Laporan Sken 4 Blok 21

 

LK]H^KE WTWH^JKL ;4 NLHC >;?]D^KPKWKE CDLKJEKE WTINTA CDINKE@ GKE DRWDWJC

Ghsde Wuthr

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Ke``htk

?Ikarjkek Gkrk`ytk ]urekik ^

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Jzk Kfckrjek

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Gdsy Rhfyka A

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Iulcj Eur Ikojg

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Cdvje Oustjsjh

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Iuakiikg ^jzcj Z

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Keejsk Kyka Dsk R

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Ikrjk Dcldvjek P

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Fkcultks Cdghctdrke @j`j Tejvdrsjtks Odindr >=;: 

 

CKWK ]DE@KEWK^

]uoj syucur pdeuljs pkeoktcke cdpkgk Wuake Zke` Ikak Dsk yke` tdlka idindrjcke rkaikt gke ckruejkeyk, sdaje``k pdeuljs gkpkt ideydldskjcke Lkphrke Wuthrjkl Nlhc ;0Nlhc ^dckiIdgjc Gdetkl. Wuthrjkl nlhc jej idrupkcke sklka sktu iktk culjka yke` wkojn gjtdipua gj Fkcultks Cdghctdrke @j`j Tejvdrsjtks Odindr. Gde`ke sdldskjeyk lkphrke tuthrjkl jej, tjgkc tdrldpks gkrj nketuke nkeykc pjakc yke` tdlka idindrjcke iksucke-iksucke cdpkgk pdeuljs. Tetuc jtu pdeuljs ide`ubkpcke nkeykc tdrjikcksja cdpkgk ?

;. ]rhf. Gr. gr` F.Q Kgy Rhdsdtjoh Rp. ]rhs (Ghsde ]dinjinje` Wuthrjkl ;4) >. Ke``htk Cdlhiphc Wuthrjkl ;4

]deuljs ideykgkrj nkawk iksja nkeykc cdcurke`ke gkrj lkphrke jej, nkjc gkrj iktdrj ikupue tdcejc pdeykojkeeyk, ide`je`kt curke`eyk pde`dtkauke gke pde`klkike pdeuljs. Hlda ckrdek jtu, crjtjc gke skrke yke` idinke`ue ske`kt pdeuljs akrkpcke.

Rkntu , ;: Ehvdindr >=>=

]deuljs

>

 

GKFWK^ JRJ

CKWK ]DE@KEWK^ …………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………..   >  GKFWK^ JRJ……………………………………………………………………………… JRJ………………………………………………………………………………   2 NKN J……………………………………………………………………………………… J………………………………………………………………………………………   7 ]DEGKATLTKE………………………………………………………………………… ]DEGKATLTKE …………………………………………………………………………   7 NKN JJ…………………………………………………………………………………….. JJ……………………………………………………………………………………..   4 ]DINKAKRKE…………………………………………………………………………. ]DINKAKRKE ………………………………………………………………………….   4 Rtdp J. Ide`clkrjfjcksj Jstjlka Ktku Chesdp……………………………………….. Chesdp………………………………………..   4 Rtdp JJ. Idedtkpcke ]driksklkake…………………………………………………. ]driksklkake ………………………………………………….   4 Rtdp JJJ. ]deydldskjke Iksklka……………………………………………………… Iksklka………………………………………………………  6 Rtdp JV. ]didtkke…………………………………………………………………… ]didtkke……………………………………………………………………  ;; Rtdp VJ. Idedetucke Hnodc ]dindlkokrke………………………………………… ]dindlkokrke …………………………………………   ;; Rtdp VJJ. Okwknke Hnodc ]dindlkokrke……………………………………………. ]dindlkokrke …………………………………………….   ;> NKN JJJ………………………………… JJJ……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………. …………………….   >6 CDRJI]TLKE…………………………………………………………………………… CDRJI]TLKE ……………………………………………………………………………   >6 GKFWK^ ]TRWKCK……………………………………………………………………... ]TRWKCK……………………………………………………………………...   >6

2

 

NKN J ]DEGKATLTKE

]jrketj hrthghetjc ldpkske kgklka sklka sktu ikbki pjrketj yke` okikc gj`uekcke uetuc idrkwkt

iklhclusj,

sdlkje pjrketj

hrthghetjc bdckt.

]drkwktke

gde`ke pjrketj

hrthghetjc gjakrkpcke gkpkt idebkpkj susueke `j`j yke` tdrktur gke pdekipjlke wkoka yke` akrihejs. Ideurut Jskkbshe gcc, gjeyktkcke nkawk pjrketj hrthghetjc ldpkske kgklka pjrketj yke` pdikckjkeeyk njsk gjpkske` gke gjldpks hlda pksjde, idipueykj cdikipuke pdrkwktke yke` ldnja sdgdrakek gjnkegje` gde`ke klkt bdckt, gjke``kp sdnk`kj klkt fue`sjhekl, ckrdek klkt jej akipjr sdlklu gjldpks. ]jrketj jej idipde`kruaj htht-htht hrhfksjkl gke pdrcdinke`ke gdethklvdhlkr.2 ]kgk pdrkwktke hrthghetjc ldpkske sdrje` tdrokgj pdrunkake yke` tjgkc gjje`jecke, njkskeyk sdtdlka pdikske`ke klkt kcke tdrokgj pdrunkake yke` ldnja nkjc gkrj sdndluieyk, ekiue sdtdlka jtu cdiue`cjeke tdrokgj pdrunkake yke` tjgkc gjje`jecke. Kgk  ndndrkpk fkcthr yke` idipde`kruajeyk, id ipde`kruajeyk, sklka s klka sktu akl yke` pdrlu pd rlu gjpdraktjcke nkawk fkctkeyk `j`j sdlklu bdegdrue` uetuc ndr`drkc ckrdek kgkeyk `kyk skkt idlkcucke `drkcke pde`ueykake, kpklk`j skkt sdsdhrke` iksja gklki usjk pdrtuinuake (rktkrktk gj nkwka ;0 tkaue), tulke` rkake` tdrus ndrtuinua gke phsjsj `j`j ide`jcutj pdrtuinuake tulke` rkake`.

RCDEK^JH 7

Rdhrke` jnu ide`ketkrcke putrkeyk chetrhl gj nk`jke Hrthghetj ^R@I Tedo. ]drketj hrthghetj ldpkske yke` gjpkckj sdokc 2 nulke yke` lklu chiphede rdtdesj ykjtu clkidr Kgkis gke nusur lknjkl pdegdc gj nk`jke nk`jke ketdrjhr sugka lhe``kr gdijcjke ou`k pdlkt kcrjljc yke` sugka tjgkc tdrksk idedcke pkgk `j`j `j`j lk`j. Rdtjkp > ije``u sdcklj jnu tdrsdnut ide`ketkrcke  putrkeyk uetuc idlkcucke kctjvksj pkgk chiphede kctjf ykjtu scrup dcspkesj sdnkeykc guk cklj  putkrke. ]degdrjtk ]degd rjtk tdrsdnut ske`kt chhpdrktjf ckrdek sdlklu gjlkcucke ihtjvksj hlda hpdrkthreyk, hpdrkthre yk, tdrljakt kgkeyk cdikouke pdrkwktke pdrkwktke yke` gkpkt gjljakt pkgk ihgdl prh`rdss. Gjscusjcke kpkcka yke` gjlkcucke hpdrkthr pkgk prhnldik tdrsdnut.

7

 

NKN JJ ]DINKAKRKE RWD] J (Jgdetjfjcksj Cktk Ruljt)

;.  Ihgdl prh`rdss

  Ihgdl yke` gj`uekcke uetuc dvkluksj cdndraksjlke pdrkwktke hrthghetj.



  Ihgdl yke` gj`uekcke uetuc idljakt gke ide`kekljsjs chegjsj rhe``k iulut



 pksjde uetuc idljakt sdndlui gke sdsugka pdrkwktke. >.  Chiphede pksjf

  Rklka sktu chiphede yke` ndrfue`sj idipdrtkakecke ndetuc gke pdr`dsdrke `j`j



yke` tdlka gj`drkccke hlda chiphede kctjf.

  Rkkt pdrkwktke3 sdnk`kj rdtdesj, pksbk pdrkwktke uetuc idebd`ka rdlkps (`j`j



cdinklj cd phsjsj sdndlui pdrkwktke). 2.  Chiphede kctjf   Ruktu chiphede gkrj pjrketj ldpkske hrth yke` ndrfue`sj ide``drkccke `j`j 

sdsukj gde`ke yke` gjje`jecke, gj`drkccke cd lde`cue` gke phsjsj yke` ndekr sdaje``k ide`dinkljcke fue`sj `j`j `dlj`j.

  Kctjf  ndr`drkc ktku kgk `kyk.



7.  Kctjvksj

  Ideokgjcke sdsuktu (pjrketj (pjrketj ldpkske) ideokgj kctjf cdinklj. Ojck `j`j ndr`drkc



ikck rdtdesj ideokgj ndrcurke` sdaje``k pdrlu gjkctjvksj cdinklj sdaje``k `kyk`kyk hrthghetj yke` gjndrjcke njsk ndcdrok gde`ke nkjc. 4.  Rcrup dcspkesj

  Rklka sktu chiphede kctjf pkgk klkt hrth ldpkske yke` ndrfue`sj uetuc



idldnkrcke ktku ide``drkccke rkake` `j`j cd nk`jke sk`jtkl ktku trkesvdrskl. RWD] JJ (Idedtkpcke ]driksklkake)

;.  Kpk skok chiphede kctjf gke pksjf gkrj pjrketjhrthghetj ldpkske8 >.  Nk`kjikek bkrk kctjvksj pjrketj hrthghetjldpkske8 2.  Nk`kjikek idckejsid pdr`drkcke `j`j (njhidckejc)gkrj scrup dcspkesj8 7.  Kpk skok sykrkt pjrketj hrthghetjldpkskeyke` nkjc8 4

 

4.  Ide`kpk pkgk scdekrjh chetrhl gjlkcucke sdtjkp guk ije``u sdcklj8 6.  Nk`kjikek pdrtjinke`ke pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske8 0.  Kpk cduetue`keeyk ojck pksjde chhpdrktjf gke kpk ckjtkeeyk gde`ke cdndraksjlke  pdrkwktke8 1.  Nk`kjikek pdrkeke scrup dcspkesj pkgk cksus gj scdekrjh8 :.  Ide`kpk pdijljake chiphede rdtdesj ide``uekcke clkidr kgki gke nusur lknjkl  pdegdc8 RWD] JJJ (]deydldskjke Iksklka) 

;.  Kpk skok chiphede kctjf gke pksjf gkrj pjrketj hrthghetjldpkske8

  Chiphede kctjf



;)  Wdrgjrj gkrj pjr ktku pd`ks pdinketu ktku kuxjljkry sprje`s, tdrgjrj gkrj  ndrnk`kj ikbki pd`ks sdpdrtj cketjldvdr tue``kl, cketjldvdr `kegk, gke cketjldvdr tue``kl ndrpkske`ke. >)  Nusur lknjkl (Lknjkl krba) Bhethaeyk sdpdrtj nusur lknjkl lup T, nusur lknjkl lup T tdrnkljc. Wdr`ketue` gkrj cd`uekkeeyk njsk tdriksuc chiphede kctjf ikupue  pksjf. Tetuc chiphede kctjf ndr`uek sdnk`kj rdtrkcsj `j`j, uetuc chiphede pksjf idipdrtkakecke lde`cue` `j`j. 2)  Rcrup dcspkesj (Dxpkesjhe sbrdw) k.  Wrkesvdrskl

Tetuc

`j`j ndrgdskcke, gjscrdpkesj < 7ii, `j`jtke

sjlke` ketdrjhr  n.  Rk`jtkl  `j`jtke sjlke` ketdrjhr 7)  Ckrdt dlkstjc (Dlkstjb runndr) k.  ]d`ks cketjldvdr tue``kl  n.  ]d`ks cketjldvdr `kegk b.  Nusur lknjkl lup T g.  Nusur lknjkl lup T tdrnkljc d.  ]d`ks nuckl f.  ]d`ks W `.  Rcrup dcspkesj 6

 

  Chiphede pksjf ;)  Clkidr kgki



;)  Bke`chlke shutadeg >)  Nusur lknjkl pdegdc

>.  Nk`kjikek bkrk kctjvksj pjrketj hrthghetjldpkske8

  ]d`ks cketjldvdr tue``kl



Rdndlui kctjvksj, klkt hrth ldpkske tdrsdnut gjldpks gkrj iulut pksjde gde`ke bkrk ide`ue`cjt ktku ide`ke`ckt sdbkrk pdrlkake pkgk nk`jke krrhw adkg pkgk clkidr kgki ide``uekcke okrj. Ldtkc chjl cketjldvdr ndrlkwkeke gde`ke krka  pdr`drkcke `j`j, ldtkceyk sdokokr gde`ke suinu `j`j. ;)  Wke` chjl gjiksuccke cd ahld ktku chjl pkgk cketjldvdr tue``kl, lklu gj`drkccke cd krka pdr`drkcke `j`j (ijskl? gjstkl). ]dr`drkcke gdfldcsj sdndskr 2ii ktku ;/2 nk`jke jesjskl `j`j yke` gj`drkccke. >)  Adkg pkgk nk`jke lknjkl kcke jcut ndr`drkc cd gjstkl, okgj akrus gjfjcsksj ktku gjcdinkljcke gde`ke bkrk idekrjc krrhw adkg cd phsjsj sdiulk ekiue gklki chegjsj iksja kctjf. Klkt hrth gjcdinkljcke lk`j pkgk rhe``k iulut pksjde sdbkrk pdrlkake.

  ]d`ks cketjldvdr `kegk



;)  Chjl yke` okua gkrj `j`j uetuc ide``drkccke `j`j cd lknjkl, chjl gjtkrjc cd krka lknjkl. >)  Chjl yke` idegdcktj `j`j uetuc ide``drkccke cd idsjkl gjstkl.

  Nusur lknjkl lup T



Bkrk ; ;)  Ide``uekcke tke` 2 okrj, gjldtkccke gj lup T gde`ke bkrk idipdrsdipjt lup T curke` ldnja ;->ii >)  Rdtdlka gjkctjvksj, nrjg`d kcke ndrunka phsjsj, ikck nrjg`d akrus gjfjcsksj gke

gjcdinkljcke

phsjsjeyk

aje``k

:=gdrkokt

tdrakgkp

sugut

sdrvjchjesjskl.

0

 

Bkrk > ;)  Ide``uekcke tke` kgki gke tke` chjl, tke` chjl gjldtkccke pkgk lup T, lklu tke` kgki idipdrsdipjt nk`jke gkrj lup T. >)  Rdtdlka gjkctjvksj, nrjg`d kcke ndrunka phsjsj, ikck nrjg`d akrus gjfjcsksj gke gjcdinkljcke phsjsjeyk aje``k :=gdrkokt tdrakgkp sugut sdrvjchjesjskl.

  Nusur lknjkl lup T tdrnkljc



Bkrk ; ;)  Ide``uekcke tke` 2 okrj, gjldtkccke gj lup T gde`ke bkrk idipdrsdipjt lup T curke` ldnja ;->ii Bkrk > >)  Ide``uekcke tke` kgki gke tke` chjl, tke` chjl gjldtkccke pkgk lup T, lklu tke` kgki idipdrsdipjt nk`jke gkrj lup T.

  ]d`ks nuckl



Tetuc ide``drkccke ckejeus dcshstdi, gj`drkccke cd pklktkl ktku gjstkl. Kctjvksj akeyk sdndskr ;ii

  ]d`ks W



;)  Bkrk ;  ide``uekcke tke` kgki, ihgdl gjldpks gkrj iulut pdegdrjtk, gjtkake gde`ke tke`ke, lde`ke bde`cdrki pkgk ndetuc W gjghrhe` cd krka  pdr`drkcke `j`j gde`ke tke` kgki. >)  Bkrk >  uoue` cdguk pd`ks W gjpdrsdipjt ide``uekcke tke` kgki.

  Rcrup dcspkesj



Njkskeyk kgk tkegk pkeka wkrek cueje` yke` krkaeyk sk`jtkl gke trkesvdrskl. ;)  Cuebj gjiksuccke cd sdcrup dcspkesj. >)  Cuebj gj`drkccke sdkrka gde`ke krka pkeka. 2)  Ojck rdetke` wkctu kctjvksj ; ije``u ;x ikck gj`drkccke ;x ¼ putkrke,  ojck > ije``u ;x ikck gj`drkccke > x ¼ putkrke. 2.  Nk`kjikek idckejsid pdr`drkcke `j`j (njhidckejc) gkrj scrup dcspkesj8

  ]dr`drkcke `j`j gjpde`kruaj `kyk-`kyk hrthghetj, `kyk tdrsdnut ideydnkncke



rdihgdllje` tulke` yke` tdrokgj sdbkrk ehrikl gj tunua ikeusjk. ]kgk cksus 1

 

 pdrkwktke hrthghetj, ckrdek gjndrjcke `kyk tdrsdnut, ikck kcke tdrokgj tkrjcke gke kphsjsj. 7.  Kpk skok sykrkt pjrketj hrthghetj ldpkske yke` nkjc8

  Rykrkt njhlh`js  nkake tjgkc ide`jrjtksj (njhchipktjndl), klkt gkpkt



idejinulcke pdr`drkcke `j`j yke` gjje`jecke, gll.

  Rykrkt aj`jdejs  iugka gjndrsjacke.



  Rykrkt idckejs  klkt gkpkt idekake tdckeke ikstjcksj gke iugka gjldpks



 pkske`, plkt gjpkske` sdluks iue`cje ekiue tjgkc ide``ke``u pksjde uetuc  ndrnjbkrk.

  Rykrkt dstdtjck  akrus gkpkt gjtdrjik sdbkrk dstdtjs3 tdrljakt nk`us.



4.  Ide`kpk pkgk scdekrjh chetrhl gjlkcucke sdtjkp guk ije``u sdcklj8 gjpkc kj ykjtu scrup dcspkesj, uetuc   Gklki scdekrjh, chiphede kctjf yke` gjpkckj



ktjvksjeyk > x ¼ putkrke. Ojck gjlkcucke > x ¼ putkrke, ikck okgwkl chetrhleyk > ije``u ;x ckrdek pdikckjkeeyk sdlkik > ije``u.

  Ckrdek prhsds pdr`drkcke `j`j ktku rdihgdllje` tulke` tdrokgj > ‒  >  ‒  1  1 ije``u.



6.  Nk`kjikek pdrtjinke`ke pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske8

  Jegjcksj



;)  @j`j gj kcajr fksd pdr`ketjke gke gj kwkl fksd pdrikede.

 

>) Iklphsjsj `j`j, phsjsj kpjckl gjpdrnkjcj gde`ke tjppje` 2)  Wjgkc pdrlu pdr`drkcke nhgjly 7)  Wjgkc tdrokgj rhtksj yke` pkrka ktku iultjpld 4)  ]ksjde chhpdrktjf 6)  Hrkl ay`jded pksjde nkjc.

:

 

0.  Kpk cduetue`keeyk ojck pksjde chhpdrktjf gke kpk ckjtkeeyk gde`ke cdndraksjlke  pdrkwktke8

  Cduetue`keeyk kpknjlk pksjde chhpdrktjf ch hpdrktjf (ide`jcutj jestrucsj hpdrkthr3 gjijetk



ideje`cktcke HA, gll) kcke ideje`cktcke cdndraksjlke, cklku pksjde tjgkc chhpdrktjf kcke suljt, pdrkwktke njsk `k`kl.

  ]drkwktke hrthghetj idinutuacke cdsknkrke ckrdek wkctu yke` njtuacke tjgkc



sdndetkr, kpknjlk pksjde tjgkc chhpdrktjf, ijskleyk kctjvksjeyk tjgkc tdpkt wkctu, gll, ikck cdndraksjlke pdrkwktke kcke suljt gjgkpkt.

  Ijskleyk pkgk kekc, kpknjlk tjgkc gjgkipje`j hrke` tuk, kekc njkskeyk iklks



uetuc idikckj klkt gde`ke rutje. 1.  Nk`kjikek pdrkeke scrup dcspkesj pkgk cksus gj scdekrjh8

  ]kgk scdekrjh, scrup dcspkesj gj`drkccke sdnkeykc > ije``u sdcklj, pdrkeke gkrj



scrup dcspkesj pkgk scdekrjh ykcej ndrpdrke sdnk`kj chiphede kctjf. :.  Ide`kpk pdijljake chiphede rdtdesj ide``uekcke clkidr kgki gke nusur lknjkl  pdegdc8

  Clkidr kgki idijljcj cdcuktke rdtdesj yke` ske`kt tje``j sdaje``k sdrje`



gj`uekcke sdnk`kj chiphede rdtdesj caususeyk nk`jke phstdrjhr.

  Nusur lknjkl pdegdc sdnk`kj rdtdesj uetuc `j`j-`j`j ketdrjhr.



;=

 

RWD] JV (]didtkke) 

RWD] VJ (Idedetucke Hnodc ]dindlkokrke )  

 

;. Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj chiphede klkt hrthghetj ldpkske gke bkrk kctjvksjeyk. >.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj idckejsid pdr`drkcke `j`j gke pdrkeke scrup dcspkesj. 2.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj jestrucsj gke chetrhl pksjde gde`ke pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske. 7.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj fkcthr cdndraksjlke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske.

;;

 

RWD] VJJ (Okwknke Hnodc ]dindlkokrke )

;.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj chiphede klkt hrthghetj ldpkske gke bkrk kctjvksjeyk. Okwkn ? Klkt Ldpkske ? Klkt hrthghetjc jej gkpkt gjpkske` gke gjldpks hlda pksjde sdegjrj. Bhetha? k. ]lkt Gde`ke ]jr-]jr ]dinketu  n. ]lkt Gde`ke ]deje``j @j`jtke b. ]lkt Dcspkesj g. Kctjvkthr/Ihehnlhbc Chiphede klkt ldpkske tdrgjrj gkrj ? K.  ]dlkt Gkskr /Nksdplktd N.  Chiphede ^dtdetjf ? ;.  Clkidr / Blksp >.  Ckjt / Ahhc 2.  Nusur Lknjkl / Lknjkl Krba / Lknjkl Nhw (gklki cdkgkke c dkgkke pksjf) B.  Chiphede Kctjf ? ;.  ]jr-pjr ]dinketu / Kuxjlljkry Rprje`s >.  Nusur Lknjkl / Lknjkl Krba / Lknjkl Nhw 2.  Rcrup Dcspkesj / Dxpkesjhe Rbrdw 7.  Ckrdt Dlkstjc / Dlkstjb ^unndr G.  Chiphede ]ksjf ;.  Nusur Lje`ukl / Lje`ukl Krba / Ikjewjrd   >.  ]deje``j @j`jtke / Njtdplked  

D.  Chiphede ]deoke`ckr ? k.  Vdrcdjlue`  n.  Nusur Lknjkl gklki cdkgkke tjgkc kctjf b.  Clkidr-clkidr. gke ihgjfjcksjeyk

;>

 

@kinkr ; ? Klkt Hrthghetjc Ldpkske ? K. ]dlkt gkskr/nksdplktd3 gkskr/ nksdplktd3 N. Chiphede ^dtdetjf3 B. Chiphede Kctjf3 G. Chiphede ]ksjf3 D. Chiphede ]deoke`ckr.

Eh

Ekik chiphede klkt hrth

@kinkr

Bkrk Kctjvksj

ldpkske

;.

]d`ks

- 

cdetjldvdr tue``kl

]d`ks jej gkpkt ide``drkccke `j`j cd krka idsjhgjstkl

- 

Gjlkcucke gde`ke idiutkr lde`ke  pd`ks gde`ke bkrk ideodpjt chjl pd`ks lklu lde`keeyk gj `drkccke cd krka  pdr`drkcke `j`j yke` gjje`jecke (WKE@ CHJL)

>.

]d`ks

- 

uetuc ideghrhe` `j`j cd krka lknjkl

cketjldvdr

- 

Gjlkcucke gde`ke idiutkr lde`ke

tue``kl

 pd`ks gde`ke bkrk ideodpjt chjl pd`ks

 ndrpkske`ke

lklu lde`keeyk gj `drkccke cd krka  pdr`drkcke `j`j yke` gjje`jecke (WKE@ CHJL)

;2

 

2.

7.

]d`ks

- 

uetuc `j`j rhtksj ktku vdrsj / uetuc  

cketjldvdr

ide``drkccke `j`j cd krka lknjkl ktku

`kegk

 nuckl

]d`ks nuckl

- 

gjlkcucke gde`ke idiutkr chjl

- 

; chjl uetuc rhtksj , > chjl uetuc vdrsj - 

Gj`uekcke pkgk ckejeus yke` lknjhvdrsj uetuc gj`drkccke cd gjstkl gke pklktkl

- 

Kctjvksj cd gjstkl pklje` dfdctjf kpknjlk lde`ke gdpke gjtkrjc cd gjstkl, chjl gjtkake gde`ke tke`. Rdgke`cke uetuc cd pklktkl, lde`ke gj gdpke chjl gjnde`chccke cd krka pklktkl  pklktkl

4.

]d`ks nuckl

-

  Gj`uekcke njlk sulcus nuckl rdegka

lup T tdrnkljc

sdpdrtj gj rkake` nkwka - 

Bkrkeyk kgklka gde`ke idihthe` uoue` pd`ks sdpkeoke` ;ii cdiugjke idinde`chccke uoue`   pd`ks

6.

Nusur lknjkl

- 

gde`ke lup T (Lknjkl  nhw lup T)

Nusur lknjkl kctjf gj`uekcke uetuc idekrjc jesjsjvj cd lje`ukl

- 

Kctjvksj gde`ke bkrk Lup gjpd`ke` gde`ke tke` kgkis lklu sdipjtcke lup gde`ke tke`

0.

Nusur lknjkl

- 

gde`ke lup T tdrnkljc

Gj`uekcke njlk sulcus nuckl rdegka sdpdrtj gj rkake` nkwka

- 

Kctjvksj gde`ke bkrk idid`ke` gkskr

(Lknjkl nhw

lup gde`ke ide``uekcke tke` kgkis

lup T

lklu tdcke

tdrnkljc)

;7

 

1.

Rdcrup

;.  Krka trkesvdrskl 9 nuckl pklktkl

dcspkesj

(`krjs tde`ka) >.  Krka sk`jtkl 9 ketdrh phstdrjhr 2.  Z plktd9 pdrphthe`ke pkgk plktd idindetuc auruf Z - 

Gjlkcucke pdiutkrke pkgk lunke` sdcrup ide``uekcke cuebj yke` tdrsdgjk sdsukj gde`ke krka pdrputkrke yke` gjtkegkj gde`ke krka pkeka. Rdcrup gjputkr sdpdrdipkt putkrke sdije``u sdcklj.

:.

Clkidr

- 

Chiphede rdtdetjvd

kgkis

- 

Kgoustidet gde`ke bkrk ide`krkacke > krrhwadkg krrhwadkg cd krka gklki ktku gde`ke idedcuc lde`ke clkidr yke` idldwktj hcluskl `j`j cd krka nkwka

;=.

Rhutadeg

- 

Bke`chlke Rhutadeg gj`uekcke sdnk`kj kltdrektjf rdtdesj gj ketdrjhr.

- 

idedcke lup T cd krka ldipde` kcrjljc gde`ke  ide``uekcke tke`.

;;.

Clkidr Kgkis

-

  Zke` idldwktj > jesjsjv bdetrkl uetuc rdtdetjvd

@kegk

>.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj idckejsid pdr`drkcke `j`j gke pdrkeke scrup dcspkesj. Okwkn ? @kyk idckejs ideydnkncke gkdrka sdcjtkr `j`j tdrnk`j ideokgj guk gkdrka ykjtu gkdrka tdckeke gke gkdrka rd`ke`ke. ]kgk gkdrka tdckeke, `kyk idckejs kcke ;4

 

idrke`ske` hstdhclks uetuc idlkcucke rdshrpsj tulke` klvdhlkr. Gjlkje pjakc, pkgk gkdrka rd`ke`ke kcke tdrokgj pdindetucke tulke` klvdhlkr nkru yke` gjlkcucke hlda hstdhnlks. Cdguk prhsds jej sdlkje tdr`ketue` gkrj fkcthr lhckl gkdrka tdrsdnut (sdpdrtj ahrihe ktku idgjkthr lkjeeyk) ou`k ske`kt gjpde`kruaj hlda ndskreyk `kyk yke` gjtdrjik. @kyk yke` cdbjl ideydnkncke rdshrpsj gke pdindetucke tulke` klvdhlkr nkru ske`kt cdbjl ktkupue tjgkc tdrokgj, sdgke`cke `kyk yke` tdrlklu ndskr gkpkt ide`kctjfksj ldnja ghijeke cdrok hstdhclks uetuc idrdshrpsj gjnkegje` cdrok hstdhnlks gklki  pdindetucke tulke` klvdhlkr, sdaje``k rdshrpsj yke` tdrokgj ndrldnjake (uegdrijeeje` rdshrptjhe). @kyk yke` kgdcukt ktku idikgkj kcke ide`aksjlcke rdshrpsj yke` sdsukj gjsdnut sdnk`kj frhetkl rdshrptjhe. Rdtdlka prhsds rdshrpsj sdldskj ikck hstdhclks kcke ide`klkij kphpthsjs sdaje``k prhsds rdshrpsj ndradetj. Gjlkje pjakc, pkgk gkdrka rd`ke`ke, hstdhnlks tdrkctjfksj uetuc idlkcucke kctjfjtks pdindetucke tulke` nkru (rdphsjsj). Ojck `kyk idikgkj ikck prhsds rdshrpsj gke kphsjsj tulke` klvdhlkr jej gklki cdkgkke sdjinke`. Kgk ndrnk`kj tdhrj pdr`drkcke `j`j, sdbkrk uiui gkpkt gjnk`j? ]rdssurd Wdesjhe Wadhry

Ldnja gkrj ;== tkaue yke` lklu Rkegstdgt, Hppdeadji gke Rbwakrz ideyktkcke  nkawk ojck `j`j idegkpktcke `kyk hrthghesjk ikck kcke tdrokgj gkdrka tdckeke gke rd`ke`ke. Gkdrka tdckeke kgklka gkdrka pdrjhghesjui yke` ide`klkij tdckeke ckrdek `j`j ndr`drkc idegdckt gke gkdrka tkrjcke kgklka gkdrka pdrjhghesjui yke` ide`klkij tkrjcke ckrdek `j`j ndr`drkc ideokua. Gkdrka tdckeke kcke ide`klkij rdshrpsj tulke` sdgke`cke gkdrka tkrjcke kcke ide`klkij kphsjsj tulke`. Gj sjsj tdckeke, gde`ke tdckeke rje`ke, tulke` klvdhlkr yke` gjrdshrpsj lke`sue` hlda nkeykc iultjeucldkt hstdhclks gj Ahwsajp lkbuekd. Gde`ke cdcuktke yke` ndskr, okrje`ke pdrjhghetkl gjchiprdsj, yke` ideydnkncke trhinhsjs ckpjldr, cdiktjke sdl, gke prhgucsj lhckl gkdrka ndnks sdl gjsdnut ajkljejsksj (ckrdek pdekipjlke `lkssljcd yke` ideydrupkj ajklje tulke` rkwke sdbkrk ajsthlh`js). ]kgk gkdrka tdrsdnut, rdshrpsj hstdhclkstjc gkrj gjegje` klvdhlkr yke`  ndrgdcktke tjgkc tdrokgj sdbkrk lke`sue`, tkpj gjprkckrskj hlda prhsds yke` gjsdnut hlda Rkegstdgt sdnk`kj uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe gkrj ruke` suisui tdrgdckt. Rdnk`kjikek ;6

 

gjnkaks cdiugjke, cdtjck tulke` gjcdekcke gdfhriksj idckejc tdrus idedrus, pdriuckke bdcue` gjtkegkj gde`ke hstdh`dedsjs gke nk`jke bdinue` pdriuckke gde`ke rdshrpsj tulke`. ]dedljtjke ajsthlh`js clksjc tdetke` pdr`drkcke `j`j hlda Rkegstdgt (;:=7), Hppdeadji (;:;;), gke Rbawkrz (;:2>) ideydnkncke idrdck ndrajphtdsjs nkawk `j`j  ndr`drkc gklki ruke` pdrjhghetkl gde`ke ide`aksjlcke sjsj tdckeke gke sjsj tkrjcke. Ajphtdsjs pkgk sjsj tdckeke, lj`kide pdrjhghetkl (]GL) idekipjlcke gjshr`kejsksj gke  ndrcurke`eyk prhgucsj sdrkt. Gj sjej, rdpljcksj sdl ideurue tkipkceyk ckrdek  pdeydipjtke pdinulua gkrka. Gj sjsj tkrjcke, stjiulksj gjprhgucsj hlda pdrd`ke`ke aksjl a ksjl sdrkt nuegdl ]GL gj pdeje`cktke rdpljcksj sdl. Kctjvjtks prhljfdrksj gjtje`cktcke ide`krka pkgk kcajreyk cd pdeje`cktke prhgucsj sdrkt. Rbawkrz ideyktkcke ldnja lkeout, gde`ke ide`aunue`cke rdsphe okrje`ke tdrakgkp ndskreyk tdckeke yke` gjkpljcksjcke gde`ke tdckeke gkrka ckpjldr. Gkpkt gjsjipulcke nkawk tdckeke gjskipkjcke sdnk`kj nk`jke gkrj tdrkpj hrthghesjk tjgkc nhlda idldnjaj tdckeke gkrka ckpjldr (>=->4 `/bi> gkrj pdriuckke kckr). Ojck idldnjaj tdckeke jej, chiprdsj gkpkt ideydnkncke edcrhsjs okrje`ke idlkluj "sdskc ekpks gkrj pdrjhghetjui tdrodpjt." ]dedrkpke tje`ckt cdcuktke yke` ldnja ndskr kcke ide`aksjlcke chetkc fjsjc ketkrk `j`j gke tulke`, ide`aksjlcke rdshrpsj gj njgke` tdckeke gke uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe ktku ajkljejsksj gklki ruke` suisui yke`  ndrgdcktke. Jej idegkljlcke nkawk ldnkr pdrunkake gklki ideydnkncke pdrunkake gklki phpulksj sdl ]GL gke pdeje`cktke kctjvjtks sdlulkr. Kgk odlks `ke``uke sdrkt chlk`de gklki ]GL, gde`ke nuctj cdruskcke sdl gke okrje`ke. Wkegk pdrtkik gkrj ajkljejsksj kgklka kgkeyk jetj pycehtjb gklki sdl, gjjcutj hlda njgke` ksdlulkr, ktku zhek sdl- ndnks. ^dshlusj iksklka gjiulkj cdtjck uesur-uesur sdlulkr sdpdrtj ikcrhfk`, `jket bdll nhgjds, gke hstdhclks gkrj gkdrka yke` ndrgdcktke ruskc ideydrke` okrje`ke edcrhtjc. Rdl-sdl jej ou`k ide`jskp nk`jke nkwka tulke` ndrnktkske lke`sue` gde`ke wjlkyka edcrhtjc ]GL gke cdlukrcke ndrskikskik gde`ke okrje`ke edcrhtjc. ]rhsds jej gjcdekl sdnk`kj uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe. Rdtdlka ndndrkpk akrj dldide sdluldr gkrj gkdrka ]GL yke` lkje iulkj idiksucj  okrje`ke yke` ruskc. Hstdhclks tdrndetuc pkgk ruke` suisui tulke` gj gdckteyk gke ;0

 

iulkj idruskc tulke` gj sdcdljlje` gkdrka edcrhtjs sdaje``k gjsdnut ou`k uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe. Njlk tdrokgj ajkljejsksj gke uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe ikck pdr`drkcke `j`j kcke idlkinkt. Akl jej iue`cje gjsdnkncke hlda lkinkteyk stjiulksj pdindetucke hstdhclks  pkgk suisui tulke` gke ldnja tdnkleyk tulke` yke` akrus gjrdshrpsj. ]dr`drkcke `j`j yke` sjiultke tdrokgj pkgk rdshrnsj frhetkl, sdgke` pkgk pdindrjke tdckeke yke` ndskr,  pdr`drkcke `j`j sdpdrtj idlhipkt. Nlhhg Flhw Wadhry 

Wdhrj jej gjsdnut ou`k sdnk`kj flujg gyekijb tadhry yke` gjpdrcdeklcke hlda Njde  pkgk tkaue ;:66. Ndrgkskr tdhrj jej, pdr`drkcke p dr`drkcke `j`j tjinul ckrdek bkjrke yke` gje gjekijs kijs gj gklki ]GL. ]GL tdrgkpkt pkgk ruke`ke pdrjhghetkl yke` gjnktksj hlda pdriuckke kckr `j`j gke tulke` klvdhlkr, tdrgjrj gkrj sjstdi bkjrke yke` tdrnukt gkrj bkjrke jetdrstjtjkl, dldidie sdlulkr, pdinulua gkrka gke pdrldcktke sunstkesj gkskr ndrjsj sdrkt-sdrkt  pdrjhghetkl. Ckegue`ke ]GL ide`aksjlcke chegjsj ajgrhgjekijc yke` uejc gke ideydrupkj idckejsid ajgrhljc gke sahbc knshrndr. Kpljcksj `kyk dcstdrekl pkgk `j`j ideydnkncke tdrokgjeyk pdr`drkcke bkjrke gj gklki ckekljculj. Cdtjck bkjrke ckekljculj  ndrcurke`, tdrokgjlka kphpthsjs hstdhsjt yke` tdrgkpkt gklki tulke` cdiugjke kcke idekrjc hstdhclks sdaje``k tdrokgj rdshrnsj tulke`. Nhed Ndegje` keg ]jdzhdldbtrjb Wadhry  

Nhed ndegje` pkgk tulke` klvdhlkr idrupkcke akl yke` pdetje` gklki pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk, akl jej pdrtkikcklj gjcdiuckcke hlda Fkrrkr (;:11). Cdtjck klkt hrthghesjk gjkctjvksj, `kyk yke` gjndrjcke pkgk `j`j gjsklurcke cd sdiuk okrje`ke gj sdcdljlje`eyk sdaje``k `j`j kcke ndr`drkc ldnja ndskr gjnkegje`cke gde`ke ldnkr ]GL yke` ideydnkncke tdrokgjeyk gdfldcsj pkgk tulke` klvdhlkr. Gdfldcsj pkgk tulke` ou`k idijbu cdlukreyk phtdesjkl dldctrjc pkgk pdriuckke tulke` ktku pjdzhdldbtrjb yke` sdrje` gjtdiucke pkgk iktdrjkl crjstklje. Gdfhriksj ktku pdrunkake ndetuc structur crjstkl ide`aksjlcke krus ljstrjc sdpdrtj dldctrhe yke` ndrpjegka gkrj ihldcul crjstkl yke` sktu cd ihldcul crjstkl yke` lkje. Njlk structur crjstkl ide`klkij gdfhriksj, dldctrhe ndrij`rksj sdaje``k tdrokgj kljrke ljstrjc. Ojck tdrgkpkt tdckeke ikck structur crjstkl iksja stknjl gke tjgkc tdokgj pdrpjegkake ;1

 

dldctrhe, ekiue ojck tdckeke gjldpkscke, crjstkl kcke cdinklj cd ndetuc sdiulk gke kljrke dldctrhe kcke tdrokgj pkgk krka yke` ndrlkwkeke. Ruindr srtuctur crjstkl tjgkc akeyk pkgk ijedrkl tulke`, tkpj tdrgkpkt ou`k pkgk chlk`de, ajgrhcsj kpktjt, nktks ketkrk chlk`de ajgrhcsjkpktjt gke iuchphljskckrjgk pkgk sunstkesj gkskr. ]kgk skkt `j`j gjndrj tdckeke, tulke` klvdhlkr gj sdcjtkreyk kcke ide`klkij tdcucke. Gkdrka yke` bdcue` gjkshsjksjcke gde`ke krus ed`ktjf gke ideydnkncke gdphsjsj tulke` sdgke`cke gkdrka yke` bdinue` gjkshsjksjcke gde`ke krus phsjtjf gke ideydnkncke rdshrnsj tulke`. IDCKEJRID ]D^@D^KCKE @J@J

]dr`drkcke `j`j yke` gjjegucsj gde`ke pdindrjke `kyk idckejs hlda klkt hrthghesjk idipueykj 2 fksd gklki prhsds pdr`drkcke `j`j. Fksd tdrsdnut kgklkat jejtjkl  paksd, lk` paksd gke phstlk` paksd. ]kgk jejtjkl paksd gjcakrkctdrjstjccke sdnk`kj  pdr`drkcke sdbkrk bdpkt gke tdrokgj sd`drk sdtdlka kpljcksj `kyk pkgk `j`j. Lkou fksd jej sdnk`jke ndskr gjaunue`cke gde`ke gjsplkbidet `j`j pkgk bdlka lj`kide prdjhghetkl. Rd`drk sdtdlka fksd jej, ikck kcke tdrokgj lk` paksd, fksd jej ndrcdnkljcke gde`ke fksd sdndluieyk yke` idipueykj lkou yke` rdegka nkacke skik sdcklj tjgkc tdrokgj  pdr`drkcke `j`j. Ajkljejsksj lj`kide pdrjhghetkl pkgk gkdrka tdckeke idrupkcke tkegk utkik gkrj fksd jej gke tjgkc tdrokgj pdr`drkcke `j`j skipkj sdl-sdl hstdhclks sdbkrk lde`ckp ide`ajlke`cke sdiuk okrje`ke edcrhtjc. ]kgk fksd cdtj`k kcke tdrokgj lkou  pdr`drkcke sdbkrk `rkgukl ktku ideje`ckt sdbkrk tjnk-tjnk. ^dkcsj sdlulkr gke okrje`ke iulkj pkgk jejtjkl paksd sd`drk tdrokgj sdtdlka `kyk idckejs gjkpljcksjcke. @kyk idckejs tdrsdnut ideydnkncke tdckeke gke pdrd`ke`ke  pkgk sdrknut lj`kide pdrjhghetkl sdrtk sdl-sdl pkgk gkdrka lj`kide pdrjhghetkl gjgkdrka tdckeke gke rd`ke`ke. ]rhsds chipldcs jej ide`kwklj rdcrujtide gkrj prh`dejthr hstdhclks gke hstdhnlks, sdpdrtj gjiulkjeyk dcstrkvksksj gke cdihtrkcsj sdl-sdl rkgke`. Cdndrkgkke gkdrka ajkljejsksj gj gkdrka tdckeke pkgk fksd kwkl sugka gjlkphrcke pkgk  ndndrkpk pdedljtjke. ]drunkake gdfhriksj pkgk tulke` klvdhlkr yke` gjkcjnktcke `kyk idckejs kcke gj rdsphe hlda hstdhsjt, yke` idrupkcke sdl yke` sdesjtjf gke sdnk`kj idckehrdsdpthr pkgk tulke`. Rdl jej gklki idrdsphe `kyk idckejs gde`ke bkrk ideje`cktcke dcsprdsj ;:

 

`lubhsd-6-pahspaktksd gdaygrh`deksd, Aurjgjed, b-fhs gke jesulje-ljcd `rhwta fkbthr-;. Rdaje``k kcke idijbu rdkcsj-rdkcsj jeflkiksj sdlkeouteyk. ]kgk Nhed Ndegje` gke ]jdzhdldbtrjb tadhry 1 ideydnutcke nkawk Cdtjck klkt hrthghesjk gjkctjvksj, `kyk yke` gjndrjcke pkgk `j`j gjsklurcke cd sdiuk okrje`ke gj sdcdljlje`eyk sdaje``k `j`j kcke ndr`drkc ldnja ndskr gjnkegje`cke gde`ke ldnkr lj`kide  pdrjhghetkl yke` ideydnkncke tdrokgjeyk gdfldcsj pkgk tulke` klvdhlkr. Gdfldcsj pkgk tulke` ou`k idijbu cdlukreyk phtdesjkl dldctrjc pkgk pdriuckke tulke` ktku  pjdzhdldbtrjb yke` sdrje` gjtdiucke pkgk iktdrjkl crjstklje. Gdfhriksj ktku pdrunkake  ndetuc structur crjstkl ide`aksjlcke krus ljstrjc sdpdrtj dldctrhe yke` ndrpjegka gkrj ihldcul crjstkl yke` sktu cd ihldcul crjstkl yke` lkje. Njlk structur crjstkl ide`klkij gdfhriksj, dldctrhe ndrij`rksj sdaje``k tdrokgj kljrke ljstrjc. Ojck tdrgkpkt tdckeke ikck structur crjstkl iksja stknjl gke tjgkc tdokgj pdrpjegkake dldctrhe, ekiue ojck tdckeke gjldpkscke, crjstkl kcke cdinklj cd ndetuc sdiulk gke kljrke dldctrhe kcke tdrokgj pkgk krka yke` ndrlkwkeke. Akl jej gjgucue` hlda Crjsaeke keg Gkvjghvjtba : yke` ideydnutcke nkawk fksd kwkl pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk sdlklu idljnktcke rdsphes jeflkiksj kcut yke` gjtkegkj hlda vkshgjlktksj ckpjldr gke ij`rksj lduchsjt cd ckpjldr. Rdl-sdl yke` ndrij`rksj jej idiprhgucsj ndrnk`kj sjthcje. Rjthcje jej idrke`ske` sjetdsjs gke sdcrdsj ndrnk`kj sunstkesj uetuc sdl tkr`dt sdpdrtj prhstk`lkegje, `rhwta fkbthr gke ndrnk`kj sjthcje. Jeflkiksj kcut yke` tdrokgj idrupkcke jejtjkl paksd gke ndrsjfkt dcsugktjf. Rktu skipkj guk akrj cdiugjke fksd jeflkiksj kcut ideokgj jeflkiksj crhejc ndrsjfkt  prhljfdrktjf yke` idljnktcke fjnrhnlks, sdl-sdl deghtdl, hstdhnlks gke sdl-sdl tulke` klvdhlkr. Rdlkik pdrjhgd jej lduchsjt tdrus ndrij`rksj cd okrje`ke pkrkgdetkl gke ide`ktur prhsds rdihgdlje`. Cdtdrckjtke jeflkiksj kcut pkgk fksd kwkl pdr`drkcke `j`j ou`k gjcdiuckcke hlda Ghlbad ;= (>==>), yke` ideydnutcke nkawk ^dsphe jeflkiksj kcut kgklka `kinkrke caks pkgk fksd kwkl pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk. Rjthcje yke` gjcdlukrcke hlda ihehehbludr bdlls sdnk`kj idgjkthr cjijkwj yke` ndrjetdrkcsj gde`ke sdl-sdl tulke` sdbkrk lke`sue` ktkupue tjgkc lke`sue`. JL-; gkpkt ideje`cktcke sjetdsjs gke sdcrdsj >=

 

 ndndrkpk sunstkesj tdriksuc prhstk`lkegje ktkupue `rhwta fkbthrs lkjeeyk. ]@ gkpkt idestjiulksj rdshrnsj tulke` gke ideje`cktcke lkou pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk. Lk` paksd gjprdsdetksjcke sdnk`kj pdr`drkcke yke` tdradetj, gjikek tdrokgj rdcrujtide sdl-sdl gke pdrsjkpke ijcrhdevjrheide nk`j lj`kide pdrjhghetkl gke tulke` uetuc ide`klkij rdihgdlje`. Fksd jej tdrokgj cdtjck hstdhclks sugkc tdrdcrut gke hstdnlks tdrkctjvksj. @kinkrke fksd cdguk jej sdoklke gde`ke Crjsaeke keg Gkvjghvjtba : yke` ideyktkcke nkawk fksd cdguk pkgk gkdrka tdckeke gjcdeklj gde`ke tdrokgjeyk  pdekipkcke susueke sdrknut lj`kide pdrjhghetkl yke` knehrikl. @ke``uke @ke ``uke kljrke gkrka kcjnkt tdrokgjeyk gjsthrsj jej kcke idinkwk pdindetucke krdk ajkljejsksj gke tdradetjeyk  pdr`drkcke `j`j. ]dindrsjake okrje`ke edcrhtjc gke rdshpsj tulke` yke` ndrkskl gkrj gkdrka klvdhlkr nhed ikrrhw (jegjrdbt rdshrptjhe) gke gkrj krka lj`kidet pdrjhghetkl yke` ehrikl (uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe) idiue`cjecke gjiulkjeyk cdinklj pdr`drkcke `j`j. ]rhsds chiprdadesjf jej idinutuacke pdrdcrutke sdl-sdl fk`hsjt sdpdrtj ikcrhfk`, fhrdj`e nhgy `jket bdlls, gke hstdhclks yke` ndrkskl gkrj gkdrka yke` ndrnktkske gde`ke lj`kide pdrjhghetkl yke` ndlui ruskc gke ckvjtks klvdhlkr nhed ikrrhw. Rdl-sdl jej  ndrkctjfjtks sdbkrk ndrskikke ide`ajlke`cke okrje`ke edcrhtjc gkrj lj`kidet pdrjhghetkl gke yke` ndrnktkske gde`ke tulke` klvdhlkr pkgk gkdrka tdckeke. ]kgk gkdrka rd`ke`ke, qujdsbdet hstdhnlksts (nhed surfkbd ljeje` bdlls) kcke idindskr gke iulkj idiprhgucsj iktrjc tulke` nkru (hstdhjg). ]rh`dejthr hstdhnlkst nkru ndrkskl gkrj phpulksj fjnrhnlkstljcd bdlls (pdrjbytds) gjsdcjtkr ckpjldr lj`kidet pdrjhghetkl. Rdl prdhstdhnlks jej kcke  ndrprhljfdrksj gke ij`rksj cdkrka pdriuckke tulke` klvdhlkr idlkluj sdrkt-sdrkt sdrkt-sdrkt Rakrpdy‚s sdbkrk sjiultke, gjlkeoutcke fjnrhnlkst pkgk gkdrka rd`ke`ke idiulkj iultjfjcksj gke rdihgdlje` iktrjcs gjsdcjtkreyk. ]dreyktkke jej gjgucue` hlda Njde gklki flujg gyekijb tadhry 1 yke` ideyktkcke nkawk kpljcksj `kyk dcstdrekl pkgk `j`j ideydnkncke tdrokgjeyk pdr`drkcke bkjrke gj gklki ckekljculj. Cdtjck bkjrke ckekljculj ndrcurke`, tdrokgjlka kphpthsjs hstdhsjt yke` tdrgkpkt gklki tulke` cdiugjke kcke idekrjc hstdhclks sdaje``k tdrokgj rdshrnsj tulke`. ]kgk fksd lkeout pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk, ou`k gjcdekl sdnk`kj fksd kcsdldrksj gke ljedkr. ]kgk gkdrka tdckeke `j`j ideueouccke sdrkt chlk`de tkepk hrjdetksj yke` tdpkt. ]driuckke tulke` yke` tjgkc ndrkturke gjtdiucke yke` >;

 

ide`jegjcksjcke tdrokgjeyk rdshrpsj lke`sue` ktku frhetkl. Ekiue, pkgk ndndrkpk  pdedljtjke tdrnkru gjtueouccke nkawk zhek ajkljejsksj pkgk gkdrka tdckeke tdrokgj pkgk tkakp jej caususeyk pkgk gkdrka yke` gjkpljcksjcke `kyk yke` tje``j. Akl jej ideueouccke nkawk pdindetucke gke pde`ajlke`ke gkdrka edcrhtjc idrupkcke prhsds yke` tdrokgj sdbkrk tdrus idedrus ktku ldnja gkrj sktu cdokgjke sdlkik pdr`drkcke `j`j. Rdlkje jtu ou`k ideueouccke nkawk rdshpsj tulke` pkgk gkdrka tdckeke nucke idrupkcke rdkcsj tdrakgkp `kyk tdtkpj tdrokgj uetuc ide`ajlke`kcke okrje`ke tulke` jscdijc yke`  ndrgdcktke gde`ke okrje`ke ajkljejsksj. ^dshrpsj tulke` lke`sue` sdlkeouteyk gkpkt gjke``kp sdnk`kj nk`jke gkrj prhsds rdihgdlje`. Gke gjgkdrka rd`ke`ke tdrokgj gdphsjsj, cdndrkgkkeeyk gjtkegkj gde`ke klckljed pahspaktksd hstdhnlkstjb. Rdlkje jtu, gklki prdssurd tdesjhe tadhry 1 ideydnutcke nkawk njlk tdrokgj ajkljejsksj gke uegdrijeje` rdshrptjhe ikck pdr`drkcke `j`j kcke idlkinkt. Akl jej iue`cje gjsdnkncke hlda lkinkteyk stjiulksj pdindetucke hstdhclks pkgk suisui tulke` gke ldnja tdnkleyk tulke` yke` akrus gjrdshrpsj. ]dr`drkcke `j`j yke` sjiultke tdrokgj pkgk rdshrnsj frhetkl, sdgke` pkgk pdindrjke tdckeke yke` ndskr, pdr`drkcke `j`j sdpdrtj idlhipkt. Rdgke`cke Fkrrkr gklki Nhed Ndegje` gke ]jdzhdldbtrjb tadhry 1 ideyktkcke  nkawk pkgk skkt `j`j gjndrj tdckeke, tulke` klvdhlkr gj sdcjtkreyk kcke ide`klkij tdcucke. Gkdrka yke` bdcue` gjkshsjksjcke gde`ke krus ed`ktjf gke ideydnkncke gdphsjsj tulke` sdgke`cke gkdrka yke` bdinue` gjkshsjksjcke gde`ke krus phsjtjf gke ideydnkncke rdshrnsj tulke`. Gkrj pdeodlkske gj ktks gkpkt gjsjipulcke nkawk Idckejsid pdr`drkcke `j`j sdbkrk hrthghesjk idipueykj tj`k fksd ykjtu jejtjkl paksd± lk` paksd gke phstlk` fksd. Cdtj`k fksd tdrsdnut tdrokgj sdbkrk ndrcdsjekinue`ke, sdaje``k njlk tdrokgj `ke``uke pkgk sklka sktu fksd ikck prhsds pdr`drkcke `j`j ou`k tdr`ke``u. ]D^KEKE RC^T] DCR]KERJ

]drkeke scrup dcspkesj ykcej gj`uekcke uetuc idldnkrcke lde`cue` rkake` nkjc cd krka trkesvdrskl ikupue sk`jtkl. ]kgk scdekrjh tjgkc gjsdnutcke gde`ke rjebj nk`kjikek

>>

 

chegjsj `j`j `dlj`j pksjde, ekiue sklka sktu jegjcksj pde``uekke scrup dcspkesj ykcej cdtjck tdrokgj brhwgdg gjsdrtkj cdcurke`ke ruke` uetuc idekipue` `j`j `dlj`j.

2.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj jestrucsj gke chetrhl pksjde gde`ke pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske. Okwkn ? ]kgk tkakpke jej hpdrkthr ideodlkscke bkrk pdikske`ke gke bkrk idldpks klkt hrtah ldpkske tjgkc akeyk pkgk kekck ekiue pkgk pde`ketkr caususeyk cdlukr`k pksjde. ]deodlkske gde`ke prkctdrc pdikske`ke klkt gde`ke pdikske`ke gkrj gdpke cdiugjke gjlkcucke pdedckeke pkgk krdk phstdrjhr uetuc idegkpktcke rdtdesj. ]kgk skkt tkakpke jesdrsj jej hpdrkthr ideodlkscke k`kr pksjde ? k.  Rkkt ikcke gke tjgur klkt gjldpks  n.  Wjgkc idikcke ikckeke yke` cdrks gke lde`cdt b.  Wjgkc ide``uekcke klkt skinjl idlkcucke hlkark`k cdrks sdpdrtj tjeou, gll. g.  Wjgkc ide``uekcke klkt skkt ndrdeke`. ]ksjde gj jestrucsjcki k`kr idikckj klkt gde`ke cdkgkke iulut yke` ndrsja. Rkkt  pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj akrus gklki cdkgkke ndrsja gke tjgkc kgk gdnrjs. Tetuc  pdikckjke pdrtkik ckljeyk iue`cje pksjde gkpkt ndrckbk uetuc idljakt skkt  pdikske`ke klkt. ]kske`cke klkt hrthghetj gkrj nk`jke gdpke tdrldnja gkaulu, sdtdlka  nk`jke gdpke sugk tdrpkgke` gde`ke g de`ke nkjc, tdckecke nlksê plktd sdsukj gde`ke tdipkteyk. tdipkte yk. Je`ktcke pksjde uetuc tjgkc ikcke ikckeke gde`ke chesjstdesj yke` cdrks ktku tdrlklu cdeykl ckrdek akl tdrsdnut kcke idruskc klkt hrthghetj. Cdndrsjake iulut ske`kt gjutkikcke sdlkik pdikckjke klkt. ]deyjcktke `j`j gkpkt gjnketu gde`ke ide``uekcke jetdrgdetkl nrusa ktku gdetkl flhss uetuc idindrsjacke gkdrka-gkdrka sdipjt pkgk klkt hrthghesjk. ]dikckje klkt hrthghetj ldpkske sdnkjceyk gj`uekcke ;>->= oki. Wdrutkik gkpkt gj`uekcke pkgk iklki akrj. Jestrucsj cdpkgk pksjde pde``uek pjrketj hrthghetjc ldpkske. K.  Jestrucsj pdikckjke pkgk pksjde >2

 

;.  ]kgk gddp hvdrnjtd yke` gjsdnkncke hlda suprkhclusj `j`j ketdrjhr nkwka klkt tdtkp gjpkckj pkgk wkctu ikcke gke pkgk wkctu tjgkc ikcke tdtkp gj`j`jt-`j`jt rje`ke k`kr tdrokgj jetrusj `j`j ketdrtjhr nkwka ldnja bdpkt gkrj dlhe`ksj `j`j  phstdrjhr. >.  ]kgk gddp hvdrnjtd gjsdnkncke hlda jefrk hclusj `j`j phstdrjhr klkt tdtkp gjpkckj  pkgk wkctu ikcke tkpj oke`ke gj`j`jtcke tdrlklu cdrks. 2.  ]kgk gddp hvdrnjtd yke` gjsdnkncke hlda jefrkhclusj `j`j phstdrjhr klkt gjpkckj  pkgk wkctu ikcke k`kr tdrokgj cdsdjinke`ke ketkrk jetrusj `j`j ketdrjhr nkwka gke dlhe`ksj `j`j phstdrjhr. N.  Jesdrsj Klkt Hrthghetj Ldpkske ;.  ]ksjde gjtueouccke gke prkctdccke bkrk idikske` gke idldpks pdrketj - pksjde gjakrkpcke sdlklu ideok`k HA gde`ke nkjc. >.  ]ksjde gjjestrucsjcke k`kr idikckj klkt gde`ke sykrkt cdkgkke iulut yke`  ndrsja. 2.  Rkkt pdikckjke klkt hrthghetj akrus gklki cdkgkke ndrsja gke tjgkc kgk gdnrjs. 7.  Tetuc pdikckjke pdrtkik ckljeyk, iue`cje pksjde gkpkt ndrckbk uetuc idljakt skkt pdikske`ke klkt. 4.  ]kske`cke klkt hrthghetj gkrj nk`jke gdpke tdrldnja gkaulu, sdtdlka nk`jke gdpke sugka tdrpkske` gde`ke nkjc, tdckecke nksd plktd sdsukj gde`ke tdipkteyk. 6.  Je`ktcke pksjde uetuc tjgkc ikcke ikckeke gde`ke chesjstdesj yke` cdrks kt ku tdrlklu cdeykl ckrdek akl tdrsdnut kckt idruskc klkt hrthghesj ldpkske. 0.  Cdndrsjake iulut ske`kt gjutkikcke sdlkik pdikckjke klkt. 1.  ]deyjcktke `j`j gkpkt gjnketu ide``uekcke jetdrgdetkl nrusa ktku gdetkl flhss uetuc idindrsjacke gkdrka - gkdrka sdipjt pkgk klkt hrthghetjc. :.  ]dikckjke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske sdnkjceyk gj`uekcke ;> ‒  ;>  ‒  >=  >= oki. ;=. Wdrutkik gkpkt gj`uekcke pkgk iklki akrj ;;. Rdtdlka gjjesdrsjcke, ghctdr `j`j ou`k pdrlu ididrjcsk cdinklj kpkcka chiphede  ‒  chiphede  chiphede pkgk klkt hrthghetj ldpkske yke` gj`uekcke sugka ndekr phsjsjeyk. ;>. Rkkt klkt gjndrsjacke akrus gjlkcucke gde`ke aktj-aktj k`kr tjgkc tdrokgj gjsthrsj  pkgk clkidr, gde`ke bkrk idikckj sjckt gjnkwka kjr ide`kljr gde`ke suau

>7

 

ehrikl. Wjgkc nhlda gjrdegki, ckrdek kcke idrunka gjidesj plkt ckrdek ndrsjfkt ajgrhfjljc ;2. Gjldpks skkt ikcke. ;7. Ide`jestrucsjcke pksjde uetuc gjpkckj sdbkrk rutje k`kr tdrnjksk ;4. Idindrj tkau pksjde bkrk idldtkccke pdrketj kctjf 7.  Ikaksjswk ikipu idikakij gke ideodlkscke ide`dekj fkcthr cdndraksjlke klkt hrthghetj ldpkske. Okwkn ? Gklki pdektklkcskekke pdrkwktke, cdndraksjlke pdrkwktke gjpde`kruaj tj`k akl sklje`  ndrckjtke, ykjtu? ;.  ]ksjde ]drunkake pkgk pksjde, ijskleyk `j`j gdsjguj tke``kl ktku `j`j pdrikede yke` drupsj yke` gkpkt ideydnkncke pjrketj tjgkc bhbhc lk`j. Rdnk`jke pksjde tjgkc

iku idikckj pjrketj sdpdrtj sdpdrtj yke` yke` gjakruscke. Njlk pds pdsjde jde tjgkc iku

idikckj pjrketj cdkgkke yke` gkpkt gjkiktj kgklka? k.  ]jrketj iksja cdljktke sdpdrtj nkru, ldipde` kcrjljc tdtkp ide`cjlkp  n.  ]ksjde tdrljakt tjgkc tdrkipjl idikske` pjrketj b.  ]jrketj tjgkc sdsukj g.  Wjgkc kgk ndcks hclusj pkgk pdej``jke `j`jt ketdrjhr >.  ]jrketj (klkt ldpkske) Rdndlui pjrketj gjsdsukjcke ktku gjkctjfcke, pdrlu gjpdraktjcke cdkgkke  ndrnk`kj chiphede pjrketj ldpkske ykjtu ^dtdesj, Chiphede kctjf gke ldipde` kcrjljc. Chiphede rdtdesj pdrlu gjpdrjcsk ckrdek sugka gjpkckj ndrkpk lkik, cdiue`cjeke gkpkt ide`deghr ckrdek pjrketj gjldpks gke gjpkske`. Njlk pjrketj curke` rdtdetjvd ikck chiphede rdtdetjvd pdrlu gjsdsukjcke. Chiphede kctjf pdrlu gjpdrjcsk, ijskleyk chetkc pd`ks ktku chiphede kctjf lkje gde`ke `j`j. Gjpdrlucke pdeydsukjke kpknjlk `j`j ndr`drkc cdkrka yke` tjgkc gjje`jecke.]drjcsk ou`k ldipde` kcrjljc, kpkcka `j`j ndcks ndr`drkc, njlk `j`j tdraklke` ldipde` kcrjljc gkpkt gj`rjegje`. >4

 

2.  ]dr`drkcke `j`j Tiuieyk pdr`drkcke `j`j tjkp nulkeeyk ; ii njlk pjrketj gjpkckj tdrus idedrus. Njlk pjrketj tjgkc gjpkckj tdrus idedrus, ikck pdr`drkcke `j`j ou`k kcke ldnja lkinkt. Idscjpue pjrketj tdlka gjpkckj tdrus idedrus tdtkpj ckgke`-ckgke` tdrokgj pdr`drkcke `j`j yke` tjgkc sdsukj gde`ke yke` gjakrkpcke kcjnkt ndndrkpk akl, ykjtu? k.  Krka pdr`drkcke yke` sklka. Njkskeyk gjsdnkncke pdedipktke pd`ks yke` sklka, caususeyk chetkc ketkrk `j`j `dlj`j gke lde`ke pd`ks.  n.  @drkccke tjppje` yke` ndrldnjake b.  Cdajlke`ke pdeoke`ckrke

NKN JJJ CDRJI]TLKE

Okgj gkpkt gjsjipulcke nkawk pjrketj hrthghetjc ldpkske kgklka pjrketj hrthghetjc yke` gkpkt gjpkske` gke gjldpks sdegjrj hlda pksjde. ]jrketj ldpkske gkpkt idindrjcke aksjl yke` ikcsjikl kpknjlk gjpkckj tdrus idedrus. ]jrketj ldpkske gj`uekcke uetuc pdrkwktke iklhclusj rje`ke gke gklki pdrjhgd pdr`ketjke `j`j `dlj`j.

>6

 

GKFWK^ ]TRWKCK

Krgakek, P. >=;;. Klkt Hrthghetjc Ldpkske. Fkcultks Cdghctdrke @j`j. ^R, J. R. (>=;4). ]drtjinke`ke gke ]driksklkake pdikckjke Klkt jetdrsdptjc Hrthghesj Rdbkrk Gjej pkgk Kekc Iksk Wuinua Cdinke`. RWHIKWH@EKWJB-Ourekl Cdghctdrke @j`j,, 1(;), ;-;=.  @j`j ;-;=.  Ruindr ? Kije, Iuakiikg Eurul gke Eur ]driktkskrj.>=;6. Kspdc Njhlh`js ]dr`drkcke @j`j Rdbkrk Hrthghesj. Ourekl  Ourekl Cdghctdrke @j`j Tedo Vhl. ;2 Eh.; >=;6? >>->0 Gjtkprjljk, Ikakrdttk., P. Krgakek gke Barjsekwktj. >=;4. ]drkwktke ] drkwktke Hrthghetjc Klkt Ldpkske Chinjeksj Rdij-bdckt ]kgk Cdajlke`ke @j`j 76. IC@C. ;(;)? >=->6. Gdvj, Ldljkek Rkegrk, gcc. >=>=. ]dtueouc Rcjllkn Lkn Hrthghesjk. Fkcultks Cdghctdrke @j`j Tejvdrsjtks Odindr. Gdwj, Hctkvjk. >==1. Kekljsjs Aunue`ke Iklhclusj gde`ke Cukljtks Ajgup pkgk ^dikok RIT Chtk Idgke Wkaue >==0. Idgke? Tejvdrsjtks Ruiktdrk Ttkrk. @hdeakrth, Rjkejwktj., D. ^usgjkek gke J.E. Cakjryyka. >=;0. Bhipkrjshe Ndtwdde ^dihvknld keg Fjxdg Hrtahghetjb ^dtkjedrs. Ohurekl hf Vhbktjhekl Adklta Rtugjds. ;(>)? 1>-10. Lhakckrd, Rkegayk Rayki. >==1. Hrtahghetjb ^dihvknld Kppljkebds. Edw Gdlaj? Okypdd Nrhtadrs Idgjbkl ]unljsadrs. Iujr, O G, ^ddg ^ W. ;:0:. Whhta ihvdidet wjta rdihvknld kppljkebds. De`lkeg? ]jtike ]unljsaje`. ]rhffjt, P, Fjdlsg A P Or, Rkrvdr Gr`. I. >==0. Bhetdiphrkry hrtahghetjbs. 7ta dg. Rt. Lhujs? Ihsny Jeb. ^kakrgoh, ]. >==:. ]drketj Hrthghetj Ldpkske. Rurknkyk? Kjrlke``k Tejvdrsjty ]rds Klgjrk, Bketjck, Chrejkljk Chrejkljk, keg Kegrjkesyka Kegrjkesyka. "]dejlkjke Wje`ckt Cdndraksjlke ]drkwktke Hrthghetjc gde`ke ]jrketj Ldpkske Ndrgkskrcke Jegdcs ]K^ gj >0

 

^R@I Tejvdrsjtks Nkjturrkaika Wkaue >=;>->=;0." Ourekl >=;>->=;0." Ourekl Cdsdaktke Kegklks Kegklks 1.7  1.7 (>=>=). 

>1