Laporan Praktikum Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan: Oleh: Arta Elysa Munte D1D015012 Kelas A
July 15, 2019 | Author: Arta Munthe | Category: N/A
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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PENGENALAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN
OLEH : ARTA ELYSA MUNTE D1D015012 KELAS A
PROGRAM STUDI KEHUTANAN FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS JAMBI 2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kita panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat dan rahmat-Nya lah saya masih diberikan diberikan kesehatan jasmani dan rohani sehingga saya bisa menyelesaikan praktek lapangan yang berjudul Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan. Kegiatan praktikum lapangan ini dilaksanakan ± 13 hari dengan 2 jalur dengan lokasi yang sama diantaranya jalur 1 dimulai dari Hutan Pegunungan, Hutan Dataran Rendah dan Mangrove. Sedangkan jalur 2 dimulai dari Mangrove, Hutan Dataran Rendah dan Hutan Pegunungan. Disini saya dapat banyak pelajaran untuk mengenal hutan melalui kegiatan praktik langsung di lapangan yang meliputi kegiatan analisa vegetasi, observasi satwa, penanaman dan pembibitan serta mampu mengelola hutan sesuai dengan perundang-undangan perundang-undang an yang berlaku demi kesejahteraan kes ejahteraan masyarakat dan kelestarian hutan melalui kegiatan wawancara, pengamatan tempat wisata. Dalam kegiatan Praktik Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan (PEH), mahasiswa kehutanan diajar untuk dapat saling bekerjasama, baik di lapangan dan dalam pengerjaan data laporan. Terima kasih kepada para dosen pembimbing jalur 1 bapak Drs. Asrizal Paiman Malano S.Hut M.Si bapak, Jouhar Khabibi S.Hut,M.Si dan ibu Corry Wulan S.Hut M.Si yang telah membimbing kami dilapangan selama kegiatan Pengenalan Ekoisistem Hutan, serta semua teman-teman yang telah bekerja sama dan kekompakkannya dilapangan. Laporan ini saya buat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan (PEH) . Laporan praktek ini masih jauh dari yang namanya sempurna, oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun sangat saya harapkan demi kesempurnaan laporan pengenalan ekosistem hutan ini.
Jambi, 22 Juli 2017
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang
Negara Indonesia mempunyai kawasan hutan yang luas dan berbagai macam ekosistem hutan.Ada berbagai macam tipe ekosistem yang terdapat di dalam hutan Indonesia, antara lain hutan hujan tropika, hutan hujan dataran rendah, hutan hujan pegunungan yang lebih tinggi atau temperate rain forest, hutan sub-alpin, hutan pantai, hutan mangrove, hutan rawa gambut. Hutan yang terdapat di Indonesia sebagian besar adalah hutan hujan tropis yang komposisinya sangat sangat beragam, baik jenis kehidupan yang ada di dalamnya maupun jenis interaksi yang terdapat di dalamnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena tipe iklim dan ekosistem di Indonesia di pengaruhi oleh dua benua dan dua samudera. Oleh karena hal tersebut sehingga komposisi hutan di Indonesia terpengaruh oleh dua benua, hutan di wilayah bagian barat Indonesia di pengaruhi oleh benua Asia, sedangkan hutan wilayah timur Indonesia di pengaruhi oleh benua Australia. Keanekaragaman spesies ekosistem dan sumberdaya genetik semakin menurun pada tingkat yang membahayakan akibat kerusakan lingkungan. Kepunahan akibat beberapa jenis tekanan dan kegiatan terutama kerusakan habitat pada lingkungan alam yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati. Menurut Marsono (1977),vegetasi merupakan kumpulan tumbuh-tumbuhan, biasanya terdiri atas beberapa jenis yang hidup bersama-sama pada suatu tempat. Dalam mekanisme kehidupan bersama tersebut terdapat interaksi yang erat, baik diantara sesama individu penyusun vegetasi itu sendiri maupun dengan organisme lainnya sehingga merupakan suatu sistem yang tumbuh dan hidup serta dinamis (Marsono,1977). Dalam menentukan langkah pengelolaan yang tepat terhadap suatu kawasan hutan maka terlebih dahulu pengelolan harus mengetahui karakteristik hutan yang dikelolanya.Melalui Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan (PEH) yang diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Jambi ini diharapkan mahasiswa memiliki kemampuan untuk mengindentifikasi serta mengamati karakteristik berbagai tipetipe hutan yang ada di Indonesia serta pengelolaannya. Berbagai masalah yang
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Untuk itu mata kuliah Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan merupakan mata kuliah wajib bagi mahasiswa dan mahasiswi Fakultas Kehutanan UNJA untuk mengenali tipe-tipe ekosistem hutan baik dari hutan pantai sampai hutan pegunungan yang dilaksanakan selama 13 hari. Kuliah ini dalam bentuk praktikum lapangan sehingga
mahasiswa
dan
mahasiswi
diajak
untuk
melihat,
mengamati,
mengobservasi, mengukur parameter komponen ekosistem hutan untuk dianalisis dan diambil kesimpulannya untuk kemudian dijadikan laporan tertulis.
1.2 Tujuan
Tujuan dari kegiatan praktikum ini adalah untuk : 1. Mampu mengenali tipe-tipe ekosistem hutan beserta komponen-komponen penyusunnya, dari pantai hingga hingga pegunungan; 2. Mampu mengidentifikasi dan mengukur parameter dari komponen ekosistem di setiap tipe hutan yang dikunjungi; 3. Memahami perilaku, interaksi, proses-proses, peranan dan fungsi setiap ekosistem hutan bagi kehidupan; 4. Mampu menjelaskan tipe-tipe ekosistem hutan beserta komponen, interaksi, proses-proses, peranan dan fungsi setiap tipe ekosistem hutan di Indonesia. Indonesia.
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BAB II METODOLOGI 2.1 Waktu dan Tempat
1. Lokasi
: Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Sari, Tebo
Hari/Tanggal
: Kamis,13 Juli 2017
Pukul
: 11.25 – 11.25 – 13.15 13.15
2. Lokasi
: Hutan Pegunungan Tengah
Hari/Tanggal
: Sabtu,15 juli 2017
Pukul
: 14.06 – 14.06 – 15.07 15.07
3. Lokasi
: Hutan Pegunungan Bawah
Hari/Tanggal
: Minggu,16 Juli 2017
Pukul
: 14.06-15.15
4. Lokasi
: Hutan Gambut
Hari/Tanggal
: Selasa,20 Juli 2017
Pukul
: 11.25 – 11.25 – 13.15 13.15
5. Lokasi
: Hutan Mangrove
Hari/Tanggal
:Rabu,21 Juli 2017
Pukul
: 08.00 – 11.00 11.00
2.2 Alat dan Instrumen Pengamatan
1. Kompas
5. Thermohigrometer
2. Pita Meter 20m dan 1m
6. Kertas Milimeter Block
3. Tali Rafia
7.Kamera
4. pH Meter
8. Alat Tulis
2.3 Cara Kerja
2.3.1 Cara kerja dalam Analisa Vegetasi 1. Menentukan lokasi untuk observasi lapangan di hutan dataran
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2. Menentukan sudut Azimut dengan Kompas 3. Menarik garis lurus sesuai dengan arah sudut azimut dengan ukuran 20m X 20m (pohon) 4. Membuat petak 10m X 10m untuk tiang, 5m X 5m untuk pancang dan 2m X 2m untuk semai 5. Melakukan Analisa vegetasi pada plot yang sudah dibuat 6. Melakukan pengukuran keliling pada plot 20m X 20 m dan10m X 10m, (Pohon dan Tiang) 7. Melakukan Konfersi keliling kedalam diameter 2.3.2 Cara Kerja Observasi Satwa Liar 1. Melakukan pengamatan mengenai satwa liar yang ada dalam plot yang sudah dibuat 2. Melihat baik jejak maupun satwa liar yang berada pada sekitar plot 3. Melakukan pengambilan foto 4. Melakukan wawancara kepada pemandu lapangan mengenai jenis satwa liar yang ada pada wilayah tersebut.
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BAB III HASIL PRAKTEK PENGAMATAN SETIAP TIPE EKOSISTEM HUTAN 3.1 Hutan Pada Daerah Hutan Hujan Tropis
3.1.1
Hutan mangrove . Kondisi Umum Hutan bakau atau disebut juga hutan mangrove atau
hutan air payau adalah hutan yang tumbuh di atas rawa-rawa berair payau yang terletak pada garis pantai dan dipengaruhi oleh pasang-surut air laut. Hutan ini tumbuh khususnya di tempat-tempat di mana terjadi pelumpuran dan akumulasi bahan organik .Hutan mangrove tumbuh tumbuh dan berkembang pada daerah pasang surut yang terhindar dari terjangan ombak secara langsung, serta juga terdapat pada teluk atau muara sungai yang aliran airnya melambat serta banyak terdapat banyak endapan tanah yang berasal dari erosi tanah yang berasal dari hulu sungai. 3.1.2
Tally Sheet Analisis Vegetasi Hutan Mangrove
Tanggal pengamatan : Jumat, 21 Juli 2017 Lokasi pengamatan
: Desa Pangkal Babu, Dusun Bahagia, Kuala Tungkal.
Ukuran plot
: 20m x 20m,5m x 5m,2m x 2m
Jumlah plot
: 2 Plot
Azimut
: 40o
Tabel 1.1 Analisis vegetasi hutan mangrove untuk tingkat semai plot 1 No. Spesie
Nama local
Nama ilmiah
Jumlah
Keterangan
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2
Tumu merah
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
1
3
Api-api hitam
Avicennia eucalyptifolia
2
4
Nyirih
Xylocarpus moluccensis
1
Tabel 1.3 Analisis vegetasi hutan mangrove untuk tingkat pohon
No. spesies
1
Nama local
Api-api kuning
Nama ilmiah
Avicennia marina
Diameter
Tinggi Tinggi total
bebas
(m)
cabang
14
9
7
18
7
4
15
5
3
15
7
5
(cm)
Avicennia 2
Api-api hitam
eucalyptifolia
Avicennia 3
Api-api kuning marina
Avicennia 4
Api-api hitam eucalyptifolia
Keterangan
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Avicennia 2
Api-Api Hitam
eucalyptifolia
3
Tabel 1.5 Analisis vegetasi hutan mangrove mangrove untuk tingkat tingkat Pancang (5 x 5 m)
No.
1
Nama Lokal
Nama Ilmiah Bruguiera
Tumu merah
Jumlah
Keterangan
individu 1
gymnorrhiza Avicennia
2
Api-Api Hitam
eucalyptifolia
4
Tabel 1.6 Analisis vegetasi hutan mangrove mangrove untuk tingkat pohon pohon (10 x 10 m) No. spesies
1
Nama local
Api-api Hitam
Nama ilmiah
Avicennia Eucalyptifolia
Diameter (cm)
23,24
Tinggi Tinggi total
bebas
(m)
cabang
19
5
3.1.3 OBSERVASI SATWA LIAR DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN Jenis satwa liar yang ada pada hutan Mangrove plot 20m X 20m
Keterangan
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Pengukuran pada jam 08.27 Suhu 28 C Kelembapan 77 % pH tanah 7,8
Pengukuran pada jam 08.42 Suhu 27,5 C Kelembapan 72%
Hutan mangrove adalah ekosistem hutan daerah pantai yang berombak kecil, dengan tanah berlumpur yang terdiri dari kelompok pepohonan yang bisa hidup dalam lingkungan berkadar garam tinggi. Salah satu ciri tanaman mangrove memiliki akar yang menyembul ke permukaan, dan dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Hutan mangrove biasanya seperti hutan tanaman karena komposisinya yang hampir sam dan struktur pohonya tidak terlihat dengan jelas.Untuk praktikum hutan mangrove mayor, kami mengambil data di desa pangkal babu, Tanjung Jabung Barat. Suhu dihutan ini antara 27-30 oc dengan kelembaban berkisar 70-80 %. Jenis tanah yang teridentifikasi adalah jenis Lumpur berpasir yang memilki pH 7,8, yang berarti tanah ini bersifat basa Berdasarkan pengamatan yang dilakukan secara langsung satwa yang paling mendominasi pada hutan ini adalah burung, ikan glodok,kepiting, ketam dan beberapa jenis siput. Untuk analisis vegetasi nya, pohon yang dominan tumbuh pada hutan mangove ini adalah api-api putih ( Avicennia marina) marina) dan api-api hitam(Avicennia hitam(Avicennia eucalyptifolia).Untuk eucalyptifolia).Untuk jenis tumbuhan bawah yang sering ditemukan adalah jenis jeruju. Menurut saya hutan mangrove yang terdapat pada desa pangkal babu ini adalah hutan mangrove yang belum mengalami perubahan, dari hasil tanya jawab yang saya lakukan dengan pak Sulaiman bahwa hutan mangrove di daerah ini sejak awal keadaannya sudah begitu tanpa ada yang berganti, walaupun kita
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Untuk kendala, hutan mangrove di pangkal babu ini tidak memiliki masalah besar seperti penebangan ilegal walaupun beberapa tahun yang lalu juga terjadi. Sebab, sudah di edarkan sanksi yang akan didapat apabila melakukan penebangan seperti yang terjadi beberapa tahun yang lalu, dimana penjual berikut pembeli ditangkap dan dikenakan hukuman penjara. Hutan mangrove pangkal babu ini terkendala karena tidak adanya dana yang diberikan oleh pemerintah untuk melestarikan hutan mangrove tersebut. Peran dan fungsi ekosistem hutan mangrove dalam kehidupan 1. Menumbuhkan pulau dan menstabilkan pantai 2. Menjernihkan air. 3. Mengawali rantai makanan 4. Melindungi dan memberi nutrisi 5. Tempat tambat kapal 6. Obat-obatan. 7. Pengawet 8. Pakan dan makanan 9. Bahan mangrove dan bangunan 3.2 Hutan Gambut
3.2.1 Rawa gambut Dalam klasifikasi hutan, tipe hutan seringkali disebut dengan formasi yang berbeda satu dengan yang lain lai n dengan lahan basah yang tergenang yang biasanya terletak dibelakang tanggul sungai. Hutan ini yang didominasi oleh tanah-tanah yang berkembang dari tumbpukan bahan organik yang lebih dikenal sebagai tanah gambut. Karakteristik lingkungan hutan rawa gambut
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4. Daya tumpu pori tanah yang besar dan kerapatan tanah menyebabkan tanah gambut memiliki daya tumpu yang lemah. 5. Mudah terbakar. Tanah gambut selalu terbentuk pada tempat yang kondisinya jenuh air atau tergenang. Penumpukan bahan organic secara terus menerus menyebabkan lahan gambut membentuk kubah, aliran air yang berasal dari hutan gambut bersifat asam dan berwarna hitam atau kemerahan sehingga dikenal dengan nama ‘sungai air hitam’. 3.2.2
TALLY SHEET ANALISIS VEGETASI HUTAN GAMBUT
Tanggal pengamatan
: 15 Juli 2017
Lokasi pengamatan
: PT Wira Karya Sakti ( Di Kawasan Konservasi )
Regu
: 2A
Ukuran plot
: 20x20m, 10x10m, 5x5m, 2x2m
Jumlah plot
: 1 Plot
Tabel 2.1 Analisis vegetasi hutan gambut untuk untuk tingkat semai (2x2m) Jumlah
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2
Spesies 1
10,50
24
19
3
Spesies 2
8,28
22
17
4
Spesies 2
14,96
25
21
5
Spesies 1
19,10
26
22
6
Spesies 2
16,87
23
19
11,78
22
17
7
Jelutung
Dyera
Rawa
lowii
Tabel 2.4 Analisis vegetasi hutan gambut untuk untuk tingkat tingkat pohon (20x20m)
No.
Nama lokal
Nama
Diameter
ilmiah
(cm)
Tinggi
Tinggi
total
bebas
(m)
cabang (m)
1
Spesies 2
24,20
29
23
2
Spesies 3
27,38
30
26
3
Spesies 1
38,21
37
33
4
Spesies 2
59,23
43
39
5
Spesies 1
28,34
33
28
6
Spesies 2
26,43
31
27
7
Spesies 3
30,57
34
30
Keterangan
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Pengukuran pada jam 09.30 Suhu 29 C Kelembapan 72 % pH tanah 7 (alat tidak baik)
Pengukuran pada jam Suhu 29,5 C Kelembapan 71,5%
Ekosistem hutan gambut merupakan suatu tipe ekosistem hutan yang cukup unik karena tumbuh di atas tumpukan bahan organik yang melimpah. Daerah gambut pada umumnya mengalami genangan air tawar secara periodik dan lahannya memiliki topografi bergelombang kecil sehingga menciptakan bagian bagian cekungan tergenang air tawar. Pada praktikum hutan gambut kami mengambil data di hutan gambut PT Wira Karya Sakti, di kawasan konservasi. Kawasan ini dijadikan kawasan konservasi dikarenakan tanah ini memiliki tanah bergambut yang sangat dalam mencapai 4 m. Menurut peraturan pemerintah, tanah bergambut yang seperti ini sudah tidak boleh lagi diolah untuk lahan pertanian ataupun perkebunan. perkebunan. Suhu o dihutan ini adalah 29 c dengan kelembaban berkisar 70-73 %. Jenis tanah yang teridentifikasi adalah jenis tanah gambut hemik yang memilki pH berkisar 3-4 yang berarti tanah ini bersifat asam. Untuk analisis vegetasi nya, pohon yang
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3.3 Hutan Dataran Rendah
3.3.1
Hutan dataran rendah Hutan dataran rendah adalah hamparan luas tanah dengan tingkat
ketinggian yang diukur dari permukaan laut adalah relative rendah ( sampai dengan ketinggian sekitar 200mdpl). Dataran rendah ini biasanya disebut dataran alluvial. 3.3.2
TALLY SHEET ANALISIS VEGETASI HUTAN DATARAN RENDAH
Tanggal pengamatan
: 13 Juli 2017
Lokasi pengamatan
: TAHURA BUKIT SARI, Tebo
Regu
: 2A
Ukuran plot
: 20x20m, 10x10m, 5x5m, 2x2m
Jumlah plot
: 1 Plot
Azimut
: 63o
Tabel 3.1 3.1 Analisis vegetasi hutan dataran dataran rendah untuk tingkat semai (2x2m)
No.
Nama Lokal
Nama Ilmiah
Jumlah individu
Keterangan
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(m) 1
Spesies 1
6,36
17
13
2
Spesies 2
7,96
19
14
11,46
23
19
7,0
21
16
8,59
22
17
10,5
35
18
3
4
5
6
JambuJambuan Legum 1
Legum 2
Legum 3
Syzygium leguminosae sp leguminosae sp leguminosae sp
Tabel 3.4 Analisis Analisis vegetasi hutan dataran rendah untuk untuk tingkat pohon pohon (20x20m)
No.
Nama lokal
1
Plaju
2
Medang
Nama ilmiah
Phoebe sp
Diameter (cm)
Tinggi total (m)
Tinggi bebas cabang (m)
25,15
32
29
57,32
40
36
Keterangan
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Suhu di TAHURA Bukit Sari ini berkisar antara 29-30 oc dengan kelembaban berkisar 70-71 %. Jenis tanah yang teridentifikasi adalah tanah vulkanik jenis Ultisol yang memilki pH 7,8 yang berarti ini tanah ini asam. Untuk analisis vegetasi nya, banyak pohon-pohon yang menggunakan bahasa daerah, sehingga sedikit susah untuk menemukan bahasa latin serta keterangan lebih lanjut tentang pohon tersebut. Untuk jenis satwa yang diamati kami hanya menemukan pacet dan beberapa jenis belalang. Biofisik
Pengukuran pada jam 09.30 Suhu 29 C Kelembapan 72 % pH tanah 7,8
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dengan paku-pakuan dan paku lumut ( Selaginella sp.) yang kadang-kadang menyolok, sedang pada gigir-gigir yang kering dapat sebagian besar terdiri atas tumbuhan berkayu (Polunin 1994). Tumbuhan lapis bawah merupakan tumbuhan yang menutupi lantai hutan yang berupa tumbuhan setrata semak, herba, dan beberapa jenis tumbuhan penutup tanah yang lain. Tumbuhan semak adalah tumbuhan yang tidak seberapa besar, batang berkayu, dan bercabang-cabang dekat permukaan tanah atau terkadang berada di dalam tanah. Tumbuhan herba adalah tumbuhan yang tidak seberapa besar dan berbatang basah yang tumbuh pada permukaan tanah (Tjitrosoepomo, 1994). Menurut Damanik et al. (1984), kelimpahan dari vegetasi bawah di hutan pegunungan berbeda seiring bertambahnya ketinggian. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh
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No.
Nama Lokal
Nama Ilmiah
1
Jambu hutan
Syzygium sp
2
Sp1
3
Kayu aro
Jumlah individu
Keterangan
3 2
Ficus sp
2
Tabel 4.2 Analisis vegetasi hutan pegunungan bawah untuk tingkat Pancang (5 x 5 m) No.
NamaLokal
Nama Ilmiah
Jumlahindividu
1
Jambu Hutan
3
2
Melakosrian
2
3
Medang hijau
1
Keterangan
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5
Kayu Aro
27,70
37
32
Plot 2 Tabel 4.5 Analisis vegetasi hutan dataran rendah untuk tingkat semai (2 x 2 m)
Nama Ilmiah
Jumlah
No.
NamaLokal
1
Mendri
3
2
Karamunting
2
individu
Keterangan
Tabel 4.6 Analisis vegetasi hutan pegunungan bawah untuk tingkat Pancang (5 x 5 m) Jumlah
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1
Mendri
23,24
36
31
2
Mendri
65,60
40
37
3
Kayu Aro
59,23
43
38
Keterangan tabel OBSERVASI SATWA LIAR DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN Jenis satwa liar yang ada pada hutan Gambut plot 20m X 20m 1. Pacet 2. Belalang
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9. Tempat wisata 10. Tempat riset dan studi biologi 11. Mengatur iklim 12. Sarana olahraga 3.5 Hutan Pegunungan Tengah
3.5.1
Hutan pegunungan tengah
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2
Kayu aro
4
3
Menri
1
4
Jambu hutan
2
Tabel 5.2 Analisis vegetasi hutan pegunungan tengah untuk tingkat Pancang (5x5m)
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Jenis satwa liar yang ada pada hutan Gambut plot 20m X 20m 3. Pacet 4. Belalang Biofisik
Pengukuran pada jam 09.30
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E : 101 23 249 Ketinggian : 2225 mdpl Flora 50m kiri :
Pohon Mindri / puspa (Schima wallichii)
Begonia (Begonia spp.)
Paku setrang (Asplenium nidus)
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Kayu tulang / pare
Medang kuning (Turpinia macrocarpa)
Flora 50m kanan :
Junjung bukit (Saurauia sp)
Rasberry buah merah
Rasberry batang berduri
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