Laporan Praktikum Kimia Analisi Spektrofotometri

 

 

LO]HSOK ]SOF^JFRG FJGJO OKOLJTJT “T]BF^SH@H^HGB^SJ RP-PJTJCLB‗ 

Njsusuk hlba5  Kogo 

5 Tyoako Kur Ossy``o

 KJG 

5 3???:=>3

Aorj/^okiiol 

5 Socu / ?4 Eokuorj 3=3?

^BFKJF FJGJO  @OFRL^OT ^BFKJF  RKJPBSTJ^OT TBSOKI SOZO  3=3?

 

NO@^OS JTJ

NO@^OS JTJ .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ................... jj COC ? ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................. ................................. 4 ]BKNOARLROK ]BKNOA RLROK .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 4 ?.? LO^OS CBLOFOKI ............................................................................................. 4 ?.3 ^REROK ]SOF^JFRG ......................................................................................... > COC 3 ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................. ................................. 2 3.3. 

Ebkjs-Ebkjs spbftrh`hthgbtbr  spbftrh`hthgbtbr  ...............................................................................  ............................................................................... 0

3.? Coijok —  Coijok —  coijok   coijok spbftrh`hthgbtbr  ...........................................................................  ........................................................................... 1 COC 4 ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ............................... ?? ....................................................................................................................... ?? 4.? OLO^ .......................................................................................................................

4.3 COAOK.............................................................. .................................................................................................................... ...................................................... ?? 4.4 ]SHTBNRS FBSEO ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ?? 4.4.?. ]brsjopok Lorutok Ttoknor  .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ?? 4.4.3. Foljcrosj Olot Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr RP-Pjs .......................................................... ?3 4.4.4. ]bkbktuok ]okeoki Iblhgcoki Gofsjgug................................................... ?3 4.4.>. ]bkbktuok fhksbktrosj sogpbl....................................................................... ....................................................................... ?4

COC > ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ............................... ?> >.?. AOTJL ......................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................ ...... ?> >.?.?. ]brsogook ]brsogook Sbofsj .................................................................................. ........................................................................................... ......... ?> 3+ >.?.3. ]brajtukiok ]bgcuotok lorutok @b  ?===ppg nolog 2=gL ........................ ?> >.?.4. ]bkibkdbrok lorutok nbrbt stoknor ................................................................ ?> >.?.>. ^ocbl ]bgcodook ]bgcodook Ocshrcoks .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ?0 >.3. ]BGCOAOTOK ]BGCOAOTOK ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ?1

COC 2 ................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ............................... 3? 2.?. FBTJG]RLOK.............................................................. ......................................................................................................... ........................................... 3?

NO@^OS ]RT^OFO ................................................. ....................................................................................................... ...................................................... 33

jj

 

COC ? ]BKNOARLROK ?.? LO^OS CBLOFOKI Cotos sbksjtjvjtos goto gokusjo onoloa sjkor togpof otou tbrljaot (vjsjclb) yojtu

nbkiok pokeoki iblhgcoki (ζ) oktoro > x ?= -9g (>== kg) cbrupo doaoyo vjhlbt/ukiu/lbgcoyuki sogpoj 1 x ?= -9  g (1== kg) otou gbroa. ]okeoki iblhgcoki  euio lozjg njsoejfok nolog sotuok kg njgoko ? g 7 ?=-: kg. Cjlo doaoyo RP togpof (RP-Pjs) njfbkofok pono sbkyowo gofo sbcoijok norj doaoyo tbrsbcut ofok njsbrop hlba ghlbful yoki gbgpukyoj tjkifotok bkbrij yoki spbsj`jf. Tbtjop ghlbful gbgpukyoj tjkifot bkbrij nosor (irhukn stotb 7 IT) yoki spbsjf. Tjkor yoki njsbrop onoloa uktuf gbkojffok blbftrhk jfotok fb tjkifot bkbriy bfsjtosj (bxdjtbn stotb 7 BT). Forbko lbvbl bkbriy IT fb BT tjop ghlbful spbsj`jf gofo B (sjkor) yoki njsbrop euio spbsj`jf gbrupofok nosor okoljso fuoljtotj` (Tjthrus, 3==:). Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr sbsuoj nbkiok kogokyo onoloa olot yoki tbrnjrj norj spbftrhgbtbr nok `hthgbtbr. Tpbftrhgbtbr gbkiaosjlfok sjkor norj spbftrug nbkiok  pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu tbrt bktu nok `hthgbtbr onoloa olot pbkiufur jktbksjtos doaoyo yoki njtroksgjsjfok otou yoki njocshrpsj. Eonj spbftrh`hthgbtbr njiukofok uktuf gbkiufur bkbrij sbdoro rblotj` ejfo bkbrij tbrsbcut njtroksgjsjfok, njrb`lbfsjfok otou njbgjsjfok sbcoioj `ukisj norj pokeoki iblhgcoki. Fblbcjaok spbftrh`hthgbtbr njcoknjkifok `hthgbtbr onoloa pokeoki iblhgcoki norj sjkor putja lbcja nopot tbrsblbfsj nok jkj njpbrhlba nbkiok olot pbkiuroj sbpbrtj prjsgo, irotjki otoupuk dbloa hptjs. ]ono `hthgbtbr `jltbr, sjkor nbkiok pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki njjkijkfok njpbrhlba nbkiok  cbrcoioj `jltbr norj cbrcoioj worko yoki gbgpukyoj spbsj`jfosj gblbwotfok troybf  pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu. ]ono `hthgbtbr `jltbr, tjnof gukifjk njpbrhlba pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki cbkor-cbkor ghkhfrhgotjs, gblojkfok suotu troybf pokeoki iblhgcoki 4=->= kg. Tbnokifok pono spbftrh`hthgbtbr, pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki  cbkor-cbkor tbrsblbfsj nopot njpbrhlba nbkiok coktuok olot pbkiuroj doaoyo sbpbrtj  prjsgo. Tuotu spbftrh`hthgbtbr tbrsusuk norj sugcbr spbftrug togpof yoki fhktjkyu, ghkhfrhgothr, sbl pbkiocshrpsj uktuf lorutok sogpbl otou clokifh nok suotu olot : uktuf gbkiufur pbrcbnook ocshrpsj oktoro sogpbl nok clokfh otoupuk pbgcoknjki (Fahpfor, ?::=).

4

 

?.3 ^REROK ]SOF^JFRG ^ueuok njlofufokkyo proftjfug jkj onoloa sbcoioj cbrjfut5

o)  Nopot gbgoaogj prjksjp fbreo spbftrh`hthgbtbr.  c)  Nopot gbkbktufok pkoeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug suotu sbkyowo. d)  Nopot gbkbktufok fhksbktrosj sogpbl nbkiok gbkiiukofok Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj RP-Pjsjclb

>

 

COC 3  ^JKEOROK ]RT^OFO

3.?. ]bkibrtjok Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr sbsuoj nbkiok kogokyo onoloa olot yoki tbrnjrj norj spbftrhgbtbr nok `hthgbtbr. Tpbftrhgbtbr gbkiaosjlfok sjkor norj spbftrug nbkiok  pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu tbrt bktu nok `hthgbtbr onoloa olot pbkiufur jktbksjtos doaoyo yoki nj troksgjsjfok otou yoki nj ocshrpsj. ]ono ugugkyo ono cbcbropo ebkjs spbftrh`hthgbtrj yoki sbrjki njiukofok nolog okoljsjs sbdoro fjgjowj, oktoro lojk5 spbftrh`hthgbtrj

vjs,

spbftrh`hthgbtrj

RP,

sbpbftrh`hthgbtrj

Rv-Pjs.

]ono

spbftrh`hthgbtrj jkj yoki njiukofok sbcoioj sugcbr sjkor/bkbrij onoloa doaoyo togpof (vjsjclb). Doaoyo vjsjclb tbrgosuf spbftrug blbftrhgoikbtjf yoki nopot njtokifop hlba goto gokusjo. ]okeoki iblhgcoki sjkor togpof onoloa 41= sogpoj 92= kg. Tbajkiio sbguo sjkor yoki nopot njljaot hlba fjto, bktoa jtu putja, gbroa, cjru, ajeou, opopuk. Tblogo jo nopot njljaot hlba goto, gofo sjkor tbrsbcut tbrgosuf fb nolog sjkor togpof (Fahpfor, ?::=). Tugcbr sjkor togpof yoki ugugkyo njpofoj pono spbftrh vjsjclb onoloa logpu ^ukistbk. ^ukistbk yoki njfbkol euio nbkiok kogo Yhl`rog gbrupofok uksur fjgjo nbkiok sjgchl Y nok kh othg 9>. ^ukistbk gbgpukyoj tjtjf njnja yoki tbrtjkiij (4>33 µD) njcoknjki lhiog lojkkyo. forbko sj`ot jkjloa gofo jo njiukofok sbcoioj sugcbr logpu. Togplb yoki nopot njokoljso nbkiok gbthnb jkj aokyo sogplb yoki gbgjljj worko. Aol jkj gbkeonj fblbgoaok tbrsbknjrj norj gbthnb spbftrh`hthgbtrj vjsjclb. Hlba forbko jtu, uktuf sogplb yoki tjnof gbgjljfj worko aorus tbrlbcja nulu njcuot cbrworko nbkiok gbkiiukofok rboibkt spbsj`jf yoki ofok gbkiaosjlfok sbkyowo cbrworko. Sboibkt yoki njiukofok aorus cbtul-cbtul spbsj`jf aokyo cbrbofsj nbkiok okolot yoki ofok njokoljso. Tblojk jtu euio prhnuf sbkyowo cbrworko yoki njaosjlfok aorus cbkor cbkor stocjl (Noy & Rknbrwhhn, ?:::). ?:::). Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr

RP

cbrcbno

nbkiok

spbftrh`hthgbtrj

vjsjclb,

pono

spbftrh`hthgbtrj RP cbrnosorfok jktbrofsj sogplb nbkiok sjkor RP. Tjkor RP gbgjljfj pokeoki iblhgcoki ?:=-41= kg. Tbcoioj sugcbr sjkor nopot njiukofok logpu nbutbrjug. Nbutbrjug njsbcut euio abovy ajnrhibk. Njo gbrupofok jshthp ajnrhibk yoki stocjl yoki tbrnopot cbrljgpoa nj lout nok norotok. Jktj othg nbutbrjug gbgpukyoj sotu prhthk nok sotu kbutrhk, sbgbktoro ajnrhibk aokyo gbgjljfj sotu  prhthk nok tjnof gbgjljfj kbutrhk. Kogo nbutbrjug njogcjl norj coaoso Zukokj, 2

 

nbutbrhs, yoki cbrortj ‑nuo‚, gbkiodu pono jktjkyo yoki gbgjljfj nuo pbrtjfbl. Forbko sjkor RP tjnof nopot njnbtbfsj hlba goto fjto, gofo sbkyowo yoki nopot gbkybrop sjkor jkj tbrfonoki gbrupofok sbkyowo yoki tjnof gbgjljfj worko. Cbkjki nok troksporok. Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj RP gbgoki lbcja sjgplb nok gunoa njcoknjki spbftrh`hthgbtrj vjsjclb, tbrutogo pono coijok prbporosj sogplb. Koguk aorus aotj-aotj  euio, forbko cokyof fbgukifjkok tbreonj jktbr`brbksj norj sbkyowo lojk sblojk okolot yoki euio gbkybrop pono pokeoki iblhgcoki RP. Aol jkj cbrphtbksj gbkjgculfok  cjos pono aosjl okoljso (Fahpfor, ?::=). Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr RP-PJT Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj jkj gbrupofok iocukiok oktoro spbftrh`hthgbtrj RP nok Pjsjclb. Gbkiiukofok nuo cuoa sugcbr doaoyo cbrcbno, sugcbr doaoyo RP nok sugcbr doaoyo vjsjclb. Gbsfjpuk uktuf olot yoki lbcja dokiija sunoa gbkiiukofok aokyo sotu sugcbr sjkor sbcoioj sugcbr RP nok Pjs, yojtu  pahthnjhnb yoki njlbkifopj nbkiok ghkhfrhgothr. Rktuf sjstbg spbftrh`hthgbtrj, RP-Pjs poljki cokyof tbrsbnjo nok poljki phpulbr njiukofok. Fbgunoaok gbthnb jkj onoloa nopot njiukofok cojf uktuf sogplb cbrworko euio uktuf sogplb tof cbrworko (Fahpfor, ?::=). 3.3 Ebkjs-Ebkjs spbftrh`hthgbtbr

Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj tbrnjrj norj cbcbropo ebkjs cbrnosorfok doaoyo yoki nj iukofok.Njoktorokyo onoloa sbcoioj cbrjfut5 3.3.?.Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj Pjs (Pjsjclb) ]ono spbftrh`hthgbtrj jkj yoki njiukofok sbcoioj sugcbr sjkor otou oto u bkbrij onoloa doaoyo togpof (vjsjclb). Doaoyo vorjoclb tbrgosuf spbftrug blbftrhgoikbtjf yoki nopot njtokifop hlba goto gokusjo. ]okeoki iblhgcoki sjkor togpof onoloa 41=-92= kg. Tbajkiio sbguo sjkor yoki njnopot cbrworko putja, gbroa,  cjru, ajeou. Opopuk jtu, sblogo jo nopot njljaot hlba goto. Gofo sjkor tbrsbcut tbrgosuf nolog sjkor togpof (vjsjclb). Togplb yoki nopot njokoljso nbkiok gbthnb jkj aokyo sogpbl yoki gbgjljfj worko. Hlba forbko jtu, uktuf sogplb yoki tjnof gbgjljfj worko aorus tbrlbcja noaulu njcuot cbrworko nbkiok gbkiiukofok rboibk spbsj`jf yoki ofok gbkiaosjlfok sbkyowo cbrworko. 3.?.?.  Tpbfth`hthgbtrj RP (ultrovjhlbt) Cbrcbno nbkiok spbftrh`hthgbtrj vjsjclb.]ono spbftrh`hthgbtrj RP cbrnosorfok jktbrofsj sogpbl nbkiok sjkor RP. Tjkor RP gbgjljfj pokeoki iblhgcoki ?:=41= kg. Tjkor RP tunof nopot njnbtbfsj nbkiok goto fjto, sbajkiio sbkyowo yoki nopot gbkybrop sjkor jkj tbrfonoki gbrupofok sbkyowo yoki tjnof

0  

gbgjljfj worko, cbkjki nok troksporok. Hlba forbko jtu, sogpbl tjnof cbrworko tjnof pbrlu njcuot cbrworko nbkiok pbkogcoaok rboibk tbrtbktu. Coafok sogplb nopot lokisuki njokoljso gbsfjpuk tokpo prbporosj. ]rjksjp nosor pono spbftrh`hthgbtrj onoloa sogpbl aorus ebrkja nok lorut sbgpurko, tjnof ono  portjfbl fhlhjn (suspbksj).

3.?.3.  Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj Pjs (Pjsjclb) ]ono spbftrh`hthgbtrj jkj yoki njiukofok sbcoioj sugcbr sjkor otou bkbrij onoloa

doaoyo

togpof

(vjsjclb).

Doaoyo

vorjoclb

tbrgosuf

spbftrug

blbftrhgoikbtjf yoki nopot njtokifop hlba goto gokusjo. ]okeoki iblhgcoki sjkor togpof onoloa 41=-92= kg. Tbajkiio sbguo sjkor yoki njnopot cbrworko  putja, gbroa, cjru, ajeou. Opopuk jtu, sblogo jo nopot njljaot hlba goto. Gofo sjkor tbrsbcut tbrgosuf nolog sjkor togpof (vjsjclb). Togplb yoki nopot njokoljso nbkiok gbthnb jkj aokyo sogpbl yoki gbgjljfj worko. Hlba forbko jtu, uktuf sogplb yoki tjnof gbgjljfj worko aorus tbrlbcja noaulu njcuot  cbrworko nbkiok gbkiiukofok rboibk spbsj`jf yoki ofok gbkiaosjlfok sbkyowo cbrworko.

3.?.4.  Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj RP-Pjs Gbrupofok olot nbkiok tbfkjf spbftrh`hthgbtbr pono nobroa ultro-vjhlbt nok sjkor togpof. Olot jkj njiukofok gbkiufur sbropok sjkor ultro vjhlbt otou sjkor togpof hlba suotu gotbrj nolog cbktuf lorutok. Fhksbktrosj lorutok yoki njokoljsjs sbcoknjki nbkiok eugloa sjkor yoki njsbrop hlba zot yoki tbrnopot nolog lorutok tbrsbcut. Nolog aol jkj, aufug Logcbr cbbr nopot gbkyotofok aucukiok oktoro sbropok doaoyo nbkiok fhksbktrosj zot nolog lorutok. Njcowoa jkj onoloa  pbrsogook Logcbr cbbr5

O 7 - lhi ^ 7 β.c.d  β.c.d 

Njgoko 5 O 7 Ocshrcok ^ 7 ^roksgjtok β 7 ocshrvjtos ghlor ghlor (Ldg-> . ghl-? ) d7 pokeoki sbl (dg)  c 7 fhksbktrosj zot (ghl/eog) ]ono spbftrh`hthgbtbr RP-Pjs, worko yoki njsbrop hlba suotu sbkyowo otou uksur onoloa worko fhgplbgbktbr norj worko yoki tbrogotj. Aol tbrsbcut nopot

9  

njfbtoauj norj lorutok cbrworko yoki gbgjljfj sbropok gofsjgug pono worko fhgplbgbktbrkyo. Koguk opocjlo lorutok cbrworko njlbwotj ronjosj otou doaoyo  putja, gofo ronjosj tbrsbcut pono pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu, ofok sbdoro sblbftj` sbnokifok ronjosj yoki tjnof njsbrop ofok njtbrusfok. 3.?.>. Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr Jk`ro Sbn (JS) Norj kogokyo sunoa cjso njgbkibrtj coawo spbftrh`hthgbtrj jkj cbrnosor pono  pbkybropok pokeoki iblhgcoki jk`rogbroa. Doaoyo jk`rogbroa tbrcoij gbkeonj jk`rogbroa

nbfot,

jk`rogbroa

pbrtbkioaok

nok

eoua.

Jk`rogbroa

pono

spbftrh`hthgbtrj onoloa jk`rogbroa eoua nok pbrtbkioaok yoki gbgpukyoj  pokeoki iblhgcoki 32-?=== ²g. ]ono spbftrh JS gbsfjpuk cjso njiukofok uktuf gbkijnbktjsj`jfosj iuius `ukisj pono suotu sbkyowo, tbrutogo sbkyowo hriokjf. Tbtjop sbropok pono pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu gbkiiogcorfok onokyo suotu iuius spbsj`jf. 3.4 Coijok —  coijok  coijok spbftrh`hthgbtbr

Tbdoro iorjs cbsor spbftrh`hthgbtbr tbrnjrj norj coijok-coijok pbktjki yojtu5 o)  Tugcbr doaoyo, Tugcbr doaoyo pono spbftrh`hthgbtbr, aorusloa gbgjljfj pokdorok ronjosj yoki stocjl nok jktbksjtoskkyo tjkiij. Tugcbr bkbrij doaoyo yoki cjoso uktuf nobroa togof, ultrovjhlbt nbfot nok jk`rorbn nbfot onoloa sbcuoa logpu pjeor nbkiok fowot rogcut tbrluor norj whl`hrg (tuksitbk). Logpu jkj gjrjp nbkiok chlo logpu pjeor  cjoso, nobroa  pokeoki iblhgcoki (ζ) onoloa 42=-33== 42=-33== kg. Rktuf sugcbr pono nobroa ultrovjlhbt (RP) njiukofok logpu ajnrhibk otou logpu nbutbrjug nbkiok  pokeoki iblhgcoki ?92 fb fb 492 otou >== kg.  c)  Ghkhfrhgothr Ghkhfrhgothr yojtu olot yoki cbr`ukisj uktuf gbkiurojfok doaoyo phljfrhgotjs gbkeonj cbcbropo fhgphkbk pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu (ghkhfrhgotjs) yoki  cbrcbno (tbrnjspbrsj). Ono 3 godog ghkhfrhgothr yojtu prjsgo nok brotjki (fjsj nj`rofsj). Doaoyo ghkhfrhgotjs jkj nopot njljaot nbkiok okeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu yoki sbsuoj uktuf fbgunjok njlbwotfok gbloluj dbloa sbgpjt yoki njsbcut sljt. Fbtbljtjok norj ghkhfrhgothr njpbkioruaj euio hlba lbcor dbloa (sljnt wjnta) yoki njpofoj. d)  Fuvbt, Fuvbt onoloa suotu olot yoki njpofoj sbcoioj tbgpot dhktha otou dupljfok yoki ofok njokoljsjs. fuvbt aorus gbgbkuaj syorot-syorot sbcoioj cbrjfut5 (?) tjnof

1  

 cbrworko sbajkiio nopot gbktroksgjsjfok sbguo sb guo doaoyo (3) pbrgufookkkyo sbdoro hptjs aorus cbkor-cbkor sbeoeor (4) aorus toaok (tjnof cbrbofsj) tbraonop coaok coaok fjgjo (>) tjnof chlba ropua (2) gbgpukyoj cbktuf yoki sbnbraoko. fuvbt  cjosokyo tbrcuot norj fuorso, plbxjioloss, fodo, plostjf nbkiok cbktuf tokiok bgpot  pbrsbij pokeoki ?x? dg, nok tjkiij 2 dg. ]ono pbkiufurok njnobroa jkj njpofoj duvbt fworso, sbnokifok duvbt norj fodo tjnof nopot njpofoj sbcoc fodo gbkiocshrcsj sjkor RP. Tbguo godog fuvbt nopot njpofoj uktuf pbkiufurok sjkor togpof. n)  Nbtbfthr ]brokok nbtbfthr pbkbrjgo onoloa gbgcbrjfok rbsphk tbraonop doaoyo pono  cbrcoioj pokeoki iblhgcoki. Nbtbfthr ofok gbiucoa doaoyo gbkeonj gbkeon j sjkyol sj kyol ljs ljstrjf trjf yoki sblokeutkyo ofok njtogpjlfok hlba pbkogpjl nolog cbktuf eorug pbkukeuf otou okifo njijtol. Tyorot-syorot jnbol sbcuoa nbtbfthr yojtu fbpbfook tjkiij,  pbrcoknjkiok jsyorot otou sjikol nbkiok cjsjki tjkiij, rbsphk fhkstok dbpot nok sjikol gjkjgug tokpo ronjosj. Tjikol ljstrjf yoki njaosjlfok aorus sbcoknjki nbkiok tbkoio ronjosj. b)  Ogplj`jbr Cbr`ukisj uktuf gbgpbrcbsor orus yoki njaosjlfok hlba nbtbfthr oior nopot njcodo hlba jknjfothr yoki cjosokyo cbrupo rbdhrnbr okolhi otou fhgputbr. Aol-aol yoki aorus njpbraotjfok nolog okoljsjs spbftrh`hthgbtrj ultorvjhlbt5 o)  ]bgjljaok pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug. ]okeoki iblhgcoki yoki njiukofok uktuf okoljsjs fuoktjtotj` onoloa pokeoki iblhgcoki njgoko tbreonj sbropok gofsjgug. Rktuf gbgpbrhlba sbropok gofsjgug, njlofufok nbkiok gbgcuot furvo aucukiok oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok  pokeoki iblhgcoki norj suotu lorutok cofu pono fhksbktrosj tbrtbktu.  c) 

]bgcuotok furvo foljcrosj. Njcuot sbrj lorutok cofu norj zot yoki ofok njokoljsjs nbkiok cbrcoioj fhksbktrosj. Gosjki-gosjki ocshrcoksj lorutok nbkiok cbrcoioj fhksbktrosj njufur, fbgunjok njcuot furvo yoki gbrupofok aucukiok oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok fhksbktrosj. Cjlo aufug Logcbrt-Cbbr tbrpbkuaj gofo furvo foljcrosj cbrupo iorjs lurus.

d)  ]bgcodook ocshrcoksj sogpbl otou dupljfok. Ocshrcoksj yoki tbrcodo pono spbftrh`hthgbtbr abknofkyo oktoro =,3 sogpoj =,0. Okeurok jkj cbrnosorfok okiiopok coawo pono fjsorok kjloj ocshrcoksj tbrsbcut fbsoloaok `hthgbtrjf yoki tbreonj onoloa poljki gjkjgol.

:  

]bkbktuok fonor cbsj cbrnosorfok pono pbgcbktufok sbkyowo fhgplbfs  cbrworko oktoro cbsj (JJ) nbkiok DKT —  yoki nopot gbkybrop sjkor togpof sbdoro s bdoro gofsjgol pono pokeoki iblhgcoki tb tbrtbktu. rtbktu. Fonor cbsj nolog suotu sogplb yoki njprhnufsj ofok dufup fbdjl nopot njlofufok nbkiok tbfkjf spbftrh`hthgbtrj RP-Pjs gbkiiukofok pbkihgplbfsok DKT — . Nosor pbkbktu fonor cbsj (JJ) nbkiok DKT-. Tbkyowo jkj gbgjljfj worko sokiot fuot nok fbstocjlok rblotj`b logo nopot gbkybrop sjkor togpof sbdoro gofsjgol pono pokeoki iblhgcoki tbrtbktu. ]ono pbrsjopok lorutok, sbcblug pbkibgcokiok worko pbrlu njtogcoafok njnologkyo pbrbnufsj. AKH4 yoki ofok gbrbnufsj @b4+ gbkeonj @b3+. pA lorutok aorus njeoio pono 0-9. Nbkiok gbkiiukofok pbkbktuok fonor fhksbktrosj , suotu sbkyowo njlofufok nbkiok gbgcoknjkifok fbfuotok sbropok doaoyo hlba lorutok dhktha tbraonop tbraonop lorutok stoknor yoki tbloa njfbtoauj fhksbktrosjkyo. ^brnopot nuo doro stoknor onjsj , pono doro yoki pbrtogo njcuot noaulu sbnbrbtok lorutok stoknor, njufur sbropokkyo, fbgunjok tbktufok fhksbktrosjkyo nbkiok gbkiiukofok doro d oro foljcrosj foljcrosj.. Doro yoki fbnuo njlofufok nbkiok gbkogcoafok sbeugloa lorutok dhktha yoki sogo fbnolog lorutok stoknor.

?=  

COC 4  4  GB^HNHLHIJ ]BSDHCOOK  OLO^ 4.?  OLO^ Cbrjfut onoloa pbrolotok yoki njiukofok nolog pbrdhcook jkj. o)  Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr Pjsjclb

 c)  d)  n)  b)  `)  i) 

Fuvbt Locu Rfur ]jpbt tbtbs ]jpbt vhugb Culc Chthl Tbgprht

4.3 COAOK Cbrjfut onoloa coaok-coaok yoki njiukofok nolog pbrdhcook jkj.

o)   c)  d)  n) 

Lorutok AKH4 >K Lorutok FTDK ?=% Lorutok Ttoknor Jknuf @b ?== ppg Lorutok Togpbl @b O nok C

4.4 ]SHTBNRS FBSEO 4.4.?. ]brsjopok Lorutok Ttoknor

Njcuot lorutok stoknor jknuf @b3+ ?.=== ppg norj iorog Ghar.  

Njpjpbt 2 gL lorutok stoknor jknuf @b 3+ ?.=== ppg,njgosufok fb nolog locu ufur 2= gL,bkdbrfok ajkiio tokno cotos. 

Njufur nbkiok gbkiiukofok pjpbt vhlugb =,3 6 =,92 6 ?,== 6 ?,32 nok ?,2= gL lorutok stoknor @b3+ ?== ppg,nok gosufok gosjki gosjki fb nolog locu ufur 2= gL

Njtogcoafok 2gL lorutok AKH4 >K nok 2 gL lorutok FTDK ?=% fb nolog gosjki-gosjki locu cbrjsj lorutok stoknor,lorutok ofok cbrucoa worko gbkeonj gbroa. 

Ajgpjtfok lorutok gbkiiukofok oquonbst ajkiio tokno cotos uktuf gosjki-gosjki lorutok stoknor. 

??  

4.4.3. Foljcrosj Olot Tpbftrh`hthgbtbr RP-Pjs

Njkyolofok olot spbftrh`hthgbtbr sblogo ¿?2 gbkjt uktuf gbkstocjlfok olot spbftrh`hthgbtbr. 

Njsjopfok lorutok clokfh (oquonbst) fbgunjok gosuffok fb nolog fuvbt yoki tbloa njcbrsjafok gbkiiukofok tjssub lbkso  pono coijok luor fuvbt. 

Njpjlja gbku gbku wovblbkita sdok.Lofufok foljcrosj nbkiok gbkiiukofok lorutok clokfh. 

Tbttjki kjloj ocshrcoksj gbkeonj =.  

Tbttjki kjloj troksgjtoksj 7 ?==% (ortjkyo doaoyo tjnof gbkiocshrpsj doaoyo yoki nj cbrjfok).  4.4.4. ]bkbktuok ]okeoki Iblhgcoki Gofsjgug

Otur olot spbftrh pono %^, pono pokeoki iblhgcoki >2=kg. 

 Khlfok %^ gosufok clokfh,?==% clokfh,?==% fok ^

Njogcjl stoknor yoki gbwofjlj, codo %^.

Njuloki lokifoa 3->, pono pokeoki iblhgcoki oktoro >2=kg —  >2=kg —   22=kg.

Njcuot iro`jf aucukiok ocshrcoks vbrsus pokeoki iblhgcoki.

Njtbktufok pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug 

?3  

4.4.>. ]bkbktuok fhksbktrosj sogpbl

Njotur pokeoki iblhgcoki pono ζ gofsjgug 

 Khl fok %^ gosufok clokfh ?==% fok %^ 

Njlofufok pbgcodook %^ uktuf stoknor ?-2 

Njlofufok pulo pbgcodook %^ pono sogpbl  

Njcuot iro`jf ocshrcoks vbrsus fhksbktrosj lorutok 

Njtbktufok fhksbktrosj @b3+ cbrnosorfok iro`jf  

Njajtuki fhksbktrosj @b3+ nolog sogpbl. 

?4  

COC > AOTJL NOK ]BGCOAOTOK >.?. AOTJL >.?.?. ]brsogook Sbofsj

 KH4-  + 3A+  + @b4+  +

3 @b3+ 

FTDK

 „„„ ;

3@b4+  + KH3 —   + A3H

 „„„ ;

@b(TDK)4 

>.?.3. ]brajtukiok ]bgcuotok lorutok @b 3+ ?===ppg nolog 2=gL     ppg @b3+  7 

gosso @b3+  7 ppg @b3+  x L 7 ?.=== ppg x =.=2 L 7 2=gi Gosso iorog Ghar(@OT) yoki aorus njtjgcoki    gosso @b3 + 7     gosso 4:3

7  20   =.=2  7 =.42 i  >.?.4. ]bkibkdbrok lorutok nbrbt stoknor ᴢ

  ? ppg 

]pg?

x P? 7

ppg3 x P3

?==ppg x P? 7

? ppg x 2=gL

P? 7

    

P? 7

=,32 gL

?>  

ᴢ

  ?,2 ppg 

]pg?

x P? 7

?==ppg x P? 7 P? 7 P? 7 ᴢ

?,2 ppg x 2=gL

,  

 



=,92 gL

  3 ppg 

]pg?

x P? 7

?==ppg x P? 7

ᴢ

ppg3 x P3

ppg3 x P3 3 ppg x 2=gL

P? 7

     

P? 7

? gL

  3,2 ppg 

]pg?

x P? 7

ppg3 x P3 3,2 ppg

?==ppg x P? 7

ᴢ

 x 2=gL

P? 7

,     

P? 7

?,32 gL

  4 ppg 

]pg?

x P? 7

ppg3 x P3

?==ppg x P? 7

4 ppg x 2=gL

P? 7

     

P? 7

?,2 gL

?2  

>.?.>. ^ocbl ]bgcodook Ocshrcoks  Ocshrcoks  Ttokn or

Q

Z

Q³

Z³

QZ

?

=,=

=,===

=,==

=,====

=,====

3

?,=

=,?24

?,==

=,=34>

=,?24=

4

?,2

=,4?:

3,32

=,?=?1

=,>912

>

3,=

=,>29

>,==

=,3=11

=,:?>=

2

3,2

=,03>

0,32

=,41:>

?,20==

0

4,=

=,9>1

:,==

=,22:2

3,3>>=

Τ 

?=,=

3,4=?

33,2=

?,313:

2,4>:2

∟ ∟(∟  )∓ )∓∟ ∟∟ c7   ∟  ∓∟ . . . .∓ .   . .∓ 7 7

c7 -=,=>:3? 

∟ ∟∓∟ ∟∟ o7   ∟  ∓∟ 7

Njfbtoauj5 Ocshrcoksj sogpbl O 7 =,30: Ocshrcoksj sogpbl C 7 =,29: ]brsogook ljkjbr 7; y 7 ox + c y 7 =,32:0x + (-=,=>:3?)

.∓.    ∓

 . .∓ .

 

?0  

Njtokyofok5

Fhksbktrosj sogpbl O

7

c   

7

=,30: =,3 0:  = =,=> ,=>:3 :3   =,32:0

 7 ?,3 ,344   Gofo Fhksbktrosj Togpbl Togpbl O onoloa ?,34 ppg 

Fhksbktrosj sogpbl C

c 7    =,29: =,2 9:  = =,=> ,=>:3 :3   7 =,32:0  7 3,> ,>33   Gofo Fhksbktrosj Togpbl Togpbl C onoloa 3,>3 ppg 

?9  

>.3 ]BGCOAOTOK ]ono proftjfug jkj, njlofufok pbkiufurok cbsj njgoko cbsj yoki tbrufur onoloa cbsj thtol. Cbsj jkj nolog suosoko osog ofok cbrbofsj nbkiok FTDK gbkiaosjlfok sbkyowo sbkyowo fhgplbfs @b(TDK)4 yoki cbrworko gbroa yoki njufur pono pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug @b yojtu pono >1= kg. Rktuf gbkiokoljsjs cbsj jkj njiukofok olot spbftrh`hthgbtbr lochh. ]ono spbftrh`hthgbtbr jkj gbkiiukofok sjkor vjsjclb otou togpof (41= kg-91= kg) sbajkiio lorutok yoki njufur aorus cbrworko. Lokifoalokifoa utogo nolog okoljsjs nbkiok sjkor togpof onoloa 5 ?.

]bgcbktufok ghlbful yoki nopot gbkybrop yoki nopot gbkybrop sjkor togpof.

3.

]bgjljaok pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug.

4.

]bgcuotok furvo foljcrosj. ]ono pbkibreook owol, njcuot tbrlbcja noaulu gbgcuot lorutok nbrbt stoknor cbsj.

Norj lorutok jknuf ?== ppg jkj njcuot lorutok nbrbt stoknor = 6 =.2 6 ?.= 6 ?.2 6 3.= 6 3.2 6 4.= ppg. Tbtbloa pbgjpbtok lorutok jknuf, fbgunjok lorutok njtogcoafok lorutok AKH4. ]bkogcoaok AKH4 jkj onoloa uktuf gbgcuot suosoko osog os og sbrto uktuf gbkihfsjnosj @b3+ gbkeonj @b4+ sbajkiio @b thtol nopot njajtuki. ]ono okoljsjs cbsj jkj, lorutok njcuot cbrworko nbkiok gbkihfsjnosj @b 3+ gbkeonj @b4+ forbko pbkogcoaok AKH4, jhk @b4+  norj sogpbl nok jhk @b 4+ norj aosjl hfsjnosj norj @b3+ ofok njufur fhksbktrosjkyo. Jhk-jhk @b 4+ jkj gbgcbktuf sbkyowo fhgplbfs nbkiok FTDK, sbajkiio fhksbktrosj @b thtol nopot tbrufur. ]bkbktuok fhksbktrosj cbsj norj sogpbl nopot njtbktufok nbkiok gbkijktbrphlosjfok fbnolog furvo foljcrosj cbsj. ]brsogook rbofsj norj hfsjnosj @b3+ gbkeonj @b4+ sbcoioj cbrjfut5  KH4-  + 3A+  +

3 @b3+ 

3@b4+  + KH3 —   + A3H

 „„„ ;

]bkogcoaok AKH4 euio uktuf gbgcuot suosoko osog, forbko nolog suosoko osog @b4+ nopot gbgcbktuf sbkyowo fhgplbfs nbkiok FTDK. Fbgunjok sbtbloa  pbkogcoaok

AKH4 njtogcoafok,

fbgunjok

njtogcoafok

FTDK,

`ukisj

norj

 pbkogcoaok lorutok jkj onoloa uktuf gbgcbktuf sbkyowo fhgplbfs @b(TDK)4 yoki  cbrworko gbroa, njgoko lorutok yoki cbrworko jkj gbrupofok pbrsyorotok uktuf njufur gbkiiukofok gbkiiukofok spbftrh`hthgbtbr yoki yoki gbkiiukofok sjkor togpof. @b4+  +

FTDK

 „„„ ;

@b(TDK)4 

?1  

Tuotu lorutok njeonjfok sbcoioj pbrbofsj aorus gbgbkuaj cbcbropo pbrsyorotok. FTDK gbrupofok pbrbofsj worko, sbcoc 5  Sbofsjkyo nbkiok zot yoki njokoljsjs yojtu cbsj (@b) sblbftj` nok sbksjtj` yojtu

•

gbgcbktuf fhgplbfs cbsj (JJJ) tjhsjokot yoki cbrworko gbroa coto.   Yorko yoki njtjgculfok yojtu gbroa coto, stocjl uktuf eokifo woftu yoki logo,

•

sbajkiio sbropokkyo tjnof cbrucoa-ucoa ajkiio ofajr okoljsjs.  ^jnof gbgcbktuf worko nbkiok zot-zot lojk yojtu jhk A+, Dl —  nok KH4 —  yoki ono

•

nolog lorutok.

Tbtbloa jtu lokifoa sblokeutkyo yoki njlofufok nolog pbrdhcook jkj onoloa gbgjlja  pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug pono lorutok stoknor @b 3 ppg. Tbgofjk cbsor pokeoki iblhgcoki gofo ofok sbgofjk cbsor ocshrcoksjkyo. ^opj nolog fhknjsj tbrtbktu, ocshrcoksj ofok fbgcolj turuk soot cbrtogcoakyo pokeoki iblhgcoki. Tbtjop  pbrioktjok pbkiufurok pokeoki iblhgcoki iblhgcoki sblolu njufur tbrlbcja noaulu lorutok clokfh, njgoko lorutok clokfh % troksgjtoksjkyo aorus ?==. Lorutok clokfh yoki njiukofok onoloa pbrbofsj yoki njiukofok (tokpo sogpbl otou lorutok @b). @ukisj norj clokfh sbknjrj onoloa gbkiufur sbropok pbrbofsj yoki njiukofok uktuf okoljsjs fonor @b sbajkiio eugloa sbropok @b sbknjrj onoloa kjloj ocshrcoksj lorutok stoknor otou sogpbl (gbkioknuki pbrbofsj nok @b) njfurokij sbropok pbrbofsjkyo. Tbajkiio ocshrcoksj yoki njnopot pono pbkiufurok jkj onoloa sbropok uktuf @b nolog sogpbl, `ukisj foljcrosj euio uktuf gbkiajlokifok b`bf rb`lbfsj ofjcot pokdorok sjkor ronjosj gbkueu lorutok. Lorutok yoki njpjlja onoloa lorutok stoknor @b 3 ppg forbko pono fhksbktrosj tbrsbcut ocshrcoksjkyo gbwofjlj lorutok nbrbt stoknor yoki lojkkyo , njforbkofok pono nobroa ocshrcoksj tbrsbcut t brsbcut onoloa nobroa ocshrcoksj yoki cojf. ]ono pokeoki iblhgcoki >3=->:= kg fbgogpuok zot gbkybrop doaoyo gbkjkifot, koguk fbgcolj turuk nolog pbkybropok doaoyokyo pono pokeoki iblhgcoki 2== kg. ]bkiufurok sbropok otou ocshrcoksj spbftrhgbtrj cjosokyo njlofufok pono suotu pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki sbsuoj nbkiok sbropok gofsjgug forbko fhksbktrosj  cbsor tbrlbtof pono tjtjf jkj, ortjkyo sbropok lorutok bkdbr gosja tbrnbtbfsj. ]okeoki iblhgcoki yoki gofsjgug gbgjljfj fbpbfook gofsjgol forbko tbreonj pbrucoaok ocshrcoksj yoki poljki cbsor sbrto pono pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug cbktuf furvo ocshrcoksj gbgbkuaj aufug Logcbrt-Cbbr. ]ono pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgug puk opocjlo njlofufok pbkiufurok uloki gofo fbsoloaok yoki njsbcocfok njsb cocfok hlba pbgosokiok

uloki pokeoki iblhgcoki ofok fbdjl sbfolj, fbtjfo njiukofok pokeoki iblhgcoki ?:  

gofsjgol .]okeoki iblhgcoki yoki gbgpukyoj ocshrcoksj gofsjgol, njlofufok nbkiok gbgcuot furvo aucukiok oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok pokeoki iblhgcoki norj suotu lorutok cofu pono fhksbktrosj tbrtbktu. Cbrnosorfok iro`jf pbkiufurok yoki njaosjlfok pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki njufur norj >== kg ajkiio 20= kg njnopotfok  pokeoki iblhgcoki gofsjgolkyo pono nobroa >1= kg, gofo pokeoki iblhgcoki yoki ocshrcoksjkyo tbrcbsor yoki njogcjl uktuf pbkiufurok @b yojtu >1= kg. ]ono pbrdhcook jkj njufur lorutok stoknor stoknor = 6 =.2 6 ?.= 6 ?.2 6 3.= 6 3.2 6 4.=  ppg nbkiok rbibrbsj yoki njaosjlfok onoloa sbcbsor =,:1?:. Kjloj jkj gbkukeufok fhb`jsjbk fhrblosj oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok fhksbktrosj cbsor sbajkiio ljkborjtos norj furvo onoloa cojf. Njgoko sbgofjk tjkiij fhksbktrosj gofo sbgfojk cbsor pulo kjloj ocshrcoksjkyo. Tblojk jtu njnopotfok ocshrcoksj norj sogpbl O onoloa =,30: nok ocshrcoksj norj sogpbl C onoloa sbcbsor =,29: . Tbajkiio cjloj njjktbrphlosjfok fbnolog furvo nbkiok gbksucstjtusj pbrsogook iorjs, gofo fhksbktrosj @b norj sogpbl ? onoloa sbcbsor ?,34 ppg nok fhksbktrosj @b norj sogpbl 3 onoloa sbcbsor 3,>3 ppg.

3=  

COC 2 ]BKR^R] 2.?. FBTJG]RLOK Norj aosjl proftjfug yoki tbloa njlofufok, gofo nopot njogcjl cbcbropo fbsjgpulok sbcoioj cbrjfut

?.  Furvo foljcrosj gbrupofok iogcorok yoki gbkukeuffok aucukiok ljkjbr oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok fhksbktrosj lorutok. ^ogpjlok furvo tjnof sblolu sogo tbrioktuki norj cbcbropo `ofthr yoki gbgpbkioruajkyo. 3.  Tpbftrh`hthgbtrj gbrupofok gbthnb pbkiufurok gbkibkoj okoljsjs fjgjo fuoktjtotj` norj nosor aufug Logcbrt-Cbbr. Nosor jkj gbkyotofok ejfo eugloa sjkor yoki tbrsbrop/ njtbrusfok hlba lorutok tbrtbktu ofok gbgjljfj `ukisj bfsphkbksjol norj fbtbcolok nok fhksbktrosj lorutok yoki njloluj sjkor. 4.  ]ono

pbkiufurok

gbkiiukofok

spbftrh`hthgbtbr

vjsjclb

njpbrlufok

 pbgcbrjok worko pono lorutok forbko ]okeoki iblhgcoki yoki njiukofok noloa sjkor togpof. >.  Tbgofjk cbsor fhksbktrosj lorutok gofo ocshrcoksj yoki njaosjlfok sbgofjk  cbsor 2.  ]ono

proftjfug

jkj

lorutok

@b 4+

gbgcbktuf

sbkyowo

fhgplbfs

@b(TDK)4  yoki cbrworko gbroa, njgoko lorutok yoki cbrworko jkj gbrupofok  pbrsyorotok uktuf njufur gbkiiukofok gbkiiukofok spbftrh`hthgbtbr sjkor togpof (vjsjclb). 0.  ]ono pbkiufurok ocshrcoksj lorutok nbrbt stoknor njpbrhlba rbirbsj norj furvo sbcbsor sbcbsor =,:1?:. Kjloj jkj gbkukeufok fhb`jsjbk fhrblosj oktoro ocshrcoksj nbkiok fhksbktrosj cbsor sbajkiio ljkborjtos norj furvo onoloa cojf 9.  Njpbrhlba Fhksbktrosj sogpbl pono lorutok sogpbl O sbcbsor ?.34ppg nok  pono lorutok sogpbl C sbcbsor 3.>3ppg

3?  

33  

NO@^OS ]RT^OFO @ofultos ^bfkjf Fjgjo.3=3=. Ghnul  Ghnul ]roftjfug Fjgjo Okoljsjs. Okoljsjs .Tbroki5Rkjvbrsjtos Tbroki Soyo. Fahpfor, TG. 3==9. Fhksbp Nosor Okoljtjf . Eoforto5 RJ ]rbss. Rknbrwhhn, O. L. ?::=. Okoljsjs Fjgjo Fjoktjtotj` Bnjsj fb Bkog. Eoforto 5 Brlokiio   Brlokiio