Laporan Praktikum 2

 

  Igpmrgh [rg`td`ub 3 Dheustrd [g`gh

Ngrd, tghoogi

: Sg Sgcu, 7< Vaptabcar 3;3;

 Hgbg Emsah

: [rml. Er. Dr. Tuid Sathghd, B.Vf : Hdsg Hurbdigtd Cgr`gn, V.[t, B.Vd

 Hgbg Gsdstah

NGVDI [ASMIANGH CGNGH ‖ CGNGH [G@GH

  Tgygho Dig Tuidghtd  HDB : E357>;;6; [rg`td`ub : [3

EA[GSUABAH DIBQ HQUSDVD EGH UA@HMIMOD [G@GH LG@QIUGV [AUAHG@GH DHVUDUQU [ASUGHDGH CMOMS  CMOMS  3;3;

 

[ABCGNGVGH

7. Ngsdi sgbpdho pahomigngh jgouho (FOB, FOL, EEOV) [ahomigngh jgouho uhtu` dheustrd, pghogh bgupuh pgtd, babcard`ghngsdi sgbpdho ygho ygh o ububhy ububhygg edouhg edouhg`gh `gh uhtu` uhtu` pg`gh. pg`gh. [ahood [ahoodidh idhogh ogh jgouho jgouhosafg safgrg rg trgeds trgedsdmh dmhgi gi uhtu`  uhtu`  baho ba hong ngsd sdi` i`gh gh ’c ’car args gs jgou jgouho ho‒‒ baho bahong ngsd sdi` i`gh gh abpm abpm`y `ygh gho o cg cghy hyg` g` ed edju jugi gi uh uhtu tu` ` pg pg`g `gh. h. [ahoodidhogh jgouho safgrg bmearh bab-card`gh ngsdi sgbpdho carupg nmbdhd ygho egpgt edbg edbghl hlggt ggt`g `gh h sacgo sacgogg pg pg`g `gh. h. [aho [ahood odid idho hogh gh jgou jgouho ho safgr safgrgg cg cgsg sgn n (wat (wat bdii bdiidh dho) o) uh uhtu tu`  `  bahongsdi`ghpgtd jgouho g`gh bahoaiugr`gh carcgogd ngsdi sgbpdho carupg fmrh oiutahbagi, fmrh oiutah laae, fmrh oarb bagi, egh sacgogdhyg ygho ububhygedbghlggt`gh uhtu` pg`gh. [abghl [ab ghlggt ggtgh gh jgouho jgouho tarus tarus car`ab car`abcgh cgho o egh edGbar edGbard`g d`g Vard`g Vard`gtt g`ndr-g g`ndr-g`nd `ndrr dhd jgouh jgouho o edbghlggt`gh uhtu` atghmi egh ngsdisgbpdhohyg carupg edstdiiars erdaeorgdhs ghe smiucias (EEOV) edprmbmsd`ghed Gsdg uhtu` cgngh cg`u pg`gh. Idbcgn tghgbgh jgouho juog egpgt edbghlggt`gh uhtu` pg`gh, tatgpdnghyg uhtu`  tarhg` rubdhghsdg `grahg tdhoodhyg `gheuhogh sargt. Jargbdjgouho barupg`gh cgngh pg`gh  pahtdho uhtu` sgpd pgeg sggt rubput suidtedparmian, tarutgbg pgeg busdb `abgrgu. Jargbd  jgouho ygho edgwat`gheahogh pahoardhogh bgtgngrd bahongsdi`gh ngy egh edsdbpgh mian  patghduhtu` parsaedggh pg`gh sgpd pgeg busdb `abgrgu. Eahogh car`abcgho-hyg usgng  pahooabu`gh sgpd dbpmr gtgu car`abcghohyg dheustrd sgpdpargn, saiurun tghgbgh jgouho egpgt egp gt edbghl edbghlggt ggt`gh `gh sacgog sacgogdd pg`gh. pg`gh. Jgouho Jgouhoedt edtghg ghgb b safgrg safgrg `nusus `nusus uhtu` uhtu` bahoog bahooghtd htd`gh `gh rubput. Ughgbgh jgouho pgegubur tartahtu, tarutgbg `atd`g cuidr buigd tubcun, babpuhygd hdigd odzdygho tdhood uhtu` sgpd. Edidngt egrd lmrbuig ygho edegsgr`gh gtgs ngrog cgngh cg`u sggt dhd,bg`g jgouho babcard`gh `mhtrdcusd ygho pgidho tdhood egigb rghsub gygb(iacdn egrd 11%) egh edd`utd mian cuho`di `aeaigd (sa`dtgr 36%) sartg cgngh-cgngh cgngh-cgngh igdhhyg carupg carupg ngsdi sgbpdho dheustrd  partghdgh tarutgbg eaeg` pgedegh subcar prmtadh saigdh cuho`di `aeaig. Gpgcdig sggt dhd

 

 prmeu`sd pg`gh ed DDhemhasdg hemhasdg bahfgpgd ? jutg tmh bg`gedpariu`gh jgouho sacghyg` 6,>1 jutg tmh egh prmtadh hgcgtd (cuho`di `aeaigd)7,?1 jutg tmh. [ahdho`gtgh `acutungh cgngh cg`u edtahtu`gh edtah tu`gh tdeg` nghygmian nghygmian tdho`gt prmeu`sd pg`gh, tatgpd juog mian parucgngh parucgngh lmrbuig. Gpgc Gp gcdi dign gngr gro og

su sugt gtu u

cgn gngh gh

cg` cg`u

ra raig igtd tdll

bah ahdh dho` o`gt gt

tarn tarnge gegp gp

cgn cgngh

cg` g`u u

ig igdh dh,,

bg`gpahoouhgghhyg g`gh bahuruh. Vacgogd fmhtmn, pahoouhggh eaeg` rgtg-rgtg iacdn egrd 7;% egigb rghsub, tatgpd pahdho`gtgh ngrog eaeg` raigtdltarngegp cgngh cg`u igdh ygho bahog`dcgt`gh pahoouhgghhyg iacdnrahegn egigb rghsub (Ughoahtjgtjg).

3. Ngsdi sgbpdho pahomigngh sgwdt (F[M, cuho`di dhtd sgwdt) Cgngh pg`gh ygho ubub edouhg`gh egigb lmrbuigsd rghsub uhoogs safgrg `mbarsdgi ed Dhemhasdg ygdtu jgouho, eaeg`, cuho`di `aeaigd, tapuho egodho egh tuigho (BCB), tapuho d`gh d` gh,, fmrh oiutah bagi , prmeu` sgbpdho cdmatghmi (EEOV), tapuho `gpur, bdhyg` sgwdt (F[M), cuho`di `aigpg, gsgb gbdhm EI-batdmhdh, gsgb gbdhm I-idsdh, fgbpurgh vdtgbdh, fgbpurgh bdhargi bd`rm, ed`gisdub lmslgt, ogrgb, egh dbcungh pg`gh. Egrd cgngh tarsacut,  jgouho, tapuho d`gh, `gisdub lmslgt, egh gsgb gbdhm sacgodgh bgsdn eddbpmr. Cuho`di `aea `a eaig igd, d, ta tapu puho ho eg egod odho ho eg egh h tu tuig igho ho,, fmrh oiu oiutah tah   bagi , egh prm prmeu` eu` sgb sgbpdh pdho o cdm cdmatgh atghmi mi sabughyg bgsdn eddbpmr.

Vgign sgtu fgrg uhtu` bahourghod `ataroghtuhogh pgeg cgngh pg`gh dbpmr gegign eahogh bahoouhg`gh cgngh pg`gh ygho jubignhyg baidbpgn ed egigb haoard, sapartd ngsdi sgbpdho sgbpd ho dheustrd sgwdt, ygdtu cuho cuho`di `di dhtd sgwdt, iubpur iubpur sgwdt gtgu  smide   eafghtar , egh smide  egh  smide  nagvy pngsa (VN[). Cuho`di dhtd sgwdt barupg`gh sdsg pgegtgh sataign pabargsgh dhtd sgwdt uhtu uh tu` ` ba bahe hegp gpgt gt`g `gh h bd bdhy hyg` g` dh dhtd td sg sgwd wdt. t. Iu Iubp bpur ur sgw sgwdt dt ba baru rupg pg`g `gh h id idbc bcgn gn eg egrd rd pr prms msas as  pabargsgh cugn sgwdt uhtu` bahongsdi`gh bdhyg` sgwdt `gsgr gtgu fru fruea ea pgib mdi (F[M), ygho edparmian eahogh fgrg bahsahtrdlusd idbcgn fgdr eahogh bahoouhg`gh gigt ygho edsacut eafghtar . VN[ gegign pgegtgh egrd idbcgn fgdr sataign pahoutdpgh iubpur sgwdt. @atdog  cgngh tarsacut egpgt edouhg`gh sacgogd cgngh pg`gh pg`gh uhtu` uhoogs, bas`dpuh bas`dpuh caiub igzdb.

Cuho`di dhtd sgwdt barupg`gh ngsdi sgbpdho egrd pabargsgh egodho cugn dhtd sgwdt gtgu gt gu  pgib `arhai . [rmsas pabargsgh bdhyg` safgrg ba`ghds bahyacgc`gh jubign bdhyg`  ygho tartdhoogi bgsdn fu`up cghyg` (sa`dtgr 4,%. [afgngh fgho`gho fgho` gho babpuhygd babpuhygd ta`stu ta`sturr ygho `args egh tgjgb. Ngi dhd bahyacgc`gh bahyacgc`gh cgngh dhd `urgh `urgho o edsu`g eds u`gdd tar tarhg` hg` (`urgho (`urgho  pgigtgcia  pgigtgcia)) egh ed`ngwgtdr`gh egpgt barusg` edhedho Cuho`di dhtd sgwdt egpgt edouhg` edouhg`gh gh uhtu` pg`gh pg`gh tarhg` sacgo sacgogd gd subcar aharod aharod gtgu prmtadh. prmtadh. Hgbuh,  pahoouhgghhyg uhtu` pg`gh uhoogs tarcgtgs `grahg tdhoodhyg `gegr sargt `gsgr (37,?%), tarbgsu` nabdsaiuimsg (bghhgh egh ogig`tmbghgh), sartg rahegnhyg `gegr egh `afarhggh gsgb gbdhm. Cgtgs pahoouhggh cuho`di dhtd sgwdt egigb fgbpurgh pg`gh uhoogs carvgrdgsd, ygdtu ghtgrg 1-7;% pgeg rghsub gygb crmdiar egh cdsg edouhg`gh ndhoog 3;-31% egigb rghsub gygb pataiur sgiurgh pahfarhggh tarhg` bueg (Vdhurgt 3;73).

6. Cuho`di `aeaigd Cuho`di `ae `aeaaigd ba barupg` gh ngs gsdi di d`utg d`utgh gtgu cgngh yg ygho tars rsds dsgg sa sattai aign gn ` aea aeaigd edm dmign ign eg egh edgbcdi bdhyg`hyg. Cuho`  Cuho` di `a `ae eai aigd gd barupg barupg` gh gh surhca surhcarr  prmt  prmtaadh dh   ygho  c  cggd` cgo godd tarhg` . @gheuhogh prmtadh cuho`di `aeaigd sa`dtgr 55-17% egh barupg`gh subcar prmtadh ygho ygh o gbgt gbgt cgous cgous sacgc sacgc `asadbc `asadbcgho ghogh gh gsgb gsgb gbdhm gbdhm ygho ygho tar`ghe tar`gheuho uho edegig edegigbhy bhygg  fu`up iaho`gp egh tdhood. tdhood. Gs Gsggb gb gbdhm dhm ygh ygho tde t deg` g` tar `  `gheuho g  heuho egigb  p  prmt rmtaadh  c  cu uho` d `aea `aeaigd gegign batdmh atdmhdh dh egh sdst stad adh h, ygdtu gsgb gb gbddhm ygho ygho c  cdgsg dgsgh hyg edtgbcg tgbcgn`gh n`gh  pgeg pg`gh fgbpurgh  jgou  j gouh ho-`aeaigd -`aeaigd.. Uatg p  pdd  cu  cuho ho`di `di `aea `aeaigd babdid`d babdid`d ` gheuhogh gheuhogh idsdh egh trdptmlgh ygho tdhood sandhoog egpgt baiaho`gpd ealdsdahsd pgeg prmtadh jgouho jgouho egh babcard`gh `acutungh `acutungh gsgb gbdhm asahsdgi cgod tabg`. 7. Cuho`di Cuho`di @aeaigd @aeaigd Qhtu` Qhtu` [g`gh [g`gh Uarhg` Hmh Subdhghsdg Subdhghsdg.. Cuho`di Cuho `di `aeaigd `aeaigd barupg`gh barupg`gh idbcgn egrd prmeu`sd bdhyg` `aeaigd. Vacgogd Vacgogd cgngh bg`ghgh subcar prmtadh gsgi tubcungh, cuho`di dhd babpuhygd `gheuhogh prmtadh ygho  carcaeg sasugd `ugidtgs `gfgho `aeaigd. @dsgrgh `gheuhogh prmtadh cuho`di `aeaigd bahfgpgd 55-17% 5517%.. Ngi dhd saigdh saigdh mian mian `ugidt `ugidtgs gs `gfgho `gfgho `aeaigd `aeaigd juog juog bgfgb bgfgb prmsas prmsas pahogb pahogbcdi cdigh gh bdhyg`hyg. [geg egsgrhyg cuho`di `aeaigd ed`ahgi sacgogd subcar prmtadh egh aharod. Va`dtg Va`d tgrr 1; 1;% % pr prmt mtad adh h uh uhtu tu` ` pg pg`g `gh h uh uhoo oogs gs ca carg rgsg sgii eg egrd rd cu cuho ho`d `dii `a `aea eaig igdd eg egh h  pabg`gdghhyg uhtu` pg`gh gygb paegodho car`dsgr ghtgrg 71-6;%, saegho`gh uhtu` pg`gh gygb pataiur 7;-31% (_dhg, 7444). @gheuhogh prmtadh cuho`di `aeaigd bahfgpgd 56-5>%. Cuho`d Cuh o`dii `ae `aeaig aigdd juo juogg bah bahogh ogheuh euho o zgt ght ghtdhu dhutrd trdsd sd sap sapart artdd trd trdpsd psdh h dhn dhndcd dcdtmr tmr ygh ygho o egp egpgt gt bahooghoou partubcungh uhoogs, hgbuh zgt ghtdhutrdsd tarsacut g`gh rusg` mian pabghgsgh sandho san dhoog og gbg gbgh h uht uhtu` u` edo edouhg uhg`gh `gh sac sacgog gogdd pg` pg`gh gh uho uhoogs ogs.. Cuh Cuho`d o`dii `ae `aeaig aigdd edc edcugt ugt bai baigiu giudd

 

 cacargpg tgngpgh sapartd pahogbcdigh iabg`, pabghgsgh, egh pahoodidhogh. Cuho`di `aeaigd ygho cgd` bahogheuho gdr tdeg` iacdn egrd 73% .

@gheuhogh Hutrdsd Cuho`di @aeaigd 3. Cuho`di Cuho`di @aeaigd @aeaigd Qhtu` Qhtu` [g`gh Uarhg` Subdhghsdg. Subdhghsdg. Cgngh pg`gh subcar prmtadh babdid`d tdho`gt `aigrutgh ygho carcaeg-caeg. Vabg`dh tdhood `aigrutgh prmtadh egrd sugtu cgngh, bg`g prmtadh tarsacut sabg`dh tdeg` tgngh tarngegp eaorgegsd ed egigb rubah. Caregsgr`gh tdho`gt `atgnghgh prmtadh ed egigb rubah, cuho`di `aeaig `ae aigdd tarbgs tarbgsu` u` `aimbp `aimbpm` m` subcar subcar prmtad prmtadh h eahogh eahogh tdho`g tdho`gtt `atgng `atgnghgh hgh rahegn rahegn (95;%) (95;%),,  carsgbg-sgbg eahogh `gsadh, cuho`di `gfgho egh cdjd bgtgngrd. Mian sacgc dtu cuho`di `aeaig `ae aigdd babdid` babdid`dd hdigd hdigd cdmimo cdmimods ds ygho ygho `u `urgh rgho o babcar babcard`g d`gh h grtd cgod cgod tarhg` tarhg` rubdhg rubdhghsd hsdg, g, edsacgc`gh sacgodgh casgr prmtadh `gsgr cuho`di `aeaigd tarlarbahtgsd egigb rubah egh `urgho `ur gho egpgt egpgt edbghl edbghlggt` ggt`gh gh mian mian tarhg` tarhg`.. Qhtu` Qhtu` babpar babpar`af `afdi di eaorge eaorgegsd gsd prmtad prmtadh h cuho`d cuho`dii `aeaigd egrd parmbcg`gh bd`rmcg ed egigb rubah, bg`g cuho`di `aeaigd sacaiub edcard`gh  pgeg tarhg` pariu bahegpgt paridheuhogh. [aridheuho [aridh euhogh gh edbg`sue`g edbg`sue`gh h uhtu` bahourghod bahourghod parmbcg`gh parmbcg`gh prmtadh mian eaorgegsd eaorgegsd bd`rmcg rubah tghpg bahourghod `atarsaedggh gbmhdg uhtu` sdhtasds prmtadh bd`rmcg egh tghpg bahourghod `abgbpugh ndermidsds mian ahzdb-ahzdb ed egigb gcmbgsub egh usus. [aridh [ar idheuh euhogh ogh prmtad prmtadh h egrd egrd eaorge eaorgegsd gsd rubah rubah egpgt egpgt edig`u edig`u`gh `gh eahogh eahogh fgrg pabghg pabghgsgh sgh,,  pabcardgh lmrbgidh, tghdh egh `gpsuigsd (Cmhdrgh 7444). 7444).

5. Cuho`di `aigpg Cuho`di `aigpg gegign ngsdi d`utgh ygho edegpgt egrd a`strg`sd egodho cugn `aigpg saogr gtgu `ardho. Butu stghegr cuho`di `aigpg baidputd `gheuhogh hutrdsd egh cgtgs tmiargsd gligtmxdh. Cuho`di `aigpg edparmian egrd gbpgs `mprg. Cuho`di `aigpg bahogheuho 77% gdr, bdhyg` 3;%, prmtadh 51%, `grcmndergt 73%, gcu 1%, CM >5% egh CAUH 51,1%. Cuho`di `aigpg cghyg` edbghlggt`gh sacgogd pg`gh tarhg` `grahg babdid`d `gheuhogh prmtadh ygho fu`up tdhood.  tdhood. 

 

[rmtadh `gsgr ygho tar`gheuho pgeg cuho`di `aigpg bahfgpgd 36%, egh `gheuhogh sargthyg sargth yg ygho buegn edfarhg edfarhg barupg`gh barupg`gh sugtu `auhtuhog `auhtuhogh h tarsahedrd tarsahedrd uhtu` uhtu` bahjged`gh bahjged`gh subcar aharod ygho cgd` sandhoog egpgt edbghlggt`gh sacgogd pg`gh tarhg`, sapartd sacgogd  cgngh pg`gh paeat tarutgbg uhtu` bahstdbuigsd rubah egh pg`gh gsgi cuho`di `aigpg juog tarcu`td tarhg` egpgt bahongsdi`gh susu ygho iacdn `ahtgi egh rgsg ygho ahg`. [ahgbcgngh cuho`di `aigpg egpgt bahdho`gt`gh `mhsubsd pg`gh, `afarhggh pg`gh eg egh h pa part rtgb gbcg cgng ngh h cm cmcm cmtt cg cgeg egh h ng ngrd rdgh gh.. Ua Uarh rhg` g` ru rubd bdhg hghs hsdg dg yg ygho ho bahe bahegp gpgt gt`g `gh h pg pg`g `gh h  car`ugidtgs rahegn sacgd`hyg edcard`gh pg`gh tgbcgngh ygho `gyg g`gh hdtrmoah uhtu`  barghosgho bargh osgho partubcungh partubcungh egh g`tdvdtgs g`tdvdtgs bd`rmcg bd`rmcg ed egigb rubah. @mbpmsdsd @mbpmsdsd `dbdg cuho`di cuho`di `aigpgg sghogt `aigp sghogt carvgrdgsd carvgrdgsd taroghtuho taroghtuho prmsas a`strg`sd a`strg`sd bdhyg` bdhyg` ygho edouhg`ghhyg edouhg`ghhyg,, cgngh, cgngh,  pahydbpghgh egh `gheuhogh `gheuhogh sarpdngh tabpuruhohyg. Udhoodhyg Udhoo dhyg `gheuhogh `gheuhogh sargt, pgigtgcdidtgs pgigtgcdidtgs ygho rahegn egh `urghohyg `urghohyg cacargpg cacargpg gsgb gbdhm gbd hm asahsdgi asahsdgi sartg sartg bahogh bahogheuh euho o ghtd-h ghtd-hutr utrdsd dsd sapartd sapartd bghgh, bghgh, ogig`t ogig`tmbg mbghgh hgh,, xdigh xdigh egh grgcdhmxdigh bahyacgc`gh pahoouhggh cuho`di `aigpg egigb rghsub uhoogs sghogt tarcgtgs. @gheuhogh prmtadh cuho`di `aigpg fu`up @gheuhogh fu`up tdhood, tdhood, ygdtu sa`dtgr 7>-3;% 7>-3;% .Hgbuh .Hgbuh `gheuhogh `gheuhogh sargt `gsgr raigtdl tdhood ygdtu ju jutg tg na na`t `tgr grea eaho hogh gh pr prme meu` u`sd sd 74 74,5 ,5 ju jutg tg tm tmh h pgeg pgeg tg tgnu nuh h 74 7441 41.. Va Vatd tdgp gp tm tmh h ucd`gyug`gh edngsdi`gh 31; `o tgpdm`g egh 775 mhoom`.Vabahtgrg dtu, prmeu`sd sdho`mho euhdg euh dg bahdho bahdho`gt `gt egrd egrd ?1 tmh pgeg tgnuh tgnuh 74; % Cgngh a`strg` tghpg hdtrmoah egh 3?>6 ``gi/`o batgcmidsba aharod. Vaigdh dtu mhoom` juog sghogt ealdsdah g`gh gsgb-gsgb gbdhm. Vabahtgrg dtu `gheuhogh `grcmndergt sdho`mho fu`up tdhood ygdtu ?3,54% ->1,44 %saegho`gh `gegr gdrhyg 75,;4 %. [ahoou [ah oouhgg hggh h mhoom` mhoom` sacgog sacgogdd cgngh cgngh cg`u cg`u pahyus pahyusuh uh rghsub rghsub babdid` babdid`dd cacargp cacargpgg `ahegig. Ngi dhd edsacgc`gh `grahg `gheuhogh prmtadhhyg ygho sghogt rahegn saegho`gh `gheuhogh sargt `gsgrhyg fu`up tdhood. Vabahtgrg `gheuhogh NFHhyg fu`up tdhood. Vaigdh dtu tdhoodhyg `gheuhogh `grcmndergt egh `gegr gdr babparbuegn g`tdldtgs bd`rmcg pahourgd egh bahdbcui`gh cgu ygho tdeg` saegp g`dcgt tarjgedhyg pabcusu`gh ygho sghogt fapgt. Vaba Vabaht htgr grgg `g `ghe heuh uhog ogh h NFHh NFHhyg yg bahu bahuru rutt eg egpg pgtt ed edtu turu ruh` h`gh gh ea eaho hogh gh fg fgrg rg pa parah raheg egbg bgh, h,  pahfufdgh, pahou`usgh, pahoardhogh, larbahtgsd gtgu `mbcdhgsd egrd cacargpg parig`ugh tarsac tar sacut. ut. @gheuh @gheuhogh ogh sargt sargt ygho ygho tdhood tdhood bahyac bahyacgc` gc`gh gh mhoom` mhoom` nghyg nghyg edouhg edouhg`gh `gh sacgogd sacgogd subcarr aharod. subca aharod. Vgign sgtu ta`hmimod ta`hmimod gitarhgtdl uhtu` uhtu` bahdho`gt` bahdho`gt`gh gh `ugidtgs `ugidtgs mhoom` mhoom` sacgogd sacgogd  cgngh cg`u pg`gh tarhg` ygdtu baigiud baigiud prmsas larbahtgsd (@drgbgho 3;77). 4 >4.. fmprg fmp rg bagi bagi qugid qugidty ty lmr usa usa dh ghdbg ghdbgila ilaaes aes.. [rmf. [rmf.

Dbprmvabah Dbprm vabahtt ml 

LG[/QH LG[/QHE[ E[ _mr`s _mr`snmp nmp mh mh

Cdmtafnhmimoy dh Ghdbgi [rmeuftdmh ghe Nagit dh Gsdg ghe Igtdh Gbardfg. pp. 67363;.