Laporan Pendahuluan Kad

 

CD^J_DI ^AI@DBQCQDI LAPJDUK@JUKU @KDOAPKLQF

D. @ag @agkik kiksk sk Latjds Lat jdsk`j k`jsks sks `kdoat `kdoatkl kl (LD@) (LD@) d`dcdb d`dcdb lad`ddi lad`ddi `aljfpa `aljfpaisd isdsk sk fatdoj fatdojckl ckl ydih ydih `ktdi`dk jcab bkparhcklafkd, dsk`jsks `di latjsks, tarutdfd `ksaodoldi jcab `agkskaisk kisucki dosjcut dtdu racdtkg. LD@ `di bkpjhcklafkd farupdldi ljfpckldsk dlut `kdoatas facktu fac ktuss ydih ydih sarkus sarkus `di fafout fafoutubl ubldi di paihacj paihacjcdd cddi i hdwdt hdwdt `drurd `drurdt. t. Dlkodt Dlkodt `kuras `kurasks ks jsfj jsfjtk tkl, l, LD@ LD@ okds okdsdi diyd yd faih faihdc dcdf dfkk `a `abk bk`r `rds dskk oa oard rdtt `d `di i od odbl bldi di `d `dpd pdtt sd sdfp fpdk dk faiyaodoldi syjl. Latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl (LD@) farupdldi ljfpckldsk dlut `kdoatas facktus ydih `ktdi`dk `aihdi `abk`rdsk, labkcdihdi acaltrjckt `di dsk`jsks. Latjdsk`jsks `kdo `kdoat atkl kl faru farupd pdld ldi i

dl dlko kodt dt `d `drk rk `a `agk gksk skai aisk sk oa oard rdtt ki kisu suck cki i `d `di i `ksa `ksart rtdk dk hd hdih ihhu hudi di

fatd fa tdojc ojcks ksfa fa prjt prjtak aki, i, ldrojb ldrojbk` k`rd rdtt `di ca cafd fdl. l. Lad` Lad`dd ddi i ki kikk faru farupdl pdldi di hd hdih ihhud hudi i fatdojcksfa ydih pdckih sarkus pd`d `kdoatas latarhdituihdi kisucki. LD@ d`dcdb d`d cdb lad`ddi ydi h `ktdi`dk `aihdi dsk`jsks fat dojckl dlkodt dl kodt  pafoaituldi latji ydih oarcaokbdi, sa`dihl di UBB `ktdi`dk `aihdi bkparjs fjcdcktds oardt `aihdi ld`dr hculjsd saruf ydih okdsdiyd caokb tkihhk `drk LD@ furik (Dfarkedi @kdoatas Dssjekdtkji, ?>>0) Latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkluf d`dcdb farupdldi trkds `drk bkparhcklafkd, dsk`jsks, `di latjsks ydih tarckbdt tarutdfd pd`d pdskai `aihdi `kdoatas tkpa-4. (Udfkmadi Ijr`fdrl, ?>>2). Udcdb sdtu lai`dcd `dcdf cdpjrdi faihaidk kisk`aisk, apk`a fkjcjhk `di dihld lafdtkdi LD@ d`dcdb oacuf `ktafuldiiyd lasapdldtdi taitdih `agkiksk LD@. Uki`rjfd kik faihdi`uih trkd` ydih tar`krk `drk bkparhcklafkd, latjsks `di dsk `afkd. Ljisaisus `kditdrd pdrd dbck `kok`dih k ik

faihaidk lrktarkd `kdhijst kl

uitul LD@ d`dcdb pB drtarkdc 3 8,5, ld`dr okldrojidt 3 41 fAq/C, ` di ld`dr hcuejsd `drdb 9 ?1> f h/`C `ksartdk latjiafkd `di latjiurkd fj`ardta (Lktdoebk `ll, ?>>0).

 

@kdoatke Latj Dek`jsks (@LD) d`dcdb ljfpckldsk dlut ydih faihdiedf mkwd sajrdih pai`arktd `kdoatas faccktus ydih tk`dl tarljitrjc. Lji`ksk labkcdihdi urki, dkr, ldckuf, dfjikuf, `di idtrkuf faiyaodoldi bkpjvjcafkd, latk`dlsakfodihdi acaltrjckt, ld`dr hculjsd `drdb sdihdt tkihhk, `di pafaedbdi dsdf cafdl oaods faiyaodoldi dsk`jsks `di sarkih `ksartdk ljfd.(bttp=//fa`kedc-`ketkjidry.tbagraa`ketkjidry.ejf ljfd.(bttp=//fa`kedc-`ketkjidry.tbagraa`ketkjidry.ejf)) O. Atkjcjhk D`d salktdr ?>% pdskai LD@ ydih odru `klatdbuk fai`arktd @F uitul partdfd ld ldck. ck. ^d`d pdskai ydih su`db `klatdbuk @F saoacufiyd, 2>% `dpdt `klaidck d`diyd gdltjr   paieatus. Faihdtdsk gdltjr paieatus kik paitkih `dcdf paihjodtdi `di paieahdbdi latjdsk`jsks oarucdih. Pk`dl d`diyd kisucki dtdu tk`dl eulupiyd mufcdb kisucki ydih iydtd, ydih `dpdt `ksaodoldi jcab= 4.  Kisucki tk`dl `koarkldi dtdu `koarkldi `aihdi `jsks ydih `klurdihk ?.  Lad`ddi sdlkt dtdu kigalsk 5.  Fdikgastdsk partdfd pd`d paiydlkt `kdoatas ydih tk`dl tar`kdhijsks `di tk`dl `kjodtk Oaoardpd paiyaodo tarmd`kiyd LD@ d`dcdb= 

Kigalsk = piaufjikd, kigalsk trdltus urkidrkus, `di sapsks. `klatdbuk odbwd mufcdb sac `drdb putkb fuihlki faikihldt tdipd ki`kldsk ydih fai`dsdrk kigalsk.



Latk`dlpdtubdi= ldraid latk`dlpdtubdi `dcdf `jsks



^aihjodtdi= jisat odru `kdoatas dtdu `jsks kisucki tk`dl d`aludt



Ldr`kjvdslucar = kigdrl fkjldr`kuf



^aiyaodo cdki = bkpartkrjk`ksfa, bkpartkrjk`ksfa, pdilradtktks pdilradtktks,, labdfkcdi, paihjodtdi ljrtkljstarjk` di` d`raiarhkl. (Udfkmadi Ijr`fdrl,?>>2)

E. ^dtjgkskjcjhk Latjdsk`jks tarmd`k okcd tuoub sdihdt lalurdihdi kisucki. Ldraid `kpdldkiyd mdrkihdi cafdl caf dl uitul uitul fafaiub fafaiubkk laoutub laoutubdi di aiarhk aiarhk,, fdld fdld dldi taroaitu taroaitul l latji. latji. Okcd Okcd bdc kik `kokdrldi tardlufucdsk, `drdb dldi faimd`k dsdf sabkihhd mdrkihdi tuoub dldi rusdl `di  oksd fai`arktd ljfd. Bdc kik okdsdiyd tarmd`k ldraid tk`dl fafdtubk paraiediddi fdldi, faihbaitkldi sai`krk suitkldi kisucki, tk`dl tdbu odbwd `krkiyd sdlkt `kdoatas faccktus, fai`dpdt kigalsk dtdu paiydlkt oardt cdkiiyd sapartk lafdtkdi jtjt mdituih, strjla, `di saodhdkiyd.

 

Gdltjr Gdlt jr gdltjr gdltjr pafkeu pafkeu ydih ydih pdckih pdckih ufuf ufuf `dcdf `dcdf parlaf parlafodih odihdi di latjds latjdsk`j k`jsks sks `kdoatkl (LD@) d`dcdb kigalsk, kigdrl fkjldr`kdc, trdufd, dtdupui labkcdihdi kisucki. Uafud hdihhudi hdihhudi fatdojckl ydih `ktafuldi pd`d latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl (LD@) d`dcdb tarhjcjih ljisaluaisk cdihsuih dtdu tk`dl cdihsuih `drk lalurdihdi kisucki. Faiu Fa iuru ruii iiyd yd

trdi trdisp spjr jrtt

hcul hculjs jsdd

la la`d `dcd cdf f

md mdrk rkih ihdi di

md mdrk rkih ihdi di

tu tuou oub b

dl dldi di

faikfoucldi bkparhcklafkd ydih faikihldtldi hculjsurkd. Faikihldtiyd ckpjcksks dldi faiyaodoldi faiyao doldi lacaokbdi prj`ulsk dsdf dsdf cafdl, ydih saodhkdi saodhkdi `kditdrdiyd `kditdrdiyd dldi `kljivarsk (`kuodb) faimd`k latji, faikfoucldi latjidafkd, dsk`jsks fatdojckl `di la latj tjiu iurk rkd. d. Hc Hckl kljs jsur urkd kd dl dldi di faiya faiyaod odold oldi i `k `kur uras asks ks js jsfj fjtk tkl, l, yd ydih ih faik faikfo fouc ucld ldi i labkcdihdi dkr `di acaltrjckt sapartk sj`kuf, pjtdsskuf, ldcskuf, fdhiaskuf, gjsgdt `di lcjrk`d. lcjrk `d. @abk`rsk tarmd`k tarmd`k okcd tarmd`k tarmd`k saedrd baodt, dldi faikfoucldi faikfoucldi urafkd prd raidc `di `dpdt faikfoucldi syjl bkpjvjcafkl. Dsk`j`ks fatdojckl ydih baodt saodhkdi dldi `kljfpaisdsk jcab paikihldtdi `ardmdt vaitkcdsk (pardigdsdi Lussfduc). Fuitdb-fuitdb muhd okdsdiyd sarkih tarmd`k `di dldi fafpareapdt labkcdihdi dkr `di acaltrjckt. Uabkihhd, parlafodihdi LD@ d`dcdb farupdldi rdihldkdi `drk sklcus kitarc kitarcjelk jelkih ih vkekju vkekjuss ydih sacuru sacurubiyd biyd bdrus bdrus `kputu `kputusld sldi i uitul uitul fafodi fafoditu tu pafuck pafuckbdi bdi fatdojcksfa ldrojbk`rdt `di ckpk` ijrfdc. Dpdokcd Dpdo kcd mufcdb mufcdb kisuck kisucki i oarlur oarlurdih, dih, mufcdb mufcdb hculjs hculjsdd ydih fafdsu fafdsulk lk sac dldi dldi  oarlurdih muhd. @ksdfpkih ktu prj`ulsk hculjsd jcab bdtk faimd`k tk`dl tarlai`dck. La`ud gdltjr kik dldi faikfoucldi bkparhcklafk. @dcdf updyd uitul faihbkcdihldi hculjs hcu ljsdd ydih ydih oarcao oarcaokbd kbdi i `drk `drk `dcdf `dcdf tuoub, tuoub, hkimdc hkimdc dldi dldi faihal faihalslr slrask askldi ldi hculjs hculjsdd  oarsdfd-sdfd dkr `di acaltrjckt (sapartk idtrkuf `di ldckuf). @kurasks jsfjtkl ydih `ktd `ktdi` i`dk dk jcab jcab urki urkids dskk yd ydih ih oarca oarcaok okbd bdi i (pjc (pjcku kurk rk)) dldi dldi faiya faiyaod odold oldi i `a `abk bk`r `rds dskk `d `di i labkcdihid acaltrjckt. ^ai`arktd latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl ydih oardt `dpdt labkcdihdi lkrdlkrd 7,1 C dkr `di sdfpdk 0>> bkihhd 1>> fAq idtrkuf, ldckuf sartd lcjrk`d sacdfd  parkj`a wdltu ?0 mdf.Dlkodt `agkskaisk kisucki ydih cdki d`cdb pafaedbdi cafdl  (ckpjcksks) faimd`k dsdf-dsdf cafdl oaods `di hcksarjc. Dsdf cafdl oaods dldi `kuodb faimd`k od`di latji jcab bdtk. ^d`d latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl tarmd`k prj`ulsk od`di latji ydih oarcao oarcaokbd kbdi i saodhdk saodhdk dlkodt dlkodt `drk `drk lalurd lalurdihdi ihdi kisuck kisucki i ydih ydih saedrd saedrd ijrfdc ijrfdc dldi dldi faieahdb tkfouciyd lad`ddi tarsaout. Od`di latji oarskgdt dsdf, `di okcd oartufpul  `dcdf skrlucdsk `drdb, od`di latji dldi faikfoucldi dsk`jsks fatdojckl.

 

LAPJDUK@JUKU @KDOAPKLQF ( LD@ )

 

^dtbjpbyskjcjhy jg @LD d`dpta` grjf Qr`ai= Pbacdi‛s Erktkedc Edra Iurskih= @kdhijsks

di` Fdidhafait. 1tb a`.Ekta` ki Iurskih Ejisuct. ^d`d lad`ddi ijrfdc lurdih caokb 1> % hculjsd ydih `kfdldi faihdcdfk fatdojcksfa safpurid faimd`k EJ? `di dkr, 4> % faimd`k hckljhai `di ?> % sdfpdk 0> % `kuodb faimd`k cafdl. ^d`d @kdoat cafdl. @kdoatas as Facckt Faccktus us safud safud prjsas prjsas tarsao tarsaout ut tar tarhdih hdihhu hu ldraid ldraid tar tar`dp `dpdt dt `agksk `agkskais aiskk kisucki. ^aiyardpdi hculjsd la`dcdf sac fdeat `di fatdojcksfaiyd tarhdihhu. Lad`ddi kik faiyao fai yaodold doldi i saodhk saodhkdi di oasdr oasdr hculjs hculjsdd tatdp tatdp oard`d oard`d `dcdf `dcdf skr skrluc lucdsk dsk `drdb `drdb sabkih sabkihhd hd tar tarmd` md`kk bkparhcklafkd. ^aiydlkt @kdoatas Faccktus `ksaodoldi jcab ldraid hdhdciyd bjrfji kisucki. Dlkodt lalurdihdi kisucki fdld hculjsd tk`dl `dpdt `kuodb faimd`k hckljhai sabkihhd ld`dr hucd `drdb faikihldt `di tarmd`k bkparhcklafk. Hkimdc tk`dl `dpdt faidbdi bkparhcklafk kik, ldraid dfodih  odtds uitul hucd `drdb ` drdb d`dcdb 42> fh% sabkihhd dpdokcd tarmd`k bkparhcklafk fdld hkimdc tk`dl   oksd faiydrkih `di faihdosjrosk samufcdb hculjsd `dcdf `drdb. Uabuouihdi `aihdi `ai hdi skgdt hucd ydih faiyardp dkr fdld safud lacaokbdi `klacudrldi oarsdfd urkia ydih `ksaout hculjsurkd. Oarsdfddi lad`ddi hculjsurkd fdld samufcdb dkr bkcdih `dcdf urkia ydih `ksaout pjckurkd. ^jckurkd faihdlkodtldi `abk`rdsk kitrdsaccucar, bdc kik dldi fardihsdih pusdt bdus sabkihhd  pdskai dldi fardsdldi bdus tarus faiarus sabkihhd pdskai dldi fkiuf tarus ydih `ksaout  pjck`kpsk. ^rj`ulskk kisucki ^rj`uls kisucki ydih lurdih dldi faiyaodoldi faiyaodoldi faiuruiiyd trdispjrt trdispjrt hculjsd hculjsd la sacsac sabkihhd sac-sac lalurdihdi fdldidi `di skfpdidi ldrojbk`rdt, cafdl `di prjtaki faimd`k faikpks. Ldraid `khuidldi uitul facdluldi pafodldrdi `dcdf tuoub, fdld lckai dldi fardsd cdpdr sabkihhd faiyaodoldi odiydl fdldi ydih `ksaout pjckpbdhkd. Parcdcu odiydl cafdl ydih `kodldrr fdld dldi tarmd`k `kodld tarmd`k paiufpuldi dsatdt `dcdf `drdb ydih faiyaodoldi faiyaodoldi ladsdfdi `drdb faikihldt dtdu dsk`jsks. ]dt kik dldi fardeuik tuoub okcd tarcdcu odiydl bkihhd tuoub oarusdbd faihacudrldi facdcuk urkia `di paridpdsdi, dlkodtiyd odu urkia `di idpds pai`arktd oarodu dsatji dsatj i dtdu odu oudb-oudbdi. oudb-oudbdi. Lad`ddi dsk`jsks dsk`jsks kik dpdokcd tk`dl sahard `kjodtk dldi tarmd`k tarmd`k ljfd ydih `ksaout ljfd `kdoatkl (^rkea, ?>>1).

 

^DPBXD[ LAPJDUK@J@KU @KDOAPKLQF

 

@. Fdikga Fdikgastd stdsk sk Lckikl  Lckikl  4. @kdh @kdhij ijssks LD@ LD@ @k`dsdrldi dtds d`diyd –trkds okjlkfkd‖ ydlik = bkparhcklafkd, latjiafkd, `di dsk`jsks. Lrktarkd `kdhijsksiyd d`dcdb saodhdk oarklut = ¸

Bkparhcklafkd, okcd ld`dr hculjsd `drdb 9 44 ffjc/C (9 ?>> fh/`C).

¸

Dsk`jsks, okcd pB `drdb 3 8,5.

¸

ld`dr okldrojidt 3 41 ffjc/C).

@ardmdt oardt-rkihdiiyd dsk`jsks `klcdskgkldskldi saodhdk oarklut = ¸

_kihdi= okcd pB `drdb 8,?1-8,5, okldrojidt 4>-41 ffjc/C.

¸

Ua`dih= okcd pB `drdb 8,4-8,?0, okldrojidt 1-4> ffjc/C.

¸

Oardt= okcd pB `drdb 3 8,4, okldrojidt 3 1 ffjc/C.

?. @k @kdh dhijs ijsks ks odi`k odi`kih ih LD@ LD@ LD@ muhd bdrus `koa`dldi `aihdi paiyaodo dsk`jsks, sasdl, `di ljfd ydih cdki cdki tarfds tarfdsul ul = bkpjhc bkpjhckla klafkd fkd,, urafkd urafkd,, hdstrj hdstrjait aitark arktks tks `aihdi `aihdi dsk`js dsk`jsks ks fatdojc fatdojckl, kl, dsk`jsks cdltdt, kitjlskldsk sdckskcdt, orjiljpiaufjikd, aisagdcktks, `di cask kitrdlrdikdc.

A. ^aidtdc ^aidtdcdls dlsdidd diddi i Pumudi paidtdcdlsdiddi = 4.  Fafparodklk skrlucdsk `di pargusk mdrkihdi (rasusktdsk `di rabk`rdsk), ?.  Faihbaitkldi latjhaiasks (kisucki), 5.  Ljralsk hdihhudi acaltrjckt, 0.  Faieahdb ljfpckldsk, 1.  Faihaidck `di faihbkcdihldi gdltjr paieatus.

G. Ljfp Ljfpck ckld ldsk sk Ljfpckldsk `drk latjdsk`jksks `kdoatkluf `dpdt oarupd= 4.  Hkimdc `kdoatkl ( Iagrjpdtk @kdoatkl )  Iagrjpdtk `kdoatkl dtdu hkimdc `kdoatkl `dpdt `k`atalsk eulup `kik. Okcd  pai`arktd faiedpdk std`kuf iagrjpdtk `kdoatkl, `k`dcdf dkr laiekihiyd tar`dpdt  prjtaki. @aihdi faiuruiiyd guihsk hkimdc dldi `ksartdk idkliyd taldidi `drdb. ^d`d lurui wdltu ydih cdfd pai`arktd iagrjpdtk `kdoatkl dldi oardlbkr `aihdi

 

hdhdc hkimdc `di bdrus facdluldi euek `drdb. Uacdki ktu iagrjpdtk `kdoatkl oksd faikfoucldi hdhdc mdituih ljihaskg. ?.  Laoutddi ( _atkijpdtk @kdoatkl ) Ld`dr hculjsd `drdb ydih tkihhk oksd faiyaodoldi safodo pd`d caisd fdtd. ^aihckbdtdi faimd`k ldour `di `dpdt oardlbkr `aihdi laoutddi.

5.  Uydrdg ( Iaurjpdtk @kdoatkl )  Iaurjpdtk `kdoatkl d`dcdb dlkodt larusdldi pd`d sdrdg. ^ai`arktd oksd stras, pardsddi oarlurdih sabkihhd dpd ydih `kpahdih tk`dl `dpdt `krdsdldi (fdtk rdsd). 0.  Lacdkidi Mdituih. Pa Parh rhdi dihh hhui uiyd yd

ld ld`d `drr

ca cafd fdl l

`d `drd rdb b

d` d`dc dcdb db sd sdtu tu gd gdlt ltjr jr tk tkfo fouc uciy iydd

dtar dtarjs jslc lcar arjs jsks ks pd pd`d `d pa pafo fouc ucub ub `d `drd rdb b md mdit itui uih. h. Ok Okcd cd `k `kdo doat atas askk fafp fafpui uiydk ydk ljfpckldsk mdituih ljrjiar `di fai`dpdt sardihdi lafdtkdi jtjt mdituih dlut, fdld fd ld sa sard rdih ihdi di ta tars rsao aout ut tk`dl tk`dl `ksa `ksart rtdk dk rd rdsd sd iy iyar ark. k. Ki Kikk faru farupd pdld ldi i paiya paiyaodo odo lafdtkdi fai`d`dl. 1.  Bkpjhcklafkd. Bkpjhcklafkd tarmd`k okcd ld`dr hucd `drdb sdihdt rai`db. Okcd paiuruidi ld`d ld`drr hcul hculjs jsdd `d `drd rdb b ta tarm rmd` d`kk sd sdih ihdt dt ea eapd pdt, t, bd bdru russ `k `kdt dtds dskk `a `aih ihdi di sa saha hard rd.. Latarcdfodtdi `dpdt faiyaodoldi lafdtkdi. Hamdcd ydih tkfouc fucdk `drk rdsd hacksdb sdfpdk oarupd ljfd `di lamdih-lamdih. 7.  Bkpartaisk. Ldraid bdrus fafoudih lacaokbdi lacaokbdi hcjljsd hcjljsd `drdb facdcuk dkr saik, hkimdc hkimdc  pai`arktd `kdoatas bdrus oalarmd alstrd oardt. Uacdki ktu tkihldt lalaitdcdi `drdb  pd`d `kdoatksk muhd caokb tkihhk. @ktdfodb `aihdi larusdldi-larusdldi pafoucub ldpkcar sartd paiyafpktdi ydih tarmd`k, saedrd jtjfdtks sydrdg dldi faihkrkfldi skhidc la jtdl uitul faidfodb tdldidi `drdb.

 

H. ^aihldmkdi 4.

Uurvay ^rkfar   Dkrwdy `di Oradtbkih

Jlskhaidsk / vaitkcdsk Mdcdi Mdc di idpds idpds `di paridp paridpdsd dsdi i tat tatdp dp prkjrk prkjrktds tds utdfd. utdfd. Mkld Mkld pdskai pdskai `aihdi `ai hdi lasd`d lasd`drdi rdi / ljfd ljfd (HEU (HEU 32) fafpar fafpartkf tkfodih odihldi ldi kituod kituodsk sk `di vaitkcdsk. ^d`d pdskai tso safaitdrd sdcurdi idpds `dpdt `kpartdbdildi jcab paiykskpdi Hua`ac‛s sdcurdi idpds. ^dsdih jlskhai facdcuk fdslar  Bu`sji dtdu iji-raoradtbar fdslar mkld `ktuimulldi. Fdsulldi tdouih idsjhdstrkl `di okdrldi `rdkidsa mkld pdskai fuitdb dtdu mkld pdskai tacdb fuit fu itdb db oaruc oarucdi dih. h. Dk Dkrw rwdy, dy, pa pari ridg dgds dsdi di `d `di i tk tkihl ihldt dt la lasd sd`d `drd rdi i bdrus bdrus `kfjiktjr `k safud tradtfait @LD.

Ekreucdtkji ^aihhditkdi edkrdi

Ukrlucdsk d`dcdb prkjrktds la`ud. @LD pd`d pdskai ydih fai`arktd `abk`rdsk oardt oksd oarcdimut pd`d sbjel bkpjvjcafkl. Jcab saodo ktu, edkrdi paihhditk bdrus `kfucdk sahard. Edkrdi rasusktdsk oartumudi oartumudi uitul  faihur fai hurdihk dihk

bkparh bkparhck cklafk lafkd, d,

byparjs byparjsfjc fjcdck dckty, ty,

`di

ejuitar ejuitarrah rahucd ucdtjr tjry y

bjrfji bjr fji,, tarutd tarutdfd fd `dcdf `dcdf oaoardp oaoardpdd mdf partdf partdfd, d, sab sabkih kihhd hd faihur faihurdihk dihk raskstais rask staiskk tarbd`dp tarbd`dp kisucki. kisucki. Pardpk Kisucki Kisucki pdckih pdckih agaltkg agaltkg mkld `k`dbucuk `k`dbucuk `aihdi edkrdi dwdc `di paihhditkdi acaltrjckt. @agkskt edkrdi tuoub 4>% `drk oardt od`di tjtdc fdld caokb `drk 7 cktar edkrdi fuihlki bdrus `khditk. _asu _a susk sktd tdsk sk ed edkr krdi di sa saha hard rd oartu oartumu mudi di uitul uitul faih faihaf afod odck ckldi ldi vjcuf vjcufaa kitrdvdslu kitr dvdslucdr cdr `di fafparodklk fafparodklk pargusk pargusk hkimdc hkimdc `aihdi sjcusk lrkstdcjk` lrkstdcjk`,, ljcjk` `di oksd `khuidldi mkld pdskai `dcdf syjl bkpjvjcafkl. Ijrfdc sdckia (IdEc >,;%) ydih pdckih sasudk. K`adciyd 1>% `drk tjtdc `agkskt dkr  tuoub bdrus bdrus `khditk `khditk `dcdf `dcdf 2 mdf mdf partdfd partdfd `di 1>% cdki cdki `dcdf `dcdf ?0 mdf mdf  oarklutiyd. Bdtk-bdtk pafditdudi stdtus bafj`kidfkl saedrd tacktk (pd`d  pdskai ydih tk`dl stdokc satkdp 41 faikt), guihsk hkimdc, stdtus faitdc `di lasakfodihdi edkrdi `kparculdi uitul faihbki`drk jvarcjd` edkrdi.

 

(Acksdoatb Avd Jdlas, _I. ?>>8. @kdoatke Latjdek`jsks @LD) ?.  

Uurvay Ua Ualui`ar  Dltkvktds / Kstkrdbdt 

Hamdcd = Cafdb, catkb, suckt oarhardl/oarmdcdi, Lrdf jtjt, tjius jtjt faiurui, hdihhudi kstkrdbdt/tk`ur 



Pdi`d Pdi `d = Pdlkld Pdlkldr`k r`kdd `di tdlkpiad tdlkpiad pd`d lad`ddi lad`ddi kst kstkrd krdbdt bdt dtdu dtdu dltkgk dltkgktds, tds, Catdrhk/`ksjrkaitdsk, ljfd



^aiuruidi laludtdi jtjt



Ukrlucdsk



Hamdcd = D`diyd rkwdydt bkpartaisk, bkpartaisk, KF dlut, Lcdu`kldsk, laods `di lasafutdi  pd`d alstrafktds, Qclus pd`d Qclus pd`d ldlk, paiyafoubdi ydih cdfd, Pdlkldr`kd



Pd Pdi` i`dd

=

^a ^aru ruod odbd bdi i

ta tald ldid idi i

`d `drd rdb b

pj pjst stur urdc dc,, bk bkpa part rtai aisk sk,,  Id`k   Id`k  ydih

faiurui/tk faiuru i/tk`dl `dl d`d, @ksrktfk @ksrktfkd, d, Lralacs, Lralacs, @kstaisk @kstaisk vaid muhucdrks, muhucdrks, Luckt Luckt pdids, larkih, `di lafardbdi, ojcd fdtd ealuih 

Kitahrktds/ Ahj



Hamd Ha mdcd cd = Utra Utrass ss,, ta tarh rhdi ditu tuih ih pd pd`d `d jr jrdi dih h cd cdki ki,, Fdsd Fdsdcd cdb b gk gkid idis iskd kdcc yd ydih ih  oarbuouihdi `aihdi lji`ksk



Pdi`d = Diskatds, pald rdihsdih

Ackfkidsk 

Hamdcdd = ^aruodbdi Hamdc ^aruodbdi pjcd oarlafkb oarlafkb (pjckurkd), (pjckurkd), ijlturkd, ijlturkd, _dsd iyark/tarodld iyark/tarodldr, r,



lasucktdi oarlafkb(kigalsk), oarlafkb(kigalsk), KUUL odru/oarucdih, Iyark taldi do`jfai, @kdra Pdi`d Pdi `d =Qrkia =Qrkia aiear, aiear, puedt, puedt, luikih, luikih, pjckur pjckurkk ( `dpdt `dpdt oarlaf oarlafodi odih h faimd` faimd`kk jckhur jckhurkd/ kd/diur diurkd, kd, mkld mkld tarmd` tarmd`kk bkpjvjc bkpjvjcafk afkdd oardt), oardt), Qrki Qrki oarldou oarldout, t, odu ousul  ousul  (kigal (ki galsk) sk),, Do`jfa Do`jfai i lards, lards, d`diyd d`diyd dsktas dsktas,, Okskih Okskih usus usus cafdb cafdb `di faiuru faiurui, i, bkpardltkg (`kdra (`kdra))





 Iutrksk/Edkrdi Hamd Ha mdcd cd =

Bk Bkcd cdih ih id idgs gsu u fdld fdldi, i, Fudc Fudc/f /fui uitd tdb, b, Pk Pk`dl `dl fafd fafdtu tubk bk `k `kat at,,

 paikihldttdi fdsuldi hculjsd/ldrojbk`rdt, ^aiuruidi  oardt od`di caokb od`di caokb `drk  oaoardpd bdrk/fkihhu, Bdus, paihhuiddi `kuratkl (Pbkdzk`)

 



Pdi`d Pdi `d =

Luckt Luckt larkih larkih/oa /oarsk rskskl skl,, turhjr turhjr mac macal, al, Laldlu Laldludi/ di/`ks `kstai taisk sk do`jfai do`jfai,,

fuit fu itdb, db, ^a ^afo foas asdr drdi di tkrj tkrjk` k` (pai (paiki kihl hldt dtdi di la laou outu tubd bdi i fatd fatdoj ojck ckl l `aihd `aihdi i  paikihldtdi hucd `drdb), `drdb), odu bdcksktjsks/fdiks, odu oudb (idpds dsatji)  Iaurjsaisjrk 

Hamdcdd = Hamdc

^uskih/paik ^uskih/paikih, ih, sdlkt lapdcd, lapdcd, Lasafutdi, Lasafutdi, laods, laods, lacafdbdi lacafdbdi pd`d

jtjt, pdrastaskd, Hdihhudi paihckbdtdi 

Pd Pdi` i`dd =

@k @ksj sjrk rkai aitd tdsk sk,, faih faihdi ditu tul, l, dca dcarh rhk, k, stupjr /ljfd /ljfd (t (tdbdp dbdp cdimut cdimut). ).

Hdihhud Hdi hhudi i fafjrk fafjrk (odru, (odru, fdsd fdsd cdc cdcu), u), ldedu ldedu faitdc, faitdc, _agcal _agcalss tai`ji tai`ji `dc `dcdf df faiurui (ljfd), Dltkgktds lamdih (tdbdp cdimut `drk @LD) 

 Iyark/laiydfdidi



Hamdcd = Do`jfai ydih tahdih/iyark (sa`dih/oardt)



Pdi`d = Xdmdb farkihks `aihdi pdcpktdsk, tdfpdl sdihdt oarbdtk-bdtk



^aridpdsdi



Hamdcd Ham dcd = Fardsd Fardsd lalurdih lalurdihdi di jlskhai, jlskhai, odtul `aihdi/ tdipd sputuf purucai (tarhdituih d`diyd kigalsk/tk`dl)



Pd Pdi` i`dd = Cd Cdpd pdrr u` u`dr drd, d, od odtu tul l `a `aih ihdi di/t /tdi dipd pd sput sputuf uf puru puruca cai, i, Gr Gral alua uais iskk  paridpdsdi faikihldt  paridpdsdi  faikihldt



Ladfdidi



Hamdcd = Luckt larkih, hdtdc, uclus luckt



Pdi`d = @afdf, `kdgjrasks, `kdgjrasks, Luckt Luckt rusdl, cask/ucsardsk, Faiuruiiyd laludtdi ufuf/raitdi ufuf/ raitdih h ardl, ^drastaskd ^drastaskd/pdrd /pdrdcksk ckskss jtjt tarfdsul tarfdsul jtjt-jtjt jtjt-jtjt paridpdsdi paridpdsdi (mkld ld`dr ldckuf faiurui `aihdi eulup tdmdf)

Ualsudcktds 

Hamdcd Ham dcd = _dods _dods vdhkid vdhkid (eai`a (eai`arui ruih h kigals kigalsk), k), Fdsdcd Fdsdcdb b kfpjta kfpjtai i pd`d prkd, prkd, lasucktdi jrhdsfa pd`d wdiktd



^aiyucubdi/pafoacdmdrdi



Hamdcd = Gdltjr rasklj lacudrhd @F, mdituih, strjla, bkpartaisk. ^aiyafoubdi ydih, Cdfodt, paihhuiddi paihhuiddi jodt sapartkk starjk`, `kuratkl (tbkdzk`), (tbkdzk`), `kcditki `kcditki `di gaijodroktdc (`dpdt faikihldtldi ld`dr hculjsd `drdb). Fuihlki dtdu tk`dl fafarculdi jodt `kdoatkl sasudk pasdidi

 



_aiedid pafucdihdi = Fuihlki fafarculdi oditudi `dcdf paihdtudi `kat,  paihjodtdi, pardwdtdi `krk, pafditdudi tarbd`dp hculjsd `drdb.

5. ^afark ^afarklsd lsddi di Cdojrd Cdojrdtjr tjrkuf kuf 4. Hculjsd. Ld`dr Ld` dr hculjs hculjsdd `dpdt `dpdt oarvdr oarvdrkds kdskk `drk `drk 5>> bkihhd bkihhd 2>> fh/`c. fh/`c. Uaodhkd Uaodhkdi i  pdskai fuihlki fafparckbdtldi ld`dr hucd hu cd `drdb ydih caokb rai`db `di saodhkdi cdkiiyd fuihlki fafkcklk ld`dr sdfpdk satkihhk 4>>> fh/`c dtdu caokb ydih  okdsdiyd oarhdituih pd`d `ardmdt `abk`rdsk. Bdrus `ksd`drk odbwd latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl tk`dl sacdcu oarbuouihdi `aihdi ld`dr hculjsd `drdb. Uaodhkdi pdskai `dpdt faihdcdfk dsk`jsks oardt `ksartdk ld`dr hculjsd ydih oarlksdr `drk 4>> ―  ?>> fh/` fh/`c, c, sa safa fait itdr drdd

sa saodh odhkd kdi i cd cdki kiiy iydd

fuihl fuihlki ki tk tk`dl `dl fafp fafpar arck ckbdt bdtld ldi i

latjdsk`jsk latjds k`jskss `kdoatkluf `kdoatkluf saldckpui saldckpui ld`dr hculjsd `drdbiyd `drdbiyd faiedpdk faiedpdk 0>>-1>> fh/`c. ?.

Idtrkuf.

Agal bkparhcklafkd bkparhcklafkd alstrdvdslu alstrdvdslucar car oarhardl oarhardl dkr la rudih kitrdvdslucar. kitrdvdslucar. Qitul satkdp satkdp 4>> fh / `C hculjsd hculjsd caokb `drk 4>> fh / `C, tkihldt tkihldt idtrkuf saruf `kturuildi jcab salktdr 4,7 fAq / C. Okcd ld`dr hculjsd turui, tkihldt idtrkuf saruf faikihldt `aihdi mufcdb ydih sasudk. 5.

Ldckuf.

Kik parcu `kparklsd sarkih, saodhdk ikcdk-ikcdk `rjp sdihdt eapdt `aihdi  pardwdtdi. ALH `dpdt `khuidldi uitul faikcdk agal mdituih alstraf `k tkihldt  pjtdskuf. 0.

Okldrojidt.

Ld`dr okldrojidt saruf d`dcdb rai`db, ydktu >- 41 fAq/C `di pB ydih rai`db (7,2-8,5). (7,2-8,5). Pkihldt Pkihldt pEJ?  ydih rai`db ( 4>- 5> ffBh) faiearfkildi ljfpaisdsk ljfpais dsk raspkrdtjr raspkrdtjrkl kl (paridpdsdi (paridpdsdi lussfduc) lussfduc) tarbd`dp tarbd`dp dsk`jsksk dsk`jsksk fatdojckl. fatdojckl. Dlufucd Dluf ucdsk sk od`di od`di latji latji (ydih (ydih faieat faieatusl usldi di dsk`js dsk`jsks) ks) `kearf `kearfkil kildi di jcab jcab bdskc bdskc  paihulurdi latji `dcdf `drdb `di urki. Huidldi tkihldt kik `dcdf buouihdiiyd buoui hdiiyd `aihdi lasaimdihdi dikji uitul faikcdk `ardmdt dsk`jsks.

 

1.

Uac `drdb caihldp (EOE).

Pkihhk sac `drdb putkb (XOE) faihbktuih (9 41 R 4>; / C) dtdu `ktdi`dk  parhasardi lkrk fuihlki faiydrdildi fai`dsdrk kigalsk. 7.

Hds `drdb drtark (DOH).

 pB sarkih 38.5. Waid pB `dpdt `khuidldi uitul faihucdih pB fadsurafaits.

Ordi`aiourh `di @kra faiafuldi odbwd pB pd`d tkihldt hds

`drdb vaid pd`d pdskai `aihdi LD@ d`dcdb caokb rai`db `drk pB >,>5 pd`d DOH. Ldraid paroa`ddi kik racdtkg racdtkg `dpdt `kdi`dcldi `di ouldi `drk skhikgkldi skhikgkldisk sk lckiks, lckiks, bdfpkr tk`dl d`d dcdsdi uitul facdluldi caokb faiydlktldi DOH. Dlbkr EJ?  pdsdih surut tacdb `kcdpjrldi saodhdk edrd uitul faikcdk dsk`jsks muhd. 8.

Latji.

@kdhijs @kd hijsks ks fafd`d fafd`dkk latjiur latjiurkd kd fafarc fafarculdi uldi guihsk guihsk hkimdc hkimdc.. Uacdki Uacdki kt ktu, u, latjiurkd `dpdt oarcdihsuih caokb cdfd `drk dsk`jsks mdrkihdi ydih fai`dsdrkiyd. 2.  ο-bk`rjlskoutkrdt.

Uaruf dtdu bk`rjlskoutkrdt ο ldpkcar `dpdt `khuidldi uitul faihklutk rasp raspji jiss ta tarb rbd`d d`dp p pa paihj ihjod odtd tdi. i. Pk Pkihl ihldt dt yd ydih ih ca caok okb b oa oasd sdrr `d `drk rk >,1 ffjc ffjc / C `kdihhdp ijrfdc, `di tkihldt `drk 5 ffjc / C oarljracdsk `aihdi laoutubdi uitul latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl (LD@). ;.  Qrkidcksks (QD)

Edrk hckljsurkd `di urki latjsks. Bdc kik `khuidldi uitul fai`atalsk kigalsk sdcurdi laiekih ydih fai`dsdrk. 4>.  Jsfjcdcktds

@kulur saodhdk ? (Id +) (fAq / C) + hculjsd (fh / `C) / 42 + OQI (fh / `C) / ?.2. ^dskai ^dskai `aihdi `aihdi `kdoat `kdoatas as latjds latjdsk`j k`jsks sks ydih oard`d oard`d `dcdf `dcdf lad`dd lad`ddi i ljfd ljfd  okdsdiyd fafkcklk jsfjcdcktks 9 55> fJsf / lh B?J. Mkld jsfjcdcktds lurdih `drk 9 55> fJsf / lh B?J kik, fdld pdskai mdtub pd`d lji`ksk ljfd. 44.  Gjsgjr

Mkld pdskai pdskai oarksklj oarksklj bkpjgjsgdt bkpjgjsgdtafkd afkd (fksdciyd, (fksdciyd, stdtus hkzk ourul, dcljbjcksfa dcljbjcksfa lrjiks), fdld tkihldt gjsgjr saruf bdrus `ktaituldi. 4?.  Pkihldt OQI faikihldt.

Dikji hdp ydih caokb tkihhk `drk okdsdiyd.

 

45.  Ld`dr lradtkiki

Laidkldi ld`dr lradtkiki, urad iktrjhai `drdb (OQI) `di Bo muhd `dpdt tarmd`k  pd`d `abkrdsk. Uatacdb tardpk rabk`rdsk `kcdluldi, laidkldi ld`dr lradtkiki `di OQI saruf ydih tarus oarcdimut dldi `kmufpdk pd`d pdskai ydih faihdcdfk kisugkskaisk raidc.

2. ^a ^afa fark rkls lsdd ddi i @kdh @kdhijs ijstk tkl  l  ^afarklsddi `kdhijstkl uitul latjdsk`jsks `kdoatkl `dpdt `kcdluldi `aihdi edrd= 4. Pas tjcardi tjcardisk sk Hculjsd Hculjsd (PPH) fafdimd fafdimdih ih (caokb (caokb oasdr `drk ?>>fh/` ?>>fh/`c) c).. Okdsdi Okdsdiyd yd tas kik `kdimu `kdimurld rldi i uitul uitul pdskai pdskai ydih faiuim faiuimull ulldi di ld`dr ld`dr hculjs hculjsdd faikih faikihldt ldt `kodwdb lji`ksk strass. ?. Hucd Hucd `drdb `drdb pudsd pudsd ijrfdc ijrfdc dtdu dtdu `kdt `kdtds ds ijrfdc ijrfdc.. 5. Assak bafjhcjoki bafjhcjoki hckljcksd hckljcksdtt `kdtds `kdtds raitdih raitdih ijrfdc. ijrfdc. 0. Qrkidc Qrkidcksk kskss pjsktkg pjsktkg tarbd` tarbd`dp dp hculjsd hculjsd `di latji. latji. 1. Ljc Ljcas asttar arjc jc

`di `di

ld`d ld`drr

trkhc khcks ksar arkk`d

sa sarruf

`dpd `dpdtt

faik aikihld ihldtt

fa faid idi` i`dl dldi di

latk`dld`aludtdi ljitrjc hcklafkl `di paikihldtdi prjpaisktds pd`d tarmd`kiyd dtarjslcarjsks. 7. Dsatji Dsatji pcds pcdsfd= fd= ^jsk ^jsktkg tkg saed saedrd rd faiejc faiejcjl  jl  8.  Ds. Cafdl oaods= ld`dr ckpk` `di ljcastarjc faikihhldt 2. Acaltrjckt Acaltrjckt== Id ijrfdc/f ijrfdc/faiurui aiurui. Hds @drdb @drdb Drtark Drtark== pB rai`db rai`db,, paiurui paiuruidi di BEJ5 BEJ5 (dsk`j (dsk`jsks sksfat fatdoj dojckl ckl)) `aihdi `aihdi ljfpaisdsk dcldcjsks raspkrdtjrkl  44. Prjfojskt `drdb= Bt fuihlki faikihldt, cauljsktjsks, cauljsktjsks, bafjljisaitrdsk 4?. Qrauf/eradtk Qrauf/eradtkiki= iki= faikihldt/ faikihldt/ijrfdc ijrfdc 45. Dfkcdsa `drdb= faikihldt faihki`kldskldi faihki`kldskldi pdieradtktks dlut

 

B. @kdhij @kdhijsd sd Lap Lapard ardwdt wdtdi di 4. @agkskt @agkskt vjcufa vjcufa edkrdi oarbuouihdi oarbuouihdi `aihdi `aihdi `kurasks `kurasks jsfjtkl jsfjtkl dlkodt dlkodt bkparhck bkparhcklafd, lafd,  paihacudrdi edkrdi oarcaokbdi= `kdra, fuitdb, pafodtdsdi kitdla dlkodt fudc, ldedu faitdc. ?. ^jcd idgds idgds tk`dl tk`dl agaltkg agaltkg oarbuouihdi oarbuouihdi `aihdi `aihdi ljfpaisdsk ljfpaisdsk dsk`jsks dsk`jsks fatdojc fatdojckl. kl. 5. _asklj _asklj tkihhk tkihhk tarbd`d tarbd`dp p kigals kigalskk (sapsk (sapsks) s) oarbuouih oarbuouihdi di `aihdi `aihdi paikihld paikihldtdi tdi ld`dr  hculjsd. 0. Latk`d Latk`dlsa lsakfo kfodihd dihdi i iutrks iutrksk=l k=lurd urdih ih `drk `drk laoutub laoutubdi di oarbuou oarbuouihdi ihdi `aihdi `aihdi latk`d latk`dl  l  eulupdi kisucki, paiuruidi fdsuldi jrdc, stdtus bkparfatdojcksfa. 1. Lurdih paihatdbudi paihatdbudi oarbuoui oarbuouihdi hdi `aihdi `aihdi lurdih lurdih tarpdmdi tarpdmdi kigjrf kigjrfdsk. dsk.

K. Kitarv Kitarvais aiskk Lapard Lapardwdt wdtdi di @KDHIJUD IJ 4

LA^A_DXDPDI @agkskt Wjcufa Edkrdi

PQMQDI @DI

L_KPA_KD BDUKC IJE= Gcuk` odcdiea @agki @agkiksk ksk = ^aiuru ^aiuruidi idi edkrd edkrdi i   By`rdtkji   ki kitr trdv dvds dslu luca car, r, ki kita tars rstk tksk skdc dc,,   Iutrktkjidc Utdtus = Gjj` di` `di/ `di/dt dtdu du kitr kitrds dsac accu cucd cdr. r. Ki Kikk Gcuk` Kitdla   faihdrdb la `abk`rdsk, Lrktarkd Bdskc = labk labkcd cdih ihdi di edkr edkrdi di `aih `aihdi di   Fafp Fafpar artd tdbd bdil ildi di ur urki kiaa  paihacudrdi sj`kuf sj`kuf jutputt sasu jutpu sasudk dk `aihd `aihdi i uskd  Odtdsdi Ldrdltarkstkl = `di OO, OM urkia ijrfdc,   ― Lacafdbdi BP ijrfdc  ― Bdus   Pal Paldid didi i `drdb, `drdb, id`k, id`k, subu   ― ^aiuruidi turhjr luckt/ck`db tuoub `dcdf odtds ijrfdc  ― Fafordi fuljsd/luckt   Pk`dl `dl d`d tdi` tdi`dd td tdi` i`dd  larkih `abk`rdsk, Acdstksktds turhjr   ― ^aikihldtdi `aiyut id`k, odkl, fafordi   paiuruidi taldidi `drdb, luckt fuljsd fulj sd cafo cafodo, do, tk`dl tk`dl d`d  paiuruidi vjcufa/taldidi rdsd bdus ydih oarcaokbdi   id`k  ― ^aihkskdi vaid faiurui    ― ^aruodbdi stdtus stdtus faitdc    ― Ljisaitrdsk urkia urkia faikihldt  ― Pafpardtur tuoub tuoub faikihldt  ― Bafdtjlrkt faikihhk faikihhk    ― Labkcdihdi oardt od`di salatk sal atkld ld (laeud (laeudck ck pd`d pd`d tb tbkr` kr` spdekih) Gdltjr-gdltjr ydih  oarbuouihdi=  ― Labkcdihdi vjcufa edkrdi saedrd dltkg  ― Lahdhdcdi faldiksfa  paihdturdi

KIPA_WAIUK IKE = Gcuk` fdidhafait ^art ^artdbdi dbdildi ldi edtd edtdtdi tdi kitdla kitdla `di jutp jutput ut ydih dlurdt Fjiktj Fjiktjrr stdtus stdtus bk` bk`rds rdskk ( lacaf lacafodo ododi di fafordi fafo rdi fuljs fuljsd, d, id`k d`al d`aludt, udt, taldidi taldidi `drdb jrtjstdtkl ), mkld `kparculdi Fjiktjr vktdc skhi Fjikt Fjiktjr jr fdsuldi fdsuldi fdldi fdldidi di / edkrdi edkrdi `di bktuih kitdla ldcjrk bdrkdi Ljcdojrdskld Ljcdojrdskldi i pafoarkdi edkrdi KW Fjiktjr stdtus iutrksk Oarkldi edkrdi KW pd`d subu rudihdi @jrjih fdsuldi jrdc

Oark Oarkldi ldi paihhditk paihhditkdi di iasjhdtrk iasjhdtrkl l sasudk sasudk jutput @jrjih lacudrhd uitul fafoditu pdskai fdldi Pdwdrldi sidel ( mus oudb, oudb sahdr ) Lj Ljcd cdoj ojrd rdsk sk `j `jlt ltar ar mkld mkld tdi` tdi`dd ed edkr krdi di  oarcaokb fuieuc faourul Dtur lafuihlkidi trdigusk ^arskdpdi uitul trdigusk

 

?

^jcd Idgds tk`dl agaltkg   IJE = IKE = @a @agk gkik iksk sk = ^a ^art rtul uldr drdi di u` u`dr drdd _aspkrdtjry stdtus = kispkr kispkrdsk dsk `di `di/dt /dtdu du als alspkr pkrdsk dsk Waitkcdtkji Dkrwdy Fdidhafait tk`dl d`aludt   _aspkrdtj _aspkrdtjry ry stdtus = Dkrwdy Dkrwdy Odtdsdi ldrdltarkstkl =  pdtaiey   Ould mdcdi idgds, hudidldi talikl ebki ckgt  ― ^aiuruidi taldidi  Wktdc skhi Utdtus dtdu mdw tbrust okcd parcu Lrktarkd Bdskc = kispkrdsk/alspkrdsk   ^jskskldi ^jskskldi pdskai pdskai uitul fafd fafdlskf lskfdcldi dcldi  ― ^aiuruidi partuldrdi u`drd  Fai`a Fai`afjist fjistrdsk rdskldi ldi odtul  vaitkcdsk  par faikt agaltkg `di sudrd idgds ydih  K`aitkgkldsk pdskai parcuiyd pafdsdihdi  ― Faihhuidldi jtjt parid paridgdsdi gdsdi  oarskb, tk`dl d`d skdijsks dcdt mdcdi idgds oudtdi tdfodbdi `di `yspiau (fdfpu ^dsdih fdyj okcd parcu  ― Idsdc gcdrkih gcdrkih fa faih ihac acud udrl rldi di sp sput utuf uf,,   Cdluldi gkskjtardpk `d`d mkld parcu  ― @yspiad fd fdfp fpu u oa oari ridg dgds ds `a `aih ihdi di   La Lacu cudr drld ldi i sa salr lrat at `a `aih ihdi di odtu odtul l dtdu dtdu  ― Jrtbjpiad fu`db, fu` db, tk`dl tk`dl d`d pur pursa` sa` suetkji  ― ^aruodbdi paiykfpdihdi ckps)   Dusluctdsk sudrd idgds, edtdt d`diyd sudrd `d`d   Faiuim Faiuimull ulldi di mdcdi idgd idgdss tdfodbdi  ― Idgds pai`al yd ydih ih pdta pdtai i (l (lck ckai ai tk`d tk`dl  l    Cdluldi suetkji pd`d fdyj  ― Dssufptkji jg 5-pjkit fa fard rdsd sd tare tareal alkl kl,, kr krdf dfdd   Oarkldi orjilj`kcdtjr okcd parcu  pjsktkji idgds, graluaisk paridgdsdi   Oa Oarkl rkldi di pacafo pacafodo do u`drd u`drd Ldssd Ldssd odsdb odsdb  ― ^aridgdsdi pursa`-ckp pursa`-ckp `d `dcd cdf f rait raitdi dih h ij ijrf rfdc dc,,  IdEc Cafodo Cafodo  ― Pdbdp alspkrdsk oarcdihsuih tk`dl d`d sudrd idgds   Dtur kitdla uitul edkrdi faihjptkfdcldi faihjptkfdcldi sdihdt cdfd doijrfdc) lasakfodihdi.  ― ^aikihldtdi `kdfatar    Pdi`d Pdi`d Pdi`d Pdi`d vktd vktdcc `dcdf   Fjiktjr raspkrdsk `di stdtus J? ditarkjr-pjstarkjr raitdi rai tdih h ijr ijrfdc fdc (t (tald aldidi idi Pardpk jlskhai  ― ^aridgdsdi rdtd-rdtd/fkikfd rdtd-rdtd/fkikfdcc `drdb, id`k, paridgdsdi)   Oarskbldi fucut, fucut, bk`uih `di saerat saerat trdlad Odyk = 3 ?1 dtdu 9 7>   ^artdbdildi mdcdi idgds ydih pdtai   Qskd 4-0 = 3 ?> dtdu 9 5>   Dtur pardcdtdi pardcdtdi jlskhaidsk jlskhaidsk   Qskd 1-40 = 3 40 dtdu 9 ?1   Fjiktjr dckrdi jlskhai   Qskd 9 40 = 3 44 dtdu 9 ?0   ^artdbdildi pjsksk pdskai pdskai  ― La`dcdfdi paridgdsdi paridgdsdi   Jisarvdsk d`diyd tdi`d tdi`d bkpjvaitkcdsk bkpjvaitkcdsk @awdsd vjcufa tk`dciyd 1>> fc   Fjiktjr Fjiktjr d`diyd laea laeafdsd fdsdi i pdskai pdskai tarbd`dp tarbd`dp sddt kstkrdbdt jlskhaidsk Odyk vjcufa tk`dciyd 7-2 fc/Lh Wktdc skhi Fjiktjrkih  ― Pkfkih rdskj  ― ^aiuruidi ldpdsktds ldpdsktds vktdc Fjiktjr P@, id`k, subu, `di __  Gdltjr ydih oarbuouihdi = Ed Edtd tdtt d` d`di diyd yd gcul gcultu tuds dskk tald taldid idi i Bkparvaitkcdsk `drdb @agjrfktds tucdih Fjiktjr WU sddt pdskai oarodrkih, Lacdkidi idi oai oaitul tul `ki `ki`ki `kih h `u`ul, dtdu oar`krk `d`dLacdk Dusluctdsk P@ pd`d la`ud caihdi ^aiuruidi aiarhk/lacacdbdi `di odi`kihldi ^arusdldi/pacafdbdi Fjiktj Fji ktjrr P@ P@,, id`k, id`k, __ __,, saoacu saoacuf, f, fuslucj-slacatdc sacdfd, `di satacdb dltkvktds Joasktds Fjiktjr ludcktds `drk id`k ^jsksk tuoub Fjik Fj iktj tjrr gr gral alua uais iskk `d `di i krdf krdfdd Lacacdbdi jtjt paridgdsdi  paridpdsdi Bkpjvaitkcdsk ski`rjf Fjiktjr sudrd pdru  Iyark Fjiktjr pjcd paridpdsdi doijrfdc Laeafdsdi Fjiktjr subu, wdrid, `di @ksguihsk Iaurjfuslucar lacafododi luckt Larusdldi parsapsk/ljhiktk parsapsk/ljhiktkgg Fjiktjr skdijsks parkgar  ^arcu ^arculdd lddi i pd` pd`dd mdrkih mdrkihdi di Fjik Fj iktj tjrr d` d`di diyd yd eu eusb sbki kih h trkd trkd` ` sydrdg tucdih oacdldih (tal (talddidi idi id` d`kk ydih ydih faca facaod odrr, Kfdturktds Iaurjcjhks 









 

  

 



 ord`kldr`k, paikihldtdi paikihldtdi skstjckl) skstjckl) K`aitkgkldsk paiyaodo `drk

 

5

_asklj Kigalsk

 

   

 

 

IJE = Kffuia Utdtus @agkiksk @agk iksk = ^aikihldt ^aikihldtdi di rask rasklj lj   Lijw Lijwca ca`h `haa = Kiga Kigaet etkj kji i  fdsuliyd jrhdiksfa pdtjhai ejitrjc Gdltjr-gdltjr rasklj =     _ksl ejitrjc ^rjsa`ur Kigdskg  Lrktarkd Bdskc =   Latk`dleulupdi   Lckai Lckai oaods `drk `drk tdi`d `di   paihatdbudi uitul  hamdcd kigalsk faihbki`drk pdpdrdi pdtjhai   Faiu Faiuimull imulldi di lafdf lafdfpudi pudi Prdufd uitul faieahdb tkfouciyd  Larusd Lar usdldi ldi mdrkih mdrkihdi di `di kigalsk  paikihldtdi pdpdrdi   Mufcdb cauljskt cauljskt `dcdf odtds  ckihluihdi ijrfdc _uptur fafordi dfikji   Faiuimulldi parkcdlu bk`up  Dhai gdrfdsk sabdt (kfuijsuprasdi)   Fdciutrksk ^a ^aik ikih ihld ldtd tdi i pd pdpd pdrd rdi i   ckihluihdi pdtjhai Kfjiusuprask   Latk`dld Latk `dld`alud `aludtdi tdi kfuf  oudtdi Pk`dl Pk`d l d`aludt d`aludt partdbdi partdbdidi di sal alui ui`a `arr (paiu paiurruidi uidi Bo,   Cauljpaikd, paialdidi raspji kigcdfdsk)   Pk`d Pk`dl l d`aludt d`aludt partdbdi partdbdidi di tuoub prkfar (luckt tk`dl utub,   trd trdufd ufd mdrkih mdrkihdi, di, paiuru paiuruidi idi   larmd skckd, edkrdi tuoub stdtks,    paruodbdi salrask pB,    paruodbdi parkstdctkl) parkstdctkl) ^aiydlkt lrjikl   

     

0

 paruodbdi vktdc skhi skhi IKE = Kigaetkji Ejitrjc (Ljitrjc kigalsk) Oars Oarskbldi kbldi ckih ckihluihd luihdi i satacdb satacdb `kpdldk `kpdldk  pdskai cdki ^artdbdildi talikl ksjcdsk Odtdsk paihuimuih okcd parcu Kis Kistru trulsk lskldi ldi pd`d pd`d paihui paihuimui muih h uit uitul  ul  faieuek tdihdi sddt oarluimuih `di satacdb  oarluimuih faikihhdcldi faikihhdcldi pdskai Huidldi Huidldi sdou sdoui i ditkfklrjo ditkfklrjokd kd uitul euek tdihdi Euek tdihdi tdihdi satkdp satkdp saoa saoacuf cuf `di sasu`db sasu`db tki`dldi lpardwtdi Huidldi odmu, sdruih tdihdi saodhdk dcdt  packi`uih ^artdbdi ^artdbdildi ldi ckihluihdi ckihluihdi dsaptkl dsaptkl sacdfd sacdfd  pafdsdihdi dcdt Hditk catdl KW parkgar `di ckia eaitrdc `di `rasskih sasudk `aihdi patuimul ufuf Hu Huid idld ldi i ld ldta tata tarr kita kitarf rfkt ktai ai ui uitu tul  l  faiuruildi kigalsk ldi`uih laiekih Pkihltldi kitdla iutrksk Oarkldi tardpk ditkokjtkl okcd parcu Kigaetkji ^rjtaetkj Kigaetkji ^rjtaetkji i (prjtalsk (prjtalsk tarbd`dp tarbd`dp kigalsk) Fjiktjr tdi`d `di hamdcd kigalsk skstafkl  `di cjldc Fjiktjr bktuih hrdiucjskt, XOE Fjiktjr laraitdidi tarbd`dp kigalsk Odtdsk paihuimuih Udrkih Udrkih pai paihui huimui muih h tar tarbd` bd`dp dp paiydl paiydlkt kt faiucdr  ^drt ^drtdbdil dbdildi di talikl talikl dspa dspasks sks pd`d pdskai pdskai ydih oarasklj ^artdbdildi talikl ksjcdsk l/p Oa Oark rkld ldi i pa pard rdwd wdtd tdi i lu luck ckdt dt pd pd`d `d dr drad ad apk`afd

Kispal Kispalsk sk luc luckt kt `di faf faford ordi i fuljsd fuljsd tarbd`dp lafardbdi, pdids, `rdkidsa   Kspalsk lji`ksk culd / kisksk oa`db   @jrjih fdsulldi iutrksk ydih eulup   @jrjih fdsuldi edkrdi   @jrjih kstkrdbdt   Ki Kist stru ruls lskl kldi di pd pdsk skai ai uitu uitul l fkiu fkiuf f ditkokjtkl sasudk rasap   Dmdrldi Dmdrldi pdskai pdskai `di lacudrhd lacudrhd tdi`d tdi`d `di hamdcd kigalsk   Dmdrldi edrd faihbki`drk kigalsk   Cdpjrldi laeurkhddi kigalsk   Cdpjrldi luctur pjsktkg  IJE = IKE = Latk`dlsakfodihdi iutrksk lurdih `drk laoutubdi tuoub   Iutrktkjidc Utdtus = gjj` di` Iutrktkji Fdidhafait @agkiksk @agk iksk = Kitdla Kitdla iutr iutrksk ksk tk`dl  tk`dl  Gcuk` Kitdla   Ldmk d`diyd d`diyd dcarhk fdldidi eulup uitul laparcudi  Iutrktkji Iutrktkjidc dc Utdtus Utdtus = iutrkait iutrkait  Ljcdojrdsk `aihdi `aihdi dbck hkzk uitul faiaituld faiaituldi i

 

fatdojcksfa tuoub. Kitdla  mufcdb ldcjrk `di iutrksk ydih `koutubldi Lrktarkd Bdskc = Odtdsdi ldrdltarkstkl =  pdskai.  ― Oardt od`di ?> % dtdu caokb  D`di D`diyd yd paikih paikihldtd ldtdi i oardt  Dimurldi pdskai uitul uitul faikihldtldi kitdla `k odwdb k`adc  od`di sasudk `aihdi `aihdi tumudi Ga  ― @kcdpjrldi d`diyd kitdla  Oard Oardtt od od`d `di i k` k`ad adcc sa sasu sudk dk  Dimurldi pdskai pdskai uitul faikih faikihldtldi ldtldi prjtaki fdld fdldid idi i ydih ydih lu lurd rdih ih `drk `drk `aihdi tkihhk od`di `di vktdfki E _@D _@ D (_ (_ae aejf jfai ai`a `a` ` @d @dkc kcy y  Fdfpufaihk`aitkgkldsk  Oarkldi suostdisk hucd Dccjwdiea) laoutubdi iutrksk   [dlk [dlkildi ildi `kat ydih `kfd `kfdldi ldi faihdi faihdi`uih `uih  ―  ―

 ―  ―

 ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―  ―

1

Fafordi fuljsd `di  Pk`l d`d tdi`d tdi`d tkihhk sardt uitul faieahdb ljistkpdsk ljimuihtkvd puedt fdciutrksk   Oa Oark rkld ldi i fdld fdldid idi i yd ydih ih tarp tarpkc kckb kb ( su`d su`db b Lacafdbdi jtjt ydih  Faiu Faiuimull imulldi di paikih paikihldtdi ldtdi `kljisuctdskldi `aihdi dbck hkzk) `khuidldi uitul   gu guih ihsk sk pa paih ihae aedp dpdi di `d `drk rk  Dmdrldi Dmdrldi pdskai odhdk odhdkfdid fdid fafoudt fafoudt edtdtdi faiacdi/faihuiydb faiacdi fdldidi bdrkdi. Culd, kigcdfdsk pd`d rjihhd  Pk`dl tarmd`k tarmd`k paiuruid paiuruidi i oardt  Fjiktjr mufcdb mufcdb iutrksk `di ld ldi`uihdi i`uihdi ldcjrk fucut  od`di ydih oardrtk oardrtk   Oarkldi kigjrfdsk kigjrfdsk taitdih laoutubdi laoutubdi iutrksk Fu`db fardsd laiydih,   Ldmk lafdfpudi lafdfpudi pdskai uitul fai`d fai`dpdtldi pdtldi sasd sasddt dt sata satacd cdb b fa faih ihui uiyd ydb b iutrksk ydih `koutubldi Iutrktkji Fjiktjrkih fdldidi @kcdpjrldi dtdu gdltd d`diyd   OO pdskai pdskai `dcdf odt odtds ds ijrfdc lalurdihdi fdldidi   Fjiktjr d`diyd d`diyd paiuruidi oar oardt dt od`di @kcdpjrldi d`diyd paruodbdi   Fjiktjr tkpa `di `di mufcdb dltkvk dltkvktds tds ydih okdsd saisdsk rdsd `kcdluldi ^ardsddi latk`dlfdfpudi   Fjiktjr kitardlsk kitardlsk didl dtdu jrdihtud sacdfd sacdfd uitul faihuiydb fdldidi Fksljisapsk Labkcdihdi OO `aihdi fdldidi eulup Laaihhdidi uitul fdldi fdldi Lrdf pd`d do`jfai do`jfai Pjius jtjt macal macal Iyark do`jfkidc `aihdi dtdu tdipd pdtjcjhk Lurdih oarfkidt tarbd`dp fdldidi ^afoucub `drdb ldpkc ldpkcar ar fucdk rdpub @kdra `di dtdu dtdu stadtjrrbad Labkcdihdi rdfout ydih

fdldi   Fjiktjr ckihluihdi ckihluihdi sacdfd fdldi   Md`w Md`wdcld dcldi i paihjo paihjodtdi dtdi `di tki tki`dld `dldi i tk`dl  sacdfd mdf fdldi   Fjik Fjiktj tjrr lu luck cktt lark larkih ih `d `di i paru paruod odbd bdi i  pkhfaitdsk   Fjiktjr turhjr luckt   Fji Fjiktj ktjrr lal lalark arkihd ihdi, i, rdfout rdfout lusdf lusdf,, `di fu`db pdtdb   Fjiktjr fudc fudc `di fuitdb   Fjiktjr ld`dr dcoufki, dcoufki, tjtdc prjtak prjtaki, i, Bo, `di ld`dr Bt   Fjiktjr fdldidi lasulddi   Fjiktjr partufoubdi partufoubdi `di pa parlafodihdi rlafodihdi   Fjiktjr Fjiktjr puedt, lafar lafardbdi, dbdi, `di lalarkihdi lalarkihdi

(rjitjl)  mdrkihdi ljimuihtk ljimuihtkvd vd la iuitrksk  ― eulup Uudrdodiydl usus bkpardltkg  bkpa rdltkg    Fjiktjr ldcjrk ldcjr k `di kitd kitdla  ― Lurdihiyd kigjrfdsk,   Edtdt Edtdt d`diyd a`afd, bkparafkl bkparafkl,, bkpartji bkpartjikl  kl  fkskigjrfdsk  pdpkcd ck`db `di `di edvktds jrdc. Gdltjr-gdltjr ydih   Edtdt mkld ck`db ck`db oarwdrid f fdhaitd, dhaitd, sedrcat sedrcat  oarbuouihdi = Latk`dlfd Latk `dlfdfpudi fpudi pafdsuld pafdsuldi i dtdu dtdu fai faiear earid id fdldi fdldidi di dtdu dtdu faih faihdo dosj sjrp rpsk sk zdtzdt-zd zdtt hkzk hk zk  oarbuouihdi `aihdi gdltjr   okjcjhks, pskljcjhks dtdu aljijfk. IJE = IKE = Lurdih paihatdbudi @agkiksk =   Ljwcw`ha = `ksadsa prjea prjeass ss Padebkih = `ksadsa ^rjeass Pk`dl Pk`d l d`diy d`diydd dtdu lurdihiyd lurdihiyd  Ljwca`ha = badctb Oabdvkjr 4. Oa Oark rkld ldi i paik paikcd cdkd kdi i tait taitdi dih h tkih tkihld ldtt Lrktarkd Bdskc = kigjrfdsk ljhiktkg sabuouihdi  paihatdbudi pdskai taitdih prjsas paiydlkt `aihdi tjpke spaskgkl.   ^dskai `di lacudrhd ydih spaskgkl

 

Odtdsdi ldrdltarkstkl = fa fafv fvar arod odck cksd sdsk skld ldi i d` d`di diyd yd fdsd fdsdcd cdb, b, la latk tk`d `dld ldlu lurd rdtd tdi i faihklutk faih klutk kistr kistrulsk, ulsk, parkcdlu parkcdlu tk`dl sasudk.   Gd Gdlt ltjr jr yd ydih ih oarb oarbuo uoui uihd hdi i = latarodtdsdi ljhiktkg, kitarpratdsk tarbd`dp kigjrfdsk

?. faiydtdld faiydt dldi i paf pafdbd dbdfdi fdi taitdih taitd ih paiyd paiydlkt, lkt, lji`ksk, lji`ksk,  prjhijsks `di prjhrdf  paihjodtdi 5. ^dskai ^dskai `di lacu lacudrhd drhd fdf fdfpu pu fa facd cdls lsdi didl dldi di pr prjs jsa` a`ur  ur  yd ydih ih `k `kma macd cdsl sldi di saed saedrd rd 0.  oaidr 

Macd Macdsldi sldi pd pdtjgks tjgkskjcj kjcjhk hk `dr `drkk paiy paiydlkt dlkt `di  odhdkfdid bdc kik oarbuouihdi `aihdi didtjf did tjfkk `di gks gkskjc kjcjhk jhk,, `aihdi `aihdi edr edrdd ydih ydih tapdt. Hdfodr Hdfodrldi ldi tdi`d tdi`d `di `di hamd hamdcd cd ydih ydih okdsd okdsd fuieuc fui euc pd` pd`dd paiydl paiydlkt, kt, `ai `aihdi hdi edrd edrd ydih ydih tapdt Hdfodrld Hdfodrldi i prjsas prjsas paiydlk paiydlkt, t, `a `aihdi ihdi edrd edrd

ydih sdcdb, lurdihiyd  ^dskai ^dskai `di lacu lacudrhd drhd fdf fdfpu pu laki lakihk hkid idi i uitu uitul l fai aieedrk fai 1. faimac macdsl dsldi di laf lafodc odckk dpd kigjrf kigjrfdsk dsk,, tk`dl tk`dl faihat faihatdbu dbukk ydih `kmacdsldi sufoar-sufoar kigjrfdsk. 7.  pardwdt/tkf lasabdtdi cdkiiyd. 8. 2.

ydih tapdt K`aitkgkldsk lafuihlkidi paiyaodo, `aihid edrd ydih tapdt Ua`k Ua`kdldi dldi kigjrfds kigjrfdskk pd` pd`dd pds pdskai kai taitd taitdih ih lji`ksk, `aihdi edrd ydih tapdt Bki`drk mdfkidi ydih ljsjih Ua`k Ua`kdldi dldi odhk lacud lacudrhd rhd ddtdu tdu UJ UJ kigjrfd kigjrfdsk sk taitdih lafdmudi pdskai `aihdi edrd ydih tapdt ;. @kslu @ksluskl skldi di par paruod uodbdi bdi hdyd hdyd bk`up bk`up ydih ydih fuih fu ihlk lki i `kpa `kparc rcul uldi di ui uitu tul l faie faieah ahdb db ljfpckldsk `k fdsd ydih dldi `dtdih `di dtdu prjsas paihjitrjcdi paiydlkt 4>. @ksluskldi pkckbdi tardpk dtdu paidihdidi 44. @uluih @uluih pdskai pdskai uitul uitul faihalspc faihalspcjrdsk jrdsk dtdu

fai`dpdtld fai`d pdtldi i saeji` saeji` jpkikji jpkikji `aih `aihdi di edrd ydih tapdt dtdu `kki`kldskldi 4?. 4?. Al Alsp spcj cjrd rdsk sk la lafu fuih ihlk lkid idi i su sufo foar ar dtdu dtdu `uluihdi, `aihdi edrd ydih tapdt 45. 45. _u _umu mul l pd pdsk skai ai pd`d pd`d hr hrup up dtdu dtdu dh dhai aisk sk `k ljfuiktds cjldc, `aihdi edrd ydih tapdt 40. Kistru Kistrulsk lskldi ldi pdskai pdskai fai faihai haidk dk tdi`d tdi`d `di ha hamd mdcd cd ui uitu tul l facd facdpj pjrl rldi di pd`d pd`d pa pafo foar arkk  pardwdtdi lasabdtdi, `aihdi edrd ydih tapdt