Laporan Praktikum Sistem Saraf

October 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Share Embed Donate


Short Description

Download Laporan Praktikum Sistem Saraf...

Description

 

CKVAZK@ VZKLTIL]O EI^IACAHI ZKDIACAHI –^I^TMO ^KZKE‟ KZ@I L]^]OK DMXI,dr.,O.^i

ACMB 7 @KOK 7 I^OI @]Z EK]WIYKB @IO 7 ;=;9;6>2>6:=

D4 TML@ACAHI ZKDIACAHI VM@NITZKK@ EKL]CTK^ UALK^I ]@IUMZ^ITK^ KIZCK@HHK :6:6

 

JKJ I VM@DKB]C]K@

;.;. Ck`dksk` Tmari ;.;.;. ;.; .;. ^istm ^istmo o ^krke ^krke Ok`us Ok`usik ik

^istmo ^is tmo skrke skrke ok`usi ok`usikk kdkckb kdkckb suktu suktu gkri`h gkri`hk` k` skrke skrke yk`h yk`h laopcm laopcmls, ls, sk`hkt sk`hkt lbusus dk` skci`h lbusus skci`h jmrbuj jmrbuju`h u`hk` k` k`tkrk k`tkrk yk`h yk`h sktu dm`hk` dm`hk` yk`h yk`h cki cki`. `. ^istmo ^istmo skrke  skrke  om`hl om` hlaar aardi` di`ksi ksi,, om`kesi om`kesirlk rlk` ` dk` om`ha` om`ha`tra tracc i`tmrk i`tmrklsi lsi k`tkrk k`tkrk i`divi i`dividu du dm`hk` dm`hk` ci`hlu`hk` smlitkr`yk. Dkcko rk`hlk omopmckgkri pmrujkbk` lkpksitks eu`hsi tujub ok`usik smjkhki suktu sistmo, tmroksul omopmckgkri jmrjkhki sistmo arhk` smrtk pack laou`ilksi k`tkr sistmo arhk` tmrsmjut. ^istmo pm`hm`dkci tujub smnkrk hkris jmskr di cklulk` acmb sistmo skrke dk` sistmo m`dalri`. ^istmo skrke dk` sistmo m`dalri` om`hm`dkcilk` jmrkhko eu`hsi tujub dm`hk` prasms dkskr yk`h tidkl gkub jmrjmdk, ykitu omomrculk` i`tmhrksi di atkl dk` dkpkt omopm`hkrubi prasms arhk` cki`. ^istmo skrke skr ke omru omrupk pklk lk` ` sk skck ckb b sktu sktu sistmo sistmo la laar ardi di`k `ksi si yk yk`h `h jm jmrtu rtuhk hkss om`y om`yko kopk pkil ilk` k` rk`hsk` rk` hsk`hk` hk` dkri dkri rmsmpta rmsmptarr u`tul u`tul didmtml didmtmlsi si dk` dirmsp dirmspa` a` acmb acmb tujub, tujub, sistmo sistmo skrke  skrke  omou`hli`l omou` hli`lk` k` okbcul okbcul bidup tk`hhk dm`hk` dm`hk` nmpkt tmrbkdkp tmrbkdkp pmrujkbk`-p pmrujkbk`-pmrujkb mrujkbk` k` yk`h tmrgkdi dici`hlu`hk` cukr okupu` dkcko. ^istmo skrke pkdk ok`usik di jkhi om`gkdi tihk ykitu skrke atkl, skrke suosuo tuck`h jmcklk`h, dk` skrke tmpi. ^krke atkl dk` skrke suosuo tuck`h jmcklk`h kdkckb skrke puskt. Vkdk skrke tmpi, skrke om`hbuju`hlk` k`tkrk skrke puskt dm`hk` i`dmrk dk` atat. atat. ^krke ^krke atkl atkl ijkrkt ijkrkt nbip nbip dkcko dkcko laoput laoputmr. mr. ^istmo ^istmo skrke skrke sm`dir sm`dirii omrupk omrupklk` lk` nkjk`h dkri sistmo laardi`ksi smcki` sistmo baroa` dk` sistmo atat. Jmrdkskrlk` strultur dk` eu`hsi`yk, sistmo skrke dijmdklk` om`gkdi sistmo skrke puskt dk` sistmo skrke skr ke tmpi tmpi (p (pmr mrie iemr) mr).^ .^ist istmo mo skrke skrke pu puskt skt tmrd tmrdir irii dk dkri ri at atkl kl dk dk` ` omdu omducc cckk spi` spi`kci kcis. s. ^mdk`hlk` sistmo skrke tmpi tmrdiri dkri skrke kemrm` dk` skrke memrm`. ;) Oata Oatari rinn Eu` Eu`nt ntia ia` ` ^mc skrke oataril omrupklk` jkhik` dkri strultur dk` eu`hsi sistmo skrke yk`h  jmreu`hsi Om`hirio iopcus dkri sistmo skrke puskt lm atat ktku lmcm`gkr yk`h bksic`yk jmrupk tk`hhkpk` tujub tmrbkdkp rk`hsk`hk`. Jkdk` smc skrke oataril   jmrkdk di sistmo skrke puskt. Dm`drit`yk sk`hkt pm`dml jmrbuju`hk` dm`hk` klsa` kls a` skrke skrke ksasiks ksasiksi, i, smdk`h smdk`hlk` lk` klsa``y klsa``ykk dkpkt dkpkt sk`hkt sk`hkt pk`gk` pk`gk`h. h. Omlk`i Omlk`isom som  pm`hbk`tkrk` i`earoksi k`tkrk rmsmptar dm`hk` sistmo skrke puskt tmrgkdi omckcui  prasms pm`hbk`tkrk` iopucs dm`hk` ladm irkok dk` ermlum`si tmrtm`tu. skrke  memrm` di smjut smjkhki skrke oataril tmrdiri dkri duk jkhik` ykitu skrke oataril  saoktil dk` skrke saoktil kuta`ao 

^krke oataril saoktil  ^krke oataril saoktil omojkwk iopcus dkri puskt lm atat rk`hlk smjkhki arhk` memltar omckcui prasms laou`ilksi laou`ilksi smnkrk jiacistril jiacistril di skrke dk` prasms laou`ilksi laou `ilksi omckcui `muratrk`so `muratrk`soitar itar di buju`hlk` buju`hlk` skrke-atat, dkpkt tmrgkdi tmrgkdi

 

la`trklsi la`trk lsi atat. atat. Jkil Jkil lmlukt lmluktk` k` okupu` okupu` gm`is gm`is la la`tr `trkls klsii atat atat rk`hlk rk`hlk dkpkt dkpkt dilm`dkcilk` acmb sistmo skrke puskt okupu` sistmo skrke tmpi. ^istmo skrke  saoktil turut jmrpmrk` dkcko prasms pm`hm`dkcik` li`mrgk atat rk`hlk yk`h dipmrculk` u`tul om`ymcm`hkrklk` jmrjkhki silkp dk` hmrklk` tujub. k. ^krke-s ^krke-skrke krke Tuck Tuck`h `h Jmckl Jmcklk`h k`h (^pi (^pi`kc `kc @mrv @mrvms) ms) ^krk ^krkee tuck` tuck`h h jm jmck cklk lk`h `h yk yk`h `h omru omrupk pklk lk` ` jk jkhi hik` k` dk dkri ri sistm sistmo o skrke  skrke  saoktil dioucki dkri ugu`h skrke darskc dk` vm`trkc dkri suosuo tuck`h  jmcklk`h (jkhik` di cukr suosuo tuck`h jmcklk`h). ^krke-skrke tmrsmjut om`hkrkb lmcukr ra`hhk dk` jmrnkjk`h-nkjk`h di smpk`gk`h pmrgkck`k``yk om`ugu om` ugu atat atat ktku ktku rmsmpta rmsmptarr sm`sari sm`sariss yk`h yk`h bm`dkl bm`dkl dinkpk dinkpki`y i`yk. k. Nkjk`h Nkjk`h-nkjk`h nkj k`h skrke skrke tuck`h tuck`h jmcklk jmcklk`h `h i`i uouo`y uouo`ykk dismrtk dismrtkii acmb acmb pmoju pmojucub cub- pmojucub dkrkb, tmrutkok nkjk`h-nkjk`h yk`h om`ugu atat-atat lmpkck (slmcmtkc ousncms).  j. ^krke-skrke Lmpkck (Nrk`ikc @mrvms) ^krk ^krkee-sk skrk rkee lmp lmpkck kck tmrd tmrdir irii dkr krii ;: pk pksk sk` `h sk skrk rkee lm lmp pkc kckk yk` k`h h om`i`hhkclk` pmroulkk` vm`trkc atkl. ^mjkhik` jmskr skrke-skrke lmpkck i`i om`ha`trac eu`hsi sm`saris dk` oataril di jkhik` lmpkck dk` cmbmr. ^kckb sktu dkri lmduk jmcks pksk`h tmrsmjut kdkckb skrke vkhus (vkhus `mrvms/ `mr vms/skrk skrkee yk`h yk`h –jmrlm –jmrlmck` ck`k‟), k‟), yk`h yk`h omrupk omrupklk` lk` skrke skrke `aoar `aoar smpucub smpucub yk`h yk` h om`hkt om`hktur ur eu`hsi eu`hsi-eu` -eu`hsi hsi arhk` arhk` tujub tujub di jkhik` jkhik` dkdk dkdk dk` pmrut. pmrut. Dismjut –vkhus‟ ktku skrke yk`h jmrlmck`k lkrm`k nkjk`h-nkjk`h skrke`yk om`nkpki ra`hhk dkdk dk` pmrut. 

^krke oataril kuta`ao ^krke oataril kuta`ao kuta`ao omrup omrupklk` klk` skckb sktu laopa`m` sistmo skrke kuta`ao yk`h om`hm`dkcilk` atat pacas, atat gk`tu`h dk` lmcm`gkr. ^istmo skrkee kuta`a skrk kuta`ao o (^^K]) (^^K]) tmroks tmroksul ul jmrjkh jmrjkhki ki puskt puskt pm`hm` pm`hm`dkc dkcii di atkl, atkl, pkdk pkdk dkskr` dks kr`yk yk omckls omcklsk`k k`klk` lk` lmhikt lmhiktk` k` smnkrk smnkrk i`dmpm i`dmpm`dm `dm` ` dk` tidkl tidkl ck`hsu ck`hsu`h `h dilm`dkcilk` acmb lmskdkrk`. ^istmo skrke kuta`ao tmrutkok om`hm`dkcilk`  jmrjkhki eu`hsi arhk` vismrkc yk`h sk`hkt pm`ti`h u`tul omopmrtkbk`lk` lmbidupk`, k`tkrk cki` eu`hsi gk`tu`h dkcko om`hktur vacuom nurkb gk`tu`h (nkrd (nk rdik iknn au aupu put) t),, eu eu`h `hsi si pm pmoj ojuc ucub ub dk dkrk rkb b dk dkck cko o om`h om`hktu kturr kc kcir irk` k` dk dkrk rkb b lmjmrjkhki arhk`, dk` eu`hsi pm`nmr`kk`. ^istmo ^is tmo skrke skrke kuta`a kuta`ao o tmrdiri tmrdiri dkri dkri sistmo sistmo skrke skrke siopkt siopktil il dk` skrke  skrke   pkrksiopktil. Arhk` yk`h dickyk`i acmb skrke kuta`ao jmlmrgk smnkrk kuta`ao. ^istmo i`i jiksk`yk dismjut systmo oatar dk` smrkjut kemrm` yk`h lmojkci dkri arhk` i`tmr`k julk` omrupklk` jkhik` dkri systmo i`i. ^mjkhik`  jmskr arhk` om`mriok smpmrk`hlkt smrkjut smr kjut hk`dk, sktu pmrk`hlkt omckcui skrk skrke  e  siopktil dk` yk`h cki` omckcui pkrksiopktil. ]gu`h klsa` pkdk skrke tmrsmjut om`hmcukrlk` suktu zkt trk`soittmr yk`h jmrjmdk pkdk pkdk memltar. ^mrkjutsmrkjut systmo smrkjut systmo siopkt siopktil il om`hmc om`hmcukr ukrlk` lk` `a `armp rmpi`m i`meri` eri` dk` smrkju smrkjutt- smrkju smrkjutt sistmo pkrksiopktil om`hmcukrlk` ksmticlaci`. Vmrjmdkk` strultur k`tkrk skrke 

 

siopktil siopkt il dk` pkrksio pkrksiopkt pktil il tmrcmtk tmrcmtkl l pkdk pkdk pa pasisi sisi hk`hci hk`hcia` a`.. ^krke ^krke siopkt siopktil  il  omopu`yki hk`hcia` yk`h tmrcmtkl di smpk`gk`h tuck`h jmcklk`h om`mopmc  pkdk suosuo tuck`h jmcklk`h smbi`hhk omopu`yki urkt prk hk`hcia`  pm`dml, smdk`hlk` skrke pkrksiopktil omopu`yki urkt prk hk`hcia` yk`h pk`gk`h lkrm`k hk`hcia` om`mopmc pkdk arhk` yk`h dijk`tu. :) ^m`s ^m`sar arin in Eu`n Eu`nti tia` a` ^m`saril ^m`sa ril / Zmsmptar Zmsmptar kdkckb smc ktku arhk` yk`h jmreu jmreu`hsi `hsi om`mriok rk`hsk`h ktku stioucus. Dm`hk` kckt i`i sistmo skrke om`dmtmlsi pmrujkbk` jmrjkhki jm`tul  m` m`mrh mrhii di ci`h ci`hlu lu`h `hk` k` dk dkck cko o dk dk` ` cu cukr kr.. ^m ^mti tikp kp rmsmp rmsmpta tarr sm`sa sm`saris ris omop omopu` u`yk ykii lmokopuk` om`dmtmlsi stioucus dk` om`trk`dulsi m`mrhi eisil lm dkcko si`ykc (iopucs) skrke. 



Lcksieilksi Jmrdkskrlk` Cmtkl   Mxtmrasmptar   7 pmrkskk` tujub pmroulkk` (lucit), smpmrti sm`sksi `ymri, subu, dk` rkjk  Vrapriasmptar  7 pmrkskk` tujub dkcko, smpmrti pkdk atat, sm`di, dk` tm`da.  I`tmrasmptar  7 pmrkskk` tujub pkdk kckt-kckt visnmrk ktku kckt-kckt dkcko, smpmrti gk`tu`h, ckoju`h, usus, dcc. Lcksieilksi Jmrdkskrlk` Eu`hsi Omlk`armsmptar Om`dmtmlsi distarsi omojrk` dk` dijkhi om`gkdi > gm`is rmsmptar7 a Zmsmptar tkltic

 

 Om`dmtmlsi rkjk, tmlk`k` dk` hmtkr pkdk lucit  Om`dmtmlsi hmrklk` rkojut  Om`dmtmlsi rkjk bkcus  Om`dmtmlsi tmlk`k` dkcko  Zmspa` tmrbkdkp hktkc dk` rkjk bkcus a

Vrapriasmptar  Kdk > gm`is prapriasmptar7  ousncm spi`dcm

a

oadieilksi smc atat slmcmt oa`itar pk`gk`h atat slmcmt  arhk` tm`da` hachi - calksi dmlkt dm`hk` ousncm - tm`da` gu`ntia` oa`itar tmhk`hk` dkcko tm`da`  rmsmptar gai`t li`mstbmtin ugu`h-ugu`h skrke sm`saril dkcko lkpsuc sm`di oa`itar tmlk`k`, tmhk`hk` dk` pmrhmrklk` pkdk pmrsm`dik` Jkrarmsmptar   Om`dmtmlsi pmrujkbk` tmlk`k`  Didkpktlk` pkdk gkri`hk` mckstis dkri pmojucub dkrkb dk` arhk`-

arhk` dihmstivm, rmpradulsi dk` trkltus uri`krik  

Tmroarmsmptar

 

 

Om`dmtmlsi tmopmrktur.

 

Ditmoulk` di lucit, atat slmcmt, bkti dk` bipatkckous

 

Om`hk`du`h ugu`h-ugu`h skrke jmjks



Zmsmptar eksil yk`h jmrkdkptksi oudkb  rmsp rmspa` a` di`hi` di`hi` cmjib cmjib supmrei supmreisik sikcc dk` rmsmpta rmsmptarr- rmsmpta rmsmptarr tmrbkd tmrbkdkp kp  pk`ks jmrkdk cmjib dkcko. 

 

^ubu ^u bu yk yk`h `h di cu cukr kr liskr liskrk` k` tm tmro roar armsm msmpt ptar ar kl klk` k` om`h om`hkl klti tivk vksi si `asismptar 

@asismptar 

 

^m`sitie tmrbkdkp stioucus pm`hbksic `ymri ( pk`ks ktku di`hi` mlstrio, tmlk`k` jmrcmjibk`, jkbk` lioik lmrks ]gu`h: skrke jmjks Nkrk lmrgk7  ^mc: yk`h om`hkckoi i`guri klk` omcmpkslk` ksko krknbida`kt  Ksko krknbida`kt krknbida`kt dila`vmrsi dila`vmrsi om`gkdi prastk prastkhck`d hck`di` i` acmb m`zio silca-alsihm`ksm  Vrastkhck`di` klk` om`hkltivksi `asismptar  Jk`ykl

ajkt-ajktk` k`ti `ymri smpmrti dm`hk`om`hbkojkt m`zio silca-alsihm`ksm

 

kspi spiri`

jmlmrgk rgk

Nbmoarmsmptar

Zmsmptar sm`saril u`tul om`dmtmlsi rk`hsk`h lioiwk, smpmrti 7 ju jkuk` yk`h ditmriok smc rmsmptar acekltarius dkcko bidu`h, rksk rks k oklk`k` yk`h ditmriok acmb smc rmsmptar pm`hmnkp di cidkb, rmsmptar lioikwi dkcko  pmojucub dkrkb u`tul om`dmtmlsi alsihm`, asoarmsmptar u`tul  om`d om `dmt mtml mlsi si pm pmru rujk jkbk bk` ` asoac asoackci kcitk tkss nk nkirk irk` ` dk dkrk rkb, b, hc hcun unar armsm msmpt ptar ar di bipatkckous om`dmtmlsi pmrujkbk` lkdkr huck dkrkb.  

Vbatarmsmptar

Zmsmptar sm`saril u`tul om`dmtmlsi pmrjkbk` nkbkyk, dk` dicklulk` acmb smc pbatarmnmptar (jktk`h dk` lmsrunut) di rmti`k oktk.

 

Gkrks ^aoktasm`saril ^aoktasm`saril Yk`h Dickcui Acmb ^istmo ^m`saril 

]`tul rksk pmroulkk` (mlstmrasmptie) smpmrti rksk `ymri, rkjk, tmlk`, dk`  subu7 si`ykc ditmrio si`ykc ditmriokk rmsmpta rmsmptarr ↚ dijkwk dijkwk lm hk`hci hk`hcia` a` spi`kc spi`kcmm ↚ omckcu omckcuii rkdils rkdils  pastmriar om`ugu nar`u pastmriar omducck spi`kcis ↚ jmrhk`ti om`gkdi `mura` sm`saris lm-: ↚ ckcu om`yick`h lm sisi cki` omducck spi`kcis ↚ omojm`tul   gkrks yk`h jmrgkck` lm ktks ykitu trkltus spi`atkckoilus ↚ om`ugu tbkckous di

 

atkl atkl ↚ jmrh jmrhk` k`ti ti om`gk m`gkdi di `mu `mura` ra` sm sm` `sa sari riss lm lm-> -> ↚ om` om`ug ugu u la lart rtml mlss saoktasm`saril yk`h jmrkdk di hirus pastsm`trkcis (cajus pkrimtkcis) ]`tul rksk dkcko (prapriasmptie) smpmrti pmrkskk` sm`di, atat dk` tm`da 7 si`ykc ditmrio si`ykc ditmriokk rmsmpta rmsmptarr ↚ hk`hci hk`hcia` a` spi`kc spi`kcmm ↚ rkdils rkdils pastmr pastmriar iar omducc omducckk spi`kcis ↚ ckcu `kil smjkhki eu`inucus hrksicis dk` eu`inucus nu`mktus ↚  jmrklbir di `uncmus Hacc ↚ jmrhk`ti om`gkdi `musra` sm`saris lm-: ↚ om`y om `yic ick` k`h h lm si sisi si cki` cki` omdu omducc cckk sp spi` i`kci kciss ↚ om`u om`ugu gu tb tbkck kckou ouss di at atkl kl ↚  jmrhk`ti om`gkdi `mura` sm`saris lm-> ↚ om`ugu lm lartmls saoktasm`saril  di hirus pastsm`trkcis (cajus pkrimtkcis).  

Eu`hsi ^krke ^m`saril 

^krke sm`saril omopu`yki eu`hsi u`tul omojkwk si`ykc dkri arhk` yk`h yk` h omrmsp omrmspa` a` smjukb smjukb rk`hsk rk`hsk`hk `hk` ` lm suosuo suosuo tuck`h tuck`h jmcklk jmcklk`h `h dk` atkl. atkl. Yk`h Yk `h i`ea i`earo roks ksii yk`h yk`h jmrh jmrhmr mrkl kl dkri dkri sk sktu tu ti titi til l lm titi titil l yk yk`h `h ck cki` i` yk yk`h `h diskopkilk` omckcui sistmo skrke puskt. ^mc-smc skrke yk`h omojm`tul skrke  sm`sari sm` saril l yk`h yk`h uouo` uouo`yk yk dilm`k dilm`kcc smjkhk smjkhkii `mura` `mura` sm`sar sm`saril il i`i ikc ikckb kb `mura` `mura` tmrtm`tu yk`h omrupklk` skckb sktu dkri tihk gm`is `mura` yk`h ditmoulk` dkcko tujub. Yk`h lmduk `mura` cki` yk`h dilm`kc smjkhki `mura` rmcky ktku i`tmro i`t mromdi mdimt mt dk` `mura` `mura` oatari oataril. l. @mura` @mura` rmcky rmcky i`i omojkw omojkwkk pmsk` pmsk` dkri dkri smhom` dkri sistmo skrke puskt yk`h cki` smom`tkrk `mura` oataril omojkwk si`yk si` ykl l dk dkri ri si sistm stmo o skrke skrke pu puskt skt lm memlt memltar ar,, yk yk`h `h omru omrupk pklk lk` ` ar arhk hk` ` yk yk`h `h omoicili omoici li meml tmrtm`tu lmtilk lmtilk dirk`hsk`h dirk`hsk`h.. Vmsk` yk`h diskopkilk` diskopkilk` smckok dk dkck cko o pr pras asms ms i` i`ii uouo uouo`y `ykk dilm dilm`k `kcc dm dm`h `hk` k` smjkh smjkhki ki iopu iopucs cs dk dk` ` di dili liri rio o smpk` smp k`gk gk`h `h gkcu gkcurr `m `mur ura` a` omck omckcu cuii oukt ouktk` k` cistr cistril il yk yk`h `h jm jmrh rhmrk mrkl l omci omci`t `tksi ksi omojrk` smc skrke.

>) Ciojin Ciojin Eu`nt Eu`ntia` ia` dk` Cmkr`i`h Cmkr`i`h Eu`ntia` Eu`ntia` ^istmo ciojil kdkckb sistmo laopcmls di atkl litk yk`h jmrisi jk`ykl strultur 

 jmrjmdk yk`h jmlmrgk jmrskok u`tul omojk`hu` puskt atkl yk`h jmrtk`hhu`h  gkwkj u`tul om`hmcack rmspa`s psilacahis tmrbkdkp rk`hsk`hk` moasia`kc, om`hm`dkcilk` i`hktk`, pmrbktik`, omojm`tul pmricklu dk` lkrkltmr litk, smrtk omom`hkrubi litk moasi dk` dara`hk` smlsukc. 

Eu`hsi sitmo ciojil7  ^is ^istmo tmo ciojil ciojil jmrtk` jmrtk`hhu hhu`h `h gkwkj gkwkj ktks rmhuck rmhucksi si dk` mlsprmsi mlsprmsi oatari oataril  l 

moasi.  Ik

jmru jmrusk skbk bk omop omopmr mrtk tkbk bk`l `lk` k` di diri ri baomastksis.

^istmo o cioj ciojil il jm jmrt rtk` k`hh hhu` u`h h  ^istm

dm dm`h `hk` k` om`h om`hkl klti tiel elk` k` sist sistmo mo

gkwk gkwkj j u` u`tu tul l om`h om`hmc mcac ackk smjkh smjkhik ik` ` jm jmskr  skr  omlk`isom atkl u`tul omoari.

 

 Om`hktur pradulsi baroa`.

Om`h `hkl klti tiel elk` k`  Om

si sist stmo mo sk skrk rkee ata` ata`ao ao77 ik jm jmrt rtk` k`hh hhu` u`h h gk gkwk wkj j u` u`tu tul  l  om`hiriolk` si`ykc lm skrke u`tul omopmrtkbk`lk` lmkdkk` sikhk (sistmo skrkee siopkt skrk siopktis) is) ktku ktku u`tul u`tul om`hbk om`hbkojk ojktt lmkdkk lmkdkk` ` tmrsmj tmrsmjut ut (si (sistmo stmo skrke  skrke   pkrksiopktis).

 Vuskt rksk sm`k`h, dara`hk` smls, rksk bkus, rksk ckpkr, dk` omtkjacisom. 

Jkhik`-jkhik` ^istmo Ciojil7   Tbkckous Tkckous tmrdiri dkri smguockb puskt sykrke dk` jmreu`hsi smjkhki puskt  pm`mriokk` u`tul sm`sar dktk dk` si`ykc-si`ykc oataril. ^kcurk` `mura` dkri tkckous lm `malartmls kdkckb skcurk` jmskr dk` pk`gk`h (gkub), lkgik` `muracahi `mura cahi om`dkpkti bkdir`yk huopkck` huopkck` skcurk` `mura` yk`h cmjib bkcus (lmnic dk` pm`dml) yk`h om`hbuju`hlk` tkckous lm dkmrkb koyhdkck. ^tio ^tiouc ucus us (okt (oktk, k, tmci tmci`h `hk, k, dk` dk` pk` pk`nk nki` i`dm dmrk rk ck cki` i``y `yk) k) at atkl kl Tbkckous  si`kps tu`hhkc koyhdkck  Bipatkckous Bipatkckous kdkckb jkhik` dkri atkl yk`h tmrdiri dkri smguockb `ulcmus , tmo tmopkt pkt `murasm `murasmlrm lrmsi si yk`h yk`h omopm` omopm`hkr hkrubi ubi pm`hmc pm`hmcukr ukrk` k` ba baroa roa` ` pkdk pkdk bipaeisis. Tmrcmtkl di dkskr atkl dmpk`. Bipatkckous guhk omrupklk` jkhik` yk`h tidkl tmrpiskblk` dkri sistmo cioektil dk` omrupklk` la`mltar si`ykc dkri jmrjkhki jkhik` atkl om`ugu lm lartml lartmlss atkl atkl jmskr jmskr yk`h yk`h om`hkt om`hktur ur jmrokn jmroknko-o ko-oknk knko o eu`hsi eu`hsi smpmrti smpmrti subu tujub, pack tidur, lmsmiojk`hk` kir, rksk ckpkr dk` lm`yk`h , rksk bkus, moasi , dk` ti`hlkb cklu rmpradultie.  Koyhdkck Jmreu` Jmr eu`hsi hsi dkcko dkcko pm`hac pm`hackbk kbk` ` dktk dktk sm`sari sm`saril l dk` i`hktk` i`hktk` ktks ktks moasi. moasi. Tujub klk` jmrmklsi om`hhu`klk` koihdkck smjkhki puskt moasi cmjib nmpkt dkripkdk dkripkdk tujub om`ykdkri om`ykdkri kpk yk`h yk`h dicklulk``yk dicklulk``yk.. Jmrtk`hhu` Jmrtk`hhu`h h  gkwkj u`tul omopmrsikplk` tujub u`tul situksi dkrurkt, dk` u`tul  om`yiopk` lm`k`hk` lm`k`hk` pmristiwk u`tul pm`hm`kck` oksk dmpk`. dmpk`. Koyhdkck omojk` omo jk`tu tu dkcko dkcko pm`hmo pm`hmojk` jk`hk` hk` lm`k`h lm`k`hk`, k`, tmrutk tmrutkok ok yk`h yk`h jmrlki jmrlkitk` tk` dm`hk` pmristiwk moasia`kc dk` lmkdkk` dkrurkt.  Bippankopus Bippankopus kdkckb jkhik` cki` dkri cajus tmoparkc yk`h jmrtk`hhu`h  gkwkj u`tul om`hujkb lm`k`hk` gk`hlk pm`dml lm omoari gk`hlk  pk`gk`h. Bipalkopus jmlmrgk dm`hk` koihdkck u`tul pm`yiopk`k` omoari, omoa ri, dk` lmrusklk` pkdk bipalkop bipalkopus us dkpkt om`ymjkjlk` om`ymjkjlk` ko`msik ko`msik (bick`h i`hktk`). Bippankopus tmrcmtkl di dkcko cajus tmoparkc omdikc,  jkwkb pmroulkk` lartilkc. Bippankopus i`i dipmrlirklk` jmlmrgk dm`hk` koihdkck u`tul pm`yiopk`k` omoari, dk` lmrusklk` pkdk bipalkopus dkpkt om`ymjkjlk` ko`msik (bick`h i`hktk`).  

 





Tkbkpk` dkcko om`hi`hkt ;. Tkbkp rmtm`si, rmtm`si, ykitu ykitu prasms prasms i`earok i`earoksi si disiopk` disiopk` acmb atkl. :. Tkbkp jmckgkr, jmckgkr, ykitu prasms prasms diok`k diok`k i`earoks i`earoksii disiopk` disiopk` acmb i`dmrk i`dmrk tujub tujub.. >. Tkbkp Tkbkp rmtrimvkc rmtrimvkc,, ykitu ykitu omok`hhi omok`hhicc lmojkc lmojkcii i`hktk` i`hktk` yk`h yk`h tmc tmckb kb tmrsiopk` tmrsiopk` smjmcuo`yk dk` omojm`tul i`hktk` jkru.

Vrasms Tmrjm`tul`yk Omoari

;. Om`trk` Om`trk`soi soisil silk` k` i`earoks i`earoksii yk`h yk`h dipmracmb dipmracmb dkri i`dmrk i`dmrk lm tbkcko tbkckous us u`tul  ok`kgmom` kwkc. :. ^mnkrk jmrskokk jmrskokk` ` om`hkrkblk om`hkrkblk` ` i`earoksi i`earoksi lm lartilkc lartilkc u`tul u`tul diprasm diprasmss cmjib ck`gut, oiskc`yk di jkhik` cajus alsipitkc dk` cajus tmoparkc. >. Om`hkrkblk Om`hkrkblk` ` i`earoksi i`earoksi lm dkmrkb sujma sujmaril, ril, oiskc`y oiskc`yk, k, koihdkck7 koihdkck7 koihdkck koihdkck smhmrk omrmspa`s dk` omrmlrut krmk atkl cki`. 4. Om`hirio Om`hirio i`earoksi i`earoksi lm lm bippankop bippankopus us u`tul u`tul mvkcuksi mvkcuksi yk`h yk`h cmjib cmjib stkjic stkjic dk`  pm`yiopk`k` gk`hlk pk`gk`h. =. Bi Bipp ppan anko kopu puss om`h om`hkt ktur ur,, om`d om`dist istri riju jusil silk` k`,, om`h om`hbu buju ju`h `hlk lk` ` omoa omoari ri dm`hk` krmk yk`h tmrsisk di lartmls u`tul pm`yiopk`k` gk`hlk pk`gk`h. 5. Vm Vmru rujk jkbk bk` ` st stru rult ltur urkc kc dk` dk` eu eu`h `hsi sia` a`kc kc yk yk`h `h rm rmck ckti tiee pm pmro rok` k`m` m` k` k`tk tkrk rk `mura`-`mura` yk`h sudkb kdk di atkl. 



Omoari Gk`hlk Vm`dml  Omoari gk`hlk pm`dml (sbart tmro omoary) kdkckb omoari lmrgk, jmreu`hsi om`yiok` i`earoksi u`tul smom`tkrk dkcko guockb tmrjktks. Vmojm`tulk` omoari omo ari gk`hlk gk`hlk pm`dml pm`dml dktk dktk dikwkc dikwkcii acmb acmb pmojm` pmojm`tul tulk` k` omoari omoari sm`sari sm`saris. s. Omoari sm`saris jmrsiekt spmsieil u`tul i`dmrk tmrtm`tu dk` tmrjm`tul dkcko wkltu yk`h si`hlkt. Omoari Gk`hlk Vk`gk`h Omoa Om oari ri gk`hl gk`hlkk pk pk`g `gk` k`h h (c (ca` a`h h tmro tmro omoa omoary ry)) kd kdkc kckb kb lm lmok okop opuk uk` ` u` u`tu tul  l  om`hi`hkt dm`hk` lkpksitks tidkl tmrjktks dk` durksi`yk smackb-ackb tidkl   jmrklbir. Vmojm`tulk` omoari gk`hlk pk`gk`h dioucki dkri i`earoksi dkcko omoari gk`hlk pm`dml klk` diujkb om`gkdi omoari gk`hlk pk`gk`h kpkjick omoari tmrsmjut nulu ckok tmrsiopk`. Bkc i`i lkrm`k kltivitks `murkc di atkl, kpkjic kpk jickk tmrgkdi tmrgkdi pmrujk pmrujkbk` bk` lioikw lioikwi/st i/strul rultur turkc kc oklk oklk omoari omoari klk` klk` disiop disiopk` k`

smnkrk pmrok`m`.

 

JKJ II BK^IC VZKLTIL]O

:.;.

Idm`titks Uacu`tmr   Uacu`tmr ;  @kok 7 Uik ]our 7 ;4 tkbu` Gm`is lmckoi` 7 pmrmopuk`   Uacu`tmr :  @kok 7 Isoi ]our 7 ;9 tkbu` Gm`is lmckoi` 7 pmrmopuk`   Uacu`tmr >  @kok 7 ^iti ]our 7 42 tkbu` Gm`is lmckoi` 7 pmrmopuk`

:.:.

Ck`hlkb Lm Lmrgk Vmrnajkk` ; ;) Cktibckb Cktibckb vacu`tmr vacu`tmr om`hi`hkt om`hi`hkt tm`tk`h tm`tk`h kpk skgk skgk yk`h kdk pkdk pkdk suktu ruk`hk` ruk`hk`.. :) Tucis Tucis jmrkpk jmrkpk lkci lkci ckti cktibk` bk`.. >) Ckcu Ckcu u ujk jkb b skckb skckb skt sktu u jm`d jm`dk. k. 4) Jmri vacu`tmr vacu`tmr tmrsmju tmrsmjutt omcibkt omcibkt isi ruk`hk` ruk`hk` smlkci smlkci ckhi dkcko dkcko wkltu wkltu = dmtil. dmtil. =) Jk`di`hlk Jk`di`hlk` ` lmtihk`yk lmtihk`yk kpklkb kpklkb skok dk` dk` gkwkjk``y gkwkjk``ykk jm`kr ktku ktku tidkl. tidkl. Vmrnajkk` :

 

;) :) >) 4) =)

:.>.

Jisillk` Jisillk` lktk lktk oi`iokc oi`iokc ;6 lktk lktk pkdk pkdk vacu`t vacu`tmr. mr. Oi`tkc Oi`tkckb kb vacu vacu`tm `tmrr om`hb om`hbkek kekc. c. Ckcu Ckcu hk`t hk`tii ; lktk lktk ktku ktku : lktk. lktk. Jknklk` Jknklk` dk` oi`tk vacu`tmr vacu`tmr om`hi` om`hi`hkt hkt dkcko dkcko = dmtil. dmtil. ^urub ^urub nm`tk nm`tk`h `h lktk lktk yk`h yk`h K`dk K`dk jknklk jknklk`. `.

Bksic Vm Vmrnajkk` Vmrnajkk` ; Lmtmrk`hk` 7 : lkci cktibk` pkdk smtikp vacu`tmr   

Uacu`tmr ; Di Ktks Omg k

Jatac Oi`uo Jatac

Di Di Ktks Dmpk` Tapcms Vi`tu

Di Jkwk b TU

Di Di Ktks Ck`tki Lksur ∗

Di Ktks Omgk ∗  

Vkreuo

Cmtkl  ^msu`hhub`yk

Di Ck`tki



^kus ^m`tmr

Oi`yk l  Tkwa`

Di Jkwkb TU Di Dmpk` Vi`tu



Di Ktks Tapcms





Jmdkl

Di Ktks Lksur

Ajkt Oktk

 

Di Gm`dmc k



Di Gm`dmck

Di Gm`dmc k

Cmtkl  ^msu`hhub`yk

Uacu`tmr : Di Ktks Omg k

Jatac Oi`uo Jatac ^kus

Di Di Ktks Dmpk` Tapcms Vi`tu

Di Di Ktks Ck`tki Lksur ∗



Di Ck`tki Di Ktks Omgk



^m`tmr Vkreuo

Di Jkwk b TU

 



Di Jkwkb TU Di Dmpk` Vi`tu

 

Oi`yk l  Tkwa`

Di Ktks Tapcms





Jmdkl

Di Ktks Lksur

Ajkt Oktk  



Di Gm`dmck

Di Gm`dmc k

Cmtkl  ^msu`hhub`yk

Uacu`tmr > Di Ktks Omg k

Jatac Oi`uo Jatac ^kus

Di Di Ktks Dmpk` Tapcms Vi`tu

Di Jkwk b TU

Di Di Ktks Ck`tki Lksur



Di Ck`tki



Di Ktks Omgk ∗

^m`tmr  

Vkreuo Oi`yk l  Tkwa`

Di Jkwkb TU Di Dmpk` Vi`tu



Di Ktks Tapcms





Jmdkl Ajkt Oktk

Di Ktks Lksur ∗

Di Gm`dmck

Vmrnajkk` :  Lkciokt Vmrtkok Ju`hk okwkr omlkr di ugu`h su`hki jku`yk smomrjkl bkruo omwk`hi.

 ^mtmckb diujkb

Ju`hk okwkr di ugu`h su`hki omlkr jku`yk bkruo smomrjkl omwk`hi.

Lktk yk`h dii`hkt/didm`hkr

Uacu`tmr ;

Ju`hk

∗  

Okwkr Di

 

Uacu`tmr :

Uacu`tmr >

 







 







 





]gu`h

 



 





^u`hki

 



 



-

 

Omlkr

 



Jku`yk Bkruo ^momrjkl  Omwk`hi

   

-

-

-

 







 







 





-

 



-

JKJ III K@KCI^K BK^IC

>.;.

Vmrnajkk` ; Vkdk pmrnajkk` ;, vacu`tmr ; dk` : om`mjkl dm`hk` jm`kr smouk cmtkl jm`dk smsu`hhub`yk. ^mom`tkrk, vacu`tmr > skckb duk dkcko om`mjkl`yk. Vmrnajkk` i`i om`h om `hhu hu`k `klk lk` ` i` i`dm dmrk rk pm pm`h `hci cibk bktk tk` ` jm jmru rupk pk oktk oktk.. Lmti Lmtilk lk va vacu cu`t `tmr mr omci omcibkt bkt ck ckcu cu om`hi`hkt, sistmo skrke dkcko tujub omrmlk jmlmrgk. Zk`hsk`hk` jmrupk pm`hcibktk` klk` ditmruslk` lm atkl omckcui suosuo tuck`h jmcklk`h dk` diprasms di dkcko atkl   jmrupk i`hktk`. I`hktk` tmrsmjut dismjut dm`hk` omoari gk`hlk pm`dml. Omoari  gk`hlk pm`dml omrupklk` i`hktk` smom`tkrk. Lmtilk vacu`tmr om`hi`hkt kpk skgk  jm`dk yk`h kdk pkdk cmtkl kwkc, oklk bkc tmrsmjut klk` tmrsiopk` smjkhki omoari  gk`hlk pm`dml yk`h jisk bick`h dm`hk` nmpkt. Acmb lkrm`k itu, vacu`tmr pmrcu cktibk` smjk`ykl : lkci khkr jisk om`hi`hkt`yk. Uacu`t Uac u`tmmr mmr > om`mjk om`mjkl l skckb skckb pkdk pkdk pmrnaj pmrnajkk` kk` i`i. i`i. Bkc i`i dipm`h dipm`hkru krubi bi acmb acmb  jmjmrkpk ekltar oiskc`yk uour. ]our vacu`tmmr yk`h sudkb kdk pkdk k`hlk 46 k` omou`hli`lk` kdk`yk hk`hhuk` skkt om`hi`hkt lkrm`k arhk`-arhk` ktku skrke-skrke  yk`h dickcui om`hkckoi pmcmokbk` ktku eu`hsi yk`h sudkb tidkl `arokc.

>.:.

Vmrnajkk` : Vkdk pmrnajkk` :, lmtihk vacu`tmmr tidkl jisk om`gkwkj smopur`k lktk-lktk

yk yk`h `h diun diunkp kplk lk`. `. Vkdk Vkdk va vacu cu`t `tmm mmrr ; tidk tidkl l dk dkpk pktt om om`h `hi` i`hk hktt lk lktk tk –j –jku ku`y `yk‟ k‟ dk dk` ` –omwk`hi‟. Uacu`tmmr : tidkl dkpkt om`hi`hkt lktk –omlkr‟. Uacu`tmmr > tidkl dkpkt

 

om`hi`hkt lktk –su`hki‟, –omlkr‟, –omwk`hi‟. Vmoi`dkbk` lktk dkri lkciokt kwkc om`gkdi lkciokt lmduk omou`hli`lk` kdk`yk lmji`hu`hk` ktku sucit om`hi`hkt lktk yk`h diunkplk`. Vrasms tmrsmjut omrupklk` prasms omoari gk`hlk pm`dml lkrm`k pkdk omoari  gk`hlk pm`dml omrupklk` i`hktk` tm`tk`h lktk, jick`hk`, burue, ktku i`earoksi lmnic cki``yk yk`h jmrtkbk` smckok jmjmrkpk dmtil. Uacu`tmr jisk om`hi`hkt bkopir smouk lktk lkrm`k vacu`tmmr tmrsmjut sudkb omoicili i`hktk` pkdk lktk yk`h diunkplk`  pmrtkok lkci. Uacu`tmmr om`k`hlkp sukrk yk`h dijisillk` ktku diunkplk` dm`hk`  jk`tuk` i`dmrk pm`dm`hkrk` ckcu om`ykopkilk` i`earoksi tmrsmjut lm atkl dk` dipr dipras asms ms smjk smjkhk hkii omoa omoari ri gk`h gk`hlk lk pm pm`d `dml ml.. La`s La`sm` m`tr trksi ksi gu guhk hk di diju jutu tubl blk` k` dk dkck cko o  pmrnajkk` lkci i`i.

DKETKZ V]^TKLK

Jucmti` Vsilacahi Uac. ;5 @a. :, 84-22 7 ^trultur dk` Vrasms Omoari. Ekluctks Vsilacahi ]`ivmrsitks Hkgkb Okdk. I`tmr`ktia`kc Gaur`kc ae ^nim`nm k`d Kppcimd ^mrims 7 Oadmc jrki` jksmd cmkr`i`h (JJC) k`d wbacm jrki` tmknbi`h (XJT) i` cmkr`i`h. Oik, Km`y. :6;5. Oklkckb ^itmo Ciojil. Diklsms 7 bttps7//www.knkdmoik.mdu/>>:226=9/OKLKCKBQ^I^TMOQCIOJIL  ^ykbrmsk, Kcei. :6;;. K`ktaoi ^istmo Ciojil. Diklsms 7 bttps7//www.snrijd.nao/dan/=:9:99=:/k`ktaoi-sistmo-ciojil  bttps7//www.hur bttps7/ /www.hurupm`didilk upm`didilk`.na.id/ `.na.id/skrke skrke-sm`s -sm`saril aril / bttps7///dasm`jiac bttps7/ dasm`jiacahi.nao/ ahi.nao/ok`usi ok`usik/skr k/skrkeke-sm`sar sm`saril il bttps7//www.haahcm.nao/kop/s/kddik`sykb.wardprmss.nao/:6;6/6>/;8/sistmo-skrkeoataril/kop/

View more...

Comments

Copyright ©2017 KUPDF Inc.
SUPPORT KUPDF