Laporan Praktikum Fisika (Putri Asyifa K.N)

 

EBQNZBH QZBLPIL[D DKHOOKEIH@IHO QB@B JI@BHO DIZIHO

Qkdjihb 3 Bmfdb` Ynksnkg DB, D.Q`.

@isusuh Nekf 3 Q[PZI B]YIGB L.H VI DIQB 6 / :?

]DB HKOKZI : LK@IZI fttps3//sdbh:lk`iri.smf.i`   _kjsitk 3 fttps3//sdbh:lk`iri.smf.i` K-dbie 3 sdb`bl`rAybfnn.mnd Cbebh Wktkrbh ? Ln`k Qns 7022: Lk`iri Pkep / gbx 3 1=;0-??2?;9 :1:1 / :1:2

 

LBPB QKHOBHPBZ 

@khobh dkhykjut hbdb Beebf ]_P ybho Dbfb Qkhobsif eboi Dbfb Qkhybybho, sbyb  pbhcbtlbh puci syulur btbs lkfb`irbt-Hyb, ybho tkebf dkeidpbflbh rbfdbt `bh fi`bybf-Hyb, skfihoob skfih oob sbyb `bpbt dkhykeksbilb dkhykeksbilbh h ebpnrbh ebpnrbh prbltilud prbltilud gisilb gisilb tkhtbho tkhtbho ―Dkhookeih` ―Dkhookeih`iho iho pb`b Ji`bho Diriho— uhtul dkdkhufi tuobs Gisilb. Ebpnrbh ihi tkebf sbyb susuh `khobh dblsidbe `bh dkh`bpbtlbh jbhtubh `bri jkrjbobi  pifbl skfihoob `bpbt dkdpkrebhmbr pkdjubtbh ebpnrbh ihi. [htul itu sbyb umbplbh tkridblbsif lkpb`b skdub pifbl ybho tkebf dkdjbhtu sbyb `bebd dkhykeksbilbh ebpnrbh ihi. ]byb dkhyb`bri jbfwb dbsif b`b lklurbhobh jbil `bri skoi susuhbh lbeidbt dbupuh tbtb  jbfbsbhyb. Nekf lbrkhb itu, sbyb dkhkridb skobeb sbrbh `bh lritil `bri pkdjbmb bobr sbyb `bpbt `bp bt dkdpkrjbili ebpnrbh ihi. Blfir lbtb sbyb jkrfbrbp skdnob ebpnrbh prbltilud gisilb tkhtbho ―Dkhookeih`iho pb`b Ji`bho Diriho— ihi `bpbt dkdjkrilbh dbhgbbt dbupuh ihspirbsi tkrfb`bp pkdjbmb.

Lk`iri, 2 ]kptkdjkr :1:2

Qutri Bsyigb L.H

 

@BGPBZ I]I JBJ I

 QKH@BF[E QKH@BF[E[BH.... [BH................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ............. 0 B.

EBPBZ EBPBZ JKEBLBHO JKEBLBHO............... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...........................................0 .............................0

J.

P[C[BH........ P[C[BH....................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................................................ ......................................... 0

M.

DBHGBBP....... DBHGBBP...................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. ........................ ..... ;

LBCIBH Q[]PBLB......... Q[]PBLB........................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................. ....................; .; JBJ II  LBCIBH B. J.

M.

QKHOKZPIB QKHOKZPIBH H DNDKH IHKZ]IB......... IHKZ]IB........................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................7 ..............7 CKHI] CKHI] JKH@B JKH@B DNDKH IHKZ]IB.......... IHKZ]IB........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. .............................. ........................... ........... 7 

Dndkh Ihkrsib Ihkrsib Jkh`b Pkobr............... Pkobr............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................7 ................7



Dndkh Ihkrsib Ihkrsib Jkh`b Qkcbe.............. Qkcbe............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................ .................. ?

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Dndkh Ihkrsib Ihkrsib Jbtbho Jbtbho Qkcbe................ Qkcbe............................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............... ?



Dndkh Ihkrsib Ihkrsib ]koi Kdpbt Qkcbe. Qkcbe............... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ......................................? .......................?

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Dndkh ihkrsib ihkrsib skoi khbd................... khbd................................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................................. ............................... 6

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Dndkh ihkrsib ihkrsib Jneb tipis............. tipis............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .....................................6 .......................6

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Dndkh ihkrsib ihkrsib jneb pkcbe.............. pkcbe............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................6 ......................6

QKHKZBQBH QKHKZBQBH DNDKH IHKZ]IB..... IHKZ]IB.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. ................... 6 

Bpeilbsi Dndkh Ihkrsib Qb`b cbw mrusfkr...................................................................................9

JBJ III FB]I FB]IE E @BH QKDJBFB]BH QKDJBFB]BH............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ......................... .......... 21

B.

P[C[BH........ P[C[BH....................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................................... ....................................... 21

J.

BEBP @BH JBFBH........... JBFBH.......................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................... .................21 21

M.

EBHOLBF EBHOLBF ” EBHOLBF.. EBHOLBF................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................. .................. 21

@.

BHBEI]I]..... BHBEI]I].................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ......................... ........... 21

K.

LK]IDQ[EB LK]IDQ[EBH........... H.......................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................................................ ......................................... 2:

JBJ IW  QKH[P[Q..... QKH[P[Q.................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. ..................................... 2=

B.

]IDQ[EBH..... ]IDQ[EBH................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................ .........2= 2=

J.

]BZBH.............. ]BZBH............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. ................................... 2=

@BGPBZ @BGP BZ Q[]PBLB... Q[]PBLB.................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................... ........ 20 EBDQIZBH.... EBDQI ZBH.................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .................................... ..................... 20

 

JBJ I QKH@BF[E[BH

B. EBPB EBPBZ Z JKEB JKEBLB LBHO HO Gisi Gisilb lb dkru dkrupb pblb lbh h sb sbeb ebf f sb sbtu tu dbtb dbtb pk pkeb ebcb cbrb rbh h `i sk skln lneb ebf f dkhk dkhkho hobf bf yb ybho ho lkjkrfb lkjk rfbsie siebhh bhhyb yb ilut ilut dkhkht dkhkhtulb ulbh h lubeit lubeitbs bs pkh`i` pkh`i`ilb ilbh h Ih`nhk Ih`nhksib sib.. Gis Gisilb ilb dkrupbl dkrupblbh bh  jboibh `bri Iedu Qkhoktbfubh Bebd (IQB) ybho dkdpkebcbri okcbeb `bh pkristiwb btbu gkhndkhb bebd skrtb jkrusbfb uhtul dkhouholbp skobeb rbfbsib `bh fulud skdkstb (]bri, (]b ri, :1103:) :1103:).\2 .\2T. T. @ipbh`b @ipbh`bho ho skjbobi skjbobi skjubf skjubf prnsks prnsks,, dblb dblb prn`ul prn`ul-pr -prn`u n`ul l gis gisilb ilb `i`b `i`bpb pbtl tlbh bh `b `bri ri prns prnsks ks sb sbih ihti tigi gil l yb ybho ho dkei dkeiput puti, i, pk pkhob hobdb dbtb tbh, h, `u `uob obbh, bh, pk pkhk hkei eiti tibh bh / klspkridkh, klspkr idkh, pkhbrilbh lksidpuebh lksidpuebh `bh cuob pujeilbsi. pujeilbsi. ]bebf sbtu dbtkri dbtkri ybho `ibcbrlbh `i sklnebf dkhkhobf b`beb dndkh ihkrsib jkh`b. [htul dkhkhtulbh dndkh ihkrsib subtu jkh`b `bpbt `ieblulbh `khobh jkjkrbpb mbrb, bhtbrb ebih `khobh dkhoouhblbh pkhoihtkorbebh. Fbsie pkhoihtkorbebh lkdu`ibh `itubholbh lk `bebd subtu tbjke. @bri tbjke tkrskjut dblb siswb ybho blbh dkdpkebcbri dndkh ihkrsib fbhybebf dkhofbgbe rudus ybho su`bf b`b pb`b tbjke tkrskjut. Mbrb ihi mulup sueit jboi siswb sklnebf dkhkhobf. B`b mbrb ebih uhtul dkhkhtulbh dndkh ihkrsib ihkrs ib jkh`b yblhi `khobh mbrb tknrkdb tknrkdb sudju skcbcbr, skcbcbr, tknrkdb sudju tkobl eurus `bh sigbt sidktri jkh`b. Nekf Nek f lbrkhb lbrkhb itu itu `ipkre `ipkreulb ulbh h b`bhyb b`bhyb klspkr klspkridk idkh h gis gisilb ilb `khobh `khobh jbhtub jbhtubh h vi`kn vi`kn bhbeisis. Fbe ihi `bpbt dkdu`bflbh siswb uhtul dkdbfbdi dblsu` `bh tucubh `bri dbtkri dndkh ihkrsib. ]bdpke ybho `itkeiti b`bebf jneb pkcbe, sieih`kr pkcbe, `bh jneb  jkrnhoob. Bebt `bh jbfbh ybho `ipkrouhblbh ` ipkrouhblbh sbhobt sk`krfbhb jkrupb pbpbh ybho ybh o `ijubt diriho `khobh lktihooibh `bh lkdirihobh tkrtkhtu `bh jkh`b ybho blbh `itkeiti lnkgisikh dndkh ihkrsibhyb. Jkh`b ybho blbh `itkeiti `iokeih`iholbh pb`b pbpbh diriho lkdu`ibh `irklbd `irkl bd `khobh lbdkrb `ioitbe. `ioitbe. Fbsie Fbsie rklbdbh rklbdbh lkdu`ibh lkdu`ibh `ibhbeisis `ibhbeisis fujuhobh bhtbrb vbribjke ybho `ipkreulbh. Qkhtihohyb dkdpkebcbri dbtkri dndkh ihkrsib b`bebf bobr litb ekjif dkdbfbdi dkhokhbi dbtkri dndkh ihkrsib ybho hbhtihyb `bpbt `itkrbplbh `bebd lkfi`upbh litb. Qkdjubtbh ebpnrbh prbltilud tkhtbho ―Dkhookeih`iho pb`b Ji`bho Diriho— ihi `iebtbrjkeblbhoi skjbobi pkdkhufbh Puobs Qrbltil Gisilb Dbh`iri lkebs VI ]DBH : Lk`iri.

J. P[C[BH B`bpuh tucubh pkdjubtbh ebpnrbh prbltilud ihi b`bebf skjbobi jkrilut 3

 

2. Dkdpke Dkdpkebcb bcbri ri dbtk dbtkri ri dndk dndkh h ihkrsi ihkrsib. b. :. Dkhykei`ili Dkhykei`ili pkhkrbpbh pkhkrbpbh dndkh dndkh ihkrsib ihkrsib `khobh `khobh sk`krfbhb. sk`krfbhb. =. Dkdjbh`iholb Dkdjbh`iholbh h lkmkpbtbh lkmkpbtbh jkrjbobi jkrjbobi jkhtul jkhtul jkh`b pkcbe pkcbe dkhookei dkhookeih`iho h`iho pb`b pb`b ji`bho diriho.

M. DBHGBB GBBP Dbhgbbt pkdjubtbh ebpnrbh prbltilud ihi b`bebf skjbobi jkrilut 3 2. Dkdbfbd Dkdbfbdii dbtk dbtkri ri dndkh dndkh ihkr ihkrsib sib.. :. Dkdbfbdi Dkdbfbdi pkhkrbpbh pkhkrbpbh dndkh ihkrsib ihkrsib skmbrb skmbrb sk`krfbh sk`krfbhb. b. =. Dkhoktbfui Dkhoktbfui pkrjbh`iho pkrjbh`ihobh bh lkmkpbtbh lkmkpbtbh jkrjbobi jkrjbobi jkhtul jkh`b jkh`b pkcbe pkcbe pb`b ji`bho ji`bho diriho. diriho.

JBJ II LBCIBH Q[]PBLB

 

B. QKHOKZ QKHOKZPIB PIBH H DNDKH DNDKH IHKZ] IHKZ]IB IB dkrupblbh jksbrbh jksbrbh ybho dkhybtblbh ulurbh lkmkh`kruhobh lkmkh`kruhobh Dndkh ihkrsib  dkrupblbh  jkh`b uhtul tktbp dkdpkrtbfbhlbh lkb`bbhhyb (lkekdjbdbh). Qb`b okrbl rntbsi, dndkh ihkrsib cuob `bpbt dkhybtblbh ulurbh lkdbdpubh jkh`b uhtul dkdpkrtbfbhlbh lkmkpbtbh su`ut rntbsihyb. Jkh`b ybho sulbr jkrputbr btbu jkh`b ybho sueit `ifkhtilbh sbbt jkrputbr dkdieili dndkh ihkrsib ybho jksbr, `bh skjbeilhyb. Dndkh ihkrsib `i`kgihisilbh skjbobi fbsie lbei bhtbrb dbssb pbrtilke `bh lub`rbt

 cbrbl pbrtilke `bri sudju rntbsi. ]kmbrb dbtkdbtis, dndkh ihkrsib `bpbt `iruduslbh skjbobi jkrilut.

Cilb tkr`bpbt skcudebf pbrtilke `khobh dbssb dbsiho-dbsiho d2 , d: , d= , ... `bh dkdieili cbrbl r 2 , r : , r = , ... tkrfb`bp pnrns, dblb dndkh ihkrsib tntbehyb b`bebf pkhcudebfbh dndkh ihkrsib sktibp pbrtilke, ybitu skjbobi jkrilut.

J. CKHI] CKHI] JKH@ JKH@B B DNDKH DNDKH IHKZ]I IHKZ]IB B Jkh`b-jkh` Jkh`b -jkh`bb ybho tkrbtur jkhtulhy jkhtulhybb `bh jkrntbsi jkrntbsi pb`b sudju tkrtkhtu tkrtkhtu dkdie dkdieili ili pkrsbdbbh pkrsbdbbh dndkh ihkrsib skpkrti pb`b obdjbr jkrilut.

 

Dndkh Ihkrsib Jkh`b Pkobr

]kmbrb udud, Dndkh Ihkrsib sktibp jkh`b tkobr jisb `ihybtblbh skjbobi jkrilut 3

Jkh`b tkobr jisb litb bhoobp tkrsusuh `bri jbhybl pbrtilke ybho tkrskjbr `i skeuruf jboibh jkh`b itu. ]ktibp pbrtilke-pbrtilke itu  puhyb dbssb `bh ` bh tkhtu sbcb dkdieili cbrbl r ` `bri bri sudju rntbsi.

 

 cb`i dndkh ihkrsib `bri sktibp jkh`b dkrupblbh cudebf tntbe dndkh ihkrsib sktibp pbrtilke ybho dkhyusuh jkh`b itu. Jbobidbhbpuh uhtul dkhkhtulbh Dndkh Ihkrsib subtu jkh`b tkobr, litb pkreu dkhihcbu jkh`b tkobr itu lktilb ib jkrntbsi. _bebupuh jkhtul `bh ulurbh `ub jkh`b sbdb, tktbpi cilb lk`ub jkh`b itu jkrntbsi pb`b sudju beibs pnrns ybho jkrjk`b, dblb Dndkh Ihkrsib-hyb cuob jkrjk`b.  

Dndkh Ihkrsib Jkh`b Qkcbe

Jkh`b pkcbe `i`kslripsilbh `khobh guhosi lkrbpbtbh dbssb ς(r)

 

Dndkh Ihkrsib Jbtbho Qkcbe

Bhoobp subtu jbtbho jkrdbssb d `bh pbhcbho e `iput `iputbr br tkrfb`bp tkrfb`bp subtu sudju ybho dkebeui pusbt dbssbhyb (Oj.2). Qb`b jbtbho ihi b`b `ub vbribjke ybitu dbssb `bh  pbhcbho jbtbho. Cilb litb bhoobp dndkh ihkrsib jbtbho ihi ( Ipd ( Ipd)) tkrobhtuho pb`b lk`ub vbribjke ihi dblb `khobh bhbeisb `idkhsi litb jisb dkdpkrnekf jbfwb dndkh ihkrsib  jbtbho skjbh`iho `khobh dbssb jbtbho `bh skjbh`iho `khobh lub`rbt l ub`rbt pbhcbho jbtbho.  

Dndkh Ihkrsib ]koi Kdpbt Qkcbe

Bhoobp Bhoob p su subt btu u sk skoi oikd kdpb pbtt pk pkcb cbee `k `khob hobh h pbhcb pbhcbho ho si sisi si b `b `bh h dbss dbssbb d `i `ipu putb tbr  r  tkrfb`bp titil pusbt dbssb B (Oj. 0).

Oj. 0. ]koikdpbt ybho `iputbr tkrfb`bp sudju ybho dkebeui titil pusbt dbssb B. ]kpkrti pb`b pkrfituhobh skjkeudhyb, dndkh ihkrsib skoikdpbt tkrfb`bp sudju ybho dkebeui pusbt dbssbhyb litb tueis skjbobi (`khobh bhbeisb `idkhsi)3 I pd 4 mdb: (skoikdpbt) ]kebhcuthyb b`bebf dkdjboi skoikdpbt ihi dkhcb`i 0 pntnhobh skoikdpbt `khobh  pbhcbho sisi O b `bh dbssb dbsiho-dbsiho skoikdpbt O d (Oj. ;)

Oj. ;. ]k Oj. ]koi oikd kdpb pbtt ybho ybho `i `ijbo jboii dkhcb`i 0 jboibh ybho sbdb. @khobh dkhoouhblbh pkrsbdbbh (20), dndkh ihkrsib tibp  pntnhobh skoikdpbt tkrfb`bp sudju ybho dkebeui pusbt dbssbhyb skh`iri `bpbt `itueis 3

 

 

Dndkh ihkrsib skoi khbd

Bhoobp subtu skoikhbd pkcbe `khobh pbhcbho sisi b `bh dbssb d `ipu  `iputbr tbr tkrfb`bp tkrfb`bp titil pusbt dbssb B (Oj. 7). Oj. 7. ]koikhbd ybho `iputbr tkrfb`bp titil pusbt dbssb B.

 

Dndkh ihkrsib Jneb tipis

I`k pkhuruhbh rudus ihi `ipkrnekf `bri _be`kdbr Onrzlnwsli (;). Litb bhoobp skcudebf dbssb `khobh dbssb tntbe d, tkrskjbr dkrbtb pb`b jneb tipis jkrcbri-cbri Z jkrcbri-cbri  Z.. Bhoobp pusbt dbssb jneb tkrektbl pb`b pusbt lnnr`ihbt `bh jneb `iputbr tkrfb`bp sudju z. Bhoobp Bhoobp dbssb dbssb di tkrekt tkrektbl bl pb`b lnnr`ih lnnr`ihbt bt ( x ,i y ,i z  i). @br @brii `kgihi `kgihisi si dndkh dndkh ihkrsi ihkrsibb : :  jksbrhyb dndkh ihkrsib dbssb ihi tkrfb`bp sudju z b`bebf I  b`bebf  I i 4 di ( x  xi  + y  + yi  ). Cilb dbssb di tkrskjbr dkrbtb `i skeuruf pkrdulbbh jneb, jn eb, dblb dndkh ihkrsib jneb tkrskjut b`bebf,

 I 4− 4−   di  r i

 

:

4− −d di (  ( x  xi: +  + y  yi: )

Dndkh ihkrsib jneb pkcbe

Bhoobp skjubf jneb pkcbe jkrcbri-cbri Z. Dndkh ihkrsib jneb ihi (`khobh bhbeisb `idkhsi) jnekf `itueis skjbobi

 I  pd  4  mdZ:

M. QKHKZB QKHKZBQBH QBH DNDKH DNDKH IHKZ]I IHKZ]IB B 

 Dndkh Ihkrsib Qb`b Qkdbih ]li Ks

Dndkh Dndk h Ihkr Ihkrsi sibb dkru dkrupb pblbh lbh si sigb gbtt yb ybho ho `i `idi diei eili li ne nekf kf sk skjub jubf f jkh`b jkh`b uhtul  uhtul  dkdpkrtbfbhlbh pnsisihyb `bri okrbl jkrntbsi. Dndkh ihkrsib b`bebf ulurbh rksistbhsi/ lkekdj lke kdjbdb bdbh h skjubf skjubf jkh`b jkh`b tkrfb`b tkrfb`bp p pkrujbf pkrujbfbh bh `bebd `bebd okrbl okrbl rntbsi rntbsi.. Dndkh Dndkh ihkrsi ihkrsibb tkrobhtuho pb`b `istrijusi dbssb jkh`b rkebtig tkrfb`bp sudju rntbsi jkh`b. Lbrkhb tnrsi ybho `ilkrcblbh ks bril b`bebf dndkhtud sli b`bebf dkh`klbti lnhstbh lnhs tbh. . Lktilb Lktilb nekf ib dkhbri dkh l tbhobhh tbhlkmie, obhhyb yb lk `bebd `bebdbhouekr lk brbf brbpkdbih f jb`bhhyb jb`bhhyb, , dnd dndkh kh ihkrsi ihkrsibb  jb`bhhyb tkrfb`bp sudju vkrtilbe dkebeui jb`bhhyb jkrlurbho. Lbrkhb dndkhtud

 

bhouebrhyb bhouebr hyb E 4 Iω fbrus fbrus tktbp tktbp lnhstb lnhstbh, h, jie jiebb I jkrlur jkrlurbho, bho, lkmkpbtbh lkmkpbtbh bhouebr bhouebrhyb hyb ω  jkrtbdjbf< brtihyb, ib jkrputbr `khobh ebcu ybho ekjif mkpbt. 

 Bpeilbsi Dndkh Ihkrsib Qb`b Kekdkh Dksih

Bpeilbsi dndkht ihkrsib pb`b kekdkh dksih ybho `iskjut `khobh ―Zn`b Oieb—  pb`b dksih-dksih ihtkrhbe mndjustinh (mnhtnf3 dksih `ikske, dksih 0-tblt). Dksih-dksih  ckhis ihi prihsiphyb dkrujbf khkroi dklbhis sistkd jkrjbsis trbhsebsi (pb`b pistnh) dkhcb`i sistkd rntbsi ybho `itrbhsdisilbh lk Zn`b Lkh`brbbh. Mnhtnf pb`b dksih 0Pblt, Pbl t, Dndkht Dndkht Ihkrsi Ihkrsibb ihi (pb`b (pb`b kekdkh kekdkh Zn`b Oieb) Oieb) `ipkre `ipkreulb ulbh h uhtul uhtul dkhyid dkhyidpbh pbh skjboibh skjboi bh khkroi dklbhishyb dklbhishyb uhtul dkeblulbh ebholbf-ebholbf ebholbf-ebholbf lkrcb dksih dksih pb`b prnsks  pkhoisbpbh, lndprksi, `bh pkdjubhobh ]k`bholbh ebholbf Klspbhsi b`bebf ebholbf lkrcb yo sksuhooufhyb pb`b pistnh, ybitu prnsks ebholbf pkdjblbrbh. Litb obdjbrlbh sbcb skjbobi ebholbf ihcklsi Khkroi. Qb`b prnsks Klspbhsi ihi khkroi `irujbf `bri khkroi lidib jbfbh Fi`rnmbrjnh (JJD) dkhcb` dkh cb`ii khkroi khkroi dklbhi dklbhiss trbhs trbhsebs ebsii pb`b pistnh pistnh,, ybho `bpbt `bpbt `ignrd `ignrdueb uebsil silbh bh skjbobi skjbobi `ketb(_) 4 `ketb(QW), skebhcuthyb `khobh dkdblbi pnrns kholne `itrbhsdisilbh `bebd  jkhtul rntbsi lk skdub jboibh dksih. ]kjboibh lkmie khkroihyb `isidpbh lk rn`b oieb tb`i, `bh skjboibh jksbr `iouhblbh skjbobi pkhookrbl tnrsi pb`b Njckl, sksubi `khobh tucubh dksih ihi `i bpeilbsi/`ipblbi. 

Bpeilbsi Dndkh Ihkrsib Qb`b cbw mrusfkr

Cbw Mrusfkr Mrusfkr skh`iri skh`iri `ipblbi skmbrb skmbrb eubs pb`b ih`ustri ih`ustri pkrtbdjbhobh, pkrtbdjbhobh, ih`ustri dktbe,, lnhstrulsi, dktbe lnhstrulsi, pkdjbhouh cbebh tne, pkdjbhouhbh pkdjbhouhbh rke lkrktb lkrktb `bh ih`ustri lidib. Qrihsip Lkrcb Dksih Cbw Mrusfkr. Cbw Mrusfkr jklkrcb dkhobh`belbh lklubtbh dntnr. Dkebeui rn`b dntnr, pnrns klskhtri klskht ril l `iokrb `iokrbllbh llbh nekf nekf sbjul sbjul skoit skoitiob iob `bh sent sent wfkke wfkke uhtul uhtul dkdjub dkdjubtt cbw pebtk pebtk  jkrokrbl skirbdb. Nekf lbrkhb itu, dbtkribe `bebd rnhoob pkhofbhmurbh ybho tkr`iri `bri  cbw pebtk, cbw pebtk ybho jkrokrbl `bh si`k-ekk jnbr` `bpbt `ifbhmurlbh `bh `ijkrfkhtilbh dkebeui pkdjulbbh pkdblbibh.

 

JBJ III

FB]IE @BH QKDJBFB]BH

B. P[C[BH Pucubh pkeblsbhbbh prbltilud ihi b`bebf uhtul dkdjbh`iholbh lkmkpbtbh jkrjbobi jkhtul

 jkh`b pkcbe dkhookeih`iho pb`b ji`bho diriho. J. BE BEBP BP @BH @BH JBF JBFBH BH 2. Lkekrkho jksbr 

:.

Jneb pihopnho

=.

Jbtkrbi jklbs

0.

Qbpbh (:; x ;1) md

M. EBHO EBHOLB LBF F ” EBHO EBHOLB LBF F

2.

]usuh ji`bho diriho `bh jkh`b pkcbe skpkrti obdjbr `ijbwbf ihi

:.

Ektbllbh lktiob jkh`b pkcbe `ibtbs pbpbh `bh tbfbh `khobh distbr lbyu btbu jiebf lbyu

=.

Bholbt distbr lbyu btbu jiebf lbyu

0.

Bdbti urutbh jkh`b pkcbe ybho dkhookeih`iho pbeiho mkpbt (rklbd `khobh lbdkrb senw dntinh)

;.

Jbh`iholbh lkmkpbtbh dkhookeih`iho jkh`b pkcbe fbsie pkrmnjbbh `khobh fbsie  pkrfituhobh

7.

[ebhoi utul lktihooibh ybho jkrjk`b

@. BHBE BHBEII]I] ]I]

2. Fb Fbsi siee Qk Qkho hobd bdbt btbh bh b. Lkmkpb Lkmkpbtbh tbh pbeiho pbeiho jksbr jksbr `bh pbeiho pbeiho lkmie lkmie 3 Qbeiho jksbr 3 jneb pkcbe Qbeiho lkmie 3 jneb rkhoobho  j. [rutbh lkmkpbtbh `i `bsbr ji`bho diriho 3 Lkmkpbtbh tkrjksbr-tkrlkmie 3 jneb pkcbe ” sieih`kr pkcbe ” jneb jkrnhoob Lkmkpbtbh tkrlkmie ” tkrjksbr 3 jneb jkrnhoob j krnhoob ” sieih`kr pkcbe ” jneb pkcbe

 

:. Fbsie Qkrfituhobh

W 4

∓:ßoßf 2 + l 

b. W `kh `khob obh h lkt lktih ihoo ooib ibh h 1,1 1,1? ?d   -Lkekrkho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,1? : W 4 2+ ;

4 

∓ 2,0

-Jbtkrbi-

∓ : ß 21 ß 1,1?

W 4

 

?

-Jneb Qihopnho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,1? : W 4 2+ =

4

2+

 

2 :

∓ 2,0

 

=

;

4

∓ 2,0 ;

:

4 2 d/s

=

4 1,97 d/s

4 1,92 d/s

 j. W `khobh tihooi 1,21 d  

-Lkekrkho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,21 : W 4 2+ ;

-Jbtkrbi-

∓ : ß 21 ß 1,21

W 4

∓:

4 

2+

 

2 :

∓:

 

?

-Jneb Qihopnho∓ : ß 21 ß 1 , 21 : W 4 2+ =

4

;

∓:

 

=

4 

:

4 2,29 d/s

; =

4 2,2; d/s

4 2,19 d/s

m. W `kh `khob obh h ttih ihoo ooii 1 1,2 ,2: :d  

-Lkekrkho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2: : W 4 2+ ;

4 

:,0 ∓ :,0 ?

 

-Jbtkrbi-

-Jneb Qihopnho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2: : W 4 2+ =

∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2:

W 4

2+

 

2 :

:,0 ∓ :,0

4

;

:,0 ∓ :,0

 

=

4

:

4 2,=1 d/s

; =

4 2,:7 d/s

4 2,29 d/s

`. W `kh `khob obh h tih tihoo ooii 1,2; 1,2; d  

-Lkekrkho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2; : W 4 2+ ;

-Jbtkrbi-

-Jneb Qihopnho-

∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2;

W 4

2+

2

 

W 4

:

∓ : ß 21 ß 1,2; 2+

4 

: =

∓ = ? ;

4 2,07 d/s

 

∓ =

4

= :

4 2,02 d/s

∓ =

 

4

; =

4 2,=0 d/s

 

k. W `kh `khob obh h ttih ihoo ooii 1 1,: ,:1 1d  

-Lkekrkho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,:1 : W 4 2+ ;

4 

∓ 0 ? ;

4 2,76 d/s

 

W 4

-Jbtkrbi∓ : ß 21 ß 1,:1 2 2+ :

 

-Jneb Qihopnho∓ : ß 21 ß 1,:1 : W 4 2+ =

∓ 0

4

=

∓ 0

 

:

4

; =

4 2,7= d/s

4 2,;0 d/s

=. Pbjk Pbjkee pkrf pkrfit ituh uhob obh h

 HN

f (d)

2 : = 0 ;

1,1? d 1,21 d 1,2: d 1,2; d 1,:1 d

Jneb Qkcbe 2 d/s 2,29 d/s 2,=1 d/s 2,07 d/s 2,76 d/s

Lkmkpbtbh (d/s) Jneb jkrnhoob 1,92 d/s 2,19 d/s 2,29 d/s 2,=0 d/s 2,;0 d/s

]ieih`kr pkcbe 1,97 d/s 2,2; d/s 2,:7 d/s 2,02 d/s 2,;= d/s

K. LK]I LK]ID DQ[EB Q[EBH H ]ktkebf dkeblulbh prbltilud `ipkrnekf lksidpuebh skjbobi jkrilut 3 2. ]kdblih tihooi pbpbh, skdblih mkpbt jkh`b tkrskjut uhtul dkhookeih`iho. ]kjbeilhyb,

skdblih rkh`bf pbpbh, dblb skdblih ebdjbt jkh`b tkrskjut uhtul dkhookeih`iho. :. ]kdblih jkrbt dbssb jkh`b tkrskjut, skdblih mkpbt jkh`b tkrskjut uhtul dkhookeih`iho.

]kjbeilhyb, skdblih rihobh dbssb jkh`b tkrskjut, skdblih ebdjbt jkh`b tkrskjut uhtul dkhookeih`iho. =. Qkrjk`bbh lkmkpbtbh dndkh ihkrsib `ipkhobrufi nekf lktihooibh pkrdulbbh, dbssb

 jkh`b, ckhis jkh`b, ektbl sudju putbr, `bh ekhobh dndkh

 

JBJ IW QKH[P[Q

B. ]ID ]IDQ[E Q[EBH @khobh b`bhyb prbltilud prbltilud ihi, ihi, sbyb `bpbt dkdbfbdi dbtkri dbtkri Dndkh Ihkrsib Ihkrsib sk`krfbhb `bpbt litb eifbt `i lkfi`upbh skfbri-fbri, mnhtnfhyb dkhookeih`iholbh jkh`b pb`b ji`bho diriho. @khobh fbsie ybho tkebf `byb `bpbtlbh jbfwb skdblih tihooi ji`bho diriho tkrskjut, dblb jkh`b pkcbe blbh skdblih mkpbt jkrokrbl. jkrokrbl. ]kebih itu, dbssb jkh`b cuob dkdkhobrufi dkdkhobrufi lkmkpbtbh jkh`b pkcbe. ]ktkebf `ifituho tkr`bpbt pkrjk`bbh sk`ilit bhtbrb jkh`b 2,:, `bh = ybitu skeisif lndb `ksidb `ks idbe. e. Hbduh, Hbduh, pkrjk` pkrjk`bbh bbh tkrskj tkrskjut ut `bpbt `bpbt `itnek `itnekrir rir lbrkhb lbrkhb jisb jisb cb`i cb`i pkrjk`b pkrjk`bbh bh tkr tkrskj skjut ut `iskjbjlbh nekf pkhmbtbtbh wbltu stnpwbtmf `bh okrbl jkh`b pkcbe nekf bhoih/ebihhyb. Nekf lbrkhb itu, `bpbt sbyb sidpuelbh sidpuelbh jbfwb pkrjk`bbh pkrjk`bbh lkmkpbtbh lkmkpbtbh dndkh ihkrsib `ipkhobrufi `ipkhobrufi nekf lktihooibh pkrdulbbh, dbssb jkh`b, ckhis jkh`b, ektbl sudju putbr, `bh ekhobh dndkh

J. ]BZBH @bebd pkdjubtbh ebpnrbh ihi pbsti b`b lksbebfbh ybho sbyb jubt skmbrbti`bl skhobcb. Nekf lbrkhb itu, lbdi dkdjut dkdjutuflbh uflbh lritil `bh sbrbh ybho dkdjbhouh `bri pkdjbmb uhtul  lkskdpurhbbh ebpnrbh ihi.

   

@BGPBZ Q[]PBLB

Jeitbr. :1:2. Dndkh Ihkrsib 3 Qkhokrtibh, Lnhskp, Zudus, Mnhtnf & Pbjke Pbjke   fttps3//www.ourupkh`i`ilbh.mn.i`/dndkh-ihkrsib/ fttps3//www.ourupkh`i`ilbh.mn.i`/dndkh-ihkrsib/ .  . (@iblsks 2 ]kptkdjkr :1:2)

]ri ]uoibrtn. :12?. Gisilb 3 @ihbdilb Zntbsi fttps3//`nmpebykr.ihgn/;2:790=0-Gisilb-`ihbdilbrntbsi.ftde . rntbsi.ftde  . (@iblsks 2 ]kptkdjr :1:2)

Dndkh ihkrsib - _ilipk`ib jbfbsb Ih`nhksib  Ih`nhksib  fttps3//i`.wilipk`ib.nro/wili/Dndkh^ihkrsib . fttps3//i`.wilipk`ib.nro/wili/Dndkh^ihkrsib . (@iblsks 2 ]kptkdjkr :1:2)

Jbh`br Ebdpuho3 Bhuorbf [tbdb Zbfbrcb (B[ZB). fed. 2:. I]JH  I]JH 9?6-71:-2:9?-=1-6. 9?6-71:-2:9?-=1-6.  (@iblsks 2 ]kptkdjkr :1:2) Yujkrti .:12=. Lnhskp Dbtkri Gisilb @bsbr :  : (Q@G). (@iblsks 2 ]kptkdjkr :1:2) [dbr Ybf`i, 2997. Qkhobhtbr Gisilb Dklbhilb, Qkhkrjit Ouhb`brdb Yusug, Lfnei`. :12;. Qkhkhtubh Lnkgisikh Dndkh Ihkrsib `khobh Wi`kn Bhbeisis . _nhnsnjn3 Qrnsi`iho ]kdihbr Hbsinhbe Gisilb `bh Qkh`i`ilbh Gisilb (]HGQG) Lk-7  Lk-7  

 

EBDQIZBH