Laporan Kasus Hipertensi Dalam Kehamilan

 

JMXA^MD IMPWP  Ecpgrtgdsc pmkm Igemfcjmd‖ 

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Kcsusud ajge ? Jmfrcm Fmjadc Pcmemmd =58=88;;

Xgfncfncdb ? kr. Grwydsad Pmut E Pcfmdoudtmi, PpAB

IGXMDC[G^MMD IGXMDC[G^M MD IJCDCI CJFW CJ FW ANP[G^CI KMD BCDGIAJABC LMIWJ[MP IGKAI[G^MD WDC\G^PC[MP EINX DAFFGDPGD ^PWK PCKCIMJMDB PCKCIMJMDB >8=3

 

IM[M XGDBMD[M^

Xuoc Pyuiur igpmkm [uemd Smdb Fmem Gsm mtms imsces gtcm-Dym, ymdb tgjme fgfmfpuimd pgdujcs fgdygjgsmcimd jmparmd imsus ymdb ngroukuj ‚ Ecpgrtgdsc pmkm Igemfcjmd‖.Mkmpud ‖.Mkmpud pgdujcsmd jmparmd imsus cdc ngrtuoumd udtui fgfgduec smjme smtusymrmt

kmjmf fgdygjgsmcimd Igpmdctgrmmd Ijcdci Pgdcar Lmiujtms Igkaitgrmd Wdcvgrsctms EINX  Daffgdsgd Fgkmd kc Nmbcmd Cjfu Anstgtrc. Xgdujcs fgdbu`mpimd tgrcfmimsce igpmkm kr. Grwydsad Pmut Pcfmdoudtmi, Pp.AB ymdb tgjme ngrsgkcm fgfncfncdb, fgdbmrmeimd kmd fgjumdbim dwmitudym udtui fgfnmdtu pgdujcs sgjmfm fgdomjmdc igpmdctgrmmd ijcdci sgdcar kc nmbcmd cjfu anstgtrc` cdc. Xgdujcs oubm  ngrtgrcfmimsce igpmkm kaitgr kmd tgdmbm fgkcs jmcddym ymdb tgjme fgfnmdtu pgdujcs fgdygjgsmcimd jmparmd imsus cdc. Xgdujcs ngremrmp jmparmd imsus cdc kmpmt ngrfmdlmmt kmd fgdomkc ngimj cjfu udtui igfmoumd pgdkckcimd igkaitgrmd. Kgfcicmdjme pgdyusudmd jmparmd imsus cdc tckmi juput kmrc igiurmdbmd, ajge imrgdm ctu pgdujcs fgdgrcfm irctci kmd smrmd udtui pgrnmcimd kmjmf jmparmd imsus sgjmdoutdym. [grcfmimsce.

Pckcimjmdb, Pgptgfngr >8=3

Jmfrcm Fmjadc Pcmemmd =58=888;;

 

NMN = XGDKMEWJWMD =.=.

Jmtmr Ngjmimdb

Kglcdcsc ecpgrtgdsc mtmu tgimdmd kmrme tcdbbc mkmjme mkmjm e pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme scstajci jgnce kmrc =;8 ffEb kmd tgimdmd kmrme kcmstajci jgnce kmrc 38 ffEb pmkm kum imjc  pgdbuiurmd kgdbmd sgjmdb wmitu jcfm fgdct kmjmf igmkmmd `uiup cstcrmemt/tgdmdb. Xgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme ymdb ngrjmdbsudb kmjmf omdbim wmitu jmfm (pgrscstgd) kmpmt fgdcfnujimd igrusmimd pmkm bcdomj (bmbmj bcdomj), omdtudb (pgdymict omdtudb iaradgr), kmd atmi (fgdygnmnimd straig) ncjm tckmi kckgtgisc sg`mrm kcdc kmd fgdkmpmt pgdbanmtmd ymdb fgfmkmc. Fgdurut Dmtcadmj Ecbe Njaak Xrgssurg Gku`mtcad Xrabrmf Raricdb Braup ad Ecbe Njaak Xrgssurg cd Xrgbdmd`y, tgrkmpmt ; ogdcs ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd. Iggfpmt ogdcs ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd tgrsgnut mdtmrm jmcd ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj, prggijmfpscm kmd gijmfpscm, supgrcfpasgk prggijmfpscm pmkm ecpgrtgdsc iradci, kmd ecpgrtgdsc iradci. Ecpgrtgdsc pmkm igemfcjmd ngrpgrmd ngsmr kmjmf farnckctms kmd fartmjctms fmtgrdmj kmd pgrcdmtmj. Ecpgrtgdsc kcpgricrmimd fgdomkc iafpjcimsc sgictmr 2-=8% sgjurue igemfcjmd. Kmrc sgjurue cnu ymdb fgdbmjmfc ecpgrtgdsc sgjmfm emfcj, sgtgdbme smfpmc kum pgrtcbmdym kckcmbdascs fgdbmjmfc prggijmfpsc mtmu gijmfpsc. Kc Cdkadgscm, fartmjctms kmd farnckctms ecpgrtgdsc pmkm igemfcjmd oubm fmsce `uiup tcdbbc. Emj cdc kcsgnmnimd ajge gtcajabc ymdb tckmi ogjms, kmd oubm pgrmwmtmd kmjmf pgrsmjcdmd fmsce kctmdbmdc pgtubms dad fgkci sgrtm scstgf ruouimd ymdb ngjuf sgfpurdm. Ecpgrtgdsc pmkm igemfcjmd kmpmt kcpmemfc ajge sgfum tgdmbm fgkci nmci kc pusmt fmupud kc kmgrme.

 

NMN > [CDOMWMD XWP[MIM >.=

Ecpgrtgdsc Kmjmf Igemfcjmd=,> 

Ecpgrtgdsc mkmjme tgimdmd kmrme sgiurmdb-iurmdbdym =;8 ffEb scstajci mtmu 38   ffEb kcmstajci pmkm kum imjc pgfgrcismmd ngromrmi =7 fgdct fgdbbudmimd jgdbmd ymdb smfm Ncjm kctgfuimd tgimdmd kmrme tcdbbc (4=;8/38 ( 4=;8/38 ffEb) pmkm cnu emfcj, jmiuimd pgfgrcismmd imkmr  pratgcd urcd kgdbmd tgs `gjup urcd mtmu pratgcd urcd >; omf kmd kmd tgdtuimd kcmbdascs.

>.>

Ijmsclcimsc Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf Igemfcjmd0

Ijmsclcimsc Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd fgdurut Raricdb Braup al [eg Dmtcadmj Ecbe Njaak Xrgssurg Gku`mtcad Xrabrmf kcnmbc fgdomkc?

=)  Xrggijmfpscm kmd gijmfpscm. Gijmfpscm mkmjme tcfnujdym igomdb brmdk-fmj pmkm  pgrgfpumd kgdbmd prggijmfpscm. Gijmfpscm kmpmr tgromkc sgngjuf, sgjmfm mtmu sgtgjme igemfcjmd.

  Xrggijmfpscm tmdpm tmdkm nmemym

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  Xrggijmfpscm kgdbmd tmdkm nmemym, mpmncjm kctgfuimd smjme smtu kmrc

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bgomjm ngrciut cdc? ➮  [K systajg ≧ =)  Ecpgrtgdsc iradcs mkmjme ecpgrtgdsc ymdb sukme mkm sgngjuf igemfcjmd 0)  Ecpgrtgdsc iradcs kgdbmd supgrcfpasgk prgg`jmfpscm mkmjme prggijmfpscm ymdb tgromkc pmkm pgrgfpumd emfcj ymdb fgdbmjmfc ecpgrtgdsc iradcs

 

;)  Ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj mkmjme pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme sgtgjme uscm igemfcjmd jgnce kmrc >8 fcdbbu tmdpm mkmdym pratgcdurcm mtmu igjmcdmd scstgfci jmcddym. jmcdd ym.

>.>.=

Ecpgrtgdsc Iradcs0

Ecpgrtgdsc iradcs kckglcdcscimd sgnmbmc ecpgrtgdsc ymdb kctgfuimd sgngjuf  igemfcjmd mtmu sgngjuf uscm igemfcjmd fgd`mpmc >8 fcdbbu, mtmu ecpgrtgdsc  ymdb kctgfuimd pgrtmfm imjc pmkm uscm igemfcjmd 4 >8 fcdbbu kmd tckmi igfnmjc  turud ig tgimdmd kmrme darfmj kmjmf => fcdbbu sgtgjme  pgrsmjcdmd >.>.>

Ecpgrtgdsc Bgstmscadmj0

Kcmbdascs Ecpgrtgdsc Bgstmscadmj kctgbmiimd ncjm kckmpmtimd tgimdmd kmrme =;8/38 ffEb pmkm uscm igemfcjmd . >8 fcdbbu, tmdpm kcsgrtmc mkmdym  pratgcdurcm. Igdkmtc kgfcicmd, mpmncjm kckmpmtimd pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme

 

ymdb scbdclcimd, fmim kcpgrjuimd pgdbmwmsmd ymdb jgnce igtmt, imrgdm igomkcmd gijmfpscm kmpmt fgdkmeujuc pratgcdurcm. [gimdmd kmrme pmkm imsus bgstmscadmj ecpgrtgdsc ngrmdbsur darfmj kmjmf => fcdbbu sgtgjme pgrsmjcdmd. >.>.0

Xrggijmfpscm  ‐  Gijmfpscm  Gijmfpscm0

Xrggijmfpscm kctmdkmc kgdbmd mkmdym pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme . =;8/38 ffEb kcsgrtmc mkmdym pratgcdurcm (088 fb/>; omf mtmu += pmkm  pgfgrcismmd kcpstc`i). Gkgfm tudbimc ymdb sgngjufdym fgdomkc smjme smtu irctgrcm kcmbdastci, icdc tckmi jmbc kcbudmimd, imrgdm nmdymi kcoufpmc pmkm wmdctm emfcj darfmj. Pg`mrm ufuf prggijmfpscm kcnmbc fgdomkc >, ymctu  prggijmfpscm rcdbmd kmd prggijmfpscm ngrmt. Nmtmsmd mdtmrm igkumdym mkmjme  pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme, pgdcdbimtmd pratgcdurcm, pgdcdbimtmd sgruf irgmtcdcd, kmd pgdcdbimtmd sgruf gdzcf egpmr. Xrggijmfpscm ngrmt kckglcdcscimd sgnmbmc mkmdym pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme scstajci . =. Xmkm prggijmfpscm ngrmt, sgoufjme pgdmdkm jmnarmtarcuf sgpgrtc ludbsc bcdomj kmd ludbsc egpmr kctgfuimd fgdcdbimt, dmfud pmkm prggijmfpscm rcdbmd  pgdcdbimtmddym emdym emdym fcdcfmj mtmu nmeimd tckmi mkm pgdcdbimtmd pgdcdbimtmd smfm sgimjc. Gijmfpscm kckglcdcscimd sgnmbmc tcfnujdym igomdb pmkm wmdctm  pgdkgrctm prggijmfpscm ymdb tckmi kcsgnmnimd ajge emj jmcd. Igomdb pmkm gijmfpscm ngrsclmt bgdgrmj kmd kmpmt tgromkc sgngjuf, smmt, mtmu sgsukme  pgrsmjcdmd >.>.;

Pupgrcfpasgk Xrggijmfpscm pmkm Ecpgrtgdsc Iradcs0

Pupgrcfpasgk prggijmfpscm kckglcdcsimd sgnmbmc tcfnujdym pratgcdurcm udtui pgrtmfm imjc (≧ 088 fb/>; omf) kc uscm igemfcjmd ≧ >8 fcdbbu, pmkm  pmkm   wmdctm emfcj ymdb sgngjufdym tgjme tgrkcmbdasm kgdbmd ecpgrtgdsc (ecpgrtgdsc iradcs). Mpmncjm sgarmdb wmdctm fgdkgrctm ecpgrtgdsc kmd pratgcdurcm sgngjuf uscm igemfcjmd >8 fcdbbu, fmim kcmbdascs supgrcfpasgk prggijmfpscm kmpmt kctgbmiimd ncjm kckmpmtimd pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme jgnce kmrc sgngjufdym,  pgdcdbimtmd pratgcdurcm, pratgcdurcm, tgromkcdym trafnasctapgdcm tr afnasctapgdcm (iurmdb kmrc =88.888/κJ) =88.888/κJ)..

 

>.0

Lmitar ^cscia;,7,<

Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd fgrupmimd bmdbbumd fujtclmitarcmj. Ngngrmpm lmitar rcscia kmrc ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd mkmjme =. Lmitar fmtgrdmj m. Wscm fmtgrdmj Wscm ymdb mfmd udtui igemfcjmd kmd pgrsmjcdmd mkmjme uscm >8-08 tmeud. Iafpjcimsc fmtgrdmj  pmkm wmdctm emfcj kmd fgjmecrimd pmkm uscm kc nmwme >8 tmeud tgrdymtm >-7 imjc jgnce tcdbbc kmrc pmkm igfmtcmd fmtgrdmj ymdb tgromkc pmkm uscm >8->3 tmeud. Kmfpmi kmrc uscm ymdb iurmdb, kmpmt fgdcfnujimd iafpjcimsc sgjmfm igemfcjmd. Pgtcmp rgfmom prcfcbrmvckm fgfpudymc rcscia ymdb jgnce ngsmr fgdbmjmfc ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd kmd fgdcdbimt jmbc smmt uscm kcmtms 07 tmeud.  n. Xrcfcbrmvckm Pgictmr 57% ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd tgromkc pmkm igemfcjmd pgrtmfm. Ocim kctcdomu kmrc igomkcmd ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, brmvckctms pmjcdb mfmd mkmjme igemfcjmd igkum smfpmc igtcbm `. ^cwmymt igjumrbm [grkmpmt pgrmdmd bgdgtci pmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd. Emj tgrsgnut kmpmt tgromkc imrgdm tgrkmpmt rcwmymt igjumrbm kgdbmd ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd k. ^cwmymt ecpgrtgdsc ^cwmymt ecpgrtgdsc iradcs ymdb kcmjmfc sgjmfm igemfcjmd kmpmt fgdcdbimtimd rcscia tgromkcdym ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, kcfmdm iafpjcimsc tgrsgnut kmpmt fgdbmicnmtimd supgrcfpasg prgg`jmfpsc kmd ecpgrtgdsc iradcs kmjmf igemfcjmd g. [cdbbcdym cdkgis fmssm tunue [cdbbcdym cdkgis fmssm tunue fgrupmimd fmsmjme bczc imrgdm igjgncemd imjarc, igjgncemd bujm kmd bmrmf ymdb ncsm fgdomkc lmitar rcscia tgromkcdym ngrnmbmc ogdcs pgdymict kgbgdgrmtcl, sgpgrtc kcmngtgs fgjctus, ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, pgdymict omdtudb iaradgr, rgufmtci kmd  ngrnmbmc ogdcs igbmdmsmd (imdigr) kmd bmdbbumd bmdbbumd igsgemtmd igsgemtmd jmcd. Emj tgrsgnut tgrsgnut ngrimctmd kgdbmd mkmdym tcfnudmd jgfmi ngrjgnce kmjmf tunue

 

l. Bmdbbumd bcdomj Xgdymict bcdomj sgpgrtc bmbmj bcdomj miut ymdb kckgrctm pmkm cnu emfcj kmpmt fgdygnmnimd ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd. Emj tgrsgnut ngreunudbmd kgdbmd igrusmimd bjafgrujus ymdb fgdcfnujimd bmdbbumd lcjtrmsc kmd vmsaiadstrcisc pgfnujue kmrme >. Lmitar igemfcjmd Lmitar igemfcjmd sgpgrtc fajmecjmtckasm, eykraps lgtmjcs kmd igemfcjmd bmdkm ngreunudbmd kgdbmd ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd. Xrggijmfpsc kmd gijmfpsc fgfpudymc rcscia 0 imjc jgnce sgrcdb tgromkc pmkm igemfcjmd bmdkm. Kmrc =87 imsus nmyc igfnmr kum, kckmpmtimd >5,.;

Gtcajabc2 

Xgdygnmn ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd ecdbbm icdc ngjuf kcigtmeuc kgdbmd ogjms. Nmdymi tgarc tgjme kcigfuimimd tgdtmdb tgromkcdym ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, tgtmpc tckmi mkm smtu pud tgarc ymdb kcmdbbmp futjmi ngdmr. [garc-tgarc ymdb sgimrmdb nmdymi kcmdut mkmjme? =. [garc igjmcdmd vmsiujmrcsmsc pjmsgdtm Xmkm igemfcjmd darfmj, rmecf kmd pjmsgdtm fgdkmpmt mjcrmd kmrme kmrc `mnmdb-`mnmdb mrtgrc utgrcdm kmd mrtgrc avmrcim. Igkum pgfnujue kmrme tgrsgnut fgdgfnus fcafgtrcuf  ngrupm mrtgrc mriumtm kmd mrtgrc mriumtm fgfngrc `mnmdb mrtgrc rmkcmjcs. Mrtgrc rmkcmjcs fgdgfnus gdkafgtrcuf fgdomkc mrtgrc nmsmjcs kmd fgfngrc `mnmdb mrtgrc spcrmjcs.

Xmkm igemfcjmd darfmj, kgdbmd sgnmn ymdb ngjuf ogjms, tgromkc cdvmsc tralanjms ig kmjmf jmpcsmd atat mrtgrc spcrmjcs spcrmjc s ymdb fgdcfnujimd kgbgdgrmsc jmpcsmd atat tgrsgnut, sgecdbbm tgromkc kcjmtmsc mrtgrc spcrmjcs. Cdvmsc tralanjms oubm fgfmsuic omrcdbmd sgictmr mrtgrc spcrmjcs, sgecdbbm omrcdbmd fmtrcis fgdomkc bgfnur kmd fgfukmeimd jufgd spcrmjcs fgdbmjmfc kcstgdsc kmd kcjmtmsc. Kcstgdsc kmd vmsakcjmtmsc jufgd mrtgrc mpcrmjcs cdc fgfngrc kmfpmi  pgdurudmd tgimdmd kmrme, pgdurudmd rgscstgdsc vmsiujmr, kmd pgdcdbimtmd mjcrmd kmrme pmkm utgra pjmsgdtm. Micnmtdym, mjcrmd kmrme ig omdcd `uiup nmdymi kmd pgrlusc omrcdbmd oubm fgdcdbimt, sgecdbbm kmpmt fgdomfcd pgrtufnuedm omdcd kgdbmd nmci. Xrasgs cdc kcdmfmimd ‚rgfakgjcdb mrtgrc spcrmjcs‖ ymdb kmpmt kcjcemt pmkm Bmfnmr >.

 

 

Xmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd tckmi tgromkc cdvmsc sgj-sgj tralanjms pmkm jmpcsmd atat mrtgrc spcrmjcs kmd omrcdbmd om rcdbmd fmtrcis sgictmrdym. Jmpcsmd atat mrtgrc spcrmjcs tckmi fgfudbicdimd fgdbmjmfc kcstgdsc kmd vmsakcjmtmsc. Micnmtdym, mrtgrc spcrmjcs spcr mjcs rgjmtcl fgdbmjmfc vmsaiadtrcisc, kmd tgromkc igbmbmjmd ‚rgfakgjcdb mrtgrc spcrmjcs‖, sgecdbbm mjcrmd kmrme utgra pjmsgdtm fgdurud, kmd tgromkcjme ecpaiscm kmd csigfcm pjmsgdtm. Kmfpmi csigfcm pjmsgdtm mimd fgdcfnujimd pgrunmemd-pgrunmemd ymdb kmpmt fgdogjmsimd pmtabgdgscs ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd sgjmdoutdym. >. [garc csigfcm pjmsgdtm, rmkcimj ngnms, kmd kcsludbsc gdkatgj m. Csigfcm pjmsgdtm kmd pgfngdtuimd aisckmd/rmkcimj ngnms Pgnmbmcfmdm kcogjmsimd  pmkm tgarc cdvmsc tralanjms, pmkm ecpgrtgdsc km kmjmf jmf igemfcjmd tgromkc igbmbmjmd ‚rgfakgjcdb mrtgrc spcrmjcs‖, kgdbmd micnmt pjmsgdtm fgdbmjmfc csigfcm. Xjmsgdtm ymdb fgdbmjmfc csigfcm kmd ecpaiscm mimd fgdbemscjimd aisckmd (rmkcimj ngnms).

 

Aisckmd mtmu rmkcimj ngnms mkmjme sgdymwm pgdgrcfm fajgiuj ymdb fgfpudymc gjgitrad ymdb tckmi ngrpmsmdbmd. Pmjme smtu aisckmd pgdtcdb ymdb kcemscjimd csigfcm pjmsgdtm mkmjme rmkcimj eckraiscj ymdb smdbmt taiscs, ieususdym tgremkmp fgfnrmd sgj gdkatgj pgfnujue kmrme. Xrakuisc aisckmd pmkm fmduscm mkmjme sumtu prasgs darfmj, imrgdm aisckmd fgfmdb kcnutueimd udtui pgrjcdkudbmd tunue. Mkmdym rmkcimj ngnms kmjmf kmrme, fmim ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd kcsgnut ‚taxmgfcm‖.  ‚taxmgfcm‖.  ^mkcimj eckraiscj mimd fgrusmi fgfnrmd sgj, ymdb fgdbmdkudb nmdymi msmf jgfmi tckmi ogrdce fgdomkc pgraisckm jgfmi. Xgraisckm Xgr aisckm jgfmi sgjmcd mimd fgrusmi fgfnrmd sgj, oubm mimd fgrusmi duijgus kmd pratgcd sgj gdkatgj. Xrakuisc aisckmd (rmkcimj ngnms) kmjmf tunue ymdb ngrsclmt taiscs, sgjmju kccfnmdbc kgdbmd prakuisc mdtcaisckmd.  n. Xgraisckm jgfmi sgnmbmc aisckmd pmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd Xmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd tgjme tgrnuitc nmewm imkmr aisckmd, ieususdym  pgraisckm jgfmi fgdcdbimt, sgkmdb sgkmdbimd imd mdtcaisckmd, fcsmjdym vctmfcd G pmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd fgdurud, sgecdbbm tgromkc kafcdmd imkmr aisckmd pgraisckm jgfmi ymdb rgjmtcl tcdbbc. Xgraisckm jgfmi sgnmbmc aisckmd/rmkcimj ngnms ymdb smdbmt taisci cdc mimd ngrgkmr kc sgjurue tunue fgjmjuc mjcrmd kmrme kmd mimd fgrusmi fgfnrmd sgj gdkatgj. Fgfnrmd sgj gdkatgj jgnce fukme fgdbmjmfc igrusmimd ajge pgraisckm jgfmi, imrgdm jgtmidym jmdbsudb  ngreunudbmd kgdbmd mjcrmd kmrme kmd fgdbmdkudb fgdbmdkudb nmdymi msmf jgfmi tckmi ogdue. Msmf jgfmi tckmi ogdue smdbmt rgdtmd tgremkmp tgr emkmp aisckmd rmkcimj eckraiscj, ymdb mimd ngrunme fgdomkc  pgraisckm jgfmi. `. Kcsludbsc sgj gdkatgj Micnmt sgj gdkatgj tgrpmpmr tgremkmp pgraisckm jgfmi, fmim tgromkc igrusmimd sgj gdkatgj, ymdb igrusmimddym kcfujmc kmrc fgfnrmd sgj gdkatgj. Igrusmimd fgfnrmd sgj gdkatgj fgdbmicnmtimd tgrbmdbbudym ludbsc gdkatgj, nmeimd rusmidym sgjurue struitur sgj gdkatgj. Igmkmmd cdc kcsgnut ‚kcsludbsc gdkatgj‖ (gdkategjcmj kcslud`tcad). Xmkm wmitu tgromkc tgromkc   igrusmimd sgj gdkatgj ymdb fgdbmicnmtimd kcsludbsc sgj gdkatgj, fmim mimd tgromkc ? =) Bmdbbbumd fgtmnajcsfg prastmbjmdkcd, imrgdm smjme smtu ludbsc gdkatgj mkmjme fgfprakuisc prastmbjmdkcd, ymctu fgduruddym prakuisc prastmscijcd (XBG>) sumtu vmsakcjmtar iumt.

 

>) Mbrgbmsc sgj-sgj trafnasct tr afnasct pmkm kmgrme gdkatgj ymdb fgdbmjmfc igrusmimd. Mbrgbmsc trafnasct cdc mkmjme udtui fgdutup tgfpmt-tgfpmt kc jmpcsmd gdkatgj ymdb fgdbmjmfc igrusmimd. Mbrgbmsc trafnasct fgfprakuisc trafnaismd ([UM>) sumtu vmsaiadtrcitar iumt. Kmjmf igmkmmd darfmj pgrnmdkcdbmd imkmr pratmscijcd/trafnaismd jgnce tcdbbc imkmr  prastmscijcd (vmsakcjmtar). Xmkm prggijmfpsc imkmr trafnaismd jgnce tcdbbc kmrc imkmr  prastmscijcd sgecdbbm tgromkc vmsaiadstrcisc, fmim tgromkc igdmcimd tgimdm kmrme. 0) Xgrunmemd iems pmkm sgj gdkatgj impcjgr bjafgrujus (bjafgrujmr gdkategjcascs). ;) Xgdcdbimtmd pgrfgmncjctms impcjgr. 7) Xgdcdbimtmd prakuisc nmemd-nmemd vmsaprgsar, ymctu gdkatgjcd. Imkmr vmsakcjmtar fgdurud, sgkmdbimd gdkatgjcd (vmsaiadtrcisc) fgdcdbimt. .7

Fmdclgstmsc0,5,3 

Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd fgrupmimd pgdymict tgarctcs, sgecdbbm tgrkmpmt ngrnmbmc usujmd fgdbgdmc pgfnmbcmd ijcdcidym. Xgfnmbcmd ijcdci ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd mkmjme sgnmbmc ngrciut =. Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd sgnmbmc iafpjcimsc igemfcjmd

 

m. Xrggijmfpsc Xrggijmfpsc mkmjme sumtu scdkraf spgsclci igemfcjmd ngrupm ngriurmdbdym pgrlusc arbmd micnmt vmsaspmsfg kmd mitcvmsc gdkatgj. Kcmbdascs prggijmfpsc kctgbmiimd ocim tgromkc ecpgrtgdsc kcsgrtmc kgdbmd pratgcdurcm kmd mtmu gkgfm ymdb tgromkc micnmt igemfcjmd sgtgjme fcdbbu ig->8. Xratgcdurcm kckglcdcscimd sgnmbmc tgrkmpmtdym 088 fb mtmu jgnce pratgcd kmjmf urcd >; omf mtmu 08 fb/kj (+= kcpstci) sg`mrm fgdgtmp pmkm smfpgj m`mi urcd. Xrggijmfpsc kcnmbc fgdomkc kum ngrkmsmrimd kgrmomtdym ymdb kmpmt kcjcemt pmkm tmngj t mngj >.

Xratgcdurcm ymdb fgrupmimd tmdkm kcmbdastci prggijmfpsc kmpmt tgromkc imrgdm igrusmimd bjafgrujus bcdomj. Kmjmf igmkmmd darfmj, pratgabjcimd kmjmf fgfnrmd kmsmr bjafgrujus fgdygnmnimd fumtmd jcstrci dgbmtcl tgremkmp pratgcd, sgecdbbm emscj miecr lcjtrmt bjafgrujus mkmjme ngnms pratgcd. Xmkm pgdymict bcdomj tgrtgdtu, tg rtgdtu, fumtmd dgbmtcl pratgabjcimd fgdomkc ecjmdb sgecdbbm tgromkc dglrapmtc kmd pratgcdurcm mtmu mjnufcdurcm. Pmjme smtu kmfpmi kmrc kcsludbsc gdkatgj ymdb mkm pmkm prggijmfpsc mkmjme dglrapmtc bcdomj imrgdm pgdcdbimtmd pgrfgmncjctms vmsiujmr. Xrasgs tgrsgnut kmpmt fgdogjmsimd tgromkcdym pratgcdurcm pmkm prggijmfpsc. Imkmr irgmtcdcd pjmsfm pmkm prggijmfpsc ufufdym darfmj mtmu dmci sgkcict (=,8-=,7fb/kj). Emj cdc

 

kcsgnmnimd imrgdm prggijmfpsc fgdbemfnmt lcjtrmsc, sgkmdbimd igemfcjmd fgfm`u lcjtrmsc sgecdbbm tgromkc igscfpmdbmd  n. Gijmfpscm Gijmfpscm mkmjme tgromkcdym igomdb pmkm sgarmdb wmdctm kgdbmd prggijmfpscm ymdb tckmi kmpmt kcsgnmnimd ajge emj jmcd. Igomdb ngrsclmt brmdk br mdk fmj mtmu tadci-ijadci bgdgrmjcsmtm kmd fudbicd tcfnuj sgngjuf, sgjmfm mtmu sgtgjme pgrsmjcdmd. Gijmfpscm G ijmfpscm pmjcdb sgrcdb tgromkc pmkm trcfgstgr miecr kmd fgdomkc sgrcdb fgdkgimtc mtgrf. Xmkm ufufdym igomdb kcfujmc kmrc fmicd fgfnuruidym prggijmfpscm kmd tgromkcdym bgomjm dygrc igpmjm kmgrme lradtmj, bmdbbumd  pgdbjcemtmd, fumj, dygrc gpcbmstrcuf kmd ecpgrrgljgiscm. ecpgrrgl jgiscm. Iadvujsc gijmfpsc kcnmbc fgdomkc ; tcdbimt, ymctu =) [cdbimt mwmj mtmu murm Igmkmmd cdc ngrjmdbsudb icrm-icrm 08 kgtci. Fmtm pgdkgrctm tgrnuim tmdpm fgjcemt, igjapmi fmtm ngrbgtmr kgfcicmd pujm tmdbmddym kmd igpmjm kcputmr ig imdmd mtmu ig icrc. >) [cdbimt igomdb tadci Ngrjmdbsudb iurmdb jgnce 08 kgtci. Kmjmf tcdbimt cdc sgjurue atat fgdomkc imiu, wmome igjcemtmd imiu, tmdbmddym fgdbbgdbbmf kmd imic fgfngdbiai ig kmjmf. Xgrdmpmsmd  ngregdtc, fuim tgrjcemt scmdatci kmd jckme kmpmt tgrbcbct. 0) [cdbimt igomdb ijadci Ngrjmdbsudb mdtmrm =-> fgdct. Igomdb tadci fgdbecjmdb. Pgfum atat ngriadtrmisc sg`mrm  ngrujmdb-ujmdb kmjmf tgfpa ymdb `gpmt. Fujut fgfnuim kmd fgdutup sgecdbbm jckme kmpmt tgrbcbct kcsgrtmc najm fmtm fgdadoaj. Kmrc fujut, igjumr jukme ymdb ngrnusm, fuim fgdudouiimd iadbgstc kmd scmdatci. Xgdkgrctm fgdomkc tmi smkmr. Igomdb ijadci cdc kmpmt tgromkc kgfcicmd egnmtdym, sgecdbbm pgdkgrctm kmpmt tgromtue kmrc tgfpmt tckurdym. Miecrdym igomdb ngregdtc kmd pgdkgrctm fgdmrci dmpms sg`mrm fgdkgdbiur. ;) [cdbimt iafm Jmfmdym igtckmismkmrmd tckmi sgjmju smfm. Pg`mrm pgrjmemd-jmemd pgdkgrctm fgdomkc smkmr jmbc, mimd tgtmpc kmpmt tgromkc pujm nmewm sgngjuf ctu tcfnuj sgrmdbmd nmru ymdb ngrujmdb, sgecdbbm pgdkgrctm tgtmp kmjmf iafm. Pgjmfm sgrmdbmd, tgimdmd kmrme fgdcdbbc, dmkc `gpmt kmd sueu fgdcdbimt smfpmc ;8 @.

 

7) Igomdb pmkm gijmfpsc ngrimctmd kgdbmd tgromkcdym gkgfm sgrgnrc. Pg`mrm tgarctcs tgrkmpmt kum pgdygnmn tgromkcdym gkgfm sgrgnrc laimj ymctu mkmdym vmsaspmsfg kmd kcjmtmsc ymdb iumt. [garc vmsaspmsfg fgdbmdbbmp nmewm avgr rgbujmtcad sgrgnravmsiujgr micnmt dmcidym tgimdmd kmrme fgdygnmnimd vmsaspmsfg ymdb ngrjgncemd ymdb fgdygnmnimd csigfcm jaimj. Micnmt csigfcm mimd fgdcfnujimd bmdbbumd fgtmnajcsfg gdgrbc pmkm fgfnrmd sgj sgecdbbm mimd tgromkc igbmbmjmd M[X-kgpgdkgdt Dm/I pufp ymdb mimd fgdygnmnimd gkgfm sctataisci. Mpmncjm prasgs cdc tgrus ngrjmdout fmim kmpmt tgromkc ruptur fgfnrmd sgj ymdb fgdcfnujimd jgsc cdlmri ymdb ngrsclmt crrgvgrscnjg. [garc lar`g kcjmtmtcad fgdbudbimpimd nmewm micnmt pgdcdbimtmd tgimdmd kmrme ymdb gistrcf  pmkm gijmfpsc fgdcfnujimd igbmbmjmd vmsaiadstrcisc vmsaiadstrcisc mutargbujmsc sgecdbbm tgromkc vmsakcjmtmsc ymdb ngrjgncemd kmd pgdcdbimtmd pgrlusc kmrme sgrgnrmj ymdb fgdygnmnimd rusmidym nmrcgr atmi kgdbmd tgrnuimdym tcbet oud`tcad sgj- sgj gdkatgj pgfnujue kmrme. Igmkmmd cdc mimd fgdcfnujimd tgromkcdym gkgfm vmsabgdci. Gkgfm vmsabgdci cdc fukme fgjums igsgjurue scstgf smrml pusmt ymdb kmpmt fgdcfnujimd igomdb pmkm gijmfpsc. >. Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd sgnmbmc micnmt kmrc ecpgrtgdsc fgdmeud m. Ecpgrtgdsc iradci Ecpgrtgdsc iradci kmjmf igemfcjmd mkmjme tgimdmd kmrme ≧=;8/38 ffEb ymdb kckmpmtimd sgngjuf igemfcjmd mtmu sgngjuf ufur igemfcjmd >8 fcdbbu kmd ecpgrtgdsc tckmi fgdbecjmdb sgtgjme => fcdbbu pms`m pgrsmjcdmd. Ngrkmsmrimd pgdygnmndym, ecpgrtgdsc iradcs kcnmbc fgdomkc kum, ymctu ecpgrtgdsc prcfgr kmd sgiudkgr. Xmkm ecpgrtgdsc prcfgr pgdygnmndym tckmi kcigtmeuc sg`mrm pmstc mtmu ckcapmtci. Ecpgrtgdsc ogdcs cdc tgromkc 38-37% kmrc sgfum imsus ecpgrtgdsc. Pgkmdbimd pmkm ecpgrtgdsc sgiudkgr, pgdygnmndym kcigtmeuc sg`mrm spgsclci ymdb  ngreunudbmd kgdbmd pgdymict pgdymict bcdomj, pgdymict gdkaircd kmd pgdymict imrkcav imrkcavmsiujmr. msiujmr.  n. Pupgrcfpasgk prgg`jmfpscm Xmkm sgnmbcmd wmdctm, ecpgrtgdsc iradci ymdb sukme mkm sgngjufdym sgfmicd fgfnurui sgtgjme uscm bgstmsc >; fcdbbu. Mpmncjm kcsgrtmc pratgcdurcm, kcmbdascsdym mkmjme supgrcfpasg  prggijmfpsc pmkm ecpgrtgdsc iradci (supgrcfpasgk prgg`jmfpscm). Xrggijmfpscm pmkm ecpgrtgdsc iradci ncmsmdym fud`uj pmkm uscm igemfcjmd jgnce kcdc kmrcpmkm prggijmfpsc furdc, sgrtm `gdkgrudb `uiup pmrme kmd pmkm nmdymi imsus kcsgrtmc kgdbmd emfnmtmd pgrtufnuemd  omdcd.

 

0. Ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj Ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj kckmpmt pmkm wmdctm kgdbmd tgimdmd kmrme .=;8/38 ffEb mtmu jgnce udtui pgrtmfm imjc sgjmfm igemfcjmd tgtmpc ngjuf fgdbmjmfc pratgcdurcm. Ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj kcsgnut trmdscgd ecpgrtgdsc mpmncjm tckmi tgromkc prggijmfpsc kmd tgimdmd kmrme igfnmjc darfmj kmjmf => fcdbbu pastpmrtuf. Kmjmf ijmsclcimsc cdc, kcmbdascs miecr nmewm ymdb ngrsmdbiutmd tckmi fgdbmjmfc prggijmfpsc emdym kmpmt kcnumt smmt pastpmrtuf. Dmfud  pgrju kcigtmeuc nmewm wmdctm wmdctm kgdbmd ecpgrtgdsc bgstmscadmj kmpmt fgfpgrjcemtimd tmdkm-tmdkm jmcd ymdb ngrimctmd kgdbmd prggijmfpsc, fcsmjdym dygrc igpmjm, dygrc gpcbmstrcuf mtmu trafnasctapgdcm ymdb mimd fgfpgdbmruec pgdmtmjmismdmmd.   >.<

Kcmbdascs =8,== 

=. Mdmfdgscs Kcjmiuimd mdmfdgscs pmkm pmscgd/igjumrbmdym fgdbgdmc mkmdym bgomjm, pgdymict tgrkmeuju,  pgdymict igjumrbm kmd bmym eckup sgemrc-emrc. Bgomjm kmpmt ngrupm dygrc igpmjm, bmdbbumd vcsus, rmsm pmdms kcfuim, kcspdgu, dygrc kmkm, fumj fudtme kmd igomdb. Xgdymict tgrkmeuju sgpgrtc ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, pgdyujct pmkm pgfmimcmd iadtrmsgpsc earfadmj, kmd  pgdymict bcdomj. ^cwmymt bmym eckup fgjcputc igmkmmd jcdbiudb jcdbiudbmd md sascmj, fgraiai kmd fcduf mjiaeaj >. Xgfgrcismmd Lcsci Gvmjumsc tgimdmd kmrme kcjmiuimd kgdbmd `mrm fgfcdtm pmscgd kmjmf pascsc kukui kc iursc kgdbmd pudbbudb ngrsmdkmr pmkm smdkmrmd iursc, jgdbmd ymdb mimd kcuiur tgimdmd kmrmedym, kcjgtmiimd sgtcdbbc omdtudb kmd ncjm pgrju jgdbmd kcngrc pgdymdbbm. Jgdbmd mtms emrus kcngnmsimd kmrc nmou ymdb tgrjmju igtmt fgjcdbimrcdym. Xmkm wmdctm emfcj ncjm tckmi fgfudbicdimd kukui, kmpmt fcrcdb igmrme icrc. Xmscgd kmjmf wmitu 08 fgdct sgngjufdym tckmi najge fcduf iapc kmd anmt kmd tckmi fcduf anmt-anmt stcfujmdt mkrgdgrbci mkr gdgrbci sgrtm cstcrmemt sgkcictdym 7 fgdct sgngjuf kcjmiuimd pgdbuiurmd tgimdmd kmrme. Mjmt ymdb kcpmimc udtui fgdbuiur tgimdmd kmrme mkmjme speybfafmdafgtgr. Jgtmiimd fmdsgt mtmu njmkkgr `ull kc tgdbme mrtgrc nrm`ecmjcs pmkm jgdbmd imdmd, scsc nmwme fmdsgt iurmdb jgnce >,7 `f kcmtms lasm mdtg`unctmj. Fmdsgt emrus fgjcdbimrc sgiurmdb- iurmdbdym 58% kmrc jcdbimrmd jgdbmd mtms kmd fgdutupc >/0 jgdbmd mtms. Fgdgdtuimd tgimdmd scstajci pmjpmsc

 

kgdbmd `mrm pmjpmsc pmkm mrtgrc rmkcmjcs kgimt pgrbgjmdbmd tmdbmd kgdbmd kum omrc smfncj pafpm `ull smfpmc kgdyut dmkc mrtgrc rmkcmjcs fgdbecjmdb. Nm`m ngrmpm dcjmc tgimdmd cdc pmkm fmdafgtgr, igfukcmd nuim iud`c pafpm. Pgjmdoutdym udtui fgdbuiur tgimdmd kmrme, `ull kcpafpm sg`mrm `gpmt smfpmc fgjmfpmuc >8-08 ffEb kcmtms tgimdmd scstajci pmjpmsc. Xafpm kcnuim udtui fgdurudimd fgr`ury kgdbmd ig`gpmtmd >-0 ffEb/kgtci. [gdtuimd tgimdmd kmrme scstajci kgdbmd tgrkgdbmrdym sumrm pgrtmfm (Iaratiall C) kmd tgimdmd kmrme kcmstajci  pmkm wmitu ecjmdbdym kgdyut mrtgrc nrmiecmjcs Xgdbuiurmd tgimdmd kmrme kgdbmd pascsc kukui smdbmt prmitcs, udtui sircdcdb. Dmfud  pgdbuiurmd tgimdmd tg imdmd kmrme kgdbmd pascsc ngrnmrcdb, jgnce fgfngrcimd emscj ymdb ngrfmidm, ieususdym udtui fgjcemt emscj tgrmpc. Xgdbuiurmd tgimdmd kmrme tgrsgnut kcjmiuimd kmjmf kum imjc mtmu jgnce. 0. Xgfgrcismmd Xgdudomdb Xgfgrcismmd ymdb pgrju kcjmiuimd kmjmf imsus ecpgrtgdsc sgnmbmc iafpjcimsc igemfcjmd mkmjme pratgcdurcm, udtui kcmbdascs kcdc prggijmfpsc ymdb fgrupmimd micnmt kmrc ecpgrtgdsc igemfcjmd. Xgfgrcismmd pratgcdurcm kmpmt kcjmiuimd kgdbmd kum fgtakg, ymctu sg`mrm Gsnm`e kmd Kcpstc`i. Xgdbuiurmd sg`mrm Gsnm`e, kcimtmimd pratgcdurcm ocim kckmpmtimd pratgcd ≧088 fb kmrc >; omf oufjme oufjm e urcd. Dcjmc tgrsgnut sgtmrm kgdbmd imkmr pratgcdurcm ≧08 fb/kJ (+= kcpstc`i) kmrc urcd m`mi tgdbme ymdb tckmi fgdudouiimd tmdkm- tmdkm cdlgisc smjurmd igd`cdb. Cdtgrprgtmsc emscj kmrc pratgcdurcm kgdbmd fgtakg kcpstc`i mkmjme += 6 8,0 ‐  8,0 ‐  8,;7  8,;7 b/J +> 6 8,;7 ‐  8,;7 ‐  =  = b/J +0 6 = ‐  = ‐  0  0 b/J +; 6 4 0 b/J. Xrgvmjgdsc imsus prggijmfpsc ngrmt tgromkc tgr omkc 37% pmkm emscj pgfgrcismmd += kcpstc`i, 0 kmd +0 kcpstc`i >.2

Xgdmtmjmismdmmd=>,=0,=; 

Xgdmdbmdmd ufuf, fgjcputc ? =. Xgrmwmtmd sgjmfm igemfcjmd

 

Ocim tgimdmd kmrme kcmstajci 4==8 ffEb, ngrcimd anmt mdtcecpgrtgdsc smfpmc tgimdmd kmrme kcmstajci kcmdtmrm 38-=88 ffEb. Anmt pcjcemd mdtcecpgrtgdsc mkmjme eckrmjmzcd ymdb kcngrcimd 7 fb C\ pgjmd-pgjmd sgjmfm 7 fgdct smfpmc tgimdmd kmrme turud. Ocim eckrmjmzcd eckrmjm zcd tckmi tgrsgkcm, kmpmt kcngrcimd dclgkcpcd 7 fb sunjcdbumj kmd tmfnmeimd 7 fb sunjcdbumj ocim rgspad tckmi fgfnmci sgtgjme =8 fgdct. Pgjmcd ctu jmngtajaj oubm kmpmt kcngrcimd sgnmbmc mjtgrdmtcl eckrmjmzcd. Kascs jmngtajaj mkmjme =8 fb, ocim rgspad tckmi nmci sgtgjme =8 fgdct, ngrcimd jmbc jmngtajaj >8 fb. Xmsmdb cdlus ^cdbgr Jmitmt kgdbmd omruf ngsmr (=< bmubg mtmu jgnce). Wiur igsgcfnmdbmd `mcrmd, omdbmd smfpmc avgrjamk. Musiujtmsc pmru udtui fgd`mrc tmdkm-tmdkm gkgfm pmru. Mkmdym irgpctmsc fgdudouiimd gkgfm pmru, fmim pgfngrcmd `mcrmd kcegdtcimd. Xgrju imtgtgrcsmsc urcd urc d udtui pgdbgjumrmd vajufg kmd pratgcdurcm. Ocim oufjme urcd :08 fj pgr  omf, cdlus `mcrmd kcpgrtmemdimd kcpgrtmemdimd smfpmc = omf kmd p pmdtmu mdtmu igfudbicdmd gkgfm pmru. Ansgrvmsc Ansgrvmsc tmdkm-tmdkm vctmj cnu kmd kgdyut omdtudb omdcd kcjmiuimd sgtcmp omf. Wdtui ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd ymdb kcsgrtmc igomdb, kmpmt kcngrcimd Fmbdgscuf sujlmt (FbPA;). FbPA; fgrupmimd anmt pcjcemd udtui fgd`gbme kmd fgdmdbmdc igomdb pmkm  prggijmfpsc kmd gijmfpsc. @mrm pgfngrcmd FbPA; pmkm prggijmfpsc kmd gijmfpsc mkmjme m. Kascs mwmj Ngrcimd FbPA; ; brmf C\ sgnmbmc jmrutmd >8% sgjmfm 7 fgdct. Kcciutc kgdbmd FbPA; (78%) 7 br CF kgdbmd = fj jcbdaimcd >% (kmjmf sgfprct ymdb smfm). Xmscgd mimd fgrmsm mbmi pmdms smmt pgfngrcmd FbPA;  n. Kascs pgfgjcemrmmd FbPA; (78%) 7 br + = fj jcbdaimcd > % CF sgtcmp ; omf. Xgfngrcmd tgrsgnut kcjmdoutimd smfpmc >; omf pastpmrtuf mtmu igomdb tgrmiecr. Pgngjuf pgfngrcmd FbPA;, pgrcism lrgiugdsc dmlms fcdcfmj =< imjc/fgdct, rgljgis pmtgjjm pasctcl kmd urcd fcdcfmj 08 fj/omf kmjmf ; omf tgrmiecr. Xgfngrcmd FbPA; kcegdtcimd ocim lrgiugdsc dmlms :=< imjc/fgdct, rgljgis pmtgjjm dgbmtcl kmd urcd :08 fj/omf. Pcmpimd mdtckatuf bjuiadmt kmd vgdtcjmtar ocim tgromkc egdtc dmlms. Kascs bjuiadmt mkmjme > br (>8 fj kmjmf jmrutmd =8%) C\ sg`mrm pgrjmemd smfpmc pgrdmlmsmd fgfnmci >. Xgrmwmtmd pgrsmjcdmd

 

Xmkm prggijmfpsc ngrmt, pgrsmjcdmd emrus tgromkc kmjmf >; omf, sgkmdb pmkm gijmfpsc kmjmf => omf sgomi bgomjm gijmfpsc tcfnuj. Ocim tgrkmpmt bmwmt omdcd, mtmu pgrsmjcdmd tckmi tgromkc kmjmf => omf pmkm gijmfpsc, jmiuimd sgisca sgsmrgm. sgsmrgm . 0. Xgrmwmtmd paspmrtuf Mdtciadvujsmd kctgrusimd smfpmc >; omf pastpmrtuf mtmu igomdb tgrmiecr. [grusimd pgfngrcmd anmt mdtcecpgrtgdsc ocim tgimdmd tg imdmd kmrme kcmstajci fmsce 4==8 ffEb kmd pgfmdtmumd urcd. >.5

Xgd`gbmemd0

Ptrmtgbc ymdb kcjmiuimd budm fgd`gbme ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd fgjcputc upmym dadlmrfmiajabc kmd lmrfmiajabc. Wpmym dadlmrfmiajabc fgjcputc gkuimsc, kgtgisc prgdmtmj kcdc kmd fmdcpujmsc kcgt. Pgkmdbimd upmym lmrfmiajabc fgd`miup pgfngrcmd mspcrcd kascs rgdkme kmd mdtcaisckmd =. Xgdyujuemd udtui igemfcjmd ngrciutdym Rmdctm ymdb fgdbmjmfc ecpgrtgdsc sgjmfm igemfcjmd emrus kcgvmjumsc pmkm fmsm pastpmrtuf kcdc kmd kcngrc pgdyujuemd fgdbgdmc igemfcjmd fgdkmtmdb sgrtm rcscia imrkcavmsiujmr fgrgim  pmkm fmsm ymdb mimd kmtmdb. Rmdctm ymdb fgdbmjmfc prggijmfpsc-gijmfpscm jgnce rgdtmd fgdbmjmfc pgdyujct ecpgrtgdsc pmkm igemfcjmd ngrciutdym. Gkuimsc fgdbgdmc ngngrmpm lmitar rcscia ymdb fgfpgrngrmt igemfcjmd kmd pgfngrcmd mdtcaisckmd vctmfcd @ pmkm wmdctm ngrcscia tcdbbc kmpmt fgdurudimd mdbim farnckctms ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd >. Kgtgisc prmdmtmj kcdc Pgjmfm igemfcjmd, wmitu pgfgrcismmd prmdmtmj kcomkwmjimd = imjc smmt trcfgstgr pgrtmfm, = imjc smmt trcfgstgr igkum kmd > imjc pmkm trcfgstgr igtcbm. Iudoudbmd kmpmt kctmfnme tgrbmdtudb pmkm iadkcsc fmtgrdmj. Kgdbmd mkmdym pgfgrcismmd sg`mrm rutcd sgjmfm igemfcjmd kmpmt kcjmiuimd kgtgisc kcdc ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd. Rmdctm kgdbmd ecpgrtgdsc ymdb dymtm (≧=;8/38ffEb) sgrcdb sgrcdb kcrmwmt cdmpimd sgjmfm > smfpmc 0 emrc udtui kcgvmjumsc igpmrmemd ecpgrtgdsc igemfcjmddym ymdb nmru fud`uj. Fgsicpud pgfcjcemd pgfgrcismmd jmnarmtarcuf kmd tcdkmimd tmfnmemd tgrbmdtudb pmkm sclmt igjuemd utmfm kmd ncmsmdym fgrupmimd nmbcmd rgd`mdm kcmbdastci, pgfgrcismmd sgj kmrme jgdbimp kgdbmd msupmd kmrme, urcdmjcscs sgrtm bajadbmd kmrme kmd regsus fgdomkc tcbm tgs kmsmr ymdb fgfngrcimd kmtm anogitcl udtui gvmjumsc

 

sgngdmrdym pmkm sgtcmp igkmrurmtmd anstgtrc bcdgiajabc. Emj tgrsgnut ngrjmiu pmkm ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd, urcdmjcscs fgdomkc pgfgrcismmd utmfm ymdb kmpmt fgdgbmiimd kcmbdascs kcdc pmkm prggijmfpsc 0. Fmdcpujmsc kcgt Pmjme smtu usmem mwmj ymdb kctuouimd udtui fgd`gbme ecpgrtgdsc sgnmbmc pgdyujct igemfcjmd mkmjme pgfnmtmsmd msupmd bmrmf. Kcgt tcdbbc imjscuf kmd pgfngrcmd impsuj kgdbmd imdkudbmd fcdymi cimd kmpmt fgdygnmnimd pgdurudmd ngrfmidm tgimdmd kmrme sgrtm fgd`gbme ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd ;. Mspcrcd kascs rgdkme Xgdgjctcmd pmkm tmeud =353 tmeud

Puiu/Nmdbsm

Nmtmi

Nmtmi

Mbmfm

Ircstgd Xratgstmd

Ircstgd Xratgstmd

Xgdkckcimd

PFM

PFI

Xgigrommd

Cnu ^ufme [mdbbm

Xgtmdc

Mjmfmt

Jmg Xcdmdb

Jmg Xcdmdb

Fmsui ^PWK

3 Pgptgfngr >8=3

-

MDMFDGPCP

M.  Igjuemd Wtmfm

? Dygrc Igpmjm sgomi = fcdbbu jmju 

N.  [gjmme

? Xmscgd kmtmdb ig ^PWK Pckcimjmdb pmkm tmdbbmj 3

Pgptgfngr >8=3 sgictmr puiuj =7?88 wcn kgdbmd igjuemd dygrc igpmjm sgpgrtc kc tgimd kcrmsmimd sgomi = fcdbbu jmju kmd fgfngrmt = emrc cdc, sgkmdb emfcj mdmi igkum, kmd mdmi pgrtmfm fgdcdbbmj kmjmf imdkudbmd smmt ngruscm 2 nujmd. Xmscgd fgfcjcic rcwmymt kmrme tcdbbc sgngjuf fgdcime kmd smmt emfcj mdmi  pgrtmfm, pmdkmdbmd imnur (-), fumj kmd fudtme (-), dygrc uju uju emtc (-), nmi igrue sgomi = fcdbbu jmju, nmn (+) darfmj, imic fgfngdbimi (-)  

^cwmymt Xgdymict [grmeuju

? Ecpgrtgdsc

^cwmymt Xgdymict Igjumrbm

? Myme AP fgdkgrctm Ecpgrtgdsc

 

^cwmymt Xgdbbudmmd Anmt

? [ckmi Ogjms

^cwmymt Fgdstrumsc ? Fgdmr`eg

? =7 tmeud

Pcijus

?>5 emrc

Jmfm Emck

?;-7emrc

Nmdymi

? >-0 x bmdtc pgfnmjut sgemrc

Kcsfgdarregm ? kcrmsmimd pmkm emrc =-> emck EXE[

? >0 Kgsgfngr >8=5

[X

? 08 Pgptgfngr >8=3

@.  ^cwmymt Xgrimwcdmd ? Fgdcime = imjc, Wscm pgrtmfm pgrtm fm fgdcime >< tmeud, stmtus fmsce fgdcime K.  ^cwmymt Xgrsmjcdmd

? Emfcj cdc (B>X8M=), mdmi pgrtmfm IOKI

G.  ^cwmymt IN

? Ngjuf Xgrdme

L.  ^cwmymt Apgrmsc

? P@

B.  ^cwmymt MD@

?

Xgrcism igemfcjmd = imjc ig kaitgr. E.  Igncmsmmd Eckup

?

Fgraiai Fgraiai (-),

Mjiaeaj Mjiaeaj (-),

Fcduf anmt-anmtmd

ecpgrtgdsc (+) tgtmpc tg tmpc omrmdb kmd omfu (-), Xgrut kc iusut (-).

CCC.  

XGFG^CIPMMD LCPCI M.  P[M[WP BGDG^MJCPM[M

IgmkmmdWfuf

? Xmscgd tmfpmi smict sgkmdb

Igsmkmrmd

?@afpas Fgdtcs

[mdkm \ctmj

? [K

? >>8/=>8 ffEb

^^

? >>x/fgdct

 D

? 55x/c ͬ ? 0 ? [grmnm nmbcmd igrms kmd fgfmpmd kc sgngjme imdmd

•

(pudbbudb) kmd nmbcmd ig`cj kcsgngjme icrc

  Jgapajk 0 ?[grmnm nmbcmd ymdb igrms kmd fgjgdtcdb (igpmjm)

•

  Jgapajk ; ? Nmbcmd tgrnmwme omdcd sgjuruedym fmsce tgrmnm kc mtms

•

scflcscs puncs.

 

Ecs

? (-),

Musiujtmsc

? KOO (=;5 x/fgdct)

^cwmymt Igemfcjmd, Xgrsmjcdmd kmd Dclms sgngjufdym ? Xmscgd fgfcjcic rcwmymt IOKI pmkm igemfcjmd sgngjufdym

@.  XGFG^CIPMMD XGDWDOMDB Jmnarmtarcuf

Kcjmiuimd pmkm tmdbbmj 3 Pgptgfngr >8=3  Egfmtajabc ? Xgfgrcismmd

Emscj

Dcjmc Darfmj

Egfabjancd

=>,8

=>-=<

Jguiasct

=>,7

7-==

Grctrasct

7,=7 x =80/ff0

0,5- 7,5

Egfmtairct

0

F@E@

00,0 b%

08-07

[rafnasct

>=< x =8/ff0

=78-;78

Wrcdg Xralcj ? Xgfgrcismmd

Emscj

Dcjmc Darfmj

W^CDG X^ALCJ

Rmrdm

Iudcdb ogrdce

Bjuiasm

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

 

Ncjcrunrcd

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

Igtadgs

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

Ngrmt Ogdcs

=.88>

=.887-=.808

XE



Dgbmtcl

Wrancjcdabgd

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

 Dctrct

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

Njaak

Dgbmtcl

Dgbmtcl

Grctrasct

8-=

:0

Jguiasct

8-=

:<

Pgj Gpctgj

=->

@msts

Dgbmtcl

Ircstmj

Dgbmtcl

PGKCFGD W^CDG

Dgbmtcl

KCMBDAPM IG^OM ?

B>X8M=+Pupgrcfpasgk Xrggijmfscm  XGDM[MJMIPMDMMD

=.  Ansgrvmsc tmdkm-tmdkm vctmj >.  Ansgrvmsc igmkmmd Cnu? ✐  C\LK ^J >8 btt/ fgdct ✐  Cdo. Lurasmfckg =8 fb/C\ ✐  FbPA; >8%/C\ pgrjmemd-jmemd >8 `` ✐  FbPA; ;8% krcp =7 `` Jmrutimd kc ^J >8 btt/fgdct

 

✐   Dclgkcpcdg =8 fb X.A / < omf

C\. ^GPWFG

Xmscgd GF uscm >5 tmeud, B>X8M= emfcj 0> fcdbbu kgdbmd igjuemd dygrc igpmjm tgrmsm sgpgrtc kctgimd tgimd kmd kcrmsmimd sgomi = fcdbbu ngjmimdbmd kmd fgfngrmt smtu emrc cdc. M., sgkmdb emfcj mdmi igkum, kmd mdmi pgrtmfm fgdcdbbmj kmjmf imdkudbmd smmt ngruscm 2 nujmd. Xmscgd fgfcjcic rcwmymt kmrme tcdbbc sgngjuf fgdcime kmd smmt emfcj mdmi pgrtmfm, pmdkmdbmd imnur (-), fumj kmd fudtme (-), dygrc uju emtc (-), nmi igrue sgomi = fcdbbu jmju, nmn (+) darfmj, imic fgfngdbimi (-) Bgrmi omdcd (+), KOO (=;5), igtunmd (+), MD@ tckmi tgrmtur emdym = imjc kc kaitgr,. ^cwmymt igputcemd sgjmfm emfcj (-). ^cwmymt Ecpgrtgdsc Ecpgrtgdsc sgngjufdym (+), ^cwmymt Ecpgrtgdsc pmkm igjumrbm (+). EXE[

? >0 Kgsgfngr >8=5

[X

? 08 Pgptgfngr >8=3

P[M[WP BGDG^MJCPM[M Igmkmmd Wfuf

? [mfpmi smict sgkmdb

Igsmkmrmd

? @afpas Fgdtcs

[mdkm \ctmj

? [K

? >=8/==8 ffEb

^^

? >8x/c

 D

? 55x/c

NN

[ ? 0X8M= emfcj 0> fcdbbu + Pupgrcfpasgk prggijmfscm

 

  \C. X^ABDAPCP

Cnu

? Kuncm mk Fmjmf

Omdcd ? Kuncm mk Fmjmf \CC. XGDM[MJMI X GDM[MJMIPMDMMD PMDMMD

  Ansgrvmsc tmdkm-tmdkm vctmj

•

  Ansgrvmsc igmkmmd Cnu kmd Omdcd

•

  Xgfngrcmd?

•

✐  C\LK ^J >8 btt/ fgdct ✐  Cdo. Lurasmfckg =8 fb/C\ ✐  FbPA; >8%/C\ pgrjmemd-jmemd >8 `` ✐  FbPA; ;8% krcp =7 `` Jmrutimd kc ^J >8 btt/fgdct ✐   Dclgkcpcdg =8 fb X.A

LAJJAR WX kc ^umdbmd \I [mdbbmj

3/3/>8=3

P

Xmscgd fgdbgjueimd dygrc igpmjm Xgrkmrmemd kmrc vmbcdm (-), Kgfmf (-), fumj kmd fudtme tckmi

A

[mdkm \ctmj ? [K ? >>8/=78 ffEb E^ ? 55x/c ^^ ? >>x/c [? 02¸@

kcigjueimd, KOO ?=X8M= + Pupgr cfpasgk  prggijmfpscm

=. Cdo.C\LK Kgxtrasg 7% =8btt/c >. Cdl ^J + PF ;8% >8btt/c 0. Dclgkcpcdg =8 fb/armj/8% >8``/C\ 7. A> ;J mfp/cv

 

=8/3/>8=3

Xmscgd fgdbgjueimd dygrc igpmjm Xgrkmrmemd kmrc vmbcdm (-), Kgfmf (-), fumj kmd

[mdkm \ctmj ? [K ? =38/38 ffEb

B>X8M= + Pupgr cfpasgk  prggijmfsc

E^ ? 38x/c

=. Cdo.C\LK ^cdbgr Jm`tmt + FbPA; ;8 >. Cdo Kgxmfgtmsad > mfp/C\/=>omf 0.Dclgkcpcd =8fb/armj/ ;J/omf

^^ ? >8x/c

\ajufg urcdg (½=788``)

[? 08=3 (FMJMF)

 Dygrc igpmjm  ngriurmdb

[mdkm \ctmj ? [K ? =X8M= + Pupgr cfpasgk  prggijmfscm

=. Cdo.C\LK ^cdbgr Jm`tmt + PF ;8% >8 >. Dclgkcpcdg =8fb/armj/ ;J Wrcdg (=>88``)

E^ ? 38x/c ^^ ? >=x/c [? 08=3 (XMBC)

KC^WOWI

[mdkm \ctmj ? [K ? =58/==8 ffEb E^ ? 38x/c ^^ ? >=x/c [? 0X8M= + Pupgr cfpasgk  prggijmfscm

C\LK ^J + PF ;8% >8btt/c  Dclgkcpcd =8 fb/armj

 

KML[M^ XWP[MIM

=. [msi Lar`g ad Eypgrtgdscad cd Xrgbdmd`y, Mfgrc`md @ajjgbg al Anstgtrc`cmds mdk Bydg`ajabcst. Eypgrtgdscad cd Xrgbdmd`y. Rmsecdbtad? M@AB. >8=0 >. @mdmkcmd Eypgrtgdscvg Kcsarkgrs al Xrgbdmd`y Raricdb Braup, Kcmbdascs, Gvmjumtcad, mdk Fmdmbgfgdt al teg Eypgrtgdscvg Kcsarkgrs al Xrgbdmd`y? Gxg`utcvg Puffmry. Oaurdmj al Anstgtrc`s Bydg`ajaby @mdmkm. >8=;? 08=; ;. Imtscic D,gt mjj. Eypgrtgdscad cd prgbdmd`y? `jmssclc`mtcad, `jmssclc`mt cad, kcmbdascs mdk trgmtfgdt. Mrcstatjg Wdcvgrscty fgkc`mj oaurdmj.>8=8. 7. Fmdumnm @, Fmdumnm L, Fmdumnm. Xgdbmdtmr Iujcme Anstgtrc. Gb`, Omimrtm.>882?;8=-;=2. 8==. (Pircpsc). Wdcvgrsctms Fuemffmkcyme Pgfmrmdb, Pgfmrmdb.>8=>?8=-8> 2. Xrmwcraemrkoa P. Cjfu Ignckmdmd Gkcsc G kcsc 7. Ncdm Xustmim. Omimrtm. >883? >3;-08= 5. Buytad M@. >882. Nuiu Momr Lcscajabc Igkaitgrmd Gkcsc ==. Omimrtm ? GB@ 3. Pukcnoa X, Pgtyaprmdata C. >8=8. Wkgf Pgrgnrc Pgnmbmc Iafpjcimsc Gijmfscm ^P Kr. Pmrkocta (Jmparmd Imsus). Oabomimrtm ? Nmbcmd Cjfu Xgdymict Pmrml Lmiujtms Igkaitgrmd Wdcvgrsctms Bmkome Fmkm?ejf. =-== =8. Xgrsmtumd Kaitgr Ansbyd Cdkadgscm. >8=8. Xmdkumd pgdmtmjmismdmmd ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd Yg-naaiV. Omimrtm ? XABC

==. Xrmsgtya ^. >88. Xrmwcraemrkoa P. >888=0. Ecpgrtgdsc kmjmf igemfcjmd kmjmf ? Cjfu Ignckmdmd Gkcsc Iggfpmt. Omimrtm ? X[ Ncdm Xustmim. ejf 708-8=>. @afprgegdscvg rgvcgw al eypgrtgdscad cd prgbdmd`y. Ecdkmwc Xunjcsecdb @arparmtcad Oaurdmj Al Xrgbdmd`y. WPM ? Ptmtg Wdcvgrscty Wdcvgrsct y al Dgw Sari9>8=>? ejf. =-=3.