LAPORAN KERJA PRAKTEK Fix1

 

_D_XKM VK@LEVKZB_DB VK@LEVKZB_DB@ @  V[CC OEZH _\DXON  _\DXON  _KJBLBD  _KJBLBD  _BAKXT HKQDOK  VBHB JKCX  VBHB JKCX OE@QKTEZ OE@QKTEZ HD VX. J[IDX B_BM Xji.

CBVEZB@ IKZGB VZBIXKI 

B@HD @[LZBNB L2H62

:.8.

  Jkct \ble` (J\)...........................................................4 \ble` (J\)...........................................................4

:.;.

  Nyhrbucdo Kxobvbter snevkc  VO ?666..............................4 ?666..............................4

:.1.

  _prkbhkr ................................... ....................................................... ......................................22 ..................22

:..

  Xrbd` Cebhd`l _tbtde` (XC_).........................................2? _tbtde` (XC_).........................................2?

:.4.

  Cele VX. Juidt Juidt Bsbm Bsbm Xji..................... Xji......................................... ........................28 ....28

:.26.  _truitur Erlb` Vkrusbnbb`.....................................................................2; ?.2.

Xji

  Jkct Oe`vkyer  Jbtu  Jbtu jbrb hd VX. Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre) 24

?.:.

  _ikmb Jkct _ikmb Jkct Oe`vkyer ....................................................:6 ....................................................:6

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  Vucc Oerh _wdton............................................................:8 _wdton............................................................:8

?.8.

  _wdton @ermbccy Epk` (@E) hb` @ermbccy hb` @ermbccy Ocesk (@O) :;

8.2.

..............................................:>   Vucc Oerh pbhb Oerh pbhb Oe`vkyer   Oe`vkyer ..............................................:>

8.:.

  Hdblrbm Jcei Vk`lepkrbsdb` Vucc Vk`lepkrbsdb` Vucc Oerh .......................?6 .......................?6

8.?.

  Gu`otde` Jex...................................................................... ?:

8.8.

  Iemjd`bsd B`tbrb B`tbrb Vucc  Vucc Oerh  hk`lb` Gu`otde`  hk`lb` Gu`otde`

 Jex................................  Jex ................................??

xd

 

xdd

 

xddd

 

HBAXBZ XBJKC

 

Xbjkc :.2.

Nbcbmb` _kgbrbn ikpk`lurusb` VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji.......................8

xdv

 

xv

 

HBAXBZ CBMVDZB@ Cbmpdrb`

Nbcbmb`

2. Vk Vk`l `lko koki kib` b` Mete Meter  r  Ndhrecdi   Ndhrecdi ...................................... .......................................................... ................................?4 ............?4 :. Vk Vk`l `lko koki kib` b` Met Meter er _cdp Zd`l ...................................... .......................................................... ...............................?4 ...........?4 ?. Vk`l Vk`ldsd dsdb` b` Jb Jbtu tu Jbrb Jbrb hd Xrbd` Cebhd`l _tbtde`  _tbtde` (XC_)...............................?4 (XC_)...............................?4 8.  Vucc Oerh ...................................... .......................................................... ........................................ ........................................ .....................86 .86 ;. Mk`llb`td Vucc Oerh yb`l jbru................................... jbru....................................................... .............................86 .........86 1. Zb`libdb` Vucc Oerh.................................. Oerh...................................................... ........................................ ...........................86 .......86

xvd

 

xvd

 

JBJ D VK@HBN[C[B@

2.2

Cbtbr Jkcbib`l

VX. Juidt Bsbm mkrupbib` Jbhb` [sbnb Mdcdi @klbrb (J[M@) yb`l  jkrlkrbi hbcbm jdhb`l k`krld hb` pkrtbmjb`lb`. Nbsdc tbmjb`l hdpdsbn  jkrhbsbrib` vbrdbsd ibcerd. _dstkm pk`bmjb`lb` yb`l hdlu`bib` bhbcbn oe`td`ueus md`d`l . Oe`td`ueus md`d`l   ybdtu sdstkm pk`bmjb`lb` jkrikcb`gutb` tb`pb bhb presks yb`l tkrputus mucbd hbrd pk`lbmjdcb` nbsdc jbtujbrb nd`llb  presks hdstrdjusd`yb. _dstkm d`d mkmjutunib` tki`eceld yb`l mkmdcdid iknb`hbcb` yb`l td`lld blbr hbpbt jkrepkrbsd hd ze`b-ze`b jkrjbnbyb pbhb hbkrbn  pkrtbmjb`lb` sbcbn sbtu`yb oe`vkyer . Oe`vkyer   mk mkru rupb pbib ib` ` bcbt bcbt yb yb`l `l hd hdlk lkrb rbii iib` b` ec eckn kn mete meterr cdstr cdstrdi di yb yb`l `l hdskcdmutd eckn sbjui yb`l jkrau`lsd u`tui mkmd`hbnib` jbtujbrb hbrd sbtu tdtdi  ik tdtdi tdtdi cbd` cbd`.. Oe`vkyer   yb`l yb`l tkrpbs tkrpbsb`l b`l mkmdcdi mkmdcdidd tugub` tugub` pk`lb` pk`lb`liu liutb` tb` yb`l yb`l  jkrjkhb sknd`llb mkmjk`tui subtu sdstkm oe`vkyer . _dstkm yb`l jkikrgb skobrb mbisdmbc mkmjutunib` subtu sdstkm ie`trec yb`l hbpbt mk`lbtur sdstkm blbr   jkikrgb sksubd preskhur hbcbm ie`hdsd bpbpu` hb` mk`oklbn ikrusbib`._kjblbd sbcbn sbtu pkrusbnbb` ikcbs hu`db, VX. Juidt Bsbm hdtu`tut u`tui mkmk`und stb`hbr _dstkm Mb`bgkmk` Iksknbtb` hb` Ikskcbmbtb` Ikrgb (_MI?). _bcbn sbtu upbyb mk`lurb`ld rksdie _MI? pkrcu bhb`yb sbaty bhb`yb  sbaty hkvdok. hkvdok. _bcbn sbtu gk`ds sbaty gk`ds  sbaty hkvdok   pb hkvdok pbhb oe oe` `vkye vkyerr bhbcbn  Vucc Oerh .  Vb Vbhb hb cb cbpe perb` rb` d` d`dd hd hdjb jbnb nbss sdstk sdstkm m  pk`lepkrbsdb` hbrd Vucc hbrd Vucc Oerh  skjblbd  skjblbd _bcbn _btu _baty Hkvdok Vbhb Hkvdok Vbhb Jkct  Jkct Oe`vkyer  hd Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb VX Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre) Xji, Xb`gu`l K`dm.

2.:

Xugub`

Bhbpu Bh bpu` ` tugub` tugub` hbrd hbrd pk`ucd pk`ucdsb` sb` cbperb cbperb` ` ikrgb ikrgb prbitk prbitki i d`d bhbcbn bhbcbn skjblb skjblbdd  jkrdiut 7 2. Mk`l Mk`ldh dhk` k`td tdadi adibs bsdd sdstk sdstkm m ikrg ikrgbb  pucc oerh   skjbl skjblbd bd  sbakty hkvdok  pbhb jkct  oe`vkyer  :. Mk`ldh Mk`ldhk`t k`tdadi dadibsd bsd lbju lbju`lb `lb` ` b`tbrb b`tbrb  gu`ote` jex hk`lb` jex hk`lb` pucc  pucc oerh 

2

 

2.?.

Jbtbsb` Mbsbcbn

Blbrr cbperb Blb cbperb` ` ikrgb ikrgb prbitk prbitki i d`d ckjdn ckjdn tkrbrbn tkrbrbn tb`pb tb`pb mk`lur mk`lurb`l b`ldd mbisuh mbisu h hb` tugub``yb tugub``yb,, mbib hdtk`tuib` hdtk`tuib` jbtbsb` pkrmbsbcbnb pkrmbsbcbnb` ` skjblbd skjblbd  jkrdiut 7 2. Mkmjbnbs sdstkm ikrgb  pucc oerh skjblbd skjblbd sbakty  sbakty hkvdok pbhb hkvdok pbhb jkct oe`vkyer 

b`tbrb gu`otde` jex hb` jex hb` pucc  pucc oerh  :. Mkmjbnbs lbju`lb` b`tbrb gu`otde`

:

 

JBJ DD XD@GB[B@ [M[M VKZ[_BNBB@

:.2

_kgbrbn Vk Vkrusbnbb`

Vkrt Vkrtbm bmjb jb` `lb` lb` jbtu btu jbr brbb VX. Jui Juidt Bsbm Bsbm Xji ji.. hdb dbwb wbcd cd hk` k`l lb`  pk`ykcdhdib` hb` kispcerbsd sumjkr hbyb jbtu jbrb yb`l hdcbiuib` eckn Dr. Mb`nbbt hbrd Jkcb`hb pbhb tbnu` 242;-242>. Vkrtbmjb`lb` jbtu jbrb hd Xb`gu`l K`dm hdmucbd skgbi gbmb` iece`dbc Jkcb`hb tbnu` 2424, hk`lb` mk`llu`bib` mktehk pk`bmjb`lb` tkrjuib (epk` ( epk` pdt md`d`l ) hd wdcbybn epkrbsd pkrtbmb, ybdtu hd Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb. Vbhb mbsb dtu nbsdc pk`bmjb`lb pk`bmjb`lb` ` pkrtbmb ibcd mk`obpbd mk`obpbd 4. 24?>. _kdrd` _kdrd`l l hk`lb` hk`lb` jkrbin jkrbindr` dr`yb yb ikiubs ikiubsbb` bb` iece` iece`dbc dbc Jkcb`h Jkc b`hbb hd tb`bn tb`bn bdr, bdr, pbrb pbrb ibrybw ibrybwb` b` D`he`k D`he`ksdb sdb ikmuhd ikmuhdb` b` jkrgub jkrgub`l `l mk`u`t mk`u`tut ut  pkrujbnb` stbtus Xbmjb`l mk`gbhd pkrtbmjb`lb` `bsde`bc. Vbhb 24;6, Vkmkrd`tbn Zkpujcdi D`he`ksdb ikmuhdb` mk`lksbnib` pkmjk`tuib` Vkrusbnbb`  @klbrb Xbmjb`l Brb`l Juidt Bsbm (V@ XBJB). Vbhb tb`llbc 2 Mbrkt 24>2, V@ XBJB ikmuhdb` jkrujbn stbtus mk`gbhd Vkrskreb` Xkrjbtbs hk`lb` `bmb VX Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre), yb`l skcb`gut`yb hdskjut VXJB btbu Vkrskreb`. Hbcb Hb cbm m rb`l rb`lib ib mk`d mk`d`l `lib ibti tib` b` pk pk`l `lkm kmjb jb`l `lb` b` d` d`hu hust strd rd jb jbtu tu jb jbrb rb hd D`he`ksdb, pbhb 2446 Vkmkrd`tbn mk`kt D`he`ksdb, mk`ktbpib` bpib` pk`llbju`lb` pk`llbju`lb` Vkrum Xbmjb`l Xbmjb`l Jbtujbrb Jbtuj brb hk`lb` hk`lb` Vkrskreb`. Vkrskreb`. _ksubd _ksubd hk`lb` hk`lb` prelrbm prelrbm pk`lkmjb` pk`lkmjb`lb` lb` iktbnb`b` iktbnb`b` k`kr k`krld ld

`bsd `bsde` e`bc bc,,

pbhb pbhb

244? 244?

Vk Vkmk mkrd rd`t `tbn bn

mk`u mk`ulb lbsi sib` b`

Vk Vkrs rskr kreb eb` `

u` u`tu tui  i 

mk`lkm mk` lkmjb` jb`lib lib` ` usbnb usbnb jrdikt jrdikt jbtu jbtu jbrb. jbrb. Vbhb Vbhb :? Hkskmj Hkskmjkr kr :66:, :66:, Vkrskre Vkrskreb` b` mk`obtbtib` hdrd skjblbd pkrusbnbb` pujcdi hd Jursb Kaki D`he`ksdb hk`lb` iehk  pkrhblb`lb` –VXJB”.Vbhb tb`llbc :4 @evkmjkr :622 ‟ _kibrb`l

VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji.

 

:.: Zub`l Cd`liup Cd`liup VX. VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji Xji hb` Vresks Vrehuisd :.:.2 \dcbybn

Vkrtbmjb`lb` jbtu jbrb VX. Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre), Xji jkrceibsd hd

ikobmb bmbtb` tb`

Xb`gu`l

K`dm,

Ibj bju upbtk`

Mubrb

K`dm.

Ceibsd

 pk`bmjb`lb` tkrjbld mk`gbhd mk`gbhd cdmb, ybdtu 7 2. Ceibs Ceibsdd Xbmjb` Xbmjb`l l Mubrb Mubrb Xdlb Xdlb Jksbr Jksbr [tbrb [tbrb (MXJ[) (MXJ[) :. Ceibs Ceibsdd Xbmj Xbmjb`l b`l Bdr Cbyb Cbyb ((XBC XBC)) ?. Ceibs Ceibsdd Xbmj Xbmjb`l b`l Jb`ie Jb`ie Jbrbt Jbrbt Vdt Vdt 2 8. Ceibs Ceibsdd Xbmjb Xbmjb`l `l Jb`ie Jb`ie Jbrbt Jbrbt Vdt Vdt ? Jbrb Jbrbtt ;. Ceibs Ceibsdd Xbmjb` Xbmjb`l l Jb`ie Jb`ie Jbrbt Jbrbt Vdt Vdt ? Xdmu Xdmur  r  _khb`lib` ib`ter jksbr VX. Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre) Xji. jkrbhb hd gbcb` Vbrdld `emer 62, ikobmbtb` Xb`gu`l K`dm, ibjupbtk` Mubrb K`dm, _umbtkrb _kcbtb`. Jkrhbsbrib` pktb, ceibsd tbmjb`l jbtu jbrb Xb`gu`l K`dm hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr :.2.

Lbmjbr :.2 Aete [hbrb Ceibsd Xbmjb`l VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji.Y:]

VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji. Hd [`dt Vk`bmjb`lb` Xb`gu`l K`dm ([VXK) jkjkrbpb sdtk hd \dcbybn Dzd` [sbnb Vkrtbmjb`lb` (\D[V) ybdtu skjblbd jkrdiut 7

;

 

B.Xbmjb`l Mubrb Xdlb Jksbr  Xbmjb`l Mubrb Xdlb Jksbr (MXJ) mk`llu`bib` sdstkm pk`bmjb`lb` hk`lb` jboinekb`h truoi . _kmub`yb hdikrgbib` eckn pdnbi iktdlb ybdtu VX. Vbmb Vkrsbhb @usb`tbrb. Hd MXJ bhb hub wdcbybn pk`bmjb`lb`, ybdtu Mubrb Xdlb Jksbr [tbrb (MXJ[) hb` Mubrb Xdlb Jksbr _kcbtb` (MXJ_). Obrb ikrgb systkm pk`bmjb`lb` pk`bmjb`lb` MXJ hdmucbd hk`lb` cb`h ockbrd`l  (pkmjkrsdnb`   (pkmjkrsdnb` skmbiskm skmbi hb` pkp pkpene`b ne`b` `), pk`l k`lup upbs bsb` b` tepsedc   (tb` (tb`bn bn pu puou oui) i),,

pk pk`l `lup upbs bsb` b`

evkrjurhk` (tb`bn evkrjurhk`  (tb`bn pk`utup) hk`lb` hk`lb` kxobvbter , cbcu hdb`liut hk`lb` hump truoi . Xb`bn hdb`liut hdb`liut mk`ugu mk`ugu ceibsd pk`dmju`b` pk`dmju`b` skhb`lib` skhb`lib` jbtu jbrb hdtumpui hdtumpui hd  steoipdck. J.Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb (XBC) Vbhb ceibsd Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb tkrhbpbt hub mktehk pk`bmjb`lb` utbmb ybdtu mktehk jboinek  jboinek  b`h truoi  (mk`llu`bib`   (mk`llu`bib` kxobvbter   hb` hump truoi ) skrtb mkmb`a mkm b`abbt bbtib` ib`  Juoikt\nkkc Kxobvbter   (J\K (J\K))  systkm  systkm   u`tui mk`lb`liut jbtu  jbrb hbrd tkmperbry tkmperbry   mk`ugu ik  steoipdck  steoipdck.. Vb Vbhb hb mkte mktehk hk J\K J\K _yst _ystkm km d` d`dd skpk`un`yb hdcbisb`bib` eckn pdnbi VX. Juidt Bsbm, skhb`lib` pbhb mktehk jboinek   b`h truoi (mk`l jboinek (mk`llu`b lu`bib` ib` kxobvbter   hb` hump truoi ) hdcbisb`bib` eckn  pdnbi iktdlb (ie`trbiter). _kmub nbsdc pk`llbcdb` jbtu jbrb hk`lb` mktehk jboinek   b`h truoi (mk`llu`b jboinek (mk`llu`bib` ib` kxobvbter   hb` hump truoi ) bib` hdtbmpu`l hd tkmperbry steoipdck hb` steoipdck hb` XC_ 2 hb` XC_ :. Mkcbcud XC_ d`d ikmuhdb` jbtu jbrb hdmubt ik lkrje`l u`tui hdidrdm ik pkcbjunb` Xbrbnb` (Cbmpu`l) hb` hkrmblb Ikrtbpbtd Ikrtbp btd (Vbckmjb`l (Vbckmjb`l)) mk`llu`bi mk`llu`bib` b` ikrktb bpd yb`l mkmdcdid 86-16 86-16 lkrje`l lkrje`l skibcd gbcb`, hk`lb` ibpbsdtbs ?6-;6 te` u`tui sbtu lkrje`l ikmuhdb` hdpbsbrib`  jbdi u`tui ikpkrcub` hemkstdi hemkstdi mbupu` ikpkrcub` kisper. kisper. O.Jb`ie Jbrbt Xbmjb`l Jb`ie Jbrbt mkmdcdid cubs \D[V 8;66 Nb. Xbmjb`l Jb`ie Jbrbt yb`l tkrhdrd hbrd Vdt 2 hb` Vdt ?, hdmb`b pbhb mbsd`l-mbsd`l Vdt tkcbn hdjbld cbld Vdt 2 Jbrbt hb` Vdt 2 Xdmur, skhb`lib` pbhb Vdt ? hdjbld mk`gbhd Vdt ? Xdmur  hb` Vdt ? Jbrbt hdpklb`l eckn ie`trbiter ybdtu VX. _MG (_umjkr Mdtrb Gbyb) hb` Vdt ? Xdmur eckn VX. JIVC (Jb`lu` Ibryb Vrbtbmb Ckstbrd). Vbhb Vdt ? Xdmur,  pk`lkcecbb` hdpklb`l eckn VX._MG, VX._MG, hd Vdt 2 Jbrbt eckn _w _wbikcecb bikcecb VXJBY:]. :.:.:

1

Bcbt Xbmjb`l [tbmb

 

Bcbtt Xbmjb` Bcb Xbmjb`l l [tbmb [tbmb (BX[) (BX[) mkrupb mkrupbib` ib` skrb`li skrb`libdb bdb` ` pkrbcb pkrbcbtb` tb` yb`l yb`l hdlu hdlu`b `bib ib` ` u` u`tu tui i mk mk`l `lbm bmjd jdcc jb jbtu tujb jbrb rb hd tbmjb tbmjb`l `l nd nd`l `llb lb sdbp sdbp hd hdb` b`li liut ut mk`llu`bib` ikrktb bpd. _kobrb umum Bcbt Xbmjb`l [tbmb (BX[) hbpbt hdjk hdjkhb hbib ib` `

mk`g mk`gbh bhdd

tdlb tdlb

jbld jbldb` b`

ybdt ybdtu u

pkrb pkrbcb cbtb tb` `

pk pk`l `llb lbcd cdb` b`,,

pk pkrb rbcb cbtb tb` `

 pk`lb`liutb`, hb` pkrbcbtb` pk`bmpu`lb`. Vkrbcbtb` tbmjb`l utbmb mkcdputd7 B. Vkrbcb Vkrbcbtb` tb` Vk`llb Vk`llbcdb cdb` ` Vresks pk`lbmjdcb` jbtujbrb hd wdcbybn pkrtbmjb`lb` hdcbiuib` hk`lb`  jkjkrbpb pkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb`. Vkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb` hdlu`bib` u`tui mk`llbcd cbpd cbpdsb sb` `

tb`b tb`bn, n, mk`l mk`lbm bmjd jdcc

jb jbtu tujb jbrb, rb, mk`y mk`ybc bcur urib ib` `

jb jbtu tujb jbrb rb ik pk pkrbc rbcbt btb` b`

 pk`lb`liutb`, jbnib` mkmjbwb ibjkc u`tui mk`ybcurib` k`krld cdstrdi ik  jkjkrbpb pkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb` cbd`. Vkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb` tkrhdrd btbs juoikt wnkkc  kxobvbter, nepkr obr, objck rkkc obr, hb` jkct wble`. 2.  Juoikt \nkkc Kxobvbter  (J\K)  (J\K) :. J\K bhbcbn bhbcbn mksd` mksd` tbmjb`l tbmjb`l yb`l yb`l jkrbhb jkrbhb hdjbrd hdjbrdsb` sb` pbcd`l pbcd`l hkpb`, hkpb`, ybdtu ybdtu  jkrtulbs mk`llbcd btbu mk`lupbs cbpdsb` tb`bn pk`utup jbtujbrb hb` skibcdlus mk`lbmjdc jbtujbrb jdcb pk`lkruib` tb`bn tkcbn sbmpbd pbhb cbpdsb` jbtujbrb Y?]. Juoikt Y?]. Juoikt \nkkc Kxobvbter  (J\K)  (J\K) hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr :.:.

  Lbmjbr :.: Juoikt :.: Juoikt \nkkc Kxobvbter  (J\K)  (J\K) Y:]

Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb mkmpu`ybd ; u`dt J\K hdmb`b mbsd`l-mbsd`l u`dt mkmjutunib` hbyb cdstrdi skjksbr 2?48 i\. _khb`lib` jkrbt tetbc hbrd mbsd`l-mbsd`l u`dt bhbcbn ;;: te` Y8]. Y 8]. Hub u`dt J\K

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hdepkrbsdib` hd tbmjb`l Mubrb Xdlb Jksbr (MXJ) ybdtu J\K-:62 hb` J\K-:6;. _btu u`dt hdepkrbsdib` hd Xbmjb`l Bdr Cbyb (XBC) ybdtu J\K-:68. _khb`lib` hub u`dt cbld nb`yb hbcbm pesdsd stb`h jy Y:]. ?.  Neppkr Obr  (NO)  (NO)  Neppkr obr   mkrupbib` mkrupbib` ik`hbrbb` pk`bhbn yb`l mk`krdmb mk`krdmb mbtkrdbc mbtkrdbc tumpbnb` hbrd Oe`vkyer Kxobvbter  (OK)  (OK) hb` jkrgbcb` hdbtbs rkc. Hbcbm epkrbsd epkrb sd pk`bmjb`lb`, pk`bmjb`lb`,  Neppkr Obr   d`d skcbcu mk`ldiutd lkrbi J\K. Hbyb cdstrdi yb`l hdjutunib` u`tui mk`llkrbiib` Neppkr mk`llkrbiib` Neppkr Obr.  Obr.  8. Objck Zkkc Obr (OZO) OZO bhbcbn bhbcbn ik`hbr ik`hbrbb` bb` pkmjbw pkmjbwbb ibjkc ibjkc cdstrdi cdstrdi u` u`tui tui mk`ybc mk`ybcuri urib` b` k`krld k`k rld cdstrdi cdstrdi ik J\K. J\K. OZO d`d jdbsb` jdbsb`yb yb hdlb`h hdlb`hk`l k`l hk`lb` hk`lb`  Neppkr  Obr. OZO mkmubt ibjkc tremec btbu hrum jkrtklb`lb` :6 iQ u`tui  mk`obtu ikjutunb` cdstrdi pkrbcbtb` tbmjb`l pbhb pk`llbcdb`. Vb`gb`l ib ibjk jkcc cdstr cdstrdi di yb yb`l `l hdlu hdlucu cu`l `l hdlk hdlkce ce`h `he` e`l l ib ibjk jkcc d` d`dd 22 2266 66 mktk mktkr. r. Mkib Mk ib`d `dsm smkk pk pk`l `llu lucu cu`l `l ib ibjk jkcc d` d`dd hd hdlk lkrb rbii iib` b` ec eckn kn skjub skjubn n mete meter  r  scdpr scdprd` d`l l in inus usus us.. Vbhb Vbhb sb sbbt bt mk`l mk`llu lucu cu`l `l te tersd rsd mete meterr hd hdpk pkrj rjksb ksbr, r, skhb`lib` sbbt mk`lucur tersd hdpkrikodc hb` sbbt hdbm tersd meter  sbmb hk`lb` tersd jkjb` Y1]. Objck rkkc obr  hbpbt   hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr  :.?.

Lbmjbr :.? Objck Zkkc Obr Y1] Y1]

>

 

;.  Jkct \ble` (J\) \ble` (J\)  Jkct \ble` jkrau`lsd \ble` jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`krdmb mbtkrdbc jbtujbrb btbu tb`bn hb` mk`bmjbn mk`bm jbn gb`libub` gb`libub` J\K hbcbm pk`llbcdb` pk`llbcdb` sknd`llb sknd`llb pkrlkrbib` pkrlkrbib` tdhb tdhbi i sk skrd` rd`l l hdcb hdcbiu iuib ib`. `. Gk`ds Gk`ds mksd` mksd` d` d`dd ck ckjd jdn n hd hdik ik`b `bcc skjbl skjblbd bd bc bcbt bt  pk`lb`liut jkct oe`vkyer   Y:]. Jkct Y:].  Jkct wble` hbpbt wble` hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr  :.8.

Lbmjbr :.8 Jkct :.8 Jkct \ble`  \ble` (J\) Y:]

1.  Nyhrbucdo Kxobvbter snevkc  VO  VO ?666 Mkrupbib` Mkrup bib` bcbt skhkrnb`b skhkrnb`b u`tui u`tui mk`llbcd, mk`llbcd, mkmubt, mkmubt, mk`lb`llb mk`lb`llbibt ibt mbtkrdbc hb` cbd`-cbd`. Ie`struisd jbldb` btbs hbpbt jkrputbr ?16 hkrbgbt sknd`llb mkmu`lid`ib` u`tui jkikrgb hdtkmpbt yb`l skmpdt. _nevkc VO ?6 ?666 66 hdlk hdlkrb rbii iib` b` hk hk`l `lb` b` mete meterr cdst cdstrd rdi i d` d`hu huis isdd ? absb absb 1 IQ. IQ.  Nyhrbucdo Kxobvbter snevkc  VO  VO ?666 hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr :.;.

Lbmjbr :.; Nyhrbucdo :.; Nyhrbucdo Kxobvbter snevkc VO  ?666  ?666 Y8]

4

 

J. Vkrbcbtb` Vk`lb`liutb` Jbld Jb ldb` b` pk pk`l `lb` b`li liut utb` b` hdcb hdcbiu iuib ib` ` hk hk`l `lb` b` sdstk sdstkm m jb jb` ` jk jkrg rgbcb bcb` ` (jkct  oe`vkyer ) yb`l jkrtulbs mkmjbwb mbtkrdbc nbsdc lbcdb`. Mbtkrdbc yb`l hdlbcd eckn  pkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb` bib` hdjbwb eckn jbldb` jkct oe`vkyer  jbdi   jbdi u`tui hdjub`l (mdsbc tb`bn, jkjbtub`, hcc), hdtdmju`, btbu jbnib` cb`lsu`l hdjbwb ik Xrbd`  Cebhd`l

_tbtde`

(XC_). (XC_).

Jkrhbsbrib`

ceibsd`yb,

jk jkct ct

oe oe`v `vky kyer  er   hbpbt

hdicbsdadibsdib` mk`gbhd kmpbt mbobm, ybdtu7 2. Oe`vkyer Kxobvbtd`l  (OK)  (OK) Oe`vkyer Kxobvbtd`l  (OK)  (OK) jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`lb`liut mbtkrdbc lbcdb` hbrd J\K ik Oe`vkyer _nu`td`l .  Jkct Oe`vkyer  d`d  d`d hbpbt hdpkrpb`gb`l hb` hdpkrpk`hki btbupu` hdlkskr ik ib`b` btbu ik idrd. :. Oe`vkyer _nu`td`l  (O_)  (O_) Oe`vkyer _nu`td`l   (O_) hdlu`bib` u`tui mk`lb`liut jbtujbrb hb` mk`lbt mk` lbtur ur pkmjub pkmjub`lb `lb` ` mbtkrd mbtkrdbc bc jkrupb jkrupb tb`bn. tb`bn. [`tui [`tui mbtkrdb mbtkrdbcc tb`bn tb`bn hdtkrusib` hdtkru sib` ik Oe`vkyer Humpd`l (OH) hb` u`tui jbtu jbrb hdtkrusib` ik

Oe`v Oe `vky kyer er

Oebc  Oebc (OO).

Oe`vkyer   d` d`dd

hbp bpbt bt

hdmbg dmbgu uib`

bt btbu bu

hdmu`hurib`. ?. Oe`vkyer Humpd`l  (OH)  (OH) Oe`vkyer Humpd`l  (OH)   (OH) jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`lb`liut mbtkrdbc tb`bn ik hbkrbn pk`dmju`b`. Jkct pk`dmju`b`. Jkct Oe`vkyer d`d hbpbt hdpkrpb`gb`l hb` hbpbt  pucb hdpkrpk`hki btbupu` btbupu` hdlkskr ik idrd btbu ik ib`b`. 8. Oe`vkyer Oebc  (OO)  (OO) Oebc Oe`vkyer  (OO)   (OO) jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`lb`liut mbtkrdbc jbtujbrb ik hbkrbn pk`dmju`b` (_teoipdck btbu XC_) Y8]. O.Vkrbcbtb` Vk`bmpu`lb` Mbtkrdbc yb`l hdlbcd pbhb pkrbcbtb` pk`llbcdb` hb` hdjbwb eckn pkrbcbtb`  pk`lb`liutb` bib` hdtkmpbtib` pbhb wdcbybn pk`bmpu`lb`. Mbtkrdbc jkrupb  jbtujbrb hbpbt hdtbmpu`l hd  steoipdck  steoipdck   btbu cb`lsu`l hdb`liut eckn ikrktb bpd. _khb`l _kh b`lib` ib` mbtkrdb mbtkrdbcc jkrupb jkrupb `e` jbtuj jbtujbrb brb bib` bib` hdtdmj hdtdmju` u` hd hbkrbn hbkrbn humpd` humpd`l. l. Vkrbcb Vkr bcbtb` tb` u`tui u`tui mk`dmj mk`dmju` u` mbtkrdb mbtkrdbcc pkrtbm pkrtbmjb` jb`lb` lb` d`d tkrhdr tkrhdrdd hbrd hbrd trdppkr obr,  sprkbhkr, stboikr/rkocbdmkr , hb` trbd` cebhd`l stbtde`. stbtde`. 2. Xrdppkr Obr  (XO)  (XO)

26

 

Xrdppkr Xrdpp kr obr   bhbcbn jbldb` hbrd u`dt pkrbcbtb` pkrbcbtb` pkmjub`lb` pkmjub`lb` mbtkrdbc lbcd lbcdb` b` hd hbkr hbkrbn bn hump humpd` d`l. l. Hk`l Hk`lb` b` bh bhb` b`yb yb trdp trdppkr pkr obr   d` d`dd mbib mbib  sprkbhkr hbpbt mkcbiuib` pkmjub`lb` mbtkrdbc skobrb ckjdn mkrbtb ik skcu skcuru run n pkmj pkmjub ub`l `lb` b`.. Ie`t Ie`tru ruis isdd trdppkr   d`d mk`lb` b`l lib`ld jkct  oe`vkyerhumpd`l  hdckwbtib`  hdckwbtib` pbhb ikrb`lib trdppkr obr  d`d  d`d skhkmdidb` rupb sknd`llb tdhbi mk`llb`llu lkrbib` trdppkr obr  mbgu  mbgu btbu mu`hur  Y:]._prkbhkr  Y:]. _prkbhkr  (_V)  (_V) :. _prkbhkr   bh bhbc bcbn bn bcbt bcbt yb yb`l `l jk jkra rau` u`ls lsdd sk skjb jblb lbdd pk pk`l `lnb nbmp mpbr br tb tb`b `bn, n, mbtkrd mbt krdbc bc (tb`bn (tb`bn)) hdjub` hdjub`l l ik tkmpbt tkmpbt pk`dmj pk`dmju`b u`b` ` ( Humpd`l Brkb). Brkb). Hk`lb` bcbt d`d pk`lnbmjurb` mbtkrdbc mbtkrdbc `e` jbtu jbrb hbpbt hbpbt mkrbtbY:]. _prkbhkr hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr :.1.

Lbmjbr :.1 _prkbhkr Y:]

?. _tboikr /Zkocbdmkr  (_/Z)  (_/Z) Vkrbcbtb` pk`dmju`b` ( stboikr ) hb` pk`lbmjdcb` (rkocbdmkr) (rkocbdmkr) jbtujbrb  jbtujbrb d`d bhbcbn bhbcbn pkrbcbt pkrbcbtb` b` yb`l yb`l hdlu`b hdlu`bib` ib` hbcbm hbcbm pk`dmj pk`dmju` u`b` b` jbtujb jbtujbrb rb (_teoipdck _teoipdck). ). Iktdib tdhbi bib` mkcbiuib` mkcbiuib` pk`ldsdb` pk`ldsdb` jbtujbrb jbtujbrb ik ikrktb bpd, jbtujbrb hbpbt hdtdmju` hd steoipdck hd  steoipdck mk`llu`bib`  mk`llu`bib` stboikr   stboikr . @bmu` iktdib bib` mkcbiuib` pk`ldsdb` ik ikrktb bpd mbib jbtujbrb hbpbt hdbmjdc hbrd steoipdck hbrd steoipdck mk`llu`bib`  mk`llu`bib` rkocbdmk rkocbdmkr. r. Lbmjbr :. Xrbd` Cebhd`l _tbtde` (XC_) _tbtde` (XC_) Y:]

:.?

Qdsd, Mdsd hb` strbtkld strbtkld Vkrusbnb Vkrusbnbb` b`

Qdsdd VXJB Qds VXJB ybdtu ybdtu mk`gbh mk`gbhdd pkrusb pkrusbnb` nb` k`krld k`krld ikcbs ikcbs hu`db hu`db yb`l yb`l pkhucd pkhucd cd`li cd` liu`l u`lb`. b`. Hk`lb` Hk`lb` vdsd vdsd tkrskj tkrskjut ut jkrbrtd jkrbrtd pbhb pbhb mbsb mbsb yb`l yb`l bib` bib` hbtb`l hbtb`l VXJB VXJB hdnbrbpib` hdnbr bpib` tdhbi nb`yb skjblbd skjblbd prehusk` prehusk` jbtu jbrb sbgb, mkcbd`ib` mkcbd`ib` gulb jkrodtbjkrodtbodtb bib` jkrikmjb`l mk`gbhd subtu pkrusbnbb` k`krld yb`l jkrhbyb sbd`l hb` mkmjkrdib` `dcbd eptdmbc jbld stbiknechkrs skpkrtd pkmklb`l sbnbm, ibrybwb` hb hb` ` mbsy mbsybr brbi bibt bt hdsk hdskid idtb tbrr pk pkru rusbn sbnbb` bb`.[ .[`t `tui ui mk`o mk`obp bpbd bd vd vdsd sd gb gb`l `lib ib pb pb`g `gb` b`l l  pkrusbnbb` tkrskjut, mbib hdtktbpib` mdsd jds`ds pkrusbnbb` ybdtu mk`lkcecb sumjkr sumj kr k`krld k`krld hk`lb` hk`lb` mk`lkmjb` mk`lkmjb`lib` lib` iempktk`sd iempktk`sd ierperbsd ierperbsd hb` iku`llucb` iku`llucb` d`sb d`sb`d `d u`tu u`tui i mkmj mkmjkr krdi dib` b` `dcb `dcbdd tbmj tbmjbn bn mbis mbisdm dmbc bc jb jbld ld stbi stbikn knec echk hkrs rs hb hb` ` cd`liu`lb`. Lu`b mk`obpbd Qdsd hb` Mdsd mbib pkrusbnbb` mkmdcdid strbtkld. Bhbpu` strbtkld yb`l hdmdcdid ybdtu Y2]7 2. Aeius Aeius ikpbhb ikpbhb pkrtum pkrtumjunb` junb` prehuisd/pk prehuisd/pk`gubc `gubcb` b` jbtu jbtu jbrb. jbrb. :. Aeius Aeius pbhb pbhb preyki preyki-prey -preyki ki hk`lb` hk`lb` sibcb iksdbpb`. iksdbpb`. ?. Zkstr Zkstrui uitu turd rdsbs sbsdd ie ierp rper erbs bsd. d. 8. Mk`d`l Mk`d`libt ibtib` ib` iempktk iempktk`sd `sd hb` rklk`k rklk`krbsd rbsd _HM skrtb mk`d`li mk`d`libti btib` b` hbyb hbyb ierperbsd yb`l mk`lutbmbib` id`krgb. ;. Mk`d`libti Mk`d`libtib` b` sdstkm sdstkm rkmu`krbsd rkmu`krbsd yb`l yb`l jkrhbsbrib` jkrhbsbrib` id`krgb. id`krgb. 1. Mk`d`libti Mk`d`libtib` b` pkrd`libt pkrd`libt id`krgb id`krgb pk`btbb pk`btbb` ` pk`lkcecbb` pk`lkcecbb` cd`liu`lb` cd`liu`lb`..

:.8

Cele Cele Vkrus Vkrusbnb bnbb` b`

2?

 

Dhk`tdtbs ierperbt Vkrskreb` skobrb vdsubc hdwbidcd eckn Cele yb`l tkrhdrd hbrd hub iempe`k` utbmb, ybdtu Cele _dmjec hb` Cele @bmb. Ikhub iempe`k` tkrskjut mkrupbib` sbtu iksbtub` yb`l nbrus hdrb`libdib` hb` tdhbi jeckn hdtbmpdcib` skobrb tkrpdsbn. Cele pkrusbnbb` hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr :.4.

Lbmjbr :.4 Cele VX. Juidt Bsbm Xji. Y2]

:.;

Xbtb Xbtb Ikcecb Ikcecb Vkrus Vkrusbnb bnbb` b`

Vkrskreb` sk`b`tdbsb jkrusbnb mk`krbpib` prd`sdp-prd`sdp tbtb ikcecb yb`l  jbdi, mk`obiup bsbs trb`spbrk`oy, booeu`tbjdcdty, rkspe`sdjdcdty, d`hkpk`hk`oy hb`  abdr`kss  abdr`kss,, skobrb skobrb skdmjb` skdmjb`l l hk`lb` hk`lb` pkmjb` pkmjb`lu lu`b` `b` `dcbd-` `dcbd-`dcb dcbdd hb` juhbyb juhbyb  pkrusbnbb` yb`l tkrtub`l hbcbm rumusb` iehk ktdi skrtb juhbyb pkrusbnbb`. Xugub` Vk`krbpb` LOL hd Vkrskreb` bhbcbn Y2]7 2. Mk`l Mk`lk` k`hb hbcd cdib ib` ` hb hb` ` mk`l mk`lbrb brbni nib` b` nu nuju ju`l `lb` b` b` b`tb tbrb rb Vk Vkmk mklb lb`l `l _b _bnb nbm, m, Hkwb` Hkw b`

Iemdsbr Iemdsbrds, ds, Hdrkisd, Hdrkisd, ibrybwb` ibrybwb`,, pkcb`l pkcb`llb` lb`,, mdtrbi mdtrbikrgb krgb,, skrtb skrtb

mbsybrbibt hb` cd`liu`lb`. :. Mk`here`l Mk`here`l hb` mk`huiu` mk`huiu`l l pk`lkmj pk`lkmjb`lb` b`lb` Vkrskreb`. Vkrskreb`. ?. Mk`lkc Mk`lkcecb ecb sumjk sumjkrhb rhbyb yb skobrb skobrb ckjdn ckjdn bmb` bmb`bn. bn. 8. Mk`lkc Mk`lkcecb ecb rdsdie rdsdie skobr skobrbb ckjdn ckjdn jbdi. jbdi. ;. Mk`d`libti Mk`d`libtib` b` pkrtb`l pkrtb`llu`l lu`l gbwbjb` gbwbjb` ikpbhb ikpbhb stbiknechkrs stbiknechkrs.. 1. Mk`oklbn Mk`oklbn tkrgbhd`y tkrgbhd`ybb pk`ydmpb` pk`ydmpb`lb` lb` hbcbm hbcbm pk`lkce pk`lkcecbb` cbb` Vkrskreb` Vkrskreb`.. . Mk`d`l Mk`d`libt ibtib` ib` odt odtrb rb Vkrs Vkrskre kreb` b` (dmblk dmblk)) mk`gbhd skmbid` jbdi Y2]. :.;.2 Xbtb Cbisb`b Hb` Vk`d`libtb` Iubcdtbs Vk`krbpb` LOL

28

 

Vbhb tbnu` :626 Vkrskreb` mkcbisb`bib` jkjkrbpb upbyb pkrjbdib` tbtb cbisb`b hb` pk`d`libtb` iubcdtbs pk`krbpb` LOL, hdb`tbrb`yb Y2]7 2. Vkrusb Vkrusbnbb nbb` ` hdjb`t hdjb`tu u ie`suc ie`suctb` tb` tkcbn mk`lkmj mk`lkmjb`l b`lib` ib` seat struoturk struoturk LOL yb`l yb` l jbru, jbru, ybdtu ybdtu 7 Vb`hub Vb`hub` ` Ikrgb Ikrgb Jbld Jbld Hkwb` Hkwb` Iemdsbr Iemdsbrds ds hb` Hdrkisd Hdrkisd ( Jebrh  Jebrh Mb`ubc ), ), LOL Oehk, Oehk ea Oe`huot. :. _bcbn bcbn sbtu sbtu _ea eatt _tru _truot otu urk LOL bhbc bhbcbn bn Oeh Oehkk ea Oe`huo Oe`huot  t , yb ybdt dtu u subt subtu u  pkhemb` pkrdcbiu jbld skcurun gbgbrb` Vkrskreb`. Oehk ea Oe`huot   d`d tkcbn hdsesdbcdsbsdib` ikpbhb skcurun gbgbrb` pkrusbnbb` yb`l mk`gkcbsib` tk`tb`l7 b) Ikjdgb Ikjdgbib` ib` tk`tb tk`tb`l `l Jk`tur Jk`turb` b` Ikpk`t Ikpk`td`l d`lb` b`  j) Ikjdgbib` tk`tb`l Cbrb`lb` Vkmjkrdb` hb` Vk`krdmbb` Nbhdbn, _ubp hb` _kgk`ds`yb. o) Ikjdgb Ikjdgbib` ib` tk`tb tk`tb`l `l Vk`lbh Vk`lbhbb` bb` Jbrb` Jbrb`l l hb` Gbsb. Gbsb. h) Xbtb Cbisb`b Cbisb`b _dstkm Vkcbperb` Vkcbperb` Vkcb`llbrb` Vkcb`llbrb`.. k) Vkcbisb`bb` Vkcbisb`bb` ckmjbr ckmjbr ikpbtu ikpbtunb` nb` tkrnbhbp tkrnbhbp Vkhem Vkhemb` b` pkrdcbiu pkrdcbiu yb`l yb`l nbrus nbrus hdtb`hbtb`lb`d eckn sktdbp pklbwbd. :.;.: _truitur Erlb`dsbsd Vkrusbnbb`

Lbmjbr :.26. _truitur Erlb` Vkrusbnbb` Y2]

2;

 

2;

 

Erlb` Vkrusbnbb` tkrhdrd btbs Zbpbt [mum Vkmklb`l _bnbm (Z[V_), Hkwb` Iemdsbrds Iemd sbrds hb` Hdrkisd yb`l mbsd`l-mbsd`l mbsd`l-mbsd`l mkmpu`ybd mkmpu`ybd pkrb` pk`td`l hbcbm  pkcbisb`bb` LOL skobrb kakitda. Erlb` Vkrskreb` d`d mk`gbcb`ib` au`lsd`yb  jkrhbsbrib` prd`sdp jbnwb mbsd`l-mbsd`l erlb` jkrhdrd skobrb d`hkpk`hk` hb` mk`g mk `gbc bcb` b`ib ib` `

tulb tulbs, s,

au au`l `lsd sd

hb` hb`

tb`l tb`llu lu`l `l-g -gbw bwbj bj`y `ybb

sk skmb mbtb tb-m -mbt btbb

u` u`tu tui  i 

ikpk`td`lb` Vkrskreb`.   Zbpbt [mum Vkmklb`l _bnbm (Z[V_) mkrupbib` d`stb`sd tkrtd`lld hbcbm hbc bm Vkrskre Vkrskreb`, b`, wbhbn wbhbn pbrb pbrb pkmklb pkmklb`l `l sbnbm sbnbm u`tui u`tui jkrtd` jkrtd`hbi hbi skobrb skobrb sktbrb sktbrb hbcbm mk`lbmjdc ikputusb` pk`td`l yb`l jkribdtb` hk`lb` mehbcyb`l hdtb`bm hbcbm Vkrskreb`, `bmu` tdhbi hbpbt mk`ld`tkrvk`sd ikputusb` epkrbsde`bc yb`l mk`gbhd wkwk`b`l Hkwb` Iemdsbrds hb` Hdrkisd. Hkwb` Hkw b` Iemdsbr Iemdsbrds ds bhbcbn bhbcbn Erlb` Erlb` Vkrskre Vkrskreb` b` yb`l yb`l jkrtul jkrtulbs bs mkcbiu mkcbiuib` ib`  pk`lbwbsb` skobrb umum btbu inusus, skrtb mkmjkr `bsdnbt ikpbhb Hdrkisd. _k _khb hb`l `lib ib` `

Hdrk Hdrkis isdd

mkru mkrupb pbib ib` `

Erlb Erlb` `

Vk Vkrs rskr kreb eb` `

yb yb`l `l

jk jkrw rwk` k`b` b`l l

hb hb` `

 jkrtb`llu`l-gbwbj pk`un btbs ikpk`lurusb` Vkrskreb` sknbrd-nbrd hb` jkrtd`hbi  skmbtb-mbtb skmbtb -mbtb u`tui u`tui ikpk`td`lb ikpk`td`lb` ` pkrusbnbb` pkrusbnbb` sksubd hk`lb` hk`lb` mbisuh mbisuh hb` tugub` tugub` Vkrs Vkrskr kreb eb`. `.Ie Iemd mdtk tk Buhd Buhdtt hdjk hdjk`t `tui ui hb hbcbm cbm rb`li rb`libb mkmj mkmjb` b`tu tu tu tulb lbss Hkwb Hkwb` ` Iemdsbrds Iemd sbrds u`tui u`tui mk`here`l mk`here`l hdtkrbpib``y hdtkrbpib``ybb tbtb ikcecb ikcecb pkrusbnbb` pkrusbnbb` yb`l jbdi, tkrjk`tui`yb struitur pk`lk`hbcdb` d`tkr`bc yb`l mkmbhbd, mk`d`libtib` iubcdtbs iktkrjuibb` hb` pkcbperb` ikub`lb`, skrtb mk`libgd rub`l cd`liup, iktkpbtb`, ikmb ikmb`h `hdr drdb db` `

hb` hb`

ejyk ejykit itda dadt dtbs bs biu` biu`tb tb` `

pujc pujcdi di..

Iemd Iemdtk tk Lee Leeh h

Oerpe Oerperbt rbtkk

Levkr`b`ok jkrtulbs mkmjb`tu Hkwb` Iemdsbrds hbcbm rb`lib mk`d`libtib` Levkr`b`ok jkrtulbs  pk`krbpb` prbitki. Iemd Ie mdtk tk d`d d`d sk skjk jkcu cum` m`yb yb hdlb hdlbju ju`l `l hk`l hk`lb` b` Iemd Iemdtk tk @emd @emd`b `bsd sd hb hb` ` Zkmu`krbsd skjblbd Iemdtk @emd`bsd, Zkmu`krbsd hb` LOL. Iemdtk @emd`bsd, Zkmu`krbsd hb` Vk`lkmjb`lb` _umjkr Hbyb Mb`usdb (V_HM), jdbsb hdskjut Ie`br jbhb` V_HM, mkrupbib` iemdtk yb`l mk`lbcbmd pkrujbnbb` `bmb hb` ikb`lletbb`yb hd tbnu` :626. _kjkcum`yb iemdtk d`d jkr`bmb Iemdtk Ie`br   jbhb` LOL, jkrtulbs mkmjb`tu Iemdsbrds hbcbm nbc-nbc yb`l jkribdtb` hk`lb` ikjdgb ikj dgbib` ib` pk`ktb pk`ktbpb` pb` rkmu`k rkmu`krbsd rbsd hb` pk`d`l pk`d`libt ibtb` b` dmpckm dmpckmk`tb k`tbsd sd LOL. LOL. Ie`br  Ie`br   jbhb` V_HM jkrsdabt mb`hdrd jbdi hbcbm pkcbisb`bb` pkcbisb`bb` tulbs mbupu` hbcbm

21

 

 pkcbperb`, yb`l hdjk`tui hdjk`tui eckn, hb` jkikrgb u`tui, skrtb jkrtb`llu`l gbwbj ikpbhb Hkwb` Iemdsbrds. Iemdtk Zdsdie [sbnb jkrtulbs hb` jkrtb`llu`l gbwbj u`tui mkmjkrdib`  pk`hbpbt preaksde`bc hb` d`hkpk`hk` sksubd ikwk`b`lb``yb ikpbhb Hkwb` Iemdsbrds tkribdt hk`lb` pk`lkcecbb` pkrusbnbb` yb`l jkribdtb` hk`lb` rdsdie usbnb usb nb yb`l yb`l jkrpe jkrpetk` tk`sd sd mk`dmj mk`dmjuci ucib` b` ikruld ikruldb` b` sdl`da sdl`dadib dib`, `, tkrmbs tkrmbsui ui bsurb` bsurb`sd, sd,  pk`lkcecbb`

cd`liu`lb`

hb`

pbsob

tbmjb`l.

Iemdtk

IZ[

sk`b`tdbsb

mk`ld`lbti mk`ld `lbtib` b` hb` mkrkiemk` mkrkiemk`hbsdib hbsdib` ` blbr skcurun skcurun rdsdie utbmb Vkrskreb` Vkrskreb` yb`l mbsui ibtklerd ndln kxtrkmk rdsi hdik`bcd hb` hdmdtdlbsd Y2]. :.;.? _kirktbrds Vkrusbnbb`

_kirktb _ki rktbrds rds Vkrusb Vkrusbnbb nbb` ` mk`gbm mk`gbmd` d` iktkrsk iktkrskhdb hdbb` b` d`aerm d`aermbsd bsd tkrid` tkrid`d, d, tkpbt tkpbt wbitu hb` biurbt mk`lk`bd Vkrskreb` ikpbhb pbrb pkmklb`l sbnbm, b`bcds,mkhdb mbssb hb` mbsybrbibt umum, yb`l gulb mkcdputd pk`ykhdbb` cbperb` trdwucb`. _kirktbrds Vkrusbnbb` jkrpkrb` jksbr hbcbm mkmpkrcb`obr nuju`lb` b`tbr  Erlb Er lb` ` Vk Vkrs rskr kreb eb`, `, nuju nuju`l `lb` b` b`tb b`tbrb rb Vk Vkrs rskr kreb eb` ` hk hk`l `lb` b`  stbiknechkrs  stbiknechkrs   skrtb hdpk`und`yb iktk`tub` pkrbturb` pkru`hb`l-u`hb`lb` yb`l jkrcbiu. Mb`bgkmk` mk`lkm mk` lkmjb` jb`lib lib` ` sdstkm sdstkm pk`lbw pk`lbwbsb` bsb` hb` pk`lk` pk`lk`hbc hbcdb` db` d`tkr` d`tkr`bc bc blbr blbr hbpbt hbpbt  jkrau`lsd skobrb kakitda u`tui mk`lbmb`ib` d`vkstbsd d`vkstbsd hb` bskt Vkrskreb` Y2].

2<

 

2>

 

JBJ DDD XD@GB[B@ V[_XBIB

?.2  

Jkct Oe`vkyer 

 Jkct oe`vkyer  btbu   btbu yb`l hdskjut hk`lb` – jb` jkrgbcb` – mkrupbib` subtu subtu bcbt pk`lb`liut yb`l jdsb idtb gumpbd hd hu`db d`hustrd skpkrtd d`hustrd skmk`, mbib`b`, jbnib` pbhb sdstkm pk`bmjb`lb` inusus`yb pk`bmjb`lb` jbtu jbrb.  Jkct oe`vkyer   jkrupb jkrupb skjubn sbjui yb`l hdlkrbiib` eckn reckr skobrb mkib`ds. Vk`l Vk`lb` b`li liut utb` b` jb jbrb rb`l `l btbu btbu mbtk mbtkrdb rdbcc hk hk`l `lb` b` mk`l mk`llu lu`b `bib ib` ` oe`vkyer   jkrsdabt ie`td`yu ybdtu ie`td`yu  ybdtu obrb pk`lb`liutb` yb`l jkriksd`bmju`lb` yb`l jkrjk`tui bcdrb` mbtkrdbc hbrd pkmubtb` mbtkrdbc pbhb subtu tkmpbt yb`l ikmuhdb` hdtumpbnib` ik tkmpbt cbd`. Jkct cbd`. Jkct oe`vkyer hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr ?.2.

Lbmjbr ?.2 Jkct ?.2 Jkct Oe`vkyer Jbtu Jbrb hd VX. Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre) Xji 

?.2.2 Gk`ds Jkct Gk`ds Jkct Oe`vkyer  Oe`vkyer  pbhb  pbhb _dstkm Vk`bmjb`lb` Jbtu jbrb

Vbhb pkrtbmjb`lb` jbtu jbrb tkrhbpbt jkjkrbpb gk`ds jkct oe`vkyer  sksubd   sksubd hk`lb` ikjutunb` sdstkm pk`bmjb`lb` hdb`tbrb`yb ybdtu7

24

 

?.2.2.2 Oe`vkyer Kxobvbtd`l 

OK bhbcbn bhbcbn jb` jkrgbcb` jkrgbcb` yb`l yb`l jkrbhb jkrbhb hd gbc gbcb` b` pk`llb pk`llbcdb cdb` ` hk`lb` hk`lb` ckjbr  ckjbr  sbju sbjui i 2:66 2:66 mm, mm, ikok ikokpb pbtb tb` ` ;,; ;,; m/ m/ss hb hb` ` hd hdlk lkrb rbii iib` b` ec eckn kn mete meterr scdp scdprd rd`l `l  jkribpbsdtbs ?>6 i\, 1 iQ, 4>1 4>1 rpm. ?.2.2.: Oe`vkyer _nu`td`l Nkbh 

O_ bhbcbn sdstkm jb` jkrgbcb` yb`l jkrbhb hd Oe`vkyer Hdstrdjutde` Ved`t  (OHV) hk`lb` (OHV)  hk`lb` ckjbr sbjui 2:66 mm, ikokpbtb` ;,; m/s hb` hdlkrbiib` eckn meter scdprd`l jkribpbsdtbs ?>6 i\, 1 iQ, 4>1 rpm. ?.2.2.? Oe`vkyer Humpd`l 

OH bhbcbn sdstkm jb` jkrgbcb` yb`l jkrbhb hd gbcur pkmjub`lb` hk`lb` ckjbr sbjui 2166 mm, ikokpbtb` ;,; m/s hb` hdlkrbiib` eckn meter scdprd`l  jkribpbsdtbs 166 i\, 1 iQ, 4>1 4>1 rpm. ?.2.2.8 Oe`vkyer Oebc (OO)

OO bhbcbn oe`vkyer   yb`l yb`l jkrbhb jkrbhb pbhb cbnb` cbnb` pk`dmj pk`dmju`b u`b` ` ( steoipdck  steoipdck))  jbtujbrb. _dstkm pk`lk`hbcdb``yb sbmb u`tui skmub oe`vkyer, oe`vkyer, hdmb`b  hdmb`b pkrbcbtb` oe`trec`yb oe`tr ec`yb hdcktbiib` hdcktbiib` pbhb subtu tkmpbt yb`l hdskjut  swdton neusk  neusk  btbu swdton btbu  swdton  stbtde`. ?.2.2.; Oe`vkyer Mb`ubc (OM)

OM bhbcbn sdstkm jb` jkrgbcb` yb`l bhb hd XC_ yb`l jkrau`lsd u`tui  mk`l mk `lb` b`li liut ut jbtu jbtujb jbrb rb ik ju`i ju`ikr kr yb`l yb`l hd hdep epkr krbs bsdi dib` b` jd jdcb cb oe`vk oe`vkyer yer cebhd`l  cebhd`l  mk`lbcbmd lb`llub` hbcbm mk`lb`liut jbtujbrb ik XC_. Xk`blb pk`llkrbi`yb bhbcbn meter scdprd`l ;66 Qect. ?.2.2.1 Oe`vkyer Cebhd`l 

_dstkm jb` jkrgbcb` yb`l jkrbhb hd XC_ yb`l jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`lb`liut  jbtujbrb ik ju`ikr . Xk`blb Xk`blb pk`llk pk`llkrbi rbi`y `ybb bhbcbn bhbcbn meter meter scdprd scdprd`l `l ;66 Qect. Qect. Oe`vkyer Cebhd`l hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr ?.:.

Lbmjbr ?.: _ikmb Jkct _ikmb Jkct Oe`vkyer 

:6

 

?.:

_dstkm _dstkm Vk`lb Vk`lbmb` mb` Jkct  Jkct Oe`vkyer  Oe`vkyer 

?.:.2 Gk`ds-gk`ds _dstkm Vk`lbmb` pbhb Jkct pbhb Jkct Oe`vkyer  Oe`vkyer 

Vbh Vbhb sd sdst stkm km oe`vkyer   hdck`l hdck`libp ibpdd jkjkrbp jkjkrbpbb pk`lbm pk`lbmb` b` yb`l yb`l jkrau` jkrau`lsd lsd u`tui mk`lbmb`ib` pkrbcbtb` hb` gulb u`tui mk`lbmb`ib` pkrse`dc, bhbpu`  pk`lbmb` tkrskjut bhbcbn 7 2.  Vucc Oerh  btbu Vucc  btbu Vucc Zepk _wdton Jkrau`lsd u`tui mkmjkrnk`tdib` jkct oe`vkyer  hk`lb`   hk`lb` obrb mk`brdi tbcd yb`l yb` l hdpbsb`l hdpbsb`l skpb`g skpb`gb`l b`l jkct jkct

sdsd idrd idrd hb` ib`b` ib`b` skobrb skobrb bpbjdc bpbjdcbb bhb

lb`llub` btbu ikcbd`b` pkrbcbtb`. :.  Jkct _wby btbu _wby btbu Jkct  Jkct Xrboid`l  Jkrau`lsd u`tui mkmjkrnk`tdib` jkct oe`vkyer  bpbjdcb  bpbjdcb tkrgbhd u`jbcb`ok btbu gelld`l  btbu  gelld`l  .  . ?.  Vcullkh Onutk Jkrau`lsd u`tui mkmb`tbu ie`hdsd pbhb onutk onutk bpbibn  bpbibn tkrgbhd pk`umpuib`  jbtu jbrb btbu tdhbi. Jkikrgb hk`lb` mkmjkrnk`tdib` oe`vkyer   skobrb etembtds yb`l bhb hd jkcbib`l (hd sdsd d`ckt)  pcullkh onutk bpbjdcb tkrgbhd  pk`umpuib` hd eutckt onutk(neppkr). 8. _pkkh Metde` Hktkoter  Jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`hktkisd oe`vkyer  hb`   hb` bpbjdcb putbrb` oe`vkyer  hdcubr    hdcubr   jbtbs (rb`lk) (rb`lk)   bi bib` b` mkmj mkmjkrn krnk` k`td tdib ib` ` sdst sdstkm km oe`vkyer   skobrb etembtds, etembtds,  jdbsb`yb bcbt d`d hdpbsb`l hd Jb`h hd Jb`h Vuccky  Vuccky  . ;.  Vusn Jutte` Kmkrlk`oy Kmkrlk`oy _tep Jkrau`lsd u`tui mkmjkrnk`tdib` pkrbcbtb` hbcbm ikbhbb` hbrurbt (gdib bhb lb`llub` btbu ikcbd`b` hd ceibc. 1. Xk`sde`d`l u`dt oe`trec swdtonks _ubtu pk`lbmb` pk`lbmb` yb`l hdau`lsdib` hdau`lsdib` u`tui u`tui mk`hktkisd mk`hktkisd jkct  putus   putus btbu jkct  mk`lbcbmd ikmucurb` hdcubrjbtbs yb`l hddgd`ib`. . Lubrhs Lubrhs (pkmjbtbs  (pkmjbtbs brkb)

:2

 

Mkrupbib` pkcd`hu`l yb`l jdbsb`yb hdpbsb`l hdskidtbr hrdvk u`dt , jk`h   ,  puccky   , tbdc puccky   puccky puccky  hb` pbhb tbik up oeu`tkr wkdlnt   btbu tbik up  up  puccky. puccky. Lu`b`yb u`tui mkcd`hu`ld pkrse`dc hbrd ikokcbibb` bidjbt jk`hb jkrputbr. 4.  Adrk Vretkotde` Adrk Vretkotde` Vretkotde` bhbcbn pkrbcbtb` pkrbcbtb` yb`l jkrau`lsd jkrau`lsd u`tui mk`hktkisd mk`hktkisd hb` mk`oklbn mk`ok lbn tkrgbhd`yb tkrgbhd`yb ikjbibrb`. ikjbibrb`.  Adrk Vretkotde`  Vretkotde`  yb`l hdlu`bib` hdlu`bib` bhbcbn bhbcbn  sdstkm nyhrb`t   hb hb`  sprd`ickr . Gk`ds Gk`ds sk`ser sk`ser yb`l hdpbi hdpbibd bd hd brkb Oebc  nb`hcd`l  bhbcbn  bhbcbn 7

?.:.:

 

 _meik Hktkoter 

 

 Nkbt Hktkoter 

 

 _prd`ickr 

Lb`llub` Vbhb _dstkm Vbhb _dstkm Oe`vkyer  Oe`vkyer 

 Jkct oe`vkyer   mkrupbib` subtu bcbt pk`lb`liut yb`l hdlu`bib` u` u`tu tui i mk`l mk`lb` b`li liut ut su subt btu u mbtk mbtkrd rdbc bc hb hbrd rd subt subtu u tk tkmp mpbt bt ik tkmpb tkmpbtt cb cbd` d`,,  pk`llu`bb` oe`vkyer   pu` skmbid` jb`ybi jb`ybi hdlu`bib` hdlu`bib` inusus`yb inusus`yb pbhb sdstkm pk`bmjb`lb` jbtujbrb inusus`yb hd VX. Juidt Bsbm (Vkrskre) Xji  d`d. Vk`llu`bb` oe`vkyer   skrd` skrd`li libc bcdd mk`g mk`gbh bhdd mbsb mbsbcb cbn n tk tkrm rmbsu bsui  i  lb`llub` lb`l lub` ‟ lb`llub` lb`llub` yb`l tkrgbhd pbhb sdstkm jkct oe`vkyer  oe`vkyer . Oe`vkyer  yb`l tkrcbcu ik`ob`l btbu ik`her, ikrusbib` pbhb meter pk`llkrbi, skrtb  jkrjblbd ikrusbib` cbd` mk`ykjbjib` oe`vkyer   tdhbi jkrgbcb` jkrgbcb` hk`lb` hk`lb` mbisdmbc. Lb`llub` ‟ lb`llub` tkrskjut b`tbrb cbd`7 2.Lb`llub` D`tkr`bc  2.Lb`llub`  D`tkr`bc  Lb`llub` d`tkr`bc  pbhb  pbhb jkct oe`vkyer  mkcdputd7  mkcdputd7 b) _nert odroudt   j) Evkrcebh  o) Evkr Ourrk`t  h) Evkr Qectblk :.Lb`llub` Kistkr`bc  :.Lb`llub`  Kistkr`bc  Lb`llub` kistkr`bc pbhb jkct oe`vkyer  mkcdputd7  mkcdputd7 b) Jb` _cdp

::

 

ybdtu hdmb`b ie`hdsd jb` tkrcbcu ik`her sknd`llb mk`ykjbib` jb` tdhbi   jkrgbcb` skhb`lib` puccy skhb`lib` puccy tktbp  tktbp jkrputbr.  j)  Jkct  yb`l  yb`l rejki btbu tkrputus Hd Hdskj skjbj bjib ib` ` ib ibrk rk`b `b jkct oe`vkyer  oe`vkyer   tkrcbc tkrcbcu u ik`ob` ik`ob`l l hb` mkckjd mkckjdnd nd jbtbs jbtbs ikik`ob`lb` yb`l hdtk`tuib`. o) Ie`h Ie`hds dsdd jb` jb` yb`l yb`l mdrd mdrd`l `l Ie`h Ie `hds dsdd jb jb` ` yb yb`l `l mdrd mdrd`l `l sk sknd nd`l `llb lb mk`y mk`ykj kjbj bjib ib` ` ik iksu sucd cdtb tb` ` hb hbcb cbm m mk`lb`liut mbtkrdbc hb` mk`ykjbjib` mbtkrdbc tumpbn. ?.:. ?.:.? ? Mb`a Mb`abb bbtt _krt _krtb b Vk`t Vk`td` d`l` l`yb yb Mk`l Mk`llu lu`b `bib ib` ` sdst sdstkm km Vk`l Vk`lbm bmb` b`  Jkct  Oe`vkyer 

_ubtu jkct oe`vkyer  tdhbi   tdhbi ck`libp tb`pb bhb`yb sdstkm pk`lbmb`, ibrk`b bpbjdcb bpbjd cb subtu oe`vkyer  tdhbi   tdhbi mkmdcdid nbc tkrskjut mbib oe`vkyer oe`vkyer jdsb  jdsb subtu sbbt mk`lbcbmd subtu lb`llub` yb`l mk`lbidjbtib` tdhbi jkrgbcb``yb subtu sdstkm oe`vkyer  sknd`llb  sknd`llb presks prehuisd pu` mk`gbhd tkrnbmjbt. Mbib hbrd dtu pk`td`l`yb sdstkm pk`lbmb` mk`gbhd sybrbt pk`td`l blbr  oe`vkyer  hbpbt  hbpbt jkrgbcb` hk`lb` jbdi. Mb`abbt hbrd pk`llu`bb` sdstkm pk``lbmb` dtu sk`hdrd b`tbrb cbd`7 2. [`tu [`tui i mk`l mk`lnd nd`h `hbrd brd btbu btbupu pu` ` u` u`tu tui i mk`l mk`lur urb` b`ld ld ik ikru rusb sbib ib` ` pk pkrb rbcb cbtb tb` `  pkrbcbtb` bidjbt lb`llub` (ie`hdsd bj`ermbc epkrbsd sdstkm) inusus`yb  pbhb sdstkm jkct oe`vkyer . :. [`tu [`tui i mk`l mk`lnd nd`h `hbr brdd lb lb`l `llu lub` b` ‟ lb lb`l `llu lub` b` pbhb pbhb oe`vkyer   hbrd brus hb` tklb`lb` cdstrdi yb`l jkrckjdn. ?. [`tui [`tui mk`lurb mk`lurb`ld `ld ikrusbi ikrusbib` b` ‟ ikrusb ikrusbib` ib` yb`l yb`l tkrgbhd tkrgbhd skpkrtd skpkrtd putus`y putus`ybb jkct oe`vkyer  btbu  btbu ik`her`yb jkct  yb`l  yb`l mk`ykjbjib` tkrgbhd`yb scdp tkrgbhd`yb scdp.. Nbc dtucbn yb`l mk`gbhdi mk`gbhdib` b` jkct oe`vkyer   mkmdcdid jkrjblbd d`strumk`  pk`huiu`l cbd``yb cbd``yb yb`l `b`td`yb bib` sbcd`l jkrnuju`lb` jkrnuju`lb` hb` jkikrgb sbmb hk`lb` jbdi hbcbm mk`lbtbsd ikrusbib` yb`l tkrgbhd pbhb sdstkm jkct oe`vkyer  yb yb`l `l jk jkik ikrg rgbb sk skobr obrbb ie`td`yu ie`td`yu.. Juib` nb`yb dtu sbgb epkrbter sb`lbt jkrpkrb`  pk`td`l u`tui mkrbwbt d`strumk` ‟ d`strumk` yb`l bhb pbhb jkct oe`vkyer Y:]. Y:].

?.?  

Vucc Oerh 

:?

 

 Vucc oerh   Mkr Mkru upbi bib` b`  swdton kckitremkib`di   yb yb`l `l jk jkrau rau`l `lsd sd u` u`tu tui  i  mk`lnk`tdib mk`ln k`tdib` ` jkct oe`vkyer  hk`lb`   hk`lb` obrb mk`brdi tbcd yb`l hdpbsb`l skpb`gb`l jkct   sdsd sdsd idrd idrd hb` ib`b` ib`b` bpbjdc bpbjdcbb bhb lb`llub lb`llub` ` btbu btbu ikcbd` ikcbd`b` b` pkrbcb pkrbcbtb` tb` hd ceobc . Vk Vkrb rbcb cbtb tb` ` pk`l pk`lbm bmb` b` d` d`dd hdpb hdpbib ibdd gulb gulb pb pbhb hb sb sbbt bt bh bhbb pk pkik ikrg rgbb bb` ` pk pkrj rjbd bdib ib` ` /pkmkcdnbrbb`. _wdton _wdton d`d  d`d mk`lbhepsd struitur obm wnkkc , iktdib hdtbrdi pbhb sbtu sdsd mbupu` jkrsbmbb` jkrsbmbb` hub sdsd, obm wnkkc  bib`   bib` jkrputbr hb` mk`yk`tun swdton mk`yk`tun swdton yb yb`l `l mk`l mk`ldr drdm dm sd`yb sd`ybcc  snuthew`  snuthew`   ik mete meterr jkct oe`vkyer  oe`vkyer . _ktkcb _ktkcbn n hdtbrd hdtbrdi i bhb mkib`dsmk pk`lu`od sknd`llb pretkisd d`d tktbp bib` bitda skcbmb pk`lu`od . Vucc  . Vucc  oerh hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr ?.?.

Lbmjbr ?.? Vucc ?.? Vucc Oerh swdton

?.8   _wdton

Vbhb Vbhb jdhb jdhb`l `l ik ikcd cdst strdi rdib` b`,,  swdton  swdton   bhbcbn bhbcbn iempe iempe`k` `k` cdstrd cdstrdi i yb`l yb`l hbpbt hbpbt mkmutus mkmut us bcdrb` cdstrdi, mkmutus mkmutus brus btbu mk`ybcurib mk`ybcurib` ` hbrd sbtu ie`huiter   ik cbd` cbd``y `yb. b. _wdton _wdton   yb yb`l `l dhkbc dhkbc tdhb tdhbi i bi bib` b` mkmdcd mkmdcdid id hrep hrep   tklb`lb` tklb`lb` iktdib pesdsd Oceskh , hb` tdhbi mkmpu`ybd jbtbsb` tklb`lb` btbupu` brus. Jkldtupu` gulb sbbt  pkrpd`hbnb` stbtus s tbtus hbrd epk` epk`   ik ocesk ocesk   mbupu` mbupu` skjbcdi`yb skjbcdi`yb mkmdcdid mkmdcdid rdsk tdmk  tdmk  hb`  abcc tdmk `ec tdmk `ec hktdi hb` tdhbi mu`ouc jeu`od`l . @bmu` hbcbm prbitki`yb swdton prbitki`yb swdton  

:8

 

mkmcdid mkmcd id rksdstb`sd, rksdstb`sd, mkmdcdid jbtbsb` brus hb` tklb`lb`, tklb`lb`,  swdtond`l tdmk  tdmk  tkrtk`tu, hb` skjblbd`yb. _wdton pbhb _wdton  pbhb Vucc  Vucc Oerh  yb`l   yb`l hdpbibd hbcbm pkmjbnbsb` ibryb d`evbsd d`d bhbcbn bhb cbn tdpk_V tdpk_VHX HX (_d` _d`lck lck peck, peck, heujck heujck tnrew tnrew Xwe-wb Xwe-wbyy XnrkkXnrkk-wb wbyy). Hd mb`b tkrmd`bc Oemme` bib` Oemme` bib` hdie`kisd pbhb tkrmd`bc  C2  C2 hbcbm pesdsd @ermbccy pesdsd @ermbccy Ocesk (@O) btbu tkrmd`bc C: yb`l hbcbm pesdsd skjbcdi`yb ybdtu @ermbccy ybdtu  @ermbccy Epk` (@E). Epk` (@E). _wdotn pbhb _wdotn  pbhb pucc  pucc oerh  hbpbt  hbpbt hdcdnbt pbhb Lbmjbr ?.8.

Lbmjbr ?.8 _wdton @ermbccy Epk`(@E) Epk`(@E) hb` @ermbccy hb` @ermbccy Ocesk(@O) Ocesk(@O) (_umjkr 7 \kjsdtk \didpkhdb.oem)

?.8.2

Gk`ds-gk`ds _wdton Gk`ds-gk`ds _wdton

sbicbr mkib`ds btbu mkonb`dobc swdton gulb swdton gulb hbpbt hdicbsdadibsdib`  jkrhbsbrib` gumcbn ie`tbi hb` ie`hdsd ie`hdsd yb`l hdmdcdid`yb hdmdcdid`yb skpkrtd 7 2. Xnrew Xnrew   bhbcbn skjubn Xnrew skjubn sbicbr E@/EAA  gk`ds   gk`ds yb`l pbcd`l skhkrnb`b skjbj nb`y nb`ybb mkmp mkmpu` u`yb ybdd hub hub tkrmd`bc . Gk Gk` `ds sbicbr Xnrew mdsbc` mdsbc`yb yb sbicbr  E@/EAA  cbmpu.  cbmpu. :. _d`lck Veck Heujck Xnrew (_VHX) Xnrew (_VHX) _d`lck Veck Heujck Xnrew (_VHX) Xnrew (_VHX) bhbcbn gk`ds sbicbr yb`l mkmpu`ybd tdlb tkrmd`bc . _bicbr gk`ds _VHX d`d jdsb hdlu`bib` skjblbd sbicbr pkmdcdn.

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