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EK_MRKF NKFKA@N@F C@_@RKWKZKF RPKFG B@JKD RXPJ G@FZ@FG BKF\PWKFGL
; Kjlc Rlk Wkrj rjkkfl
Jlsusu Jls usuff Me` Me`dd 1 9 Nu Nuzk zkyyylf ylfkt ktue ue Kzlz Kzlzkd kd
2 Kdnkj Xkli kliujjlf
7 Rlck Jwl E`stkrl
8 D`st D`stll Rk Rkddkyu kyu F Flf lfgt gtyyks
4 Xkil Xkiltr trll Furl Furl Rkd Rkdkyu kyu
: Lnkn Fur Ikuzl
< Xltl F Fuur LLffjkd Xk Xkrl
0 Cdme Cdmeli likt ktue ue LLst stlq lqmn mnkd kd
_RMGRKN XZPJL _RMI@XL (F@RX) X@CMEKD ZLFGGL LENP C@X@DKZKF BKF\PWKFGL BKF\PWKFGL 2?2?
E@NBKR _@FG@XKDKF Ekpmrkf lfl jlsusuf jlsusuf s`bkgkl skekd ssktu ktu sykrkt jkekn n`fhkpkl cmnp`t`fsl prmgrkn p`fjljlckf prmi`sl f`rs f`rs stkg` nkfka`n`f c`p`rkwktkf pkjk 1 Dkr krl/ l/Z Zkfg kfggke gke 1 ?< - 24 Fmv`nb`r 2?2?
Bkfyuwkfgl,
Fmv`nb`r 2?2? N`fg`tkdul
_`nblnblfg Lfstltusl
_`nblnblfg Celflc
Fs. Jlkfk Cusunkwktl, X.C`p, N.C`s FLC. ?9.?;?.?2?7
Fs. C.F Zaktur W., X.C`p FLC.
l
CKZK _@FGKFZKR _ual syucur c`dkjlrkt Zudkf \kfg Nkdk @sk ktks s`nuk b`rckt jkf dljkykt-Fyk s`dlfggk p`fuels jkpkt n`fy`e`sklckf Ekpmrkf lfl ykfg b`raujue ―Ekp ―E kpmr mrkf kf Nkfk Nkfka`n a`n`f `f C` C`p` p`rk rkwk wktk tkff Jl Rukf Rukfgg B`jk B`jkdd RX RXPJ PJ G`ft G`ft`f `fgg Bkfyuwkfgl„.. Bkfyuwkfgl„ Jkekn dke lfl p`fuels bkfykc n`fjkpktckf bkftukf jkrl b`rbkgkl pldkc, ckr`fk ltu pkjk c`s`npktkf ckel lfl p`fuels n`fguhkpckf bkfykc t`rlnkcksld c`pkjk 1 ;. JR. D. Xm`c Xm`ckrjam krjam s`ek s`ekcu cu C`tuk XZ XZLC@X LC@X Bkf Bkfyuwk yuwkfgl. fgl. 2. Fs. @ss @ssyy Xmfmf Xmfmftlcm tlcm X. X., X.,C`p C`p s`ekc s`ekcuu C`pkek _rmj _rmjll F`rs. 8. Fs. Jlk Jlkfk fk Cusun Cusunkwk kwktl, tl, X.C`p, X.C`p,N.C N.C`s `s s`e s`ekcu kcu _`nbln _`nblnblf blfgg Lfstlt Lfstltusl usl pkjk Xtks` Nkfka`n`f C`p`rkwktkf. :. Fs. C. F. Zak Zaktur tur W. X., X.,C`p C`p s`ekcu s`ekcu _`nb _`nblnb lnblfg lfg Celflc Celflc Rukfg B`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl. X`nmgk Zudkf \kfg Nkdk @sk n`nb`rlckf bkekskf ktks s`gkek knke bklc ykfg t`ekd jlb`rlckf jkf s`nmgk ekpmrkf lfl jkpkt b`rnkfikkt bkgl s`nuk pldkc.
Bkfyuwkfgl,
Fmv`nb`r 2?2? _`fuels
ll
JKIZKR LXL
E`nbkr Dkeknkf E@NBKR _@FG@XKDKF... _@FG@XKDKF......................... ............................................ ............................................................. .......................................ll CKZK _@FGKFZKR.......................... _@FGKFZKR................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................ll .ll JKIZKR LXL............................................ LXL.................................................................. ......................................................... ........................................lll .....lll BKB L.................... L.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................................................7 .................................7 ;.; EKZK EKZKR R B@EKCKFG B@EKCKFG..................................................................................7 ..................................................................................7 ;.2 Runu Runuskf skf Nkskekd Nkskekd........................................................................................< ........................................................................................< ;.8 Zuaukf........... Zuaukf................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................................................< ................................< ;.8.; Zuaukf unun........... unun................................. ............................................ ............................................ ....................................< ..............< ;.8.2 Zuaukf cdusus. cdusus....................... ............................................ ............................................ ...........................................;? .....................;? ;.: Nkf Nkfikk ikktt..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................................;; .................;; ;.:.; Bkgl pksl`f...................................... pksl`f............................................................ ............................................... ................................;; .......;; ;.:.2 Bkgl runkd skclt.................. skclt........................................ ............................................ ............................................;; ......................;; ;.:.8 Bkgl p`rkwkt........................................... p`rkwkt................................................................. ...............................................;; .........................;; ;.:.: Bkgl nkdkslswk..................................... nkdkslswk........................................................... ................................................;; ..........................;; BKB 2................. 2....................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ...........;2 ;2 2.; Mrl`ftksl Rukfgkf............. Rukfgkf................................... ............................................ ..................................................... ...............................;2 ;2 2.;.; Ylsl RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl.......................................................;2 Bkfyuwkfgl.......................................................;2 2.;.2 Nlsl RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl Bkfyuwkfgl......................................................;2 ......................................................;2 2.;.8 Nmttm RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl Bkfyuwkfgl...................................................;2 ...................................................;2 2.;.: Akfal _`ekykfkf RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl..................................;2 Bkfyuwkfgl..................................;2 2.;.0 @tlck _`ekykfkf...................................................................................;2 _`ekykfkf...................................................................................;2 2.2 _`fgunpuekf Jktk.....................................................................................;2 Jktk.....................................................................................;2 2.2.; C`t`fkgkkf ( N;-Nkf .......................................... ............................................ ...............................;2 .........;2 N;-Nkf).................... 2.2.2 Xkrkfk jkf _rkskrkfk (N2- Nkt`rlke Nkt`rlke )................................................2: 2.2.8 N`tmj` _`nb`rlkf Ksdkf C`p`rkwktkf (N8-N`tdmj`).......................20 2.2.: _`nkskrkf ( N0 ‘Nkrc`t )....................................................................8? )....................................................................8? 2.8 Kfkelsk XWMZ............ XWMZ.................................. ............................................ .................................................. ..................................... .........8; 8; 2.: Jlkgrkn Ekykfg................................... Ekykfg......................................................... ........................................................8; ..................................8;
lll
2.0 Lj`ftlilcksl Nkskekd.................. Nkskekd........................................ ............................................ ..........................................8; ....................8; 2.9 _rlm _rlmrltks rltks Nksk Nkskekd ekd.......................................................................................88 .......................................................................................88 BKB 8................. 8....................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ...........8: 8: 8.; _`fgmrgkflskslkf............................... _`fgmrgkflskslkf..................................................... ............................................ ..................................... ...............8: 8: 8.;.; Xtructur mrgkflsksl uunun.............. nun.................................... ............................................ ..................................8: ............8: 8.;.2 Xtructur mrgkflsksl NKC_........... NKC_................................. ......................................................... ...................................8: 8: 8.2 Xtrkt`gl C`glktkf................. C`glktkf........................................ ............................................. .......................................... ............................ ........80 80 8.2.; Rmfj` C`p`rkwktkf.................. C`p`rkwktkf........................................ ............................................ .......................................80 .................80 8.2.2 Zlnbkfg Z`rlnk................... Z`rlnk......................................... ................................................................. ...........................................87 87 8.2.8 Xup`rvlsl C`p`rkwktkf..................... C`p`rkwktkf........................................... ..................................................... ...............................:? :? 8.8 R`fhkfk Xtrkt`gl.......... Xtrkt`gl................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ...............:: :: Kfkelsk XWMZ XWMZ 1 C`t`fkgkkf (NL) (NL)....................................................................0? ....................................................................0? BKB :................. :....................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ...........90 90 :.; Xtrkt`gl Rme`p Rme`peky eky Xup`rvlsl.. Xup`rvlsl........................ ............................................ ............................................... ............................94 ...94 :.2
Xtrkt`gl Zlnbkfg Z`rlnk....................... Z`rlnk............................................. ............................................. .................................7: ..........7:
:.8
Xtrkt`gl Rme`peky JRC.............. JRC.................................... ............................................ .............................................79 .......................79
BKB 0................. 0....................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ...........4; 4; @YKEPKXL C@GLKZKF.................................. C@GLKZKF........................................................ ....................................................4; ..............................4; 0.; @vkeuksl c`glktkf rme`peky Xup`rvlsl.............. Xup`rvlsl.................................... ..............................................4; ........................4; 0.;.; @vkeuksl Xtructur........... Xtructur.................................. ............................................. .............................................. ...........................4; ...4; 0.;.2 @vkeuksl _rms`s......... _rms`s............................... ............................................ .......................................................4; .................................4; 0.;.8 @vkeuksl Dksle............... Dksle..................................... ............................................ ...................................................4; .............................4; LFXZRPN@F XP_@RYLXL KXPDKF C@_@RKWKZKF
[email protected] X@HKRK EKFGXPFG _KJK _@RKWKZ _@EKCXKFK...... _@EKCXKFK............................ ...........................................42 0.2 @vkeuksl c`glktkf rme`peky Zlnbkfg Z`rlnk......... Z`rlnk............................... .......................................40 .................40 0.2.;
@vkeuksl structur........... structur................................. ............................................ ...................................................40 .............................40
0.2.2
@vkeuksl prms`s........ prms`s.............................. ............................................ ........................................................ ..................................40 40
0.2.8
@vkeuksl dksle............. dksle................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................40 ..........40
Eknplrkf ;.................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................................49 .......................49
JKIZKR _PXZKCK.................................. _PXZKCK........................................................ ........................................................ ..................................;?4 ;?4
lv
v
BKB L _@FJKDPEPKF ;. ;.;; EKZK EKZKR R B@EK B@EKCK CKFG FG Nkfka`n`f jkf c`p`nlnplfkf s`rlfg jlkrtlckf dkfyk b`riufgsl pkjk c`glktkf sup`rvlsl t`tkpl jkekn c`p`rkwktkf iufgsl t`rs`but skfgktekd euks. Alck pmslsl kfjk s`bkgkl s`mrkfg c`tuk tln, c`pkek rukfgkf ktku p`rkwkt p`ekcskfk jkekn suktu bkglkf, kfjk n`n`reuckf suktu p`nkdknkf t`ftkfg bkgklnkfk n`fg`emek jkf n`nlnplf mrkfg eklf jkekn n`fhkpkl ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf ykfg b`rcukeltks. X`bkgkl p`rkwkt prmi`slmfke kfjk tljkc dkfyk n`f `fg` g`em emek ek mrk rkffg
t`tk t`tkppl
s`bu `bukd prm rmss`s s`hk s`hkrk rk c`s`e `s`euuru ruddkf ykfg kfg
n`nufg n`n ufgclf clfckf ckf mrk mrkfg fg jkp jkpkt kt n`f n`fy`e y`e`sk `sklck lckff tugksf tugksfyk yk jke jkekn kn n`nb`r n`nb`rlck lckff ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf s`rtk n`flfgcktckf c`kjkkf c`s`dktkf pksl`f n`fuau c`krkd c`s`nbudkf (Furskekn, 2?;9). C`p`rkwktkf s`bkgkl prmi`sl ykfg n`rupkckf bkglkf jkrl nksykrkckt kckf t`rus b`rubkd s`akekf j`fgkf nksykrkckt ykfg t`rus b`rc`nbkfg jkf n`fgkeknl p`rubkdkf. C`p`rkwktkf jkpkt jleldkt jkrl b`rbkgkl ksp`c, kftkrk eklf c`p`rkwktkf s`bkgkl b`ftuc ksudkf prmi`sslmfke c`pkjk nksykrkckt, c` c`p` p`rk rkwk wktk tkff s`bk s`bkgk gkll lenu lenu p`fg p`fg`tk `tkdu dukf kf jkf jkf t` t`cf cfme memg mgll (L_Z@ (L_Z@C) C),, s`rt s`rtkk c`p`rkwktkf s`bkgkl c`emnpmc nksykrkckt lenukf jkf c`emnpmc nksykrkckt prmi`sslmfke. J`fgkf t`rakjlfyk p`rubkdkf ktku p`rg`s`rkf jkrl b`rbkgkl ikctmr ykfg n`np`fgkrudl c`p`rkwktkf, kckf b`rjknpkc pkjk p`rubkdkf jkekn p`ekykfkf / ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf, p`rc`nbkfkgf lpt`c c`p`rkwktkf, nkupuf p`rubkdkf jkekn nksykrkckt c`p`rkwktkf. X`jkfgckf suktu ksudkf c` c`p` p`rk rkwk wktk tkff c`pk c`pkjk jk pksl pksl`f `f skfg skfgkt kt jl jlt` t`ft ftuc uckf kf me me`d `d p`nl p`nlel eldk dkff n`tm n`tmj` j` p`nb`rlkf ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf prmi`sslmfke prmi`sslmfke (NKC_). Xlst`n nmj`e ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf prmi`sslmfke (NKC_) kjkekd suktu c`rkfg c`r kfgck ck c`r c`rak ak ykf ykfgg n`f n`fj`i j`ilfl lflslc slckf kf `np `npkt kt ufsur ufsur ykc ykcfl fl stkfjk stkfjkr, r, prms`s prms`s c`p`rkwktkf, p`fjljlckf c`p`rkwktkf, slst`n NKC_. _`rkwkt prmi`slmfke jkekn n`nb`rlckf p`ekykfkf c`p`rkwktkf jl nksk j`pkf kjkekd dkrus jkpkt b`rcmnuflcksl s`hkrk e`fgckp, kj`cukt jkf h`pkt (Furskekn, 2?;2). _`ekykfkf c`p`rkwktkf kckf e`bld n`nuksckf t`ftufyk j`fgkf p`f`rkpkf nmj`e ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf prmi`sslmfke ktku NKC_ ckr`fk c`pukskf pksl`f
9
jlt`ft jlt `ftuck uckff ske skekd kd sktuf sktufyk yk j`fgkf j`fgkf p`e p`ekyk kykfkf fkf c`p c`p`rk `rkwkt wktkf kf ykfg ykfg mptlnk mptlnkee (Ilsbkhd, ; ?,09 ?,;0 x 0> ?,70 ?,8? x0 > ;,0 2,4; (8)
:x ?,?7> ?,24 0x ?,;?> ?,0 0 x ?,2? > ; ;,74 (2)
Aunekd s`hkrk c`s`eurudkf p`rkwkt p`rdkrl tmtke < mrkfg Zmtke t`fkgk p`rkwkt1 _kgl
1 : mrkfg
Xmr`
1 8 mrkfg
Nkekn
1 2 mrkfg
Zmtk Zm tkee 1 < mmrk rkfg fg Aunekd t`fkgk e`pks jlfks p`rdkrl 49 x < 27<
> 2,77 (jlbuektckf 8)
Akjl rktk-rktk aunekd p`rkwkt ykfg jlbutudckf uftuc b`rtugks jl
Rukfg B`jkd RXPJ RXPJ G`ft`fg kjkekd < mrkfg. X`tlkp ssdli dli n`nbutudckf : mrkfg p`rkwkt sdli pkgl, 8 mrkfg p`rkwkt sdlit smr`, jkf 2 mrkfg p`rkwkt sdli nkekn, s`rtk t`rjkpkt 8 mrkfg t`fkgk e`pks. C`butudkf p`rkwkt jl rukfgkf C`butudkf p`rkwkt > K x B x H (H-J) @ C`t 1 K > rktk-rktk aunekd akn p`rkwktkf/cel`f/dkrl B > rktk-rktk aunekd cel`f p`r dkrl
;<
H > Aunekd dkrl p`r tkduf J > Dkrl elbur nkslfg-nkslfg p`rkwkt @ > Aunekd akn c`rak nkslfg-nkslfg p`rkwkt C`butudkf p`rkwkt > K x B x H (H-J) @ > : x ;: x 890 (890-74) x 9,9 > 2?. ::? ;4 ;?,7< > ;; p`rkwkt Akjll aun Akj aunekd ekd p`rkwk p`rkwktt rkt rktk-rk k-rktk tk ykfg ykfg jlbutu jlbutudck dckff jlrukf jlrukfgg b`jkd b`jkd s`bkfykc ;; p`rkwkt. _`f`rkpkf syst`n cekslilcksl pksl`f j`fgkf 8 ckt`gmrl n`furut Jmugeks (; Aunekd dkrl p`rkwktkf x ;??% (Aunekd B`j x Aunekd dkrl jkekn ; p`rlmj`) > 78 %
:. _` _`fy fykc kclt lt Z`rb Z`rbkf kfyk ykc c Jktkk jlk Jkt jlkgf gfmsl mslss cks cksus us t`rbkf t`rbkfykc ykc jl rukfg rukfg b`j b`jkd kd RXP RXPJ J G`ft`f G`f t`fgg kft kftkrk krk eklf _`r _`rltm ltmflt fltls, ls, D`rflk D`rflk,, Cktkrk Cktkrkc, c, HMR (H`j`r (H`j`rkk Mtkc Rlfgkf). 0. Keur Keur _ksl _ksl`f `f Nk Nksu suc c B`rjkskrck B`rjk skrckff dksle wkwkfhkrk pkjk tkfgg tkfggke ke ;2 Fmv` Fmv`nb`r nb`r 2?2?? jlj 2?2 jljkpk kpktck tckff bkd bkdwk wk Rukfg Rukfg B`j B`jkd kd jlplnp jlplnplf lf me`d me`d ; c`pkek c`pkek rukfgkf jlbkftu me`d 2 c`tuk tln jkf 7 p`rkwkt/p`tugks p`ekcskfk. Jl rukfg B`jkd jl jlbkgl bkgl n`f n`fakjl akjl 8 sdlit (wkc (wkctu/ tu/ glelr jlfks) jlfks) ykcfl ykcfl
2;
sdlit pkgl (?7.?? WLB- ;:.?? WLB), sdlit smr` (;:.?? WLB- 2?.?? WLB), sdlit nkekn (2?.?? WLB - ?7.?? WLB). KEPR _@EK\KFKF _KXL@F RKWKZ LFK_ RXPJ G@FZ@FG BKF\PWKFGL _ksl`f Jkrl _mel/LGJ
Emc`t _`ekykfkf Kjnlsl Rkwkt Lfkp ;. _`fj _`fjki kitk tkrk rkff Kj Kjnl nlsl sl Rk Rkwk wktt Lfkp 2. _`f`rbltkf tkf Xtktus Rkwkt Lfkp 8. _`fa`ekskf & _`fkfjktkf _`fkf jktkfgkfkf gkfkf G`f`r G`f`rke ke Hmfs`ft :. _`fy`rkdkf G`ekfg _ksl`f
Pflt Kjnlsl _`f`rbltkf Xap Rkwkt Lfkp jkf _`ruskdkkf
;. Emc`t B_AX C`s`dktkf 2. Y`rl Y`rlil ilck cksl sl & _`f`rbltkf _`f`r bltkf X`p Rkwkt Lfkp
_ksl`f Pnun
Rukfg Rkwkt Lfkp
Rukfg Rkwkt Lfkp
(Mhhupkhy Rkt`) Gknbkr 2.; Keur Nksuc _ksl`f Rukfg B`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg B`rjkskrckf dksle wkwkfhkrk pkjk dkrl Aunkt, ;8 Fmv`nb`r 2?2?, jljkpktckf gk gknb nbkr krkf kf ckpk ckpksl sltk tkss t`n t`npk pktt tlju tljurr jl rukf rukfgg B` B`jk jkdd RXPJ RXPJ G`ft G`ft`f `fgg yklt ykltuu s`bkfykc ;4 b`j/t`npkt tljur. 2.2.2 Xkrkfk jkf _rkskrkfk (N2- Nkt`rlke Nkt`rlke )
22
_` _`f` f`rk rkpk pkff prms prms`s `s prkc prkctl tlck ck prmi prmi`s `sll nkfk nkfka` a`n` n`ff c`p` c`p`rk rkwk wktk tkff nkdkslswk _rmi`sl F`rs C`p`rkwktkf Kfgcktkf T jl Rukfg B`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg Bkfyuwkfgl. _`fgckalkf jktk kwke jlekcuckf tkfggke ;8 Fmv`nb`r 2? 2?2? 2? jljkpk jljkpktck tckff dks dksle le bkd bkdwk wk iks ikslel leltks tks ykfg ykfg kjk jl rukfg rukfg B`j B`jkd kd RX RXPJ PJ G`ft`f G`f t`fgg suj sujkd kd n`n n`nkjk kjkl.l. Iks Ikslel leltks tks ykfg ykfg jlnlelc jlnlelcll rukfg rukfg b`j b`jkd kd RXPJ RXPJ G`ft`fg 1 ;. p` p`rke rkekt ktkf kf jkf jkf iiks ksle lelt ltks ks Zkb`e 2.8 _`rkektkf jkf Iksleltks rukfg r ukfg b`jkd RXPJ G`ftkfg Fm.
A`fls kekt
Aunekd
Bklc
Curkfg
Psuekf
Bklc ; 8
N`ak Zuels Cmnput`r
8 ;
∑ ∑
-
: 0
Xyrlfg` punp E`nkrl `s
: ;
∑ ∑
-
8 : ; 8 0 ; 2 ; 2 9 8 2? ; 2 ; ; 2 ; ; 8 ;4 ;4 ; 8
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
-
9 Hmn stkle`s 7 Zkbufg M2 4 X`ft`r < Bkc lfa`csl ;; @nb`r sknpkd pksl`f ;2 _kpkf tuels/ wdlt` Bmkrj ;8 E`nkrl ckhk ;0 E`nkrl b`sl ;9 Z`fsln`t`r ;7 _lfs`t ;4 Guftlfg ;< _`rbkf 2; Cmr`ftkfg 22 Lfius _unp 28 Kekt _`nkjkn C`bkckrkf 2: E`nkrl mbkt 20 Eknpu jkrurkt 29 Zrmel 27 Knbubkg 24 Cursl Rmjk 2< Nkfmn`t`r M2 E`fgckp 8? Xtkfjkr M2 8; Z`rnmn`t`r 82 D`ktlfg X`t
28
2.2.8 N`tmj` _`nb`rlkf Ksdkf C`p`rkwktkf C`p`rkwktkf (N8-N`tdmj`) ;. _`f` _`f`rk rkpk pkff XXls lst` t`n nN NKC KC_ _ B`rjkskrckf dksle p`fgckalkf pkjk tkfggke ;2 Fmv`nb`r 2?2? jl jljk jkpk pktc tckf kf nmj` nmj`ee p`nb p`nb`r `rlk lkff ksud ksudkf kf c`p` c`p`rk rkwk wktk tkff jl ru rukf kfgg b`jk b`jkdd n`fggufkckf n`tmj` tln. _`ekcskfkkf NKC_ Zln jl rukfg b`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg sujkd t`rekcskfk j`fgkf bklc. Xtructur mrgkflsksl jl rukfg b`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg n`nlelcl ; Ckru, 2 Cktln jkf 7 _`rkwkt p`ekcskfk. 2. _`f` _`f`rk rkpk pkff Zln Zlnbk bkfg fg Z`r Z`rln lnkk B`rjkskrckf dksle wkwkfhkrk ykfg jlekcuckf n`ekeul vlk jkrlfg jljkpk jlj kpktck tckff dks dksle le bkd bkdwk wk tln tlnbkf bkfgg t`rl t`rlnk nk t`e t`ekd kd jle jlekcu kcuckf ckf jlr jlrukf ukfgg b`j b`jkd kd RXPJ G`ft`fg, jlnkfk jkekn p`ekcskfkkf tlnbkfg t`rlnk jlekcuckf s`tlk `tlkpp p`r `rgk gkfftlkf tlkf sdlit dlit jkf jl lcut lcutll me` e`dd s`eu s`euru rudd p`rk p`rkwk wktt ykfg kfg b`rc`p`ftlfgkf jkf jlsknpklckf me`d _A sdlit. Kckf t`tkpl pkjk wkctu b`rcufaufg pkjk nkslfg-nkslfg pksl`f tljkc s`sukl j`fgkf stkfjkr mp`rkslmfke prms`jur ykltu 0-;? n`flt p`r pksl`f. X`eklf ltu augk tljkc kjk lft`rkcsl j`fgkf pksl`f skkt tlnbkfg t`rlnk b`rekfgsufg. Zlnb Zlnbkf kfgg t`r t`rln lnkk (mp` (mp`rk rkf) f) n` n`ru rupk pkck ckff t` t`df dflc lc kt ktku ku hkrk hkrk uftu uftuc c n`fy n` fykn knpk pklc lckf kf jkf jkf n` n`f` f`rl rlnk nk sukt suktuu ek ekpm pmrk rkff ykfg ykfg b`rc b`rckl kltk tkff j`fg j`fgkf kf c`kjkkf pksl`f. Zlnbkfg t`rlnk jlekcuckf me`d p`fkfggufg akwkb sdlit c`p`rkwktkf c`p`r kwktkf c`pkjk p`rkwk p`rkwktt p`ekc p`ekcskfk skfk jlfks smr`/jlfks smr`/jlfks nkekn s`hkrk t`rtue t`r tuels ls nku nkupuf puf elskf elskf (Fursk (Furskekn ekn,2? ,2?;9) ;9).. Zuaukf Zuaukf tlnbkf tlnbkfgg t`rlnk t`rlnk kjkekd kjkekd n`fgcmnuflckslckf c`kjkkf pksl`f jkf n`fyknpklckf lfimrnksl ykfg p`ftlfg, n`fyknpklckf cmfjlsl c`kjkkf pksl`f, n`fyknpklckf dke ykfg sujkd ktku b`eun jlekcuckf jkekn ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf c`pkjk pksl`f, n`fyknpklckf dke ykfg p`ftlfg jkf ykfg dkrus jltlfjkc ekfautl me`d p`rkwkt, n`fyusuf r`fhkfk c`rak uftuc jlfks b`rlcutfyk. B`b`rkpk dke ykfg p`reu jlp`rdktlckf jkekn tlnbkfg t`rlnk kftkrk eklf 1 k) Jlekc Jlekcskfkc skfkckf kf t`pkt t`pkt pkjk wkctu p`rgkf p`rgkftlkf tlkf sdlit. sdlit. b) Jlplnplf me`d c`pkek rukfgkf ktku p`fkfggufg akwkb ppksl`f ksl`f h) Jllcu Jllcutltl me`d s`nu s`nukk p`rkw p`rkwkt kt ykfg ykfg t`ekd jkf ykfg ykfg kc kckf kf jlfks. jlfks.
2:
j) Lfim Lfimrn rnks ksll ykfg ykfg jlsk jlsknp npkl klck ckff krus krus kcur kcurkt kt,, slfg slfgck ckt,t, slst slst`n `nkt ktls ls jkf jkf n`fggk n`f ggknbk nbkrck rckff cmf cmfjls jlsll pks pksl`f l`f skkt skkt lfl s`rtk s`rtk n`fakg n`fakgkk c`rkdk c`rkdkslk slkkf kf pksl`f. `) Mp`rkf dkrus b`rmrl`ftksl b`rmrl`ftksl pkjk p`rnk p`rnkskekd skekdkf kf pksl`f. pksl`f. i) _kjk _kjk skkt skkt mp`rk mp`rkff jlck jlcknk nkrr pksl pksl`f `f,, n` n`fg fggu gufk fkck ckff vmeu vmeun` n` sukr sukrkk ykfg ykfg hucup s`dlfggk pksl`f jls`b`ekdfyk tljkc n`fj`fgkr s`suktu ykfg rkdkslk bkgl cel`f. X`suktu ykfg jlkfggkp rkdkslk s`bklcfyk tljkc jlblhkrkckf s`hkrk ekfgsufg jlj`ckt cel`f. g) X`sukt X`suktuu ykf ykfgg nufgc nufgclf lf n`nbu n`nbukt kt cel`f t`rc`au t`rc`autt jkf symc symc s`bkl s`bklcfy cfykk jlblhkrkckf jl furs` stktlmf. Jkrl p`fa`ekskf jlktks p`fuels b`rkfggkpkf bkdwk prms`s tlnbkfg t`rlnk dkrus s`sukl j`fgkf keur tlnbkfg t`rlnk s`bkgkl b`rlcut 1 ;) _`rslkpkf k Zln Zlnbkf bkfgg t`rl t`rlnk nk jle jlekcs kcskfk kfkckf ckf s` s`tlk tlkpp p`rgkft p`rgkftlkf lkf sd sdlit/ lit/mp mp`rkf `rkf b _rlfslp tlnbkfg t`rlnk, s`nuk pksl`f bkru nksuc jkf pksl`f ykfg ykfg jlek jlekcu cuck ckff tlnb tlnbkf kfgg t` t`rln rlnkk cdus cdusus usfy fykk pksl pksl`f `f ykfg ykfg n`nlelcl p`rnkskekdkf ykfg b`eun/jkpkt t`rktksl s`rtk ykfg n`nbutudckf mbs`vksl e`bld ekfaut. h _K/__ n`fyknpklckf tlnbkfg t`rlnk pkjk __ (ykfg n`f` n` f`rl rlnk nk p`fj p`fj`e `e`g `gks kslk lkf) f) b`rl b`rlcu cutf tfyk yk,,
dke dke
ykfg ykfg p`re p`reuu
jlsknpklckf pkjk tlnbkfg t`rlnk 1 -
Ksp`c unun ykfg n`elputl N;/j N0
-
Aunekd pksl`f
-
Lj`ftltks cel`f jkf jlkgfms` n`jls.
-
Jktk (c`eudkf/suba`ctli jkf mba`ctli)
-
Nkskekd c`p`rkwktkf ykfg nufhue
-
Lf Lft` t`rv rv`f `fssl c`p c`p`r `rkw kwkt ktkf kf ykfg kfg sujk sujkdd jkf b`eu b`eun n jlekcskfkckf (s`hkrk unun)
-
Lft`rv`fsl cmekbmrktli
-
R`fhkf R`f hkfkk unun unun jkf p`rslk p`rslkpkf pkf ykfg ykfg p`reu p`reu jlekcu jlekcuckf ckf (p`rslkpkf mp`rksl, p`n`rlcskkf jkf eklf-eklf)
20
2) _` _`ek ekccskf skfkkf kkf k
Furs` Xtktlmf
-
C`juk c`emnpmc jlfks sujkd slkp (sdlit akgk).
-
C`em C` emnp npmc mc ykfg ykfg kckf kckf b`rt b`rtug ugks ks n` n`fy fylk lkpc pckf kf bucu bucu hktktkf
-
C`pkek rukfg n`nbuck khkrk tlnbkfg t`rlnk
-
_`fyknpklkf ykfg a`eks, slfgckt jkf pkjkt me`d p`rkwkt akgk (FLH)
-
_` _`rk rkwk wktt akgk akgk sdli sdlitt s`ek s`ekfa faut utfy fykk jkpk jkpktt n` n`ek ekcu cuck ckff cekrl cekrlil ilck cksl sl,, Zk Zkfy fykk ak akwk wkbb jkf jkf n`ek n`ekcu cuck ckff vkel vkeljk jksl sl t`rdkjkp dke-dke ykfg t`ekd jltlnbkfg t`rlnkckf jkf b`rdkc n`fkfykckf n`fg`fkl dke-dke ykfg curkfg a`eks.
b Jl B`j _ksl`f -
C`pkek
rukfg
n`fyknpklckf
skekn
jkf
__
n`fkfykckf c`butudkf jkskr pksl`f -
_` _`rk rkwk wktt akgk akgk s`ek s`ekfa faut utfy fykk n`fg n`fgck ckal al s`hk s`hkrk rk p`fu p`fudd t`rdkjkp nkskekd c`p`rkwktkf, c`butudkf, jkf tlfjkckf ykfg t`ekd/b`eun t`ekd/b`eun jlekcskfkc jlekcskfkckf, kf, s`rtk dke-dke p`ftlfg p`ftlfg eklffyk s`eknk nksk c`p`rkwktkf.
-
Dke-dke ykfg sliktfyk cdusus jkf n`n`reuckf p`rlfhlkf ykfgg nkt ykf nktkfg kfg s`bklc s`bklcfyk fyk jlhktk jlhktktt s`hkrk s`hkrk cdu cdusus sus uftuc uftuc c`nujlkf jls`rkdt`rlnkckf c`pkjk p`tugks b`rlcutfyk.
h _mst mst ‘ Zln lnbk bkffg tt`r `rln lnkk -
Jlscusl
-
_`ekp _`ekpmr mrkf kf uftu uftucc tl tlnb nbkf kfgg t` t`rl rlnk nk jl jltu tuel elsc sckf kf s`hkr s`hkrkk ekfgsu ekf gsufg fg pkj pkjkk imr imrnkt nkt tlnbkf tlnbkfgg t`r t`rlnk lnk ykfg ykfg jlt jltkfj kfjkk tkfgkfl me`d __ ykfg akgk skkt ltu jkf __ ykfg akgk b`rlcutfyk jlc`tkdul me`d c`pkek rukfg. rukfg.
-
Jltutup me`d ckru (Furskekn,2?;9)
29
8. Xup`rv Xup`rvlsl lsl Ruk Rukfg fg C`p C`p`rk `rkwkt wktkf kf Jkekn n`flfgcktckf p`ekykfkf ykfg b`rcukeltks s`sukl nlsl jl RXPJ XPJ
G` G`fft`f t`fg
Bkfy kfyuw uwkf kfggl,
nkck kck
jle lekc kcuuckf ckf
sup` sup`rv rvls lsll
ykf ykfg
b`rc`ekfautkf t`rdkjkp b`rbkgkl clf`rak p`gkwkl jkekn n`ekcskfkckf kctlvltksf kctlv ltksfyk yk s`bkgl s`bkgl ckryk ckrykwkf wkf uftu uftucc n`eky n`ekykfl kfl pksl` pksl`f. f. B`rjkskrckf B`rjkskrckf dksle mbs`rvksl n`ekeul elfc kfgc`t ykfg jl lsl me`d c`pkek rukfgkf jl jkpktckf dksle dks le bkd bkdwk wk jl ruk rukfg fg b`jkd b`jkd RXP RXPJ J G`f G`ft`f t`fgg t`e t`ekd kd jle jlekcu kcuckf ckf sup`r sup`rvls vlsll nlflnke ; ckel s`tlkp buekf, kckf t`tkpl sup`rvlsl ykfg jlekcuckf nksld b`eun n`nlelcl imrnkt ykfg bkcu jkf s`sukl j`fgkf stkfjkrt c`p`rkwktkf, s`rtk kekt jkf lstrun`f uftuc sup`rvlsl tljkc t`rs`jlk s`hkrk e`fgck e`f gckp,s p,s`ek `eklf lf ltu p`r p`rkwk kwktt b`eun b`eun p`rfkd p`rfkd nkf nkfjkp jkpktc ktckf kf p`e p`ektl ktldkf dkf jkf smslkelsksl t`ftkfg sup`rvls`. :.
Jlshdkrg` _ekfflfg _ekfflfg
Jlshdkrg` pekfflfg
n`rupkckf suktu b`ftuc c`glktkf NKC_ kgkr
cel`f cel `f jkf c`euk c`eukrgk rgk ykf ykfgg nks nksuc uc jl ruk rukfg fg b`jkd b`jkd RXP RXPJ J G`f G`ft`f t`fgg ykfg ykfg s`jkfg jkekn p`rkwktkf jkf ykfg kckf ktku ktk u jlr`fhkfkckf puekfg n`fg`rtl t`ft t`ftkf kfgg p`rkw p`rkwktk ktkff s`ek s`eknk nk jl rukf rukfgg b`jk b`jkd, d, s`dl s`dlfg fggk gk c`eu c`eukrg krgkk jkpk jkpktt n`fglcutl s`nuk prms`s p`rkwktkffyk j`fgkf bklc. Xkkt p`fgckalkf cknl n`f`nuckf n`f`n uckf bkdwk rukfg b`jkd t`ekd n`fakekfc n`fakekfckf kf jlshd jlshdkrg` krg` pekfflfg s`h `hkr krkk mptl mptlnk nkee jkf s`s s`sukl ukl XM_ ykf ykfg kjk. kjk. X`ek X`eklf lf lt ltuu jle lekc kcuuckf p`fjmcun`ftkslkf s`t`ekd jlshkrg` jlshkrg` pekfflfg. C`gktkf C`g ktkf lfl suj sujkd kd jlekcu jlekcuckf ckf me`d me`d c`pkek c`pkek rukfgk rukfgkff jkf s`euru s`eurudd kfggmtkfyk _A uflt augk n`fglfimrnkslckf t`ftkfg mp`rkslmfke Jlshdkrg` pekfflfg. Xkrkfk ykfg b`eun kjk kjkekd e`kie`t uftuc rukfg b`jkd RXPJ G`ft`fg. 0. X` X`ft ftrk rkel elsk sksl sl M Mbk bktt X` X`fftr trke kels lsks ksll mbkt bkt jl ru rukf kfgg b`jkd `jkd RXPJ G`ft` `ft`ffg sujk sujkdd jl jlnk nkfi fikk kktc tckf kf s`hk s`hkrk rk mptl mptlnk nke, e, c`e` c`e`fg fgck ckpk pkff skrk skrkfk fk jkf jkf prks prkskr krkf kfkk p`fjucufg s`ftrkelsksl mbkt sujkd t`rp`fudl. Mbkt ykfg jlc`emek ykltu mbkt lfa`csl, hklrkf LY, lfsuelf jkf mbkt gkwkt jkrurkt jlb`rlckf c`pkjk p`rkwkt jkf mbkt mrke jls`rkdckf ekfgsufg c`pkjk pksl`f ktkupuf c`eukrgk. _`f`npktkf mbkt ekfgsufg jle`tkcckf pkjk nkslfg-nkslfg bkc
27
mbkt ykfg t`ekd t`ekd jls`jlk jls`jlkckf ckf rukfg rukfgkf kf s`sukl s`sukl j`fgkf cknk cknkrr pksl`f. Fknuf b`eun t`rjkpkt imrnkt jkitkr p`fgkjkkf tlkp-tlkp nkhkn mbkt. 9. Jmcun` Jmcun`ftk ftksl sl C`p`rkwk C`p`rkwktkf tkf (C`p (C`p`tu `tugks gkskf kf)) Jmcun Jmc un`ft `ftksl ksl c`p`rkw c`p`rkwktk ktkff kjk kjkekd ekd suktu suktu hktktkf hktktkf ykfg ykfg n`nukt n`nukt s`eurud jktk ykfg jlbutudckf uftuc n`f`ftuckf jlkgfmsls c`p`rkwktkf, p`r`fhkfkkf c`p`rkwktkf, tlfjkckf c`p`rkwktkf, jkf flekl c`p`rkwktkf ykfg jlsusuf s`hkrk slst`nktls, vkelj, jkf jkpkt jlprtkfggufgakwkbckf s`hkrk nmrke jkf dmcun (Kel, 2??
n`fyktkckf ?,;
2
?,2
p`nbkglkf tugks s`sukl j`fgkf structur mrgkflsksl ykfg kjk.
> ?,87 ?,;
:4
2,07 ‘ 2,2
8
?,8
h. X`e X`euru urudd p`rkw p`rkwkt kt n`fyk n`fyktkc tkckf kf c`pke c`pkekk ru rukf kfggkf
sujkd
mptln ptlnke ke
jkekn kekn
n`ekcskfkckf tugks-tugksfyk.
?,8
8
?,<
?,;8
2
?,29
`. Kj Kjkf kfyk yk p`rk p`rkwk wktt ykfg ykfg n`fg n`fglc lcut utll ?,;7
8
?,0;
j. A`fls c`t`f c`t`fkgkkf kgkkf jlrukf jlrukfgkf gkf 1 X-L C`p F`rs > 2 mrkfg X-L C`p > ; Mrkfg J-LLL
> 7 Mrkfg
s`nlfkr jkf wmrcsdmp i. B`bkf `bkf c`r `rak ak p`r `rkw kwkt kt jl ru rukf kfgk gkff ;
2,07
tljkc t`rekeu tlfggl. Zmtke
?,;<
2
?,0
k. Aunekd p`rkwkt nksld b`eun ?,20
2
?,84
?,2
8
?,9
b. X`bklkf p`rkwkt b`eun n`nkdknl ?,2
2
?,:
2
?,82
C`e`nkdkf s`bkfjlfg j`fgkf aunekd pksl`f. p`rkf jkf iufgslfyk.
?,;9
h. Cu Curk rkfg fg jlsl jlslpe pelf lffy fykk p`g p`gkw kwkl kl.. j. _`nbkg _`nbkglkf lkf tug tugks ks nksl nksldd b` b`eun eun a`eks a`eks ;
2,2
`. 0,0:% p`rkwkt nksld b`rektkr p`fjljlckf X_C. Zmtke Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \ (Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z Ikctmr @cst`rfke (@IKX) _`eukfg k. X`bkfykc
p`rkwkt ?.24
9?%
n`npufykl
c`nkukf
8
?,4: M‘Z>
uftuc
n`ekfautckf p`fjljlckf c` a`fakfg
2,9; ‘ 2,:9
ykfg e`bld tlfggl.
> ?,;0
b. Runkd
skclt
n`nb`rlckf ?.2
8
?,9
2
?,:
c`blakckf uftuc n`nb`rl b`kslswk jkf
p`ektldkf
bkgl
p`rkwkt ?.2
:<
rukfgkf. h. X`bkfy kfykc 9?% pksl`f jl Rukfg Lft` Lft`rf rfke ke Wk Wkfl fltk tk j`fg j`fgkf kf tlfg tlfgck cktt ?.;<
2
?,84
8
?,8<
c`t`rgkftufgkf nlflnke. j. Kjkfyk _MX ykfg n`nbkftu ?.;8 p`c`rakkf p`rkwkt rukfgkf `. Kjkfyk
c`blakckf
;
2,9;
p`n`rlftkd
t`ftkfg prmi`slmfkelsn` p`rkwkt. Zmtke
?.;7
2
?,8:
jkrl ?.;2
2
?,2:
2
?,2
Kfhknkf k. Kjk
tuftufkf
tlfggl
nksykrkckt uftuc p`ekykfkf ykfg e`bld prmi`slmfke. b. Nkclf
?.;
tlfgglfyk
nksykrkckt
c`skjkrkf
kckf
p`ftlfgfyk ?.;0
2
?,8
j`fgkf
nksucfyk ?,8
8
?,<
8
?,:4
c`s`dktkf. h. _`rsklfgkf p`rkwkt kslfg. j. C`blakckf
p`n`rlftkd
?,;9 t`ft `ftkfg
Ksc`sclf.
;
`. R`f R`fjkd jkdfyk fyk c`s`a c`s`akdt kdt`rkk `rkkff pp`rk `rkwkt wkt.. i. Kjkfyk
p`rtkfggufg
akwkbkf
e`gkeltks bkgl pksl`f. Zmtke
0?
2,:9
2 Kfkelsk XWMZ F M 2.
1 N2 ( Xkrkfk & _rkskrkfk )
Kfkelsk XWMZ
Bmbm Rktlfg
Bmbmt T
t
Rktlfg X-W>
N2 ( Xk Xkrk rkffk & _rk rksk skrk rkfk fk ) Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T
8 ‘ 2,9 >
(Dmrlsmftke) 1 X ‘ W
?,:
N2 ( Xkrkfk jkf _rkskrkfk ) Ikctmr lft`rfke (LIKX) C`cuktkf k.
p`rkwkt
8
;,?0
?,;0
8
?,:0
?,80
8
;,?0
?,;0
8
?,:0
hkrk ?,80
n`fg`rtl
n`fg n` fggu gufk fkck ckff kekt kekt kekt kekt p`rk p`rkwk wktk tkff pksl`f b. Emcksl jkf j`fkd rukfgkf bklc. h. Z`r Z`rs`j s`jlkf lkfyk yk p`rke p`rkektk ktkff ykf ykfgg e`fgc e`fgckp kp uftuc p`rwktkf pksl`f
8
;
j. Z`r Z`rs`j s`jlk lk furs furs`` stktl stktlmf mf.. Zmtke
?,9 ?,2
C`e`nkdkf k. B`eun
t`rpkcklfyk
skrkfk
8 ?,4
jkf ?,:
prkskrkfk s`hkrk mptlnke. b. Aunekd kekt ykfg t`rs`jlk tljkc
0;
2 ;,2
s`sukl j`fgkf rkslm pksl`f.
?,:
8
h. Kjnlflstr Kjnlflstrksl ksl pp`fufa `fufakfg kfg yykfg kfg jl
2,9
nlelcl b`eun n`nkjkl
;
Zmtke
Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
?‘Z>
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z
2,0-2 >
Ikctmr @ct`rfke (@IKX)
?,0
_`eukfg k. Kjkfyk
c`s`n `nppktkf
n`fknbkd ?,0
8
;,0
2
;
kfgg kfggkr krkf kf uftu uftucc p`nb p`nb`e `eut utkf kf s`t s`t ?,0
bkeutkf. b. Kjkfyk c`s`npktkf p`fggkftlkf kekt kekt ykfg tljkc ekykc pkckl. Zmtke
;
Kfhknkf
?,0
2
;
?,0
2
;
2,0
k. Kj Kjkf kfyk yk tuft tuftut utkf kf ykfg ykfg tlfg tlfggl gl jkrl jkrl nsykkrkckt uftuc n`e`fgckpl skrkfk jkf prkskrkfk. b. Kjkfyk c`s`fakfgkf kftkrk aunekd pksl`f
j`fgkf
prkektkf
ykfg ;
jlp`reuckf. Zmtke
02
2
8. Kfkelsk XWMZ F M 8.
1 N8 (N@ZDMJ ‘ NKC_)
Kfkelsk XWMZ
Bmbmt Rktlfg
Bmbmt T Rktlfg
N8 (N (N@ZDMJ ‘ NKC_) Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T (Dmrlsmftke) 1 X ‘ W _`f`rkpkf nmj`e Ikctmr lft`rfke (LIKX) C`cuktkf k. Xujkd
kjk
nmj`e
ksudkf
?,2?
:
c`p`rkwktkf c`p`r kwktkf ykfg jlgu jlgufkckf fkckf ykltu
?,4
X‘W>
?
8,2 ‘
n`tmj` tln. b. Nmj`e
ykfg
2,40 > jlgufkckf
s`sukl
?,2?
?,80
8
j`fgkf vlsl jkf nlsl rukfgkf.
?,9
h. C`b C`bkfy kfykck kckf/d f/dknp knplr lr s`n s`nuk uk p`r p`rkwk kwktt n`fg n` fg`r `rtl tl/n /n`n `nkd kdkn knll nm nmj` j`ee ykfg ykfg
?,2?
8
jlgufkckf
? ?,9
j. C`b C`bkfy kfykck kckf/d f/dknp knplr lr s`n s`nuk uk p`r p`rkwk kwktt
?,;0
8
?
?,;0
8
?,:
n`fykt n`f yktkck kckff hmh hmhmc mc j`f j`fgkf gkf nm nmj`e j`e ykfg kjk. `. N`nlelcl
stkfjkr
ksudkf
c`p`rkwktkf. i. Z`r `rek ekcs cskf kfkf kfyk yk
0 cmnuf mnuflc lcks ksll
ykfg kfg
hucup bklc kftkrprmi`sl
08
?,;?
8
Zmtke
?,:
;
0 C`e`nkdkf k. Curk rkfg fgfy fykk
c`n c`nkn knppukf ukf
p`rk p`rkwk wktt
?,2?
8
?,8 ?
jkekn p`ekcskfkkf nmj`e ykfg t`ekd kjk. b. Amb ykfg ckjkfg-ckjkfg tljkc
?,20
8
8,2
?,20
8
?,9
s`su s`sukl kl j`fg j`fgkf kf eueu eueusk skff kckj kckj`n `nlc lc ykfg b`rb`jk tlfgcktkffyk (curkfg a`eks).
?
h. Nm Nmj` j`ee ksud ksudkf kf c`p` c`p`rk rkwk wktk tkff skkt skkt lf lfll n`nb`rktckf b`bkf c`rak p`rkwkt
?,;0
2
?,;0
8
j. Nm Nmj`e j`e ksudkf ksudkf c`p c`p`rk `rkwkt wktkf kf skkt lfl tljkc n`nb`rktckf p`nblkykkf
?,7 0
`. _` _`rk rkwk wktt s`rl s`rlfg fg n`fj n`fjkp kpkt kt t`gu t`gurk rkff ;
c`tuk tln Zmtke
?,7 0 ?,8 ? ?,: 0 2,4 0 Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
X‘W>
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z
8 ‘ 2,7
Ikctmr @cst`rfke (@IKX)
> ?,8
_`eukfg k. C`p`rhkykkf
jkrl
pksl`f
jkf
0:
?,0?
8
;,0
nksykrkckt hucup bklc. (yk) b. Kjkfyk c`rak sknk j`fgkf lfstltusl
?,20
8
?,7 0
celflc-celflc. (tljkc) h. Kj Kjkk c`bl c`blak akck ckff p`n` p`n`rl rlft ftkd kd t`ft t`ftkf kfgg
?,20
8 ?,7
prmi`slmfkelsn`. (yk) Zmtke
0
;
8
Kfhknkf k. _`rs _`rsklfgk klfgkff j`fgkf j`fgkf RX eeklf. klf. (yk) b. Zuftutkf
nksykrkckt p`r `rss
8
?,8
8
;.2
?,8
2
?,<
kckf
p`ekykfkf ykfg nkcslnke. nkcslnke. (tljkc) h. C`b`b `b`bks kskf kf
?,:
n`fg `fgkclb kclbkt ktck ckff
nujkdfyk p`fy`bkrkf lfimrnksl jl jkekn rukfgkf c` nksykrkckt. (yk) Zmtke
?.9
;
2,7 :. Kfkelsk XWMZ F M :.
1 Jmcun`ftksl C`p`rkwktkf
Kfkelsk XWMZ
Bmbmt Rktlfg
Bmbmt T Rktlfg X-W>
Jmcun mcun`f `ftk tkssl C C`p `p`r `rkw kwkt ktkf kf Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T
8,82 - 8
(Dmrlsmftke) 1 X ‘ W
> ?,82
Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) C`cuktkf k. Xujkd
kjk
imrnkt
8
?,9
8
?,:4
:
?,9:
?,2?
p`fjmcun`ftkslkf ykfg bkcu ykfg jlgufkckf hkrk
?,;9
h. Imr mrn nkt ykfg kfg jlgu lgufkc fkckf lfl lfl bls blsk
?,;9
b. Bkpkc/Lbu Xujkd n`fg`rtl p`fglslkf imrnkt jmcun`ftksl jmcun`ftksl
00
n`nbkftu n`nb kftu (n`nu (n`nujkdc jkdckf) kf) p`rkwkt p`rkwkt sujk sujkdd
8
?,:4
8
?,:4
n`ekc `ekcsskfkc kfkckf kf
p`fjmcun`ftkslkf j`fgkf
t`pkt ?,;9
wkctu `.
?,9:
?,;9
jkekn n`ekcuckf p`fgckalkf j. bkpkc kpkc/l /lbbu
:
Nm Nmj` j`ee p`fj p`fjmc mcun un`f `ftk tksl slkf kf ykfg ykfg jlgufkckf jlgu fkckf tljkc n`fkn n`fknbkd bkd b`bkf ?,;9
c`rak p`rkwkt i. Nmj`e
p`fjmcun`ftkslkf
8,82
ykfg
jlgu jlgufk fkck ckff tljk tljkcc n`fy n`fylt ltkk wk wkct ctuu
; 8
;,2
?,:
8
?,<
?,8
8
?,<
p`rkwkt Zmtke C`e`nkdkf k. Xlst Xlst`n `n p`fj p`fjmc mcun un`f `ftk tksl slkf kf nk nksl sldd jlekcuckf s`hkrk nkfuke (b`eun kjk cmnput`rlsksl). b. Hktktkf
c`p`rkwktkf
b`rc`slfknbufgkf
jkf
curkfg curkfg
?,8
8
e`fgckp. h. h. Jk Jkrl rl b`b`r b`b`rkp kpkk r` r`ck ckn n n`jl n`jlss pksl pksl`f `f ykfg kjk dkfyk ;2 r`ckn n`jls
;
ykfg jltuels j`fgkf e`fgckp Zmtke Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
?‘Z
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z
8,8 ‘ 8
Ikctmr @cst`rfke (@IKX)
> ?,8
_`eukfg k. Kj Kjkf kfyk yk nk nkdk dksl slsw swkk _XLC _XLC prkc prkctl tlc c
?,8
:
;,2
?,2
8
?.9
nkfka`n`f c`p`rkwktkf. b. Kjkfyk prmgrkn p`ektldkf t`ftkfg
09
p`fjmcun`ftkslkf c`p`rkwktkf. c`p`rkwktkf. h. _`eukfg
p`rkwkt
uftuc ?,20
n`flfgcktckf
8
?,70
8
?.70
p`fjljlckf
(p`fg`nbkfgkf XJN) j. Kjkf Kjkfyk yk c`rak c`rak sknk ykfg bbklc klc kf kftkrk tkrk
?,20
nkdkslswk jkf p`rkwkt rukfgkf. Zmtke
8,8
;
Kfhknkf k. Kjkfyk
c`skjkrkf
pksl`f
jkf
?,9
8
;,4
?,:
8
;,2
c`eukrgk kckf tkfggufg akwkb jkf tkfggufg gugkt. b. Kcr`jltksl runkd skclt t`ftkfg slst`n jmcun`ftksl. Zmtke
0. Kf Kfke kels lskk XWM XWMZ Z F M 0.
8
;
1 Rmf Rmfjj` C C`p `p`r `rkkwk wktk tkff
Kfkelsk XWMZ
Bmbmt Rktlfg
Bmbmt T Rktlfg X-W>
Rmfj` C` C`p`rkwktkf Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T
2,7 ‘ 8 >
(Dmrlsmftke) 1 X ‘ W
-?,8
k.
Lft`rfke Ikctmr (LIKX)
XZR@FGZD k.
Bljkfg p`rkwktkf jkf rukfgkf
?,0
8
;,0
?,2
8
?,9
?,8
2
?,9
n`fjucufg kjkfyk c`glktkf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf b.
Aunekd t`fkgk p`rkwkt hucup uftuc n`ekcuckf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf
h.
Kjkfyk cksus ‘ cksus ykfg n`n`reuckf p`rdktlkf cdusus
07
ZMZKE
;
2,7
W@KCF@XX k.
B`eun n` n`fg`rtl kj kjkfyk iimmrnkt
?,2
8
?,9
?,2
2
?,:
?,2
8
?,9
?,;
:
?,:
?,;
:
?,:
?,2
8
?,9
ykfg stkfjkr (keur jkf n`ckflsn`) uftuc rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf b.
Rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf ykfg jlekcuckf b`eun s`hkrk nkcslnke
h.
X`tlkp buekf b`eun t`ftu jl ekcuckf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf
j.
C`eukrgk ppkksl`f b`eun n n``fg`rtl t`ftkfg kjkfyk rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf
`.
Zln uftuc c`glktkf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf b`eun jl b`ftuc
i.
Zln ykfg jl b`ftuc b`eun nknpu n`ekcskfkckf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf
;
8
ZMZKE Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
M‘Z>
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z
8,0 ‘ 2,0
b.
@ct`rfke
Ikctmr
>
(@IKX) M__MRZPFLZ\ k.
; ?,0
8
;,0
?,0
:
2
Kjkfyk
c`s`npktkf ykfg jlb`rlckf pkjk p`rkwkt jkf nkdkslswk _XLC (_rmgrkn Xtujl Lenu C`p`rkwktkf) uftuc n`fgkjkckf rmfj` c`p`rkwktkf. b.
Kjkfyk jmct`r akgk
04
;
8,0
ZMZKE
?,0
8
;,0
Kjkfyk tuftutkf ykfg ?,0 e`bld tlf e`bld tlfggl ggl jkr jkrll nks nksykr ykrkck kcktt uft uftuc uc
2
;
ZR@KZD@F@J k.
n`fjkp n`f jkpktc ktckf kf p`e p`ekyk kykfkf fkf ykf ykfgg e`b e`bld ld prmi`sslmfke b.
X`nkclf c`sk c`skjjkr krkf kf
2,0
; nksy ksykr krkc kckt kt
tlfgglfyk t`rd t`rdkj kjkp kp
ducun jkf c`s`dktkf ZMZKE
9. Kfkelsk XWMZ1 X`ftrkelsksl Mbkt F M 9.
Kfkelsk XWMZ
Bmbmt Rktlfg
Bmbmt T Rktlfg X-W>
X`ftrkelsksl Mb Mbkt Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T
2,
Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX)
?,0
C`cuktkf k. _`rkwkt
n`fg`tkdul
t`ftkfg
?,8
8
?,<
b. Jl rukfgkf t`rs`but kjk s`ftrkelsksl
?,2
8
?,9
?,2
8
?,9
s`ftrkelsksl mbkt mbkt. Lfl blsk jleldkt kjkfyk rukfgkf cdusus mbkt h. X` X`ft ftrk rkel elsk sksl sl mbkt mbkt ykfg ykfg kjk kjk sujk sujkdd
0<
jlekcskfkckf s`hkrk mptlnke j. Kjkfyk
imrnkt
p`rs`tuaukf
s`ft s`ftrk rkel elsk sksl sl mbkt mbkt jkrl jkrl pksl pksl`f `f kt ktku ku
?,2
8
?,9
?,;
2
?,2
c`eukrgk pksl`f `. _rm rms` s`ss p`f`r `f`rln lnkk kkff mbkt mbkt ekfg kfgsufg sufg jkrl pksl`f ktku c`eukrgk pksl`f ;
2,<
Zmtke C`e`nkdkf k. _` _`reu reu jlkj jlkjkc kckf kf s`ft s`ftrk rkel elsk sksl sl mbkt mbkt jl
?,8
2
?,9
?,8
2
?,9
?,:
8
;,2
rukfgkf b. Jl rukfgkf p`rfkd jlb`rl w`w`fkfg jkekn s`ftrkelsksl mbkt h. X` X`ek eknk nk lfl b`eu b`eun n kjk kjk imrn imrnkt kt jkit jkitkr kr p`fgkjkkf tlkp-tlkp nkhkn mbkt (mrke, lfa`csl, lfa`csl, supm supmsltmr sltmrlk, lk, lfius lfius,,
2,:
;
lfsuelf, mbkt gkwkt jkrurkt Zmtke Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
X‘W>
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z
2,8 ‘ 2 > ?,8
Ikctmr @cst`rfke (@IKX) _`eukfg k. Jl rukf rukfgkf gkf t`r t`rjkp jkpkt kt rukfg rukfgkf kf cdu cdusus sus
?,8
8
?,<
?,8
2
?,9
?,2
2
?,:
?,2
2
?,:
uftuc s`ftrkelsksl mbkt b. C`e`fgckpkf skrkfk jkf prkskrkfk p`fjucufg s`ftrkelsksl mbkt sujkd t`rp`fudl h. X` X`ek eknk nk lfl lfl bkpk bkpkcc lbu lbu n`nl n`nlsk skdc dckf kf c`p`nlelckf kftkr mbkt-mbkt pksl`f j. X`e X`eknk knk lfl bkpkc bkpkc lbu n`n n`nb`r b`rll `tlc`t `tlc`t jkf keknkt pkjk mbkt-mbkt pksl`f
9?
Zmtke
2,8
;
Kfhknkf k. X`eknk lfl s`b`eun n`nb`rlckf mbkt c`pkjk pksl`f bkpkc lbu s`ekeu n`fglfimrnkslckf c`p`nlelckf
mbkt
?,:
2
?,4
?,9
2
;,2
aunekd ykfg
t`ekd
jlgufkckf (\k) b. X`eknk lfl b`eun kjk imrnkt tlkp a`fls mbkt s`b`eun bkpkc lbu n`nb`rlckf mbkt c` pksl`f (Zljkc)
7. Kfkelsk XWMZ 1 Xup`rvlsl F Kf Kfkelsk XWMZ M 7.
2
;
Zmtke
Bmbm
Rktlf
t
g
Bmbmt T Rktlfg
Xup`rvlsl Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX) Xunbu T
X-W >
(Dmrlsmftke) 1 X ‘ W
8,9-8 >
Ikctmr Lft`rfke (LIKX)
?,9
C`cuktkf k. _`rkwk _`rkwktt Ru Rukfg kfg bb`jkd `jkd RXPJ G`ft` G`ft`fg fg
?,2
:
?,4
?,2
8
?,9
t`ekd
?,2
8
?,9
j. Xu Xup` p`rv rvls lsll ykfg ykfg jlek jlekcu cuck ckff p`rk p`rkwk wktt
?,;
8
?,8
?,;
2
?,8
n`fg`rtl t`ftkfg sup`rvlsl b. _`rkwkt rukfgkf sujkd n`ekcuckf sup`rvlsl h. _`fkfggufg
akwkb
uflt
n`ekcuckf sup`rvlsl sujkd s`sukl j`fgkf keur ykfg kjk `. Dk Dkssle jkr krll sup`r up`rvvlsl lsl jls jlskn knppkl klck ckff
9;
c`pkjk p`rkwkt jkf kjk i``j bkhc jkrl sup`rvlsmr uftuc s`tlkp tlfjkckf i. _`r _`rkwk kwktt puk pukss t`r t`rdkj dkjkp kp i`` i``jj bkhc bkhc jkr jkrll
?,;
2
?,2
?,;
:
?,:
?,;
:
?,:
sup`rvlsmr g. Z`rjkpkt im imeeemw up s`tlkp dksle sup`rvlsl d. _` _`rk rkwk wktt
n` n`fg fglf lfgl glfc fckf kf p`ru p`rubk bkdk dkff
uftuc s`tlkp tlfjkckf s`sukl j`fgkf p`rbklckf kjrl sup`rvlsl 8,9
;
Zmtke C`e`nkdkf k. B`e B`eun un n`n n`npuf pufykl ykl imrn imrnkt kt ykfg bkcu bkcu
?,:
8
;,2
?,8
8
?,<
?,8
8
?,<
jkekn p`ekcskfkkf sup`rvlsl. b. Imrnkt ykfg jlgufkckf sup`rvlsl s`ekn `eknkk lfl lfl b`eu `eun s`s s`sukl ukl stkf stkfjjkr c`p`rkwktkf h. Kekt Kekt ktku ktku lfst lfstru run` n`ff sup` sup`rv rvls lsll b`eu b`eun n t`rs`jlk s`hkrk e`fgckp 8
;
Zmtke Ikctmr @xst`rfke (@IKX) Xunbu \
M-Z >
(Y`rtlcke) 1 M ‘ Z Ikctmr @cst`rfke (@IKX)
8,0 - 8 > ?,0
_`eukfg k. Kj Kjkf kffy fykk nk nkdk dksl slsw swkk ykfg ykfg prkc prkctl tlc c
?,0
:
2
?,0
8
;,0
nkfka`n`f c`p`rkwktkf. b. Kjkfyk akjwke sup`rvlsl c`p`rkwktkf me`d p`fgkwks p`rkwkt s`tlkp buekf ;
Zmtke Kfhknkf Zuftutkf pksl`f s`bkgkl cmfsun`f uftuc
92
8,0
n`fjkpktckf
p`ekykfkf
ykfg
;
8
8
prmi`sslmfke jkf b`rnutu s`sukl j`fgkf p`flfgcktkf blkyk p`rkwktkf. Zmtke
;
8
BKB : _@EKCXKFKKF C@GLKZKF _`ekcskfkkf _`ekc skfkkf c`glktkf c`glktkf jlekc jlekcskfkc skfkckf kf s`hkrk Rme`peky Rme`peky j`fgkf j`fgkf p`nb p`nbuktkf uktkf Ekpmrkf Ekpm rkf Nkfka` Nkfka`n`f n`f C`p`rkwktkf C`p`rkwktkf b`rjkskrckf b`rjkskrckf _rlmr _rlmrltks ltks nkske nkskekd kd jlrukfg jlrukfg b`jkd ykfg blsk jlekcuckf s`hkrk slnueksl vlj`m, ykltu 1 ;. Xu Xup` p`rv rvls lsll 2. JRC ( jls jlscusl cusl r`ie`csl r`ie`csl ck cksus sus ) 8. Zlnb Zlnbkf kfgg Z`r Z`rln lnkk Nmj`e p`rkwktkf Nmjuekr n`rupkckf b`ftuc vkrlksl jkrl n`tmj` c`p`rk c`p `rkwkt wktkf kf prl prln`r n`r,, j`fgkf j`fgkf p`r p`rkwk kwktt prmi`s prmi`slmf lmfke ke jkf p`r p`rkwk kwktt fmffmf prmi`slmfke b`c`rak sknk jkekn n`nb`rlckf ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf, jlsknplfg ltu ckr`fk juk ktku tlgk mrkfg p`rkwkt b`rtkfggufg akwkb ktks s` s`c` c`em emnp npmc mc c`hle c`hle pksl pksl`f `f.. Jk Jkek ekn n n` n`nb nb`r `rlc lckf kf ksud ksudkf kf c`p` c`p`rkw rkwktk ktkff j`fgkf n`fggufkckf n`tmj` nmjlilcksl prln`r , sktu tln t`rjlrl jkrl 2
98
dlfggk 8 p`rkwkt n`nlelcl tkfggufg akwkb p`fud pkjk s`c`emnpmc pksl`f b`rclskr 4 dlfggk dlfggk ;2 mrkfg. Zkfggufg akwkb pkelfg b`skr t`tkp kjk pkjk p`rkwkt prmi`sslmfke. _`rkwkt prmi`sslmfke n`nlelcl c`wkalbkf uftuc n`nlnblfg jkf n`ektld fmf prmi`sslmfke. Kpkblek p`rkwkt prmi`sslmfke s`bkgkl c`tuk tln jkekn c`p`rkwktkf nmjuekr lfl tljkc nksuc, tugks jkf tkfggufg akwkb jkpkt jlgkftlckf me`d p`rkwkt prmi`sslmfke eklffyk ykfg b`rp`rkf s`bkgkl c`tuk tln. Z`rjkp Z`r jkpkt kt c`e c`e`bl `bldkf dkf jkf c`c c`curk urkfgk fgkff jke jkekn kn p`f`rk p`f`rkpkf pkf t`m t`mrl rl lfl jlnkfk c`e`bldkffyk kjkekd 1 N`niksleltksl p`ekykfkf c`p`rkwktkf ykfg cm cmnpr npr`d` `d`fsl fslii jkf dmels dmelstlh tlh j`fgkf j`fgkf p`r p`rtkf tkfggu ggufg fg akwkbk akwkbkff ykfg ykfg a`e a`eks, ks, N`nufgclfckf p`fhkpklkf prms`s c`p`rkwktkf, Cmfielc ktku p`rb`jkkf p`fjkpkt kftkr stki jkpkt jlt`ckf n`ekeul rkpkt tln, hkrk lfl `i`ctli uftuc uftuc b`ekakr, N`nb`rl c`pukskkf kfggmtk tln jkekn dubufgkf lft`rp`rsmfke, N`nufgclfckf n`fyktuckf c`nknpukf kfggmtk tln ykfg b`rb`jk-b`jk j`fgkf knkf jkf `i`ctli, _rmjuctli ckr`fk c`raksknk, cmnuflcksl jkf nmrke, Nmj`e prkct`c c`p`rkwktkf prmi`sslmfke jkpkt jlekcuckf ktku jlt`rk jlt `rkpck pckf, f, N`n N`nb`r b`rlck lckff c`puks c`pukskf kf c`r c`rak ak bkgl bkgl p`rkwk p`rkwkt,t, N`nb`r N`nb`rlck lckff c`pukskf bkgl pksl`f jkf c`eukrgk ykfg n`f`rlnk ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf, E`bld n`fh`rnlfckf mtmfmnl, N`furufckf jkfk p`rkwkt. X`jkfgckf c`curkfgkffyk kjkekd1 B`bkf c`rak tlfggl t`rutknk alck aunekd cel`f bkfykc s`dlfggk tugks rutlf ykfg s`j`rdkfk t`re`wktckf, _`fj`e`gkslkf p`rkwktkf pksl`f dkfyk s`bkglkf s`eknk p`rkwkt p`fkfggufg akwkb pksl`f b`rtugks, Blkyk r`ektli e`bld tlfggl jlbkfjlfgkckf n`tmj` eklf, _`rkwk _`r kwktt dkrus dkrus nknpu nknpu n`fgln n`fglnbkf bkfgl gl c`n c`nkau kaukf kf t`c t`cfme fmemg mgll c`s`dk c`s`dktkf tkf// c`jmc c`j mct`rk t`rkf, f, _`r _`rkwk kwktt kfg kfggmt gmtkk jkp jkpkt kt n`r n`rksk ksk c`d c`dlek lekfgk fgkff c`w`fk c`w`fkfgk fgkf, f, Nkskekd cmnuflcksl. B`rlcut slst`n p`nb`rlkf ksudkf c`p`rkwktkf Nmjuekr. Ckru
_A Xdli
9:
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ZLN_A L Xdli
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ZLN LL
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Gknbkr 8.; Xlst`n _`nb`rlkf Ksudkf C`p`rkwktkf Nmjuekr. Jkekn p`f`rkpkf NKC_ nmj`e Nmjuekr t`rjkpkt b`b`rkpk c`e`bldkf jkf c`cuckrkfgkf. C`e`bldkf 1 ;) N`niksleltks N`niksleltksll p`ekyk p`ekykfkf fkf c` c`p`rkwt p`rkwtkf kf ykfg ccmnpr mnpr`d`fs `d`fsli li jkf dmelstlh j`fgkf p`rtkfggufg akwkbkf ykfg a`eks. 2) N`nufgclf N`nufgclfckf ckf p`fhkp p`fhkpklkf klkf prms prms`s `s c`p`r c`p`rkwktkf kwktkf.. 8) Cmfielc Cmfielc ktku p`rb` p`rb`jkkf jkkf pp`fjkp `fjkpkt kt kftkr stki jkpkt jkpkt jlt`ckf jlt`ckf n`ekeul rkpkt tln, hkrk lfl `i`ctli uftuc b`ekakr. :) N`nb`rl N`nb`rl c`pu c`pukskkf kskkf kkfggm fggmtk tk tln jke jkekn kn dubufgk dubufgkff lft`r lft`rp`rsm p`rsmfke. fke. 0) N`nufgclf N`nufgclfckf ckf n` n`fyktu fyktuckf ckf c`n c`nknpuk knpukff kfggmtk kfggmtk tltln n ykfg ykfg b`rb`jk-b`jk j`fgkf knkf jkf `i`ctli. `i`ctli.
90
9) _rmjuctli _rmjuctli ckr`f ckr`fkk c`ra c`raksknk ksknk,, cmn cmnuflc uflcksl ksl jkf jkf nm nmrke. rke. 7) Nmj`e prkct`c prkct`c c`p`rk c`p`rkwktkf wktkf prmi`s prmi`sslmfk slmfkee jkpkt jjlekcu lekcuckf ckf ktku ktku jlt`rkpckf. 4) N`nb`r N`nb`rlck lckff c`pu c`puksk kskff c`rak bkgl bkgl p`r p`rkwk kwkt.t. ?,87 8
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;
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8
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