ISSN 2289-4691
INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA Jabatan Perangkaan M A L A Y S I A
LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GUNA TENAGA SEKTOR INFORMAL INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT
MALAYSIA 2012 JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
JUN JUNE
2013
KATA PENGANTAR
Laporan Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal Malaysia, 2012 membentangkan profil guna tenaga sektor informal berdasarkan penyiasatan yang telah dijalankan pada bulan Julai hingga Disember 2012. Laporan ini memuatkan statistik berkenaan taburan dan komposisi guna tenaga dalam sektor informal di Malaysia. Maklumat tersebut berguna bagi mengukur guna tenaga di sektor informal dan sumbangan sektor ini kepada ekonomi negara, seterusnya digunakan sebagai input untuk menyediakan anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KDNK).
Maklumat penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut jantina, taraf pekerjaan, pekerjaan dan industri merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan dalam laporan ini. Diharapkan maklumat yang dibentangkan dalam laporan ini dapat membantu perancang dan penyelidik dalam mengkaji ciri-ciri guna tenaga dalam sektor informal.
Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan di atas kerjasama yang diberikan oleh semua pihak yang telah menyumbang kepada penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang cadangan untuk menambah baik laporan ini pada masa akan datang amatlah dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia Jun 2013
i
PREFACE
The Informal Sector Work Force Survey Report, Malaysia, 2012 presents the profile of informal sector employment through the Informal Sector Work Force Survey which was conducted from July to December 2012. This report presents the statistics on composition and distribution of employment in the informal sector in Malaysia. The information is useful to measure the informal sector employment and the contribution of this sector to the economy and subsequently used as input to provide the estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Information on employed persons in the informal sector by sex, status in employment, occupation and industry are part of the vital statistics presented in this report. It is hoped that the information presented in this report will assist both planners and researches in studying the characteristics of employment in the informal sector.
The Department acknowledges and appreciates the co-operation given by all parties who have contributed towards the preparation of this report. All suggestions towards improving future report are highly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN Chief Statistician, Malaysia June 2013
ii
KANDUNGAN CONTENTS Muka surat Page i
KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE
1
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
JADUAL TABLES
1.
Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
9
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
2.
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
10
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
3.
Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
11
Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
4.
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
12
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
5.
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012 iii
13
6.
Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
15
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
7.
Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
16
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
8.
Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
17
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
9.
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
NOTA TEKNIKAL
18
19
TECHNICAL NOTES
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
41
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
iv
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. PENDAHULUAN INTRODUCTION
Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan guna
sektor
informal
report
presents
statistics
of
yang
employed persons in the informal sector
diperoleh daripada Penyiasatan Guna
based on information collected from the
Tenaga Sektor Informal 2012. Penyiasatan
Informal Sector Work Force Survey, 2012.
ini telah dijalankan secara bersepadu
This survey has been carried out in
dengan Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang
integration with the Labour Force Survey,
meliputi kawasan bandar dan luar bandar
encompassing both urban and rural
bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.
areas for all the states in Malaysia.
Secara
tenaga
This
bekerja
In general, employed persons in the
dalam sektor informal ditakrifkan sebagai
informal sector is defined as working
penduduk bekerja didalam pertubuhan
population in an establishment that have
yang mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut:
the following criteria:
umumnya
pertubuhan
penduduk
yang
tidak
berdaftar
The establishment is not registered
dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia
with the Companies Commission of
(SSM)
Malaysia
atau
mana-mana
badan
(CCM)
or
any
other
professional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa
professional bodies, including the
Tempatan(PBT);
Local Authority (LA);
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
all or at least one goods or services
barangan atau perkhidmatan yang
produced are meant for sale or barter
dikeluarkan oleh pertubuhan tersebut
transactions; and
adalah untuk jualan atau transaksi barter; dan
saiz pertubuhan kurang daripada 10
the size in term of employment is less
orang dan tidak berdaftar dibawah
than 10 persons and not registered
perundangan yang ditetapkan.
under specific form of national legislation.
1
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2. GUNA TENAGA DALAM SEKTOR INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMAL SEKTOR
Pada 2012, bilangan guna tenaga di
In 2012, the number of employed persons
Malaysia adalah seramai 12.7 juta orang.
in Malaysia was 12.7 million persons. Of
Daripada jumlah tersebut, seramai 10.9
these, a total of 10.9 million persons
juta orang (85.8%) bekerja dalam sektor
(85.8%) were working in non agriculture
bukan pertanian.
sector.
Bilangan guna tenaga dalam sektor informal
pula
hanya
The number of employed persons in the
mencatatkan
informal sector recorded 1.0 million
bilangan seramai 1.0 juta orang (8.2%)
persons (8.2%) of the total employed in
daripada jumlah bekerja pada 2012.
2012.
Carta 1: Kerangka kerja guna tenaga sektor informal Chart 1: The informal sector work force framework (‘000) PENDUDUK UMUR BEKERJA WORKING AGE POPULATION
TENAGA BURUH LABOUR FORCE
BEKERJA EMPLOYED 12,723.2
SEKTOR BUKAN PERTANIAN NON-AGRICULTURE SECTOR 10,926.9
SEKTOR INFORMAL INFORMAL SECTOR 1,044.0
SEKTOR PERTANIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR
SEKTOR KERAJAAN GOVERNMENT SECTOR
AKTIVITI ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI MAJIKAN ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLD AS EMPLOYERS
SEKTOR FORMAL FORMAL SECTOR
2
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2.1 Strata Dan Jantina Stratum And Sex
Majoriti guna tenaga dalam sektor
The majority of the employed persons in
informal di Malaysia berada di kawasan
the informal sector in Malaysia were
bandar iaitu 656,800 orang (62.9%).
found in the urban areas i.e. 656,800 persons (62.9%).
Carta 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
382.0
Lelaki/Male
234.7
Bandar/Urban Luar Bandar/Rural
274.8
Perempuan/Female
152.4 (‘000) 0.0
100.0
200.0
Daripada jumlah tersebut bilangan guna
300.0
400.0
500.0
From that total, the number of male is
tenaga lelaki adalah seramai 382,000
382,000 persons i.e. 58.2 per cent of the
orang
daripada
employed persons in the informal sector
penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal
in the urban. Female recorded 274,800
di bandar. Guna tenaga perempuan
persons (41.8%).
iaitu
58.2
peratus
adalah seramai 274,800 orang (41.8%). 2.2 Negeri State
Taburan guna tenaga di dalam sektor
The distribution of employed persons in
informal mengikut negeri menunjukkan
the informal sector by state indicates
Selangor
14.2
that Selangor led by 14.2 per cent,
peratus diikuti oleh Sabah 12.4 peratus.
followed by Sabah at 12.4 per cent.
Manakala negeri terendah dicatatkan
Mean while W.P. Putrajaya recorded the
oleh W.P. Putrajaya iaitu 0.1 peratus.
lowest percentage at 0.1 percent.
mendahului
dengan
3
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Carta 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by state, Malaysia, 2012
(%) 16.0
14.2
14.0
12.4
12.0
10.1 9.6
10.0
9.2
9.2 7.0
8.0
6.7
6.0
5.4
6.0
3.5
4.0
2.7
2.7 0.9
2.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
2.3 Taraf Pekerjaan Status In Employment
bekerja
sendiri
Own account workers recorded two-
pertiga
daripada
thirds of the total informal sector at 67.3
jumlah keseluruhan sektor informal iaitu
per cent whilst the employees recorded
sebanyak 67.3 peratus. Golongan pekerja
the second highest i.e. 23.7 per cent.
Golongan mencatatkan
pula
yang dua
merekodkan
peratusan
kedua
tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 23.7 peratus. Carta 4: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 4: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment, Malaysia, 2012
6.7%
2.3% 23.7%
Majikan Employer
Pekerja Employee
67.3%
Bekerja sendiri Own account worker
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji Unpaid family worker
4
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji dan majikan
Unpaid family worker and employer
hanya mencatatkan masing-masing 6.7
recorded 6.7 per cent and 2.3 per cent
peratus dan 2.3 peratus.
respectively.
2.4 Industri Industry
Taburan
peratus
menunjukkan menjadi
mengikut
industri
Percentage
industri
Pembinaan
penyumbang
by
industry
shows Construction industry is the main
guna
contributor of employed persons in the
tenaga sektor informal iaitu sebanyak
informal sector at 25.0 per cent,
25.0
followed by wholesale and retail trade,
peratus
diikuti
utama
distribution
oleh
Industri
Perdagangan jual borong dan runcit,
repair
pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal
(18.7%)
dan
of
motor
vehicles
and
motorcycles (18.7%) and Manufacturing
Pembuatan
(15.5%).
(15.5%).
Carta 5: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 5: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
(%) 30.0
25.1
25.0 18.7
20.0
15.5 12.9
15.0
10.2
10.0
5.2
5.0
3.8
2.9
1.6
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
P
M
E
K
J
L
R
0.0 F
G
C
I
Q
N
H
S
Nota/Note: Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 32 Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification 2008 as described on page 32
2.5 Pekerjaan Occupation
Dalam konteks pekerjaan, dua kategori pekerjaan
dalam
sektor
In the context of occupation, two
informal
categories of occupation recorded more
merekodkan peratusan melebihi 35.0
than 35.0 per cent of workers in the
peratus iaitu Pekerja kemahiran dan
informal sector,
pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
related trades workers (36.3%) and
(36.3%) dan Pekerja perkhidmatan dan
Service and sales workers (35.6%).
namely
Craft
and
jualan (35.6%). 5
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
pula
Elementary occupations recorded the
mencatatkan peratusan ketiga tertinggi
third highest percentage of 14.4 percent.
Manakala
Pekerjaan
asas
iaitu sebanyak 14.4 peratus. Carta 6: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 6: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan 8
36.3
Craft and related trades workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 7
35.6
Service and sales workers
Pekerjaan asas
6
14.4
Elementary occupations
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
5 Plant and machine operators and assemblers
5.5
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
4 Technicians and associate professionals
4.0
Profesional
3
2.2
Professionals
Pengurus 2
1.6
Managers
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 1
0.5
Clerical support workers
(%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
2.6 Kumpulan Umur Age Group
merupakan
The 40s age group recorded the highest
bilangan tertinggi yang terlibat di dalam
number in the informal sector activities.
aktiviti sektor informal. Kumpulan umur
The 40-44 age group recorded 132,400
40–44 mencatatkan bilangan seramai
persons and the 45–49 age group,
132,400 orang dan kumpulan umur
142,800 persons. The size of the informal
45–49,
sector started to decline at the age of
Golongan
informal
umur
142,800
40-an
orang.
mulai
Saiz
sektor
mengucup
pada
50–54 years.
kumpulan umur 50–54 tahun. Carta 7: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 7: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group, Malaysia, 2012 (‘000) 150.0
110.0
119.8
122.1
134.0
132.4
142.8
112.4 82.8
100.0 50.0
52.2
35.5
0.0 15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
Kumpulan umur Age group
6
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
terendah
On the other hand, the 15–19 age group
dicatatkan oleh kumpulan umur 15–19
recorded the lowest number of employed
tahun (35,500 orang). Penyertaan yang
persons in the informal sector (35,500
rendah juga dicatitkan oleh kumpulan
persons). Low participation was also
umur 60-an.
recorded for the 60s age group.
Sebaliknya
kumpulan
2.7 Warganegara Dan Kumpulan Etnik Citizenship And Ethnic Group
Guna tenaga warganegara Malaysia dalam
sektor
informal
pada
Malaysian citizens employed persons in
2012
the informal sector are estimated at 87.5
dianggarkan 87.5 peratus. Manakala,
per cent in 2012 whilst non-citizens
bukan warganegara hanya mencatatkan
registering only 12.5 per cent.
12.5 peratus . Jadual 1: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Table 1: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
Kumpulan etnik
(%)
Ethnic group
Jumlah/Total
100.0
Warganegara Malaysia/Malaysian citizens
87.5
Bumiputera Melayu/Malay Bumiputera lain/Other Bumiputera Cina/Chinese
62.3 52.4 9.9 20.2
India/Indians Lain-lain/Others Bukan warganegara Malaysia/Non-Malaysian citizens
4.7 0.3 12.5
Dari perspektif komposisi etnik, 52.4
From the ethnic composition perspective,
peratus terdiri daripada etnik Melayu
the Malays were 52.4 per cent followed
diikuti oleh etnik Cina (20.2%) dan India
by the Chinese (20.2%) and the Indians
(4.7%) .
(4.7%).
7
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2.8 Pencapaian Pendidikan Educational Attainment
jumlah
More than half of the total employed
penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal
persons in the informal sector consisted
terdiri
yang
of those with secondary education where
berpendidikan menengah iaitu seramai
629,700 persons were involved. This was
629,700 orang. Ini diikuti oleh mereka
followed
yang berpendidikan rendah (271,100
education (271,100 persons), tertiary
orang), tertiari (89,900 orang), dan tiada
education (89,900 persons), and no
pendidikan rasmi (53,300 orang).
formal education (53,300 persons).
Lebih
separuh
daripada
daripada
mereka
by
those
with
primary
Carta 8: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 8: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2012 (‘000) 800.0
629.7
600.0 400.0 200.0
271.1 89.9
53.3
0.0 Tiada pendidikan rasmi
Rendah
Menengah
Tertiari
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
No formal education
8
JADUAL TABLES
Jadual 1: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 1: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Total
Strata Stratum
Jumlah Total
(‘000) (%)
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,044.0 100.0
616.7 100.0
427.3 100.0
Bandar Urban
656.8 62.9
382.0 61.9
274.8 64.3
Luar bandar Rural
387.2 37.1
234.7 38.1
152.4 35.7
9
Jadual 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Total
Kumpulan umur Age group
Jumlah Total
(‘000)
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,044.0
616.7
427.3
15—19
35.5
27.4
8.0
20—24
110.0
77.9
32.2
25—29
119.8
77.3
42.5
30—34
122.1
73.2
48.9
35—39
134.0
80.2
53.7
40—44
132.4
71.4
61.1
45—49
142.8
74.9
67.9
50—54
112.4
61.3
51.1
55—59
82.8
45.0
37.8
60—64
52.2
28.2
24.0
10
Jadual 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
84.8
91.4
62.3
57.7
69.0
52.4
48.1
58.7
9.9
9.6
10.3
Cina Chinese
20.2
21.8
18.0
India Indians
4.7
5.0
4.1
Lain-lain Others
0.3
0.3
0.3
12.5
15.2
8.6
Jumlah Total Warganegara Malaysia Malaysian citizens Bumiputera Melayu Malay Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
Bukan warganegara Malaysia Non-Malaysian citizens
(%)
11
Jadual 4: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 4: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan Occupation
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
16.4
12.5
3.9
Profesional Professionals
22.9
11.3
11.5
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals
42.0
29.5
12.5
5.2
2.3
2.8
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
371.6
131.5
240.1
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan dan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
378.7
263.4
115.3
57.0
50.8
6.2
150.2
115.2
34.9
Pengurus Managers
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
(‘000)
Nota/Note :
12
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan (ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal. The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys
Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
161.7
43.6
118.1
8.0
7.1
0.9
Pembinaan Construction
261.3
257.9
3.4
Perdagangan borong runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
195.5
133.3
62.2
39.4
36.4
3.0
134.6
52.9
81.8
4.7
3.2
1.5
Industri Industry
Pembuatan Manufacturing Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Transportation and storage Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Accommodation and food service activities Maklumat dan komunikasi Information and communication
(‘000)
Nota/Note :
13
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan (ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal. The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys
Perempuan Female
Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.) Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)
Industri Industry
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Jumlah Total
(‘000)
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
7.9
4.8
3.1
5.7
4.4
1.3
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Professional, scientific and technical activities
11.9
6.7
5.2
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Administrative and support service activities
53.4
32.8
20.7
Pendidikan Education
17.0
7.0
10.0
106.0
3.3
102.7
5.1
4.0
1.1
30.5
18.4
12.1
Aktiviti hartanah Real estate activities
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Human health and social work activities Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Arts, entertainment and recreation Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Other service activities
14
Jadual 6: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 6: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Taraf Pekerjaan Status in employment
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,044.0 100.0
616.7 100.0
427.3 100.0
Majikan Employer
23.6 2.3
19.3 3.1
4.3 1.0
Pekerja Employee
247.5 23.7
203.8 33.0
43.7 10.2
Bekerja sendiri Own account worker
702.8 67.3
366.4 59.4
336.4 78.7
70.2 6.7
27.2 4.4
42.9 10.0
Jumlah Total
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji Unpaid family worker
(‘000) (%)
15
Jadual 7: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 7: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pencapaian pendidikan Educational attainment
Jumlah Total
Jumlah Total
(‘000) (%)
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,044.0 100.0
616.7 100.0
427.3 100.0
53.3 5.1
26.4 4.3
26.9 6.3
Rendah Primary
271.1 26.0
160.0 26.0
111.1 26.0
Menengah Secondary
629.7 60.3
381.4 61.9
248.3 58.1
89.9 8.6
48.8 7.9
41.1 9.6
Tiada pendidikan rasmi No formal education
Tertiari Tertiary 16
Jadual 8: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 8: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Highest certificate obtained
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,144.0 100.0
616.7 100.0
427.3 100.0
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
198.4 17.3
129.4 21.0
69.1 16.2
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
207.5 18.1
129.7 21.0
77.8 18.2
SPM atau yang setaraf SPM or equivalent
356.9 31.2
203.3 33.0
153.7 36.0
STPM atau yang setaraf STPM or equivalent
26.0 2.3
13.7 2.2
12.3 2.9
Sijil * Certificate
15.7 1.4
10.0 1.6
5.7 1.3
Diploma
25.3 2.2
12.9 2.1
12.4 2.9
Ijazah Degree
20.3 1.8
10.8 1.8
9.5 2.2
140.6 12.3
80.7 13.1
59.9 14.0
53.3 4.7
26.4 4.3
26.9 6.3
Jumlah Total
Tiada sijil No certificate Tidak berkenaan Not applicable
(‘000) (%)
Nota/Note:
17
*Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan adalah tidak kurang dari enam bulan *Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education. Duration of certification should not be less than six months
Jadual 9: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 9: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Negeri State
Jumlah Total
Jumlah Total
(‘000)
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
1,044.0
616.7
427.3
Johor
70.2
40.5
29.7
Kedah
95.9
52.5
43.3
Kelantan
105.9
72.3
33.6
Melaka
28.3
14.6
13.7
Negeri Sembilan
28.1
14.9
13.2
Pahang
36.3
17.1
19.2
Perak
96.5
55.1
41.4
Perlis
9.9
5.7
4.2
73.5
39.3
34.2
Sabah
129.9
86.6
43.3
Sarawak
100.0
54.2
45.8
Selangor
148.4
91.8
56.6
Terengganu
62.2
42.1
20.1
WP Kuala Lumpur
56.7
28.6
28.0
WP Labuan
1.8
1.0
0.7
WP Putrajaya
0.6
0.3
0.3
Pulau Pinang
18
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
1.
PENGENALAN
1.1
Selaras
1.
dengan
untuk
1.1 In line with the aim to strengthen the
mengukuhkan sistem dan kaedah
system and method of estimation of
anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which
Kasar (KDNK) yang meliputi semua
covers all activities, a lot of efforts
aktiviti, maka usaha giat dilaksanakan
have been done at the international
di
level to ensure that the contribution of
peringkat
hasrat
INTRODUCTION
antarabangsa
bagi
memastikan sumbangan aktiviti non-
non-observed
activities
could
be
observed dapat diukur dan seterusnya
measured and further to be taken in
diambil kira dalam anggaran KDNK
estimating the GDP of the country.
sesebuah negara. Konsep guna tenaga dalam sektor
The concept of employed persons in
informal adalah berdasarkan kepada
the informal sector is based on the
pendekatan yang diterima pakai oleh
approach
15th
of
International Conference of Labour
Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) 1993
Statisticians (15th ICLS) in 1993 and
dan dirujuk oleh System of National
was revised by the System of National
Accounts (SNA 1993). Pendekatan
Accounts (SNA 1993). The same
tersebut juga diterima pakai oleh
concept and approach are also used
Expert Group on Informal Statistics
by the Expert Group on Informal
(United Nations), ringkasnya Delhi
Statistics (United Nations), a.k.a. Delhi
Group.
Group.
1.2 Delhi
International
Group
Conference
by
the
15th
organisasi
1.2 The Delhi Group is an international
antarabangsa yang ditubuhkan pada
organization setup in 1997 where
tahun 1997 di mana pakar-pakar
experts exchange experience in the
bertukar
measurement
pengukuran
adalah
used
pandangan ekonomi
berkenaan informal,
economy,
mendokumenkan pengumpulan data,
collection
termasuk definisi dan metodologi
definition
of
the
document practices, and
informal the
data
including
methodologies, 19
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
serta
mencadangkan
pengukuran
recommend
measurement
untuk
meningkatkan
kualiti
improving
the
quality
and
of
informal
sector
perbandingan
1.3
perangkaan
dan sektor
comparability
for
informal. Malaysia juga merupakan
statistics. Malaysia is also a member
ahli di dalam kumpulan tersebut.
of this Group.
Komponen bagi aktiviti non-observed
1.3 Components
for
non-observed
include
underground
adalah aktiviti underground, aktiviti
activities
tidak sah (illegal), aktiviti informal dan
activities, illegal activities, informal
aktiviti yang dijalankan bagi kegunaan
activities and activities for household
isi
rumah
sendiri.
Anggaran
own consumption. The estimated
sektor ini
khususnya
contribution of this sector, particularly
informal adalah berdasarkan
the informal sector is based on the
sumbangan sektor
1
concept of mixed income1.
konsep mixed income . Oleh
itu
pengutipan
maklumat
Detailed
estimation of
to
the
melalui penyiasatan yang lebih khusus
contribution
non-observed
perlu bagi menganggar sumbangan
economy requires specific collection
non-observed economy yang lebih
through its own survey.
spesifik dan terperinci. 1.4
Sehubungan itu, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
telah
1.4 Accordingly,
membangunkan
developed
Department
instruments and
has
tested
instrumen Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga
the Informal Sector Work Force Survey
Sektor Informal dan mengujinya pada
in
Oktober 2004 di Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Kelantan and Kuching, Sarawak. A
dan Kuching, Sarawak. Seterusnya,
pilot study that covers all the states
kajian rintis yang meliputi semua
was implemented in August until
negeri telah dilaksanakan pada Ogos
October
hingga Oktober 2006 di mana soal
questionnaires have been attached to
selidik kajian telah disisipkan dalam
the Labour Force Survey (LFS). In 2009,
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh (PTB).
the Informal Sector Work Force
Pada tahun 2009, kajian Penyiasatan 1
the
Mixed income merujuk kepada pendapatan pemilik unincorporated enterprise
October
2004 in
2006
in
Kota
Bharu,
which
the
Survey was tested and conducted in 1
Mixed income refers to the owners of unincorporated enterprise income
20
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal telah
an integrated manner with the LFS for
dijalankan secara bersepadu dengan
three months i.e. August, September
PTB
and October. Since 2010 the survey
selama
tiga bulan iaitu pada
Ogos, September dan Oktober. Mulai
was
conducted
2010, ianya telah dijalankan pada
December.
from
July
until
bulan Julai hingga Disember. Maklumat
demografi,
Information on demographic and
seperti
socioeconomic characteristics such as
kewarganegaraan, taraf pendidikan,
citizenship, educational attainment,
pekerjaan dan industri adalah dipetik
occupation and industry are extracted
daripada Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh.
from the Labour Force Survey. The
Soal selidik mengenai sektor informal
informal
pula mengandungi soalan-soalan yang
contained questions that screened the
menapis sektor informal daripada
informal sector from the formal
sektor formal.
sector.
sosial
1.5
berkenaan
dan
ekonomi
sector
questionnaire
Guna tenaga dalam sektor informal
1.5 Employed persons in the informal
merangkumi semua pekerjaan di
sector includes all occupation in the
sektor
bekerja
informal sector or worked at least in
satu
the informal sector establishment in
pertubuhan sektor informal pada
the reference period, irrespective of
tempoh rujukan, tanpa mengambil
their status in employment and
kira status pekerjaan sama ada ianya
whether
pekerjaan
secondary job. However, the survey
informal
atau
sekurang-kurangnya
utama
di
atau
sampingan. Walau
pekerjaan
bagaimanapun,
It
was
their
main
or
only covers the main occupation.
penyiasatan ini hanya mengambil kira pekerjaan utama.
(i)
Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal
Criteria for
adalah seperti berikut:
enterprise are as follows:
pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia
(i)
the informal sector
the enterprise is not registered with the
Companies
Commission
of
21
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
(SSM)
(ii)
atau
mana-mana
badan
Malaysia
(CCM)
or
any
other
profesional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa
professional bodies, including the
Tempatan (PBT);
Local Authority (LA);
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
(ii)
all or at least one goods or services
barangan atau perkhidmatan yang
produced are meant for sale or barter
dikeluarkan adalah untuk jualan atau
transactions; and
transaksi barter; dan (iii)
saiz pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang dan
tidak
berdaftar
di
bawah
perundangan yang ditetapkan.
(iii) the size in term of employment is less than 10 person and not registered under
specific
form
of
national
legislation. Cut-off 10 pekerja dibuat berdasarkan
The 10 employee’s cut-off is based on
Akta Pembangunan Sumber Manusia,
Human Resources Development Act,
2001 yang memberikan kebenaran
2001
kepada majikan yang mempunyai
employers
with
pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang
employees
for
selama
berturut-turut
months to cancel its registration with
untuk membatalkan pendaftarannya
the corporation and exempt from the
dengan perbadanan dan dikecualikan
levy imposed.
tiga
bulan
which
granted
leave
to
than
10
fewer three
consecutive
daripada dikenakan levi. Bagi
kebanyakan
aktiviti
Most countries exclude agriculture
pertanian tidak termasuk dalam skop
and related activities from the scope
sektor
informal.
negara, The
15
th
ICLS
of informal sector. The 15th ICLS
menyarankan supaya mereka yang
provided
terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan
agricultural and related activities (ISIC
yang berkaitan (ISIC Rev. 4 category
Rev.
A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing)
forestry and fishing) from the scope of
dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor
informal
informal
measure them separately.
berasingan.
dan
diukur
secara
4
In the
the
option
category sector
A:
to
exclude
Agriculture,
surveys
and
developing countries
to like
22
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
Di
negara
membangun
seperti
Malaysia the agricultural activities,
Malaysia, kegiatan pertanian adalah
are widely operated and mostly are
sangat meluas dan kebanyakannya
run
dijalankan
tidak
unincorporated enterprises operating
berdaftar dan beroperasi secara kecil-
on a small scale basis. The inclusion of
kecilan. Dengan memasukkan aktiviti
such activities in the informal sector
pertanian ke dalam sektor informal, ia
would
akan membebankan operasi kutipan
collection. On this note, it is preferable
data. Oleh yang demikian, ia sesuai
to be canvassed in the agricultural
diliputi
census or surveys.
oleh
dalam
isi
rumah
banci/penyisatan
by
unregistered
be
household
burdensome
in
data
pertanian. 2.
OBJEKTIF PENYIASATAN
2.
SURVEY OBJECTIVE
Objektif penyiasatan ialah:
The objective of the survey is to:
Mendapatkan profil guna tenaga di
To
collect
the
profiles
of
sektor informal berdasarkan ciri-ciri
employment in the informal sector
demografi, sosial dan ekonomi;
based on demographic, social and economic characteristics;
Mendapatkan
guna
To obtain estimates of informal
tenaga informal di Malaysia yang
employment in Malaysia, which is
merupakan
input
bagi
the main input to measure the
mengukur
sumbangan
sektor
contribution of informal sector to
informal kepada KDNK melalui
GDP through the Labour Input
Labour Input Method.
Method.
anggaran utama
3.
LIPUTAN
3.
3.1
Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
3.1 Informal Sector Work Force Survey which is a module of Labour Force
Informal yang merupakan salah satu
COVERAGE
modul Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh
Survey
covers
the
same
survey
meliputi populasi penyiasatan yang
population for both urban and rural
sama di kedua-dua kawasan bandar
area for all states in Malaysia.
dan luar bandar bagi semua negeri di
23
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
Malaysia. 3.2
Definasi
populasi
penyiasatan
3.2 The survey population is defined to
meliputi penduduk yang tinggal di
cover persons who live in private living
tempat kediaman persendirian di
quarters in Malaysia and hence
Malaysia dan tidak termasuk mereka
exclude persons residing in institutions
yang tinggal di tempat kediaman
such
institusi
hostels, hospitals, old folk’s homes,
seperti
hotel,
rumah
tumpangan, asrama, hospital, rumah
as
hotels,
lodging
houses,
military barracks, and prisons.
orang tua, berek tentera dan penjara. 3.3
Maklumat
penyiasatan
ini
hanya
3.3 Information for
this
survey only
meliputi ahli isi rumah biasa yang
covers usual household members who
memenuhi ciri-ciri berikut:
meet the following criteria:
berumur 15 tahun dan lebih;
Aged 15 and over;
bekerja dalam semua sektor
working in
kecuali
sektor
pemburuan,
sectors
agriculture, hunting,
pertanian,
perhutanan
all
except forestry
and fisheries, and
dan
perikanan; dan 3.4
BUKAN pekerja kerajaan.
NON government employees.
Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Guna
3.4 For the purpose of analysis, Informal
Tenaga Sektor Informal mengambil
Sector Work Force Survey takes into
kira umur
account
bekerja 15 hingga 64
the
working age of 15
tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan konsep
to 64 years. This is consistent with the
Penyiasatan
yang
concept of using the Labour Force
umur
Survey to measure the age group
tersebut dalam mengukur penduduk
of the economically active population.
menggunakan
Tenaga
Buruh
kumpulan
yang aktif dalam ekonomi.
24
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
4.
KAEDAH PENGUMPULAN DATA
4.
4.1
Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
4.1 The Informal Sector Work Force
Informal merupakan salah satu modul
Survey is one of the modules of the
Penyiasatan
Buruh
Labour Force Survey using face to face
menggunakan kaedah temu ramah
interview. During the survey period,
bersemuka dengan responden. Ketika
trained
tempoh penyiasatan, penemu ramah
households in selected living quarters
terlatih melawat tempat kediaman
to
terpilih
demographic particulars.
Tenaga
untuk
mengumpulkan
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
interviewer will
gather
information
visit including
maklumat ahli isi rumah termasuk butiran demografi. 4.2
Dari segi operasi, soalan penyiasatan guna
tenaga
sektor
4.2 In terms of operations, informal sector
informal
work force survey questions were
ditanyakan kepada ahli isi rumah
asked to household members aged 15
berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang
and over who worked in the non
bekerja dalam sektor bukan pertanian
agricultural
dan taraf pekerjaannya bukan pekerja
government employee.
sector
and
non-
kerajaan. 4.3
Semakan kerja luar dibuat bagi
4.3 Field checks are undertaken to identify
mengesan maklumat yang tertinggal
and correct any errors or omissions at
serta
the
membetulkan
kesalahan
semasa
sebarang penyiasatan
time
when
the
survey
is
conducted.
dijalankan. 5.
TEMPOH RUJUKAN
5.
REFERENCE PERIOD
Tempoh rujukan penyiasatan adalah
The Survey reference period refers to
merujuk kepada tujuh hari sebelum
seven
tarikh permulaan temu ramah iaitu
commencement
1−7hb, 8−14hb dan 15−21hb bagi bulan Julai hingga Disember.
st
th
days th
th
preceding date
the
which th
1 −7 , 8 −14 and 15 -21
st
are
for the
month of July until December.
25
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
6.
KONSEP DAN DEFINISI
6.
6.1
Sektor informal
6.1 Informal sector
6.2
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal
Criteria
merangkumi pertubuhan yang tidak
establishment includes establishment
berdaftar dengan SSM dan badan-
not registered
badan profesional, saiz pertubuhan
professional bodies, the size of the
kurang daripada 10 orang pekerja dan
establishment is less than 10 workers
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
and all or at least one
barangan atau perkhidmatan adalah
services produced are meant for sale
untuk jualan atau transaksi barter.
or barter transactions.
Kumpulan etnik
of
informal
sector
with CCM and
goods or
6.2 Ethnic groups
Kumpulan
etnik
dikategorikan
kalangan
warganegara
setelah
mengasingkan
di
The ethnic group is categorized within
Malaysia
Malaysia citizens after separating
bukan
warganegara Malaysia. Pengelasan
those
who
are
non-citizens. The
classification is as follows:
adalah seperti berikut: Warganegara Bumiputera Melayu Bumiputera lain Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia 6.3
Malaysian citizens Bumiputera Malay Other Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens
Pencapaian pendidikan
6.3 Educational attainment
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi
Refers to the highest level which a
seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau
person has completed schooling or is
sedang mengikuti persekolahan di
currently attending, in a public or
institusi
private educational institution that
pendidikan
awam
atau
swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan
provides
rasmi.
categorised as follows:
Ia
dikategorikan
seperti
formal
education.
It
is
berikut:
26
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
(i)
(ii)
Tiada pendidikan rasmi
(i)
No formal education
Merujuk kepada mereka yang tidak
Refers to person who never attended
pernah
school in any of the educational
menghadiri
mana-mana
institusi pendidikan yang memberi
institutions
pendidikan rasmi.
education.
Rendah
(ii)
that
provides
formal
Primary
Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
Refers to those whose highest level of
mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di
education attained is from Standard 1
peringkat Tahun 1 hingga 6 atau yang
to 6 or equivalent.
setaraf. (iii)
Menengah
(iii) Secondary
Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
Refers to those whose highest level of
mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di
education attained is from Form 1
peringkat Tingkatan 1 (termasuk kelas
(including remove class) to Form 5,
peralihan)
5,
General Certificate of Education 'O'
General Certificate of Education ‘O’
Level or equivalent. Includes basic skill
Level atau yang setaraf. Termasuk
programmes in specific trades and
program kemahiran asas di institusi
technical skills institutions whereby
latihan
the training period is at least six
hingga
kemahiran
Tingkatan
khusus
dan
teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian adalah
sekurang-kurangnya
months e.g. GIATMARA.
enam
bulan seperti GIATMARA. (iv)
(iv) Tertiary
Tertiari Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
Refers to those whose highest level of
mencapai
education is above Form 5.
pendidikan
tertinggi
selepas Tingkatan 5.
27
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
6.4
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Merujuk
tertinggi
Refers to the highest certificate
diperoleh dari institusi pendidikan
obtained from the public or private
awam atau swasta yang menyediakan
educational institution that provides
pendidikan
2008,
formal education. Starting from 2008,
diperoleh
classification of highest certificate
klasifikasi
(i)
kepada
6.4 Highest certificate obtained
sijil
rasmi. sijil
Mulai
tertinggi
adalah mengikut konsep International
obtained
Standard Classification of Education
International Standard Classification
(ISCED).
of Education (ISCED).
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf Merujuk
kepada
Ujian
Sekolah
Rendah/Ujian
(i)
is
according
to
the
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
Penilaian
Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Penilaian
Rendah/Ujian
Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang
Penilaian
Sekolah
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
setaraf. (ii)
(iii)
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf
(ii)
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Penilaian Menengah
Refers
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower
Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah
Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah
Agama atau yang setaraf.
Agama or equivalent.
SPM atau yang setaraf Merujuk
kepada
to
Penilaian
Menengah
(iii) SPM of equivalent
Sijil
Pelajaran
Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or
Malaysia atau yang setaraf (Senior
equivalent
Cambridge
Certificate,
Certificate,
General
(Senior
Cambridge
General Certificate
of
Certificate of Education ‘O’ Level dan
Education ‘O’ Level and Malaysia
Sijil Pelajaran Vokasional Malaysia).
Certificate of Vokasional Education).
Termasuk sijil kemahiran asas yang
Includes basic skill certificate obtained
diperoleh
latihan
from specific trades and technical
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal yang
skills institutions whereby the training
mana
period is at least six months e.g.
dari
tempoh
institusi pengajian
sekurang-kurangnya
enam
adalah bulan
GIATMARA certificate.
seperti sijil GIATMARA. 28
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
(iv)
STPM atau yang setaraf Merujuk
Tinggi
Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan
Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher School
Malaysia, Higher School Certificate or
Certificate,
equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama and
setaraf
kepada
(iv) STPM or equivalent
atau
(Sijil
Sijil kelulusan
Tinggi
Agama
yang dan
General
General Certificate of Education ‘A’
Certificate
Education
‘A’
Level).
Level). (v)
(vi)
Sijil
(v)
Certificate
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi
Refers to certificate obtained from
dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-
college,
institusi
institutions
lain
yang
menawarkan
polytechnic which
or
other
offers
formal
pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan
education. Duration of certification
adalah tidak kurang dari enam bulan.
should not be less than six months.
Diploma
(vi) Diploma
Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil
Refers to diploma or equivalent
setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh
certificate obtained after category (iii),
selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v) dari
(iv) or (v) from university, college or
universiti,
polytechnic
kolej,
maktab
atau
politeknik sebelum peringkat ijazah. (vii) Ijazah
prior
to
a
degree
qualification. (vii) Degree
Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah Sarjana
Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters or
Muda, Sarjana atau Doktor Falsafah)
PhD) obtained from public or private
yang diperoleh dari institusi pengajian
higher institution or equivalent.
tinggi awam atau swasta atau yang setaraf. (viii) Tiada Sijil
(viii) No certificate
Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih
Refers to those persons who are
di bangku sekolah atau telah tamat
currently attending school or who
persekolahan
have completed schooling without
sebarang sijil.
tanpa
memperolehi
receiving any certificate.
29
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
(ix)
6.5
Tidak berkenaan
Not applicable
Merujuk kepada mereka yang tiada
Refers to those persons who have no
pendidikan rasmi.
formal education
Taraf pekerjaan Taraf
pekerjaan
kepada
(i)
(ix)
6.5 Status in employment adalah
kedudukan
merujuk taraf
position or status of an employed
seseorang yang bekerja di dalam
person within the establishment or
pertubuhan atau organisasi di mana
organisation
beliau
worked.
bekerja.
atau
Status in employment refers to the
Penduduk
yang
for
which
Employed
he/she
persons
are
bekerja dikelaskan mengikut taraf
classified according to the following
guna tenaga seperti berikut:
employment status:
Majikan
(i)
Employer
Seorang yang menjalankan sesuatu
A person who operates a business, a
perniagaan, perusahaan ladang atau
plantation or other trade and employs
perniagaan lain dan menggaji seorang
one or more workers to help him.
pekerja
atau
lebih
untuk
menolongnya. (ii)
Pekerja
(ii)
Employee
Seorang yang bekerja untuk majikan
A person who works for private
bukan kerajaan atau persendirian dan
employer
menerima ganjaran tetap seperti
remuneration
upah, gaji, komisen, tip atau upahan
commission, tips or payment in kind.
and
receives in
wages,
regular salary,
yang berbentuk mata benda. (iii)
(iv)
Bekerja sendiri
(iii) Own account worker
Seorang yang mengerjakan ladang,
A person who operates his own farm,
perniagaan atau perusahaan sendiri
business or trade without employing
tanpa menggaji pekerja di ladang,
any paid workers in the conduct of his
perniagaan atau perusahaan.
farm, trade or business.
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji Seorang
yang
bekerja
(iv) Unpaid family worker tanpa
A person who work without pay or
30
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
menerima sebarang bayaran atau
wages on a farm, business or trade
upah di ladang, perniagaan atau
operated by another member of the
perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh ahli
family.
keluarganya yang lain. 6.6
Pekerjaan
6.6 Occupation
Pekerjaan
dikelaskan
mengikut
Occupation is classified according to
klasifikasi
Piawaian
Pengelasan
Malaysia Standard Classification of
Pekerjaan Malaysia (MASCO) yang
Occupations (MASCO) based on the
berasaskan
International Standard Classification
kepada
International
Standard
Classification
Occupations
(ISCO).
pekerjaan
dikelaskan
of
of Occupations (ISCO). Occupation is
Pengelasan
classified according to the MASCO
mengikut
2008 based on ISCO-08.
MASCO 2008 yang berasaskan kepada ISCO-08. Bagi seseorang yang mempunyai lebih
For a person having more than one
daripada
hanya
job, only the job at which he worked
pekerjaan yang mengambil masa
for the longest number of hours
terbanyak semasa tempoh rujukan
during the reference week is treated
dianggap
pekerjaan
as his principal occupation. Should the
utamanya. Jika masa bekerja bagi
number of hours worked for each job
tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka
is the same, then the job with the
pekerjaan
highest
satu
pekerjaan,
sebagai
yang
menghasilkan
income
the
occupation.
pekerjaan utamanya. Dalam kes di
number of hours worked and the
mana bilangan jam bekerja dan
income earned from each job are the
pendapatannya adalah sama bagi
same, the job at which he was
setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan di mana
working for the longest period of time
dia
is
dianggap
bekerja sebagai
paling
lama
pekerjaan
considered
cases
principal
pendapatan yang tertinggi adalah
telah
In
is
as
where
the
the
principal
occupation.
utamanya.
31
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
6.7
Industri
6.7
Industry
Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada
Classification of industry refers to the
yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan
principal occupation. Starting from
utama.
industri
2010, industry is classified according
Piawaian
to the Malaysian Standard Industrial
Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)
Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on
2008
the International Standard Industrial
Mulai
dikelaskan
2010,
mengikut berasaskan
kepada
International
Standard
Industrial
Classification
Classification
of
Economic
Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. The
All
Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Kategori
of
All
Economic
category of industries are as follows:
industri adalah seperti berikut: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan/Agriculture, forestry and fishing Perlombongan dan pengkuarian/Mining and quarrying Pembuatan/Manufacturing Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan pendingin udara/Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Bekalan air; pembetungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan/ Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Pembinaan/Construction Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal/ Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan/Transportation and storage Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman/ Accommodation and food service activities Maklumat dan komunikasi/Information and communication Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful/Financial and insurance/takaful activities Aktiviti hartanah/Real estate activities Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal/Professional, scientific and technical activities Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan/Administrative and support services activities Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib/ Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Pendidikan/Education Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial/Human health and social work activities Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi/Arts, entertainment and recreation Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain/Other service activities
32
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
7.
RANGKA PENSAMPELAN
7.1
Rangka
7. bagi
7.1 The frame used for the Informal Sector
Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
Work Force Survey is from the
informal adalah daripada Rangka
National Household Sampling Frame
Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan
(NHSF) which
(RPIK) yang terdiri daripada Blok
Enumeration Block (EB) created for
Penghitungan (BP) yang diwujudkan
Population and Housing Census 2010.
untuk
dan
EBs are geographically contiguous
Perumahan 2010. BP ialah satu
areas of land that is created with
kawasan muka bumi yang diwujudkan
identifiable boundaries.
secara
pensampelan
SAMPLING FRAME
Banci
Penduduk
rekaan
dan
is
made
up
of
biasanya
mempunyai sempadan tertentu. Secara
puratanya,
BP
On average, each EBs contains about
mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat
80 to 120 living quarters. Generally,
kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP
all EBs are formed within the gazetted
dibentuk
lingkungan
boundaries i.e. within administrative
sempadan yang diwartakan iaitu di
district, mukim or local authority
dalam daerah pentadbiran, mukim
areas.
di
setiap
dalam
atau pihak berkuasa tempatan. 7.2
BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga
7.2 The EBs in the sampling frame is also
dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar
classified by urban and rural areas.
dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar
Urban areas are as defined in the
ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah
2010 Population and Housing Census.
digunakan bagi Banci Penduduk dan
Urban areas are gazetted areas with
Perumahan 2010. Kawasan bandar
their adjoining built-up areas which
ialah kawasan yang diwartakan serta
have a combine population of 10,000
kawasan
yang
or more at the time of the 2010
dan
Population and Housing Census. All
bersempadan
tepu
bina dengannya
gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini
other
mempunyai
seramai
population of less than 10,000 persons
10,000 orang atau lebih semasa Banci
and non-gazetted areas are classified
penduduk
gazetted
areas
with
a
33
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.
as rural.
Kawasan selainnya yang diwartakan dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta kawasan
yang
tidak
diwartakan,
dikelaskan sebagai luar bandar. Kawasan tepu bina ditakrifkan sebagai
Built-up areas are defined as areas
kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan
contiguous to a gazetted area and has
kawasan
dan
at least 60 per cent of their population
mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 60
(age 15 years and over) engaged in
peratus penduduk (berumur 15 tahun
non-agricultural activities.
yang
diwartakan
dan lebih) yang terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian. 7.3
Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata adalah seperti berikut: Strata Sratum
7.3 The
classification
of
areas
by
stratum is as follows: Bilangan penduduk Number of Population
(i) Metropolitan Metropolitan
75,000 dan lebih 75,000 and over
(ii) Bandar besar Urban large
10,000 hingga 74,999 10,000 to 74,999
(iii) Bandar kecil Urban small
1,000 hingga 9,999 1,000 to 9,999
(iv) Luar Bandar Rural
Kawasan selebihnya All other areas
34
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
7.4 Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan
7.4 For sampling purposes, the
above
yang luas seperti di atas adalah
broad classification is found adequate
memadai untuk semua negeri di
for all states in Malaysia. However,
Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi
due to problems of accessibility
Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan
for Sabah and Sarawak,
masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke
stratum has to be sub stratified based
kawasan
on the time taken to reach the area
pedalaman,
bandar
strata
dibahagikan
lebih
luar lanjut
the rural
from the nearest urban centre.
berdasarkan kepada jangka waktu yang diambil untuk sampai ke sesuatu tempat
dari
pusat
bandar
yang
terdekat. 7.5
Bagi
tujuan
bandar,
analisis
strata
bandar/luar
dicantum
7.5 For the purposes of urban/rural
seperti
analysis, the stratum are collapsed as
berikut:
follow:
Bandar = Metropolitan + Bandar
Urban
large
besar Luar
Rural = Bandar kecil + Luar
Bandar
= Urban small + Rural
Bandar
8.
REKA BENTUK PENSAMPELAN
8.
8.1
Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata
8.1 A
dua
= Metropolitan + Urban
peringkat
telah
digunakan.
Terdapat dua peringkat strata iaitu:
DESIGN OF SAMPLING stratified
multi-stage
design is adapted. There are two levels of stratification that is:
Strata utama:
Primary stratum:
Terdiri daripada negeri-negeri di Malaysia.
Made
up
of
the
states in
Malaysia.
Strata kedua:
Secondary stratum:
Terdiri daripada strata bandar
sampling
Made up of the urban and rural
dan luar bandar dan dibentuk
stratum and formed within the
di dalam strata utama.
primary stratum.
35
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
8.2
9.
Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi
8.2 Samples are
drawn
independently
setiap peringkat pada strata kedua.
within each level of the secondary
Unit pensampelan peringkat pertama
stratum. The first stage units of
ialah BP, sementara unit peringkat
sample selection are the EBs while the
kedua ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di
second stage units are the living
dalam
terpilih
quarters (LQs) within the EBs. All
meliputi kesemua isi rumah dan orang
household and person within the
yang tinggal di dalamnya. Di setiap
selected LQs are canvassed. At every
peringkat pemilihan, unit telah dipilih
stage of selection, the units are
secara
dengan
selected systematically with equal
kebarangkalian yang sama dalam
probability within each level of the
strata kedua.
secondary stratum.
BP
tersebut.
sistematik
TK
SAIZ SAMPEL
9.
SAMPLE SIZE
Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Guna
The sample size in the Informal Sector
Tenaga Sektor Informal adalah seperti
Work Force Survey are as follows:
berikut: Negeri
Bilangan BP terpilih
Bilangan TK terpilih
State
Numbers of selected
Numbers of selected
EBs
LQs
2012
2012
Johor
534
3,945
Kedah
438
3,231
Kelantan
498
3,948
Melaka
444
3,597
Negeri Sembilan
402
3,286
Pahang
498
3,698
Perak
540
3,955
Perlis
300
2,370
Pulau Pinang
378
2,842
Sabah
552
4,134
Sarawak
396
2,841
Selangor
600
4,656
Terengganu
348
2,791
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
246
1,817
W.P. Labuan
78
1,234
W.P. Putrajaya
72
1,143
6,324
49,488
Malaysia
36
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
10.
PROSEDUR PENGANGGARAN
10.1 Maklumat
sektor
10.
informal
ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
yang
10.1 The information of informal sector
dikutip melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga
collected through the Labour Force
Buruh
Survey was estimated by using the
dianggarkan
menggunakan
prosedur penganggaran yang sama.
same
Teknik anggaran nisbah bergabung
combine
(adjusted
faktor
(adjusted weight and population factor)
untuk
was used to obtain the estimates of
mendapatkan anggaran sesuatu ciri
specific characteristics in the survey
tertentu bagi populasi penyiasatan.
population.
Faktor
menggunakan
population estimate second half of the
anggaran penduduk separuh tahun
year by age group, sex, ethnic and state
kedua mengikut kumpulan umur,
as benchmarks.
weight
penduduk)
dan
digunakan
penduduk
estimation ratio
procedures.
estimate
Population
The
technique
factor
uses
jantina, etnik dan negeri sebagai penanda aras. 10.2 Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada pengubahsuaian mengasingkan daripada
dilakukan penduduk
anggaran
10.2 It should be noted that no attempt was
untuk
made to adjust for the exclusion of the
institusi
institutional
penduduk
population
population estimates
from
the
although the
walaupun Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga
Informal Sector Work Force Survey did
Sektor
not cover the institutional population.
Informal
tidak
meliputi
penduduk institusi. Penduduk institusi
The
institutional
population
was
dianggarkan lebih kurang tiga peratus
estimated to comprise around three per
jumlah penduduk berasaskan Banci
cent of the total population based on
Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.
the 2010 Population and Housing Census.
11.
KEPERSISAN DATA
11.1 Memandangkan penyiasatan
adalah
11.
DATA PRECISION
anggaran
11.1 Since the survey estimates are based on
berdasarkan
a sample survey, they are subjected to
kepada penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah
sampling and non-sampling errors.
37
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan dan bukan pensampelan. (i)
Ralat pensampelan Ralat
(i)
pensampelan
daripada
anggaran
dibuat
berasaskan
berpunca data
Sampling Errors Sampling error is a result of estimating
yang
data based on a probability sampling,
sampel
not on census. Such error in statistics is
bukan
termed as relative standard error and
berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam
often denoted as RSE and is given in
statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai
percentage. This error is an indication
relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai
to the precision of the parameter under
RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan.
study. In other words, it reflects the
Ralat ini digunakan sebagai penunjuk
extent of variation with other sample-
kepada
based estimates
berkebarangkalian,
kepersisan
anggaran
parameter yang dikaji. Dengan kata lain, ia boleh memberi gambaran tentang
tahap
variasi
anggaran
penyiasatan berbanding dengan lainlain
anggaran
yang
berdasarkan
pemilihan sampel. (ii)
Ralat bukan pensampelan
(ii)
Non-sampling errors
Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada
To ensure high quality data, several
pada tahap yang tinggi, langkah-
steps were taken to minimise non-
langkah
telah
diambil
untuk
sampling errors. Unlike sampling error,
ralat
bukan
these errors cannot be measured and
pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat
can only be overcome through several
pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh
administrative procedures. These errors
diukur
can arise as a result of incomplete
meminimumkan
melalui
dan
hanya
boleh
beberapa
diatasi langkah
survey
coverage, weakness
in the
pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh berpunca
frame, poor feedback, non-response
daripada liputan penyiasatan yang
and processing errors such as during
tidak lengkap, kelemahan rangka,
editing, coding and data capture. 38
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
ralat
maklum
balas,
ralat
tiada
sambutan, kesilapan semasa prosesan seperti di peringkat penyuntingan, pengekodan dan tangkapan data. Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku
Response
disebabkan kesukaran dan perbezaan
difference and difficulty in interpreting
dalam tafsiran soalan, sama ada
questions, either by the enumerator or
daripada penemu ramah ataupun
respondent. To minimize this error,
responden. Bagi meminimumkan ralat
intensive training was conducted for the
ini, latihan intensif kepada penyelia
enumerators as well as supervisors. In
dan penemu ramah telah dijalankan.
addition, random checks were carried
Di samping itu, semakan rambang
out on households that were already
juga dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang
canvassed by the enumerators to
telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah
ensure the validity of the information
untuk
kesahihan
recorded. To ensure the completeness
maklum balas yang dicatatkan. Untuk
of the survey coverage, the sampling
memastikan liputan penyiasatan yang
frame is frequently updated and the
menyeluruh,
living quarters were selected after the
memastikan
rangka
sampel
dikemaskini dan tempat kediaman
error can
occur
due
to
EBs listing exercise.
telah dipilih selepas penyenaraian BP dijalankan. Berhubung
dengan
ralat
With regards to editing and processing
penyuntingan
dan
prosesan,
errors, several consistency checks were
semakan
done, either manually or computerized,
konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama
to ensure the quality and acceptability
ada secara manual atau berkomputer
of the data produced.
beberapa
peringkat
bagi memastikan penghasilan data yang bermutu dan boleh diterima pakai.
39
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
12.
PEMBUNDARAN ANGGARAN
12. ROUNDING OF ESTIMATES
Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori
The sum of individual figures may not
mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan
always equal to the totals shown in
jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual
related tables because of independent
yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran
rounding
secara
Differences however are insignificant.
bebas
kepada
satu
titik
to
one
decimal
place.
perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan ini adalah tidak ketara. 13.
NOTA DAN SIMBOL W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan
13. NOTE AND SYMBOL W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan
40
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Table S1: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan Occupation
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal Number of employed person in the informal sector
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Nilai mutlak Relative value Absolute value
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan Number of employed person in the informal sector at 95 per cent confidence interval
(%) Pengurus Managers
16,424
13.88
2,280
11,955
-
20,893
Profesional Professionals
22,890
14.00
3,204
16,609
-
29,171
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals
41,996
9.22
3,870
34,411
-
49,582
5,166
24.59
1,270
2,677
-
7,656
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
371,638
3.35
12,466
347,205
-
396,071
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
378,709
3.34
12,641
353,931
-
403,486
56,965
9.51
5,417
46,347
-
67,583
150,191
6.33
9,512
131,548
-
168,834
1,043,979
2.23
23,321
998,269
-
1,089,689
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations Jumlah Total 41
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Industri Industry
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal Number of employed person in the informal sector
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Nilai mutlak Relative value Absolute value
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan Number of employed person in the informal sector at 95 per cent confidence interval
(%) 161,723
5.47
8,843
144,391
-
179,055
7,998
23.14
1,851
4,371
-
11,625
Pembinaan Construction
261,666
4.69
12,273
237,610
-
285,722
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
195,497
5.45
10,657
174,608
Pembuatan Manufacturing Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Transportation and storage Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Accommodation and food services activities Maklumat dan komunikasi Information and communication
216,386
-
39,622
9.61
3,809
32,156
-
47,088
134,631
5.60
7,544
119,844
-
149,418
4,705
28.99
1,364
2,031
-
7,379
42
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.) Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Industri Industry
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal Number of employed person in the informal sector
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Nilai mutlak Relative value Absolute value
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan Number of employed person in the informal sector at 95 per cent confidence interval
(%) Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Financial and insurance/takaful activities
7,889
20.81
1,642
4,671
-
11,107
Aktiviti hartanah Real estate activities
5,700
24.34
1,387
2,981
-
8,419
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Professional, scientific and technical activities
11,898
18.81
2,238
7,512
-
16,284
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Administrative and support service activities
53,971
6.99
3,773
46,576
-
61,366
Pendidikan Education
17,038
14.79
2,519
12,100
-
21,976
105,965
5.64
5,976
94,252
-
117,678
5,145
26.64
1,370
2,459
-
7,831
30,533
10.68
3,260
24,144
-
36,922
1,043,979
2.23
23,321
998,269
-
1,089,689
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Human health and social work activities Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Arts, entertainment and recreation Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Other services activities Jumlah Total 43
Jadual S3: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Table S3: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by states, Malaysia, 2012
Negeri State
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal Number of employed person in the informal sector
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Nilai mutlak Relative value Absolute value
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan Number of employed person in the informal sector at 95 per cent confidence interval
(%) Johor
70,154
8.69
6,099
58,199
-
82,108
Kedah
95,863
7.97
7,640
80,888
-
110,838
Kelantan
105,859
7.26
7,684
90,798
-
120,920
Melaka
28,257
9.90
2,798
22,773
-
33,741
Negeri Sembilan
28,132
9.85
2,770
22,703
-
33,560
Pahang
36,302
8.69
3,155
30,118
-
42,486
Perak
96,549
7.91
7,636
81,583
-
111,515
Perlis
9,877
10.24
1,012
7,894
-
11,860
73,451
9.57
7,033
59,667
-
87,235
Sabah
129,925
10.64
13,828
102,822
-
157,028
Sarawak
100,004
9.89
9,891
80,616
-
119,391
Selangor
148,366
9.52
14,132
120,668
-
176,065
Terengganu
62,223
8.42
5,241
51,950
-
72,495
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
56,654
13.56
7,684
41,594
-
71,714
1,776
35.04
622
556
-
2,995
589
31.00
183
231
-
947
1,043,979
2.23
23,321
998,269
-
1,089,689
Pulau Pinang
W.P. Labuan W.P. Putrajaya
Jumlah Total 44
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