr0as0s 3r d0cr0as0s, =0c3min1 a ma@imum in (idal h0i1h( 34 a=3u( * % 34 M a( #### and *##. H3-050r, du0 (3 (h0 4ac( (ha( (his 0rr3r 5ari0s -i(h (h0 r0la(i50 :has0s 34 (h0 c3ns(i(u0n(s c3nc0rn0d, (his ma@imum is n3( 34(0n a((ain0d. Th0 c0n(ral (im0 43r (h0s0 calcula(i3ns -as ch3s0n (3 =0 n33n as i( -as c3nsid0r0d (ha( m3s( na5i1a(i3n (ak0s :lac0 durin1 da'li1h( h3urs and (ha( (h0r043r0 a :r0dic(i3n -i(h i(s 1r0a(0s( accurac' a( midGda' -3uld =0 m3s( us04ul. I4 (h0 an1l0s a ar0 i1n3r0d in (h0 calcula(i3n 3n F3rm A, (h0 accurac' (h0n =0c3m0s 1r0a(0s( a( #### 3n (h0 da' in >u0s(i3n. An 0s(ima(0 34 (h0 0rr3rs in53l50d in a :ar(icular :r0dic(i3n 4r3m (his caus0 can =0s( =0 43und ='  :r0dic(in1 (-3 c3ns0cu(i50 da's and 3=(ainin1 (h0 di440r0nc0 =0(-00n (h0 (-3  :r0dic(i3ns a( midni1h(. I4 (h0 m0an 34 (h0s0 (-3 :r0dic(i3ns is acc0:(0d as (h0  =0s( a5aila=l0 43r midni1h(, and (h0 di440r0nc0s 43und ar0 us0d (3 c3rr0c( (h0 (-3 cur50s :r31r0ssi50l' 4r3m midni1h( (3-ards n33n, (h0 :r0dic(0d cur50s s3 3=(ain0d -ill 05id0n(l' 1i50 a =0((0r r0sul( (han (ha( 3=(ain0d 4r3m 3n0 da's calcula(i3ns. Th0 Diurnal :r0dic(i3n is 3=(ain0d in a similar -a' usin1 (h0 50c(3rial sum 34 %, and O, and an assum0d s:00d 34 *iR :0r h3ur. A1ain s3m0  :r31r0ssi50 0rr3r mus( aris0 4r3m n33n (3-ards midni1h( in 0ach dir0c(i3n. In (his cas0 i( is much m3r0 di44icul( (3 ass0ss (h0 ma1ni(ud0 34 (h0 0rr3rs (ha( ma' aris0 4r3m (his caus0 du0 (3 (h0 c3nsid0ra=l0 5aria(i3ns in (h0 r0la(i3nshi:s  =0(-00n %( and O, 4r3m ar0a (3 ar0a. H3-050r 0@:0ri0nc0 has sh3-n (ha( (h0

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c3nsid0ra=l0 addi(i3nal c3m:u(a(i3n n0c0ssar' i4 (h0 ac(ual s:00ds 34 (h0 c3ns(i(u0n(s ar0 all (3 =0 us0d cann3( =0 ;us(i4i0d 43r (his a::r3@ima(0 m0(h3d 34   :r0dic(i3n :ar(icularl' (h0 m0(03r3l31icall' caus0d :0r(ur=a(i3ns in (h0 ac(ual (idal l050ls ar0 c3nsid0r0d.

Figure 3'1 Fl3-char(

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NAOti*e &a:an ha50 d050l3:0d n0- 1l3=al 3c0an (id0 m3d0l and l3adin1 (id0 m3d0l NAO.//= m3d0l 43r $ ma;3r sh3r(:0ri3d c3ns(i(u0n(s M, S, N, %, N, , 5, L, T, %, O, 2, Q, M, OO, and &. -hich ar0 d050l3:0d =' assimila(in1 a=3u( 4i50 '0ars 34 T3:0@23s0id3n T2 al(im0(0r  da(a in(3 num0rical h'dr3d'namical m3d0l. &a:an als3 d050l3:0d a r01i3nal hi1hr0s3lu(i3n 3c0an (id0 m3d0l ar3und &a:an NAO.//&= m3d0l -hich

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assimila(0s c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a as -0ll as T2 da(a. Th0 n0- m3d0ls ha50 im:r350d (h0 accurac' 34 3c0an (id0 0s(ima(i3n 0s:0ciall' in shall3- -a(0rs c3m:ar0d -i(h (h0 3(h0r (-3 0@is(in1 (id0 m3d0ls, CS8*.# m3d0l and 7OT//.= m3d0l. This has =00n achi050d =' (h0 43ll3-in1 m0(h3d3l31i0s a::li0d (3 (h0 curr0n( s(ud' . Es(ima(i3n 34 al(im0(ric (id0s in small =ins. . Accura(0 (idal anal'sis =' r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d in -hich 4in0 s(ruc(ur0 34 admi((anc0 du0 (3 FCN r0s3nanc0 and radia(i3nal an3mal' is (ak0n in(3 acc3un(. ". 2r0cis0 0s(ima(i3n 34 3c0anGinduc0d s0l4Ga((rac(i3nl3adin1 0440c(s *. Assimila(in1 c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a in(3 NAO.//&=. Th0 r0sidual s0a sur4ac0 h0i1h(s ar0 anal'+0d -i(hin 0ach 1rid usin1 (h0 r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d Munk and Car(-ri1h(, /$$. Th0 n3(a=l0 40a(ur0 34 (h0 r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d is (ha( (h0 m0(h3d d30s n3( insis( u:3n 0@:r0ssin1 (h0 (id0s as sums 34 harm3nic 4unc(i3ns 34 s:0ci4i0d (idal s:0c(ral lin0, =u( 0@:r0ssin1 (h0 (id0s =' sm33(h admi((anc0 4unc(i3ns 34 0ach (idal s:0ci0s. Th0 accurac' 34 (h0 n0- 3c0an (id0 m3d0ls has =00n 0@amin0d usin1 (id0 1au10 da(a and c3llin0ar r0sidual r0duc(i3n (0s(. NAO.//= sh3-s a c3m:ara=l0 a1r00m0n( -i(h / 3:0nG3c0an (id0 1au10 da(a as -0ll as CS8*.# and 7OT//.=. Th0 c3m:aris3n -i(h ! shall3- -a(0r (id0 1au10s, 3n (h0 3(h0r  hand, su::3r(s (h0 =0((0r accurac' 34 NAO.//= m3d0l in shall3- s0as. Th0 l3cal c3m:aris3n -i(h # c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a ar3und &a:an sh3-s 4ur(h0r  im:r350m0n( =' NAO.//&=. I( has =00n als3 sh3-n (ha( NAO.//= m3d0l 1i50s small0r c3llin0ar r0siduals in shall3- -a(0rs (han CS8*.# and 7OT//.=. A  :r0liminar' r0sul( has =00n in(r3duc0d as (3 =ar3(r3:ic 3c0an (idal 0n0r1' dissi:a(i3n ar3und &a:an. Th0 main sinks 34 M (idal 0n0r1' ar0 (h0 Y0ll3- S0a G (h0 Eas( China S0a r01i3n and (h0 S0a 34 Okh3(sk r01i3n -i(hin -hich 3c0an (idal 0n0r1' is dissi:a(0d a( (h0 m0an ra(0 34 !! 7< and !* 7