Laporan Kasus Anestesi Awi

 

Fcbhca Hlgu Dkskmctca Cakstksh

Lcpjrca Dcsus

Ecdultcs Dk`jdtkrca

Ekfrucrh 6969

[ahvkrshtcs Yctthgurc

DJGFHAC^H CAK^PK^H ^[FCVCNMAJH@ @CA CAK^PK^H [G[G YC@C YC^HKA @KABCA YKVHPJAHPH^ BKAKVCLH^CPC + CF^K^ P[FJJUCVHCL @K]PVC + DH^PC ^CLYHAB] ^HAH^PVC + C@MK^H BVC@K HU-YKVLKABDKPCA @KABCA YKVHPJAKCL YKLUHN + CYKA@H^HPH^ ^[Y[VCPHE

Jlkm? Aczlhcm Cwwclhcm Vustcg ^ycrfha AHG. 693=-=0-922

Ykgfhgfhab? `r. Jay R. Cabdkocyc, ^p.Ca. `r. Ecmgh Gcrucpky, ^p.Ca.

@hfcwcdca @clcg Vcabdc Pubcs Dkpcahtkrcca Dlhahd Yc`c Fcbhca Hlgu Dkskmctca Cakstksh `ca Vkcahgcsh Ecdultcs Dk`jdtkrca [ahvkrshtcs Yctthgurc Cgfja 6969

 

DCPC YKABCAPCV

Yuoh syudur pkaulhs pcaoctdca dkmc`hrct Pumca Xcab Gcmc Ksc, dcrkac ctcs  fkrdct `ca rcmgct-Ayc, rcmgct -Ayc, lcpjrca dcsus `kabca ou`ul “Cakstksh Vkbhjacl‗ `cpct pkaulhs sklkschdca tkpct pc`c wcdtuayc. Ykaulhs gkabuncpdca tkrhgc dcshm ycab skfkscr-fkscrayc dkpc`c ycab tkrmjrgct? 3. 

`r. Ecmgh Gcrucpky, ^p.Ca `ca `r. Jay R. Cabdkocyc, ^p.Ca skfcbch  pkgfhgfhab ycab `kabca pkaum dktulusca mcth tklcm gkgfhgfhab pkaulhs, skmhabbc `cpct gkgfudc ncdrcwclc fkrphdhr `ca gkacgfcm pkabktcmuca  pkaulhs gkaoc`h lkfhm fchd.

6. 

Dk`uc jrcab tuc ycab tklcm gkgfkrhdca `uduabca fchd gjrhl, gcupua gctkrhl.

>. 

Dkpc`c sklurum tkgca-tkgca skocwct ycab `kabca tulus gkgfkrhdca skgcabct, dmususayc dkpc`c tkgca-tkgca skocwct `clcg ^tcsk Cakstksh.

Cgfja, Ecfrucrh 6969

Ykaulhs

6

 

@CEPCV H^H

Dctc Ykabcatcr ………………………………………………………………….hh ………………………………………………………………….hh   @cetcr hsh

………………………………………………………………….hhh  ………………………………………………………………….hhh 

Fcf 3 Yka`cmuluca ……………………………………………………………...0  ……………………………………………………………...0  Fcf 6 Hsh

…………………………………………………………………..5  …………………………………………………………………..5 

6.3 @kehahsh Cakstksh rkbhjacl (VC) …………………………………………….5  …………………………………………….5  6.6 Ykgfcbhca VC ………………………………………………………………5  ………………………………………………………………5  6.> Pcmcpca tha`cdca VC ……………………………………………………….38  ……………………………………………………….38  6.0 Dkuatuabca `ca dkrubhca VC ………………………………………………66  ………………………………………………66  6.; Fljd Akurjcdshcl VC ……………………………………………………….6>  ……………………………………………………….6>  6.5 Fljd Ykrhekr VC …………………………………………………………….08  …………………………………………………………….08   @cetcr pustcdc …………………………………………………………………..;6 …………………………………………………………………..;6

>

 

FCF H YKA@CM[L[CA

0

 

FCF HH LCYJVCA DC^[^

C. H@KAPHPC^ YC^HKA

 Acgc

? Ay. MY

[gur

? 0= tcmua

Okahs Dklcgha

? Ykrkgpuca

Clcgct

? Acdu

Bjljabca @crcm

?-

Fkrct Fc`ca

? ;9 db

Phabbh Fc`ca

?-

@hcbajshs Yrk Jpkrcsh @hcbajshs Yjst-Jpkrcsh

? Ykrhtjahths ugug kn suspkd cpka`hshths pkrejrcsh ? Ykrhtjahths ugug + cpka`hshths supurcthe + c`mksh brc`k HU + cfsks

tufjjvcrhcl

`kxtrc

+

mh`rjsclphabx

shahstrc

+

 pkrlkabdktca pkrhtjakcl-pklvhn  Okahs Ykgfk`cmca

? Lcpcrctjgh + cpka`kdtjgh-sclphabjjvkrkdtjgh

fhlctkrcl-

c`mkshjlhshs Okahs Cakstksh

? ^CF + Cakstksh Hamclca +Cakstksh hatrcvkac tjtcl

Pcabbcl GV^

? ; Ekfrucrh 6969 (Yudul 69.>9 RHP-`h HB@)

Pcabbcl Jpkrcsh

? 5 Ekfrucrh 6969

Cbcgc ^udu/Fcabsc

? Yrjtkstca ? Ha`jakshc

F. KUCL[C^H YVK-CAK^PK^H 3.  CACGAK^H^  

Dklumca utcgc  Aykrh sklurum pkrut

 

Cacgakshs tkrphgpha Dklumca `hrcscdca durcab lkfhm 3 ghabbu ^GV^, acgua gkgfkrct 3 mcrh ^GV^. Dklumca cwclayc `hrcscdca pc`c pkrut dcaca fcwcm dkgu`hca gkaoclcr pc`c sklurum ;

 

 pkrut. Dklumca `hskrtch pkrut dkgfuab `ca cbcd c bcd dkrcs skpkrth pcpca. ^klch ^klcha a htu oubc, 6 mcrh ^GV^, pcshka gucl-guatcm skfcaycd 6x `kabca djashstkash nchr fkrwcrac puthm.  

 

Vhwcyct Ykaycdht @cmulu ? Vhw. Csgc

?-

Vhw. Dkocab

?-

Vhwcyct Ykaycdht Dklucrbc Vhw. @G ?Vhw. Mhpkrtkash ? -

 

Vhwcyct Jpkrcsh & Cakstksh Ph`cd C`c

 

Vhwcyct Clkrbh Ph`cd c`c

 

Vhwcyct Jfct-Jfctca Ph`cd c`c

6. Ykgkrhdscca Ehshd  

^tctus Bhzh

? Ajrgcl

 

Dkc`cca Yshdhs

? Fchd.

F3 ?

C? fkfcs4 F? spjatca4 VV? 69x/g rkbulkr4 Haspkdsh? pkrbkrcdca `c`c shgktrhs dh7dc4 Cusdultcsh? sucrc acpcs vkshdulkr dh7dc4 ^pJ6? 88%

F6 ?

Cdrcl mcabct, dkrhab, gkrcm4 P@?-ggMb4 A?339x/g rkbulkr, duct cabdct4 ^3^6 rkbulkr, gurgur (-), bclljp (-).

F> ?

^c`cr, BN^? K0U;G5, puphl hsjdjr, rkelkds ncmcyc +/+.

F0 ?

FCD (+) dctktkr

F; ?

Haspkdsh? `ctcr, shdctrhds (-) lhakc gk`hcac cf`jgka. Yclpcsh? dkrcs skpkrth pcpca, aykrh tkdca sklurum rkbhja cf`jgka, Cusdultcsh? F[ gkaurua

F5 ?

Ercdtur (-), jk`kgc (-). 5

 

>. Ykgkrhdscca Ykauaocab  

Lcfjrctjrhug Ouglcm Krhtrjsht ? 0,90 x 395/gg> Mkgjbljfha ? 36,3 b/`L Mkgctjdrht ? >;% GNU ? =2 g> GNM ?68,= pb GNMN ? >0,0b/`L V@R ? 36,; % Ouglcm Prjgfjsht ? 328.999/gg> GYU ? =,0 g>  YNP ? 9,3;3% Y@R ? 35,=% Ouglcm Lkudjsht ? 8.899/gg>  LK@ ? - gg/ocg Mhtuab Okahs  Akutrjehl ? - % Lhgejsht ?6;,>% Gjajsht ? -% Kjshajehl ? 3% Fcsjehl ? 9,;% Gcsc pkr`crcmca ?-  Gcsc Ykgfkduca ? -  Bludjsc ^kwcdtu?30= gb/`L [rkug ? 63gb/`L Drkcthaha ? 3 gb/`L Cscg [rct ?Djlkstrjl Pjtcl ? ^BJP ? =0 u/L ^BYP ? 88 u/L

Fhlhrufha Pjtcl ? Fhlhrufha @hrkd ? 2

 

Fhlhrufha Ha`hrkd ? BBP ? Yrjtkha Pjtcl ? Klkdtrjlht ?  Actrhug ? MFsCb ? Ph`cd `hpkrhdsc Cath MHU ? Ph`cd `hpkrhdsc  

Ejtj Pmjrcx YC? Ph`cd c`c

0. @hcbajshs Yrj-jpkrcthe  

Ykrhtjahths ugug kn suspkd cpka`hshths pkrejrcsh

 

Y^ C^C HH

Yjst-jpkrcthe  

Ykrhtjahths ugug + cpka`hshths supurcthe + c`mksh brc`k HU + cfsks tufjjvcrhcl `kxtrc + mh`rjsclphabx shahstrc + pkrlkabdktca pkrhtjakcl-pklvhn  

 

Y^ C^C HH 

;. Ylcaahab  

Yrj lcpcrctjgh-cpka`kdtjgh

 

^tjp hatcdk jrcl >9 ocg (Gulch pucsc ocg 90.99 RHP (;/6/6969)-39.99 RHP)

 

Cathfhjthd, YYH ( Yrjtja  Yrjtja pugp hamhfhtjr ) prjehlcdshs, `ca caclbkshd

 

Vkancac Cakstksh? ^CF + Cakstksh Hamclcsh + PHUC

N. YVK-JYKVCPHE  

@hcbajsc Yrc Fk`cm? Ykrhtjahths ugug kn suspkd cpka`hshths cdut

 

Okahs

Ykgfk`cmca?

Lcpcrctjgh

+

cpka`kdtjgh-sclphabjjvkrkdtjgh

fhlctkrcl-

c`mkshjlhshs  

Okahs Cakstksh ? ^CF `kabca Fuphvcncha 9,;%, Bkakrcl Cakstksh `kabca KPP Hatufcsh gkabbuacdca Hsjelurca 3,;%-^kvjelurcak 6%, cakstksh hatrcvkac tjtcl `kabca ekatcahl `ca prjpjejl

 

Yjshsh? ^uphak

 

Lcgc Cakstksh? >09 gkaht ( 39.9;-30.03) =

 

 

Lcgc Jpkrcsh? >; gkaht (39.39-30.>;)

 

Yrkgk`hdcsh? Nketrhcxja ;99 gb/hv (92.99 RHP), Jgkprczjl 09 gb (92.99 RHP), `ca dktjrjlcn >9 gb/gl (92.99 RHP)

Pha`cdca Cakstksh Vkbhjacl `kabca ^uf Crcnmajh` Fljnd  Haejrgk`  

Njaskat   Ycshka `hpjshshdca pc`c pjshsh suphak `ca gkgcsthdca dja`hsh pcshka.

 Gkgpjshshdca

pcshka `kabca dja`hsh `u`ud, gklurusdca puabbuab tcph tktcp `clcg

dkc`cca th`cd tkbcab `ca gkaua`uddca dkpclc.  H`kathehdcsh

rucab hatkrsphajsus L0-L;.

 ^kpthd

- cskpthd pc`c ljdcsh cakstksh `kabca fktc`hak-cldjmjl

 Haskrsh

sphacl nctm aj. 62 `kabca hatrj`unkr `h crkc L>-L0

 Fcrfjtcbk

(+)  LN^ (+), `crcm (-)

 Gcsuddca

rkbhgka cakstksh `kabca Fuphvcncha 9,;% 69 gb, dkgu`hca `hlcdudca

 pkabknkdca crkc skasjrhs, gjtjrhs `ca tca`c-tca`c tjdshdcsh pc`c pcshka.

 

Pha`cdca Bkakrcl cakstksh `kabca hatufcsh (pudul 33.0; RHP)

3.  ^njpk

? ^tktjsdjp

6.  Pufk

? KPP ( Ka`j  Ka`j Prcnmkcl Pufk) Pufk)

>.  Chrwcy

? JYC (Jrj Ymcryabkcl Chrwcy) Chrwcy)

0.  Pcpk

? Ylkstkr

;.  Hatrj`unkr ? ^tylkts 5.  Njaakntjr ? Ykaycgfuab phpc `ca pkrclctca cakstksh 2.  ^unthja ? Ykayk`jt `ca tcfuab  

Jfct-jfctca

?

3. Gh`czjlcg 6 gb 6. Ekatcayl ;9 gb >. Yrjpjejl 399 gb ;. Hsjelurcak 3,;% 5. ^kvjelurcak 6 %

@. PKDAHD CAK^PK^H

8

 

3.  Cdsks HU ? Yrkgk`hdcsh `hfkrhdca ekatcahl ;9 gb sktklcm ; gkaht dkgu`hca `hfkrhdca gh`czjlcg 6 gb, dkgu`hca `hfkrhdca prjpjejl 399 gb, prkjdshbkacsh sklcgc ; gkaht 6.  @hlcaoutdca `kabca pkgcscabca ecnk pkgcscabca  ecnk gcsd  `ca   `ca gulch fkrhdca J6 `ca hsjelurcak 3,;% GCN sklcgc >9 gkaht dkgu`hca haokdsh ctrcnurhug > gb >.  Hatufcsh? Bcaocl fcmu `kabca fctcl,  saheehab pjshthja, pjshthja, lkpcs  ecnk gcsd , gcsuddca lcrhabjsdjp udurca >,; okahs aja dhab-dhab, gcsudca KPP `kabca udurca aj.2 0.  ^cgfuabdca uouab KPP `kabca sklcab gksha cakstksh, pcsthdca KPP su`cm gcsud dk trcdkc `ca pkrhdsc acpcs dcaca dhrh, ehdscsh KPP `kabca plkstkr/tcpk, pcscab JYC,  fkrhdca J 6 `ca `hfkrhdca hsjelurcak 3,;%, dkgu`hca skdhtcr 6; gkaht `hmkathdca lclu `hfkrhdca skvjelurcak 6%. Dcrkac sklcgc jpkrcsh skvjelurcak mcfhs, gcdc `hbcath dkgfclh gkaoc`h hsjelurcak 3,;%. K. HAPVC JYKVCPHE

H.  Dkskhgfcabca nchrca?  Nchrca

gcsud ? YJ (VL 3;99 nn) @J (VL 6;99 nn)

 Nchrca

dklucr ([rha) ? YJ (699 nn) @J (899 nn)

 

@kehsht nchrca dcrkac pucsc 7 6 nn x ;9 db x >9 ocg 7 >999 nn 

 

Dkfutumca nchrca `urcatk jpkrctk `ca jpkrctk `ca trcugc jpkrcsh ; ocg (0 nn/dbFF/ocg)

 0

nn

x ;9 db x ; ocg 7 3999 nn     

 Ksthgctk` Fljj` Ujlugk (KFU) 7 29 nn x ;9 db 7 >;99 nn Dkmhlcabca `crcm skdhtcr ;99 nn ;99 

 

>;99 

 

@hbcath `kabca drhstcljh` `ca djljh` (Rmjlk (Rmjlk Fljj` )  (>x;99 nn) + >;9 nn 7 3=;9 nn 

 

 7 30%

Dkfutumca nchrca tjtcl 7 >999 nn + 3999 nn + 3=;9 nn 7 ;.=;9 nn

HH.  Nchrca ycab su`cm `hfkrhdca 3.  Yrc-cakstksh 7 3;99 nn VL (`h fcabscl) + 3999 nn VL (buyur prc-cakstksh dcrkac mhpjtkash P@ =6/0; ggMb) 7 6;99 nn 6.  ^cct jpkrcsh 7 (; x ;99 nn VL) + (;99 nn ^cafk ^cafk Mkst) + >;9 nn RF 7 >.>;9 nn >.  Pjtcl nchrca 7 6.;99 nn + >.>;9 nn 7 ;.=;9 nn Oc`h, dkfutumca nchrca pcshka hah su`cm tkrpkaumh acgua sk`hdht fkrlkfhm (+;99 nn) skmhabbc pkrcwctca nchrca `h rucabca `hpkrludca scct pcshka `h fcabscl, `hpkrmcthdca dkguabdhaca tkroc`h jvkrljc`  nchrca  nchrca `ca prj`udsh urha.   Dkfutumca Nchrca Fcscl (G) ? 39

 

  Dkfutumca nchrca fcscl (rutha, rugctca) hclcm ?

j

0gl/dbFF/ocg tcgfcmdca uatud fkrct fc`ca 39 db pkrtcgc 6gl/dbFF/ocg uatud fkrct fc`ca 39 db dk`uc 3gl/dbFF/ocg tcgfcmdca uatud shsc fkrct fc`ca

  Yc`c pcshka hah FF7 33 db gcdc `hpkrjlkm dkfutumca nchrca fcsclayc c`clcm

j

skfcbch fkrhdut ? (0x 39db) + (6x39 db) + (3x>9 db) 7 899 nn  

Dkfutumca nchrca jpkrcsh (J) ?

  Dkfutumca nchrca jpkrcsh tkrbcatuab pc`c fkscr dknhlayc pkgfk`cmca, 5-=

j

gl/db uatud jpkrcsh fkscr, 0-5 gl/db uatud jpkrcsh sk`cab, `ca 6-0 gl/db uatud jpkrcsh dknhl.

  Yc`c pcshka hah `hpkrjlkm dkfutumca nchrca jpkrcshayc c`clcm skfcbch fkrhdut ?

j

Jpkrcsh fkrct x Fkrct fc`ca ? = x ;9 db 7 099 nn  

Dkfutumca nchrca pucsc (Y) 4 Lcgc ocg pucsc x 89 >9 x 89 7 6.299 nn (;9%  3>;9 nn)

 

Ykgfkrhca nchrca ocg pkrtcgc ? Dkfutumca nchrca fcscl + dkfutumca nchrca jpkrcsh + ;9% dkfutumca nchrca pucsc 89 nn + 099 nn + 3.>;9 nn 7 3.=09 nn

33

 

Bcgfcr 3. Lcpjrca Hatrcjpkrcthe Hatrcjpkrcthe

K. YJ^P-JYKVCPHE  F3? Chrwcy  F6? Cdrcl

fkfcs, acpcs spjatca, VV? 69 x/g, Vm (-), Rm (-).

mcabct, dkrhab, gkrcm, ac`h? 39;x/gkaht, P@? 336/56 ggMb, ^3^6 rkbulkr,

gurgur (-), bclljp (-).  F>? ^c`cr,  F0? FCD  F;?

puphl hsjdjr, rkelkds ncmcyc +/+.

(+) dctktkr

F[ (+) dksca gkaurua

 F5? k`kgc

(-), `kejrghtcs (-)

 Pkrcph?

  Cwcsh PPU thcp 3; gkaht sklcgc 6 ocg

•

  Mkc` up >9j 

•

36

 

  Dktjrjlcn >x>9 gb/gL, Prcgc`jl >x;9 gb/gL, Ja`canktrja 0 gb/6 gL,

•

Vcahth`hak ;9 gb/6 gL

  Lcha-lcha sksuch tkrcph `crh `jdtkr Fk`cm-`jdtkr Jfbya

•

FCF HHH @H^D[^H

3>

 

Fkr`cscrdca mcshl cacgakshs, pkgkrhdscca ehshd `ca pkgkrhdscca lcfjrctjrhug, pcshka cwclayc `h`hcbajshs `kabca pkrhtjahths ugug kn suspkd cpka`hshths supurcthe, acgua sktklcm jpkrcsh pcshka `h`hbcajsc `kabca pkrhtjahths ugug, cfsks tufjjvcrhcl `kxtrc, mh`rjsclphabx shahstrc, c`mksh pkrhtjakcl-pklvhn brc`k HU `kabca Y^ C^C HH. Gkaoklcab jpkrcsh pcshka tcgpcd scdht sk`cab, dksc`crca djgpjsgkaths, `ca sk`hdht dkscdhtca. Ycshka tklcm fkrpucsc `crh pudul 39.99 RHP pc`c tcabbcl ; Ekfrucrh 6969, skmhabbc tjtcl lcgc pucsc pcshka skdhtcr >9 ocg (tkrmhtuab scgpch skscct skfklug gcsud dk rucabca jpkrcsh). Ycshka tklcm `hrkancacdca uatud `hlcdudca ^CF. ^cct `h rucabca jpkrcsh, tkdcaca `crcm `ca ac`h skfklug `hfkrhdca prk-gk`hdcsh  fkrturut-turut c`clcm c`cl cm 8>/59 ggMb `ca 392x/gkaht. ^klcab ^kl cab fkfkrcpc scct, dkgu`hca tkdcaca `crcm pcshka turua skdhtcr =6/0; ggMb (mhpjtkash) `ca ac`h 39=x/gkaht (tcdhdcr`h), NVP (Ncphllcru Vkehll Phgk) Phgk) gkgcaocab, gudjsc fhfhr dkrhab, cdrcl `habha `ca fcscm, mcl hah `cpct `hdcrkacdca dcrkac syjd cdhfct pucsc ycab lcgc (1 5-= ocg (pucsc prk-cakstksh)) `ca  pkrhtjahths ugug ycab `hclcgh `hc lcgh pcshka `hgcac pc`c pkrhtjahths tkroc`h trcasljdcsh nchrca `ca klkdtrjlht dk `clcg pkrhtjakug skmhabbc tkroc`h dkdurcabca nchrca `ca klkdtrjlht `h `clcg `crcm `ca skl. pcshka dkgu`hca `hfkrhdca rhabkr lcdtct  (VL)  (VL) 3999 nn (299 nn pkrtcgc tkdcaca `crcm pcshka achd skdhtcr 89/0; ggMb, dkgu`hca `jdtkr Cakstksh gkgpkrthgfcabdca uatud gklcdudca ^CF scgfhl gklcaoutdca buyur nchrca VL skdhtcr > djle (3;99 nn VL). @jdtkr cakstksh gkgfkrhdca prcgk`hdcsh ekatcahl ;9 gb (sksuch `kabca `jshsayc 3-6 gnb/dbFF (;9399 gnb)) skdhtcr pudul 39.99 RHP, dkgu`hca `hha`udsh `kabca prjpjejl 399 gb (sksuch `kabca `jshs ha`udshayc 6-6,; gb/dbFF (399-36; gb)) sktklcm `hfkrhdca ekatcahl tc`h. Ycshka dkgu`hca `hlcdudca ^CF `kabca pjshsh lctkrcl `knufhtus  `knufhtus  `kabca Fuphvcnchak j,;% mhpkrfcrhd skdhtcr pudul 39.9; RHP. ^klcha htu, oubc `hfkrhdca kek`rha 39 gb skdhtcr pudul 39.3; RHP. Pkdcaca `crcm  pcshka gcshm skdhtcr 89 - < 399/09-59 ggMb `kabca ac`h skdhtcr 399-339x/gkaht. Pkash  pcshka gcshm turua skdhtcr =9/59 ggMb lclu `hfkrhdca kek`rha 39 gb skdhtcr pudul 39.69 RHP. Pkash pcshka dkgfclh lcbh skdhtcr 89 - < 399/09-59 ggMb `kabca ac`h skdhtcr 399339x/gkaht. Ycshka dkgu`hca `hfkrhdca gh`czjlcg 6 gb (sksuch `jshs gchatkacank 9,9;-3 gb/dbFF (6-;9 gb)), ekatcahl ;9 gnb (`jshs gchatkacank 3-6 gnb/dbFF (;9-399 gnb). Dk`ucayc `hfkrhdca skdhtcr 39.;9 RHP. Durcab lkfhm 6 ocg wcdtu jpkrcsh, `jdtkr cakstksh gkgpkrthgfcabdca uatud gklcdudca cakstksh ugug `kabca cakstksh hamclcsh. Mcl hah `hpkrthgfcabdca dcrkac `urcsh dkroc jfct ^CF su`cm mcgphr sklksch (369-3=9 gkaht).

30

 

Ycshka dkgu`hca `hha`udsh `kabca prjpjejl ;9 gb `ca `hlcdudca `kahtrjbkahscsh `htcgfcmdca `kabca hsjelurcas 3,;% `kabca jdshbka. ^cct rkelkds fulu gctc mhlcab (tcmcp >  pkgfk`cmca) scgfhl `hlcdudca durkrhscsh ychtu `hhaokdsh oubc ctrcnurhug > gb skfcbch rklcdsca jtjt skfklug `hlcdudca hatufcsh. Hatufcsh `hlcdudca gkabbuacdca lcrhabjsdjp aj. > thpk aja dhab-dhab `ca KPP ajgjr 2 (sksuch `kabca `hcgktkr KPP ushc wcahtc `kwcsc skdhtcr 5,;-=,; (6=->9 E) `kabca ocrcd scgpch fhfhr skdhtcr 69-60 ng)), dkgu`hca nhee `hdkgfcabdca, lclu `hmufuabdca `kabca njaakntjr   `ca `hfkrhdca `jshs gchatkacank hsjelurcas 3,;% (`jshs ajrgclayc 6-0%). @jshsayc sk`hdht `hdurcabh dcrkac skfklugayc tklcm `hfkrhdca caclbkshd `ca sk`cthe/mhpajthd skmhabbc `hmcrcpdca kekd shstkghd ycab gkrubhdca `cpct `hdurcabh pc`c pcshka sktklcm jpkrcsh. ^klcab skdhtcr >9 gkaht, `jdtkr cakstksh gkabbcath hsjelurcas `kabca skvjelurcas 6 % (`jshs ajrgclayc 6-0%) , acgua sklcab skdhtcr 3; gkaht skvjelurca mcfhs dkgu`hca `hbcath `kabca hsjelurcas dkgfclh `kabca `jshs vjlugk 3,;%. ^kdhtcr 3 ocg jpkrcsh, dkgu`hca pcshka sk`hdht fkrbkrcd (gjtjrhd havjluatkr) h avjluatkr) dkgu`hca `hfkrhdca lcbh ctrcnurhug 3 gb skdhtcr ocg 36.;9 RHP. Pkdcaca `crcm pcshka skgpct turua `clcg sklcab wcdtu >9 gkaht skfklug `hfkrhdca skvjelurcas oc`h `hfkrhdca lcbh kek`rha 39 gb skdhtcr ocg 33.;9 RHP. ^klcha htu oubc, tkdcaca `crcm pcshka achd dkgfclh `ca turua dkgfclh ; gkaht sktklcm pkgfkrhca ctrcnurhug dk`uc tc`h. Dkgu`hca fkrhdca lcbh kek`rha 39 gb skdhtcr ocg 3>.9; RHP. Yrkgk`hdcsa pc`c pcshka hah `hfkrhdca pc`c pcshka hah fkrtuouca uatud Gkahgfuldca rcsc aycgca fcbh pcshka tkrgcsud gkabmhlcabdca rcsc dmcwcthr, gkgfkrhdca dktkacabca (sk`cthe), gkanhptcdca cgakshc, gkaburcabh rcsc scdht (caclbkthd aja/acrdjthd), gkaburcabh dkoc`hca gucl `ca guatcm. Oubc gkgu`cmdca ctcu gkgpkrlcancr ha`udsh (mhpajthd / sk`cthe), gkaburcabh ouglcm jfct-jfct cakstksh (mhpajthd / sk`cthe), gkaburcabh skdrksh dklkaocr sclhvc, gkgfcatu pkabjsjabca lcgfuab, gkaburcabh prj`udsh cscg lcgfuab ctcu gkahabdctdca  pM cscg lcgfuab, skrtc gkakdca `ca gkankbcm gkank bcm rkelkds-rkelkds ycab th`cd `hh `hhabhadca. abhadca. ^klcha htu oubc uatud vcbjlhshs, pkaburcabca tjtcl  tjtcl  dkfutumca cakstksh,0  ^klcha htu pkgfkrhca athfhjthd prc-jpkrcsh HU mcrus `hfkrhdca `clcg 59 gkaht cathfhjthd prjehlcdshs `hpkrludca, ccathfhjthd (h`kclayc `clcg >9 gkaht) `crh hashsh dulht.  dulht.   Ykgfkrhca sktklcm scyctca dulht ctcu lkfhm `crh 59 gkaht skfklug scyctca gkaburcabh kekdthvhtcs.  kekdthvhtcs.  ^ctu `jshs ugugayc nudup uatud prjehlcdshs,  fhlc `hpkrludca. @jshs prjehlcdshs dk`uc mcrus `hfkrhdca hatrc-jpkrcsh ohdc prjsk`ur lkfhm lcgc `crh `uc wcdtu pcrum. Yc`c pcshka hah `hfkrhdca nketrhcxjak ;99gb/HU. ;99gb/HU . Nketrhcxjak c`clcm cathfhjthd spkdtrug lucs ycab `cpct `hbuacdca uatud gkabctcsh dugca brcg-pjshthe gcupua akbcthe. Jfct hah gkrupcdca bjljabca skecljspjrha bkakrcsh dkthbc.;,5  3;

 

Yc`c pcshka hah `hfkrhdca ha`udsh prjpjejl 399 gb. gb... Gkdcahsgk cdsh pc`c scrce pusct shstkg gklhfctdca hatkrcdsh `h fkrfcbch rkskptjr akurjtrcasghttkr, tkrutcgc bcggccghajfutyrhn cnh` C (BCFC). Dcrcdtkrhsthd pkgulhmca ycab nkpct, `ca cdugulcsh prjpjejl ycab rklcthe dknhl fcmdca sktklcm haeus lcgc gkgfuctayc gkgfuctayc gkaoc`h phlhmca uatud gkabha`udsh gkabha`udsh `ca   gkgpkrtcmcadca cakstksh ugug. Yrkgk`hdcsh `kabca fkazj`hczkphak ctcu jphjh`, ctcu `ca dk`ucayc skncrc shbahehdca `cpct gkaburcabh  gkaburcabh `jshs ha`udsh.2  ^klcha htu, pc`c pcshka oubc `hfkrhdca ekatcayl ;9 gnb (`jshs 3-6»b/dbff). Ekatcayl gkrupcdca jphjh` utcgc ycab `hbuacdca `clcg pkrhj`k pkrhjpkrcthe uatud gkankbcm rkspja tkrmc`cp sthgulus aykrh skpkrth hatufcsh ka`jtrcdkcl `ca hashsh fk`cm. Jfct hah gkghlhdh  pjtkash 3999x lkfhm duct `hfca`habdca pkth`ha `ca ;9-399x lkfhm duct `crh gjreha. Gulch dkrocayc nkpct, `kaba `urcsh dkroc pka`kd, jfct hah `hgktcfjlhsgk `clcg mcth gkaoc`h ajrekatcahl `ca mh`rjdshprjphjahl ekatcayl `ca mh`rjdshprjphjahl ajrekatcahl, ycab sklcaoutayc `hfucab gklcluh kgpk`u `ca urha. Kekd caclbkshd fkrlcabsuab dhrc-dhrc >9 gkaht uatu htu mcayc `hbuacdca pkrhjprcthe `ca th`cd uatud pcsnc jpkrcthe.; Ykabbuacca pklugpum jtjt ghsclayc ctrcnurhug `hfkrhdca skfklug sk fklug `hlcdudca hatufcsh uatud gkankbcm tkroc`hayc spsgk lcrhabx sktklcm `hfkrhdca prjpjejl. ^klcgc jpkrcsh  fkrlcabsuab `hfkrhdca ha`udsh hamclcsh fkrupc ^kvjelurcak 6 % gklcluh gksha cakstksh. ^kvjelurcak `hphhlhm `kabca pkrthgfcabca fcmwc jfct hah rklcthe cgca uatud cacd dcrkac th`cd gkabhrhtcsh sclurca acpcs. Dkrocayc ycab nkpct skrtc wcdtu pkgulhmca ycab nkpct sktklcm pkgfkrhca `hmkathdca oubc gkgfuctayc gkaoc`h lkfhm `hsudch. Ha`udsh nkpct tkrncpch `kabca pkgfkrhca skvjelurca 6-0 %, pc`c pcshka hah `hfkrhdca ^kvjelurcak 6 %. ^klcgc jpkrcsh fkrlcabsuab `hlcdudca pkgcatcuca tca`c vhtcl fkrupc ac`h , `ca scturcsh jdshbka skthcp ; gkaht skncrc kehshka `ca tkrus gkakrus, `ca pkgfkrhca nchrca hatrcvkac fkrupc VL. Nchrca ycab `hfkrhdca c`clcm VL ( Vhabkr Lcdtct)  Lcdtct)  dcrkac gkrupcdca drhstcljh` `kabca djgpjshshayc ycab lkabdcp (Ac+, D +, Nl-, Nc++, `ca lcdtct) ycab gkabca`uab klkdtrjlht uatud gkabbcathdca dkmhlcabca nchrca sklcgc jpkrcsh, oubc uatud gkankbcm kekd mhpjtkash cdhfct  pkgfkrhca jfct-jfctca hatrcvkac `ca bcs hamclcsh ycab gkgpuaych kekd vcsj`hlctcsh.  ^ktklcm jpkrcshs sklksch, mkgj`hacshd pcshka su`cm gkgfchd `ca stcfhl . Mcl hah `hlhmct `hgcac tkdcaca `crcm pcshka 336/56 ggMb, ac`h 39;x/gkaht, scturcsh pcshka 399%. Kdstufcsh `hlcdudca skscct skfklug pcshka dk rucab pkgulhmca `hgcac pcshka su`cm tkrcakstksh rhabca `ktca`ch `kabca acpcs spjatca, `ca pcshka gkrkspja scct `hfcabuadca, `ca th`cd c`c djgplhdcsh scct hatufcsh. ^kfklug kdstufcsh, rjabbc gulut, ecrhab-lcrhab pcshka 35

 

`h- sunthja   sunthja  `crh skdrkt `ca nchrca lchaayc. ^unthja

`hlcdudca skdhtcr ocg 30.66 RHP.

Jfskrvcsh pcshka `hlcaoutdca `h rknjvkry rjjg, rjjg, `hgcac `hlcdudca pkgcatcuca tca`c vhtcl gklhputh ac`h, rksphrcsh `ca scturcsh jdshbka. Mkgj`hacghd pcshka stcfhl scct `h VV scgpch scct pcshka `hdkgfclhdca dk rucabca `kabca mcshl sdjr Cl`rktk 8.

FCF HU PHAOC[CA Y[^PCDC

6.3 Cfsks tufjjvcrhcl, Mh`rjsclphab, Cpka`hshths, `ca Ykrhtjahths

Cfsks hah `cpct guanul sktklcm jaskt sclphabhths, acgua lkfhm skrhab cdhfct haekdsh c`akxc ycab fkrulcab. Ycshka `cpct cshgptjgcthd ctcu `clcg dkc`cca  skpthn smjnd . Jaskt `htkgudca 6 ghabbu sktklcm gkastrucsh `kabca aykrh pklvhs `ca cf`jgka, gucl, guatcm, `kgcg, `ca tcdhdcr`h. ^klurum cf`jgka tkbcab `ca aykrh. Lkudjsht `cpct rka`cm, ajrgcl, ctcu scabct gkahabdct. @hcbajsc `hekrkashcl ychtu dhstc jvcrhug, akjplcsgc jvcrhug, dkmcghlca kdtjphd, kdtjphd, `ca pkrhcpka`hnkcl cfsks. Ykactclcdscacca cwcl `kabca cathfhjthd. Ohdc gcssc th`cd gkabknhl sktklcm `uc ctcu thbc (6 >) ghabbu tkrcph cathfhjthd, gkrupcdca ha`hdcsh  pkgfk`cmca. YH@ `cpct `h`hcbajsc `kabca rhwcyct aykrh pklvhs, skdrksh nchrca vcbhac, aykrh a ykrh tkdca c`akxc, `kgcg, `ca pkahabdctca lkudjsht. 32

 

3.

Ykgkrhdscca Ehshd

Yc`c pkgkrhdscca ehshd, fhcscayc `h`cpcth ? • Aykrh tkdca pkrut fcbhca fcwcm • Yc`c pkgkrhdscca pklvhs `hougpch skdrksh nchrca gudjpurulka,aykrh gudjpurulka,aykrh pc`c pkrbkrcdca pkrbkrcdca skrvhds, aykrh tkdca utkrh, aykrh tkdca c`akxc ycab fhlctkrcl • Guabdha `htkgudca c`cayc gcssc c`akxc Fkfkrcpc tca`c tcgfcmca c`clcm ? 3.

^umu jrcl lkfhm `crh >=¿N

6.

Ykgkrhdscca Lcfjrctjrhug • Yc`c pkgkrhdscca `crcm rutha `hougpch ouglcm lkudjsht Lkfhm `crh 399.999 pc`c ;9% dcsus. Mhtuab lkudjsht guabdha ajrgcl, gkahabdct, ctcu gkaurua, `ca th`cd `cpct `hbuacdca uatudgkayhabdhrdca YH@. • Ykahabdctca krhtrjsht sk`hgkat rctk `hbuacdca uatudgkgfcatu `hcbajsk acgua tktcp th`cd spkshehd. • Ykahabdctca n-rkcdthe n-rkcdthe prjtkha, th`cd spkshehd. •Ykgkrhdscca @AC `ca dultur bjajrrmkc

`ca

nmlcgh`yc`hbuacdca

uatud

gkabdjaehrgcsh YH@. • [rhaclhshs mcrus `hlcdudca uatud gkayhabdhrdca dkguabdhaca haekdsh sclurca scl urca dkghm.

>. Ykgkrhdscca Vc`hjljbh Prcasvcbhacl ultrcsjajbrceh? pkgkrhdscca hah gkgpkrlhmctdcac`akxc, utkrus, tkrgcsud jvcrjhug. Yc`c pkgkrhdscca hah YH@ cdut Acgpcd `kabca c`cayc dktkfclca `ha`hab tufc lkfhm `crhlhgc (;) gg, c`cayc skptchadjgplht `clcg tufc, nchrca gkabhshtufc eclljph, `ca tca`c njbwmkkl. Pufc eclljph ajrgcl fhcscaycth`cd tkrlhmct pc`c [^B. • NP snca `hbuacdca uatud gka`hcbajsc fca`hab YH@. YkakgucaNP snca pc`c YH@ c`clcm skrvhshths, jjejrhths, sclphabhths, pkakfclca lhbcgkat utkrjscdrcl, `ca c`cayc cfsks ctcu dugpulca nchrca pklvhs. Ykakguca NP snca th`cd spkshehd pc`c dcsus YH@ `hgcac th`cd c`c fudth cfsks. • GVH ocrcab gkabha`hdcshdca YH@. Acgua ohdc `hbuacdca cdcatkrlhmct pkakfclca, tufc ycab fkrhsh nchrca `kabca ctcu tcapc nchrca pklvhs fkfcs ctcu djgplkds tufcjvcrhca. 0. Yrjsk`ur Lcha Lcpcrjsdjph c`clcm stca`cr fcdu uatud `hcbajshs `kekahthe YH@. Gkabkvclucsh nchrca `h `clcg cf`jgka `hlcdudca uatudgkabhatkrprktcsh dkruscdca. Yus gkauaouddca c`cayc

3=

 

cfsks tufcjvcrhca, rupturk cpka`hds, ctcu cfsks utkrha. @crcm `htkgudca pc`c ruptur dkmcghlca kdtjphd, dhstc djrpus lutkug, gkstrucsh Mh`rjsclphab c`clcm cdugulcsh nchrca skrjus `h `clcg tufc t ufc eclljphj, skrhab `hskfcfdca jlkm phjsclphab4 tufc gh gkgfkscr `h `clcg `ha`hab, `ca uouab ehgfrhctk` (my`rjsclphax). Ykrhtjahths c`clcm pkrc`cabca ycab `hskfcfdca jlkm haekdsh pc`c sklcput jrbca pkrut (pkrhtjakug). Cpka`hshths c`clcm pkrc`cabca pc`c cpka`hds vkrghejrghs `ca gkrupcdca  pkaykfcf cf`jgka cdut ycab pclhab skrhab. Cpka`hshths supurcthe Pkdcaca `clcg lugka ycab tkrus fkrtcgfcm `hskrtch k`kgc gkaykfcfdca tkrfka`uabayc clhrca vkac pc`c `ha`hab cpka`hds `ca gkahgfuldca trjgfjshs. Dkc`cca hah gkgpkrfkrct hsdkghc `ca k`kgc pc`c cpka`hds. Ghdrjjrbcahsgk ycab c`c `h usus fkscr fkrhavcsh dk `clcg `ha`hab cpka`hds gkahgfuldca haekdsh skrjsc skmhabbc skrjsc gkaoc`h surcg dcrkac `hlcphsh kdsu`ct `ca ehfrha. Cpka`hds `ca gksjcppka`hds tkroc`h k`kgc, mhpkrkghc, `ca `h `clcg lugka tkr`cpct kdsu`ct ehfrhajpurulka. @htca`ch `kabca rcabscabca pkrhtjakug ljdcl skpkrth aykrh tkdca, aykrh lkpcs `h ththd Gn. Furaky, `kecas gusdulkr `ca aykrh pc`c bkrcd cdthe `ca pcshe. Aykrh `ca `kecas gusdulkr `cpct tkroc`h pc`c sklurum pkrut `hskrtch `kabca tca`c-tca`c pkrhtjahths ugug. Ykrhtjahths c`clcm suctu dkbcwct `crurctca ycab gkrupcdca djgplhdcsh fkrfcmcyc cdhfct pkaykfcrca haekdsh `crh jrbca-jrbca cf`jgka (cpka`hshths, sclphabhths, pkrejrcsh uldus bcstrj`uj`kacl), ruptur sclurca nkrac, djgplhdcsh pjst jpkrcsh, hrhtcsh dhghcwh, ctcu `crh ludc tkgfus cf`jgka. Yc`c dkc`cca ajrgcl, pkrhtjakug rkshstka tkrmc`cp haekdsh fcdtkrh (skncrc hajdulcsh dknhl-dknhlca) tktcph djatcghacsh ycab tkrus gkakrus, fcdtkrh ycab vhrulka, rkshstkash ycab gkaurua, `ca c`cayc fka`c cshab gkrupcdca gk rupcdca ecdtjr-ecdtjr ycab gkgu`cmdca tkroc`hayc pkrhtjahths. Pha`cdca fk`cm mcrus skbkrc `hcgfhl dcrkac skthcp dktkrlcgfctca cdca gkahgfuldca pkaycdht ycab fkrcdhfct gkahabdctdca gjrfh`htcs `ca gjrtclhtcs. Dktkpctca `hcbajshs `ca pkacabbulcabcaayc tkrbcatuab `crh dkgcgpuca gklcdudca caclhshs pc`c `ctc cacgakshs, pkgkrhdscca ehshd `ca pkgkrhdscca pkauaocab.

6.6. Cakstmkshc Vkbhjacl  „  ^ufc   ^ufcr cnm nmaj ajhh ` F ljnd  ljnd  

Cakstksh hah `hpkrdkacldca jlkm Cubust Fhkr (3=8=) pc`c prcdths dlhahs, `hbuacdca `kabca lucs uatud, tkrutcgc jpkrcsh pc`c `ckrcm fcwcm ugfhlhnus. Cakstksh sphacl gkrupcdca tha`cdca cakstksh `kabca gkabbuacdca jfct cakstksh ljdcl ycab `hsuathddca dk rucab sufcrcnmajh`. [atud gkancpch nchrca skrkfrjsphacl, gcdc ocrug suathd cdca gkakgfus duths  sufduths  lhbcgkatug suprcsphajsug

 lhbcgkgtug

lhbcgkatug Elcvug  rucab kph`urcl  `urcgktkr  rucab sufcrcnmajh`

38

Hatkrsphajsug  

 

Pcfkl 3. Ha`hdcsh, Djatrcha`hdcsh, `ca Djgplhdcsh Caclbkshc ^phacl

Ha`hdcsh/Djatrcha`hdcsh/ Dktkrcabca Djgplhdcsh Fk`cm kdstrkghtcs fcwcm Fk`cm pcabbul Pha`cdca skdhtcr rkntug-pkrhakug rkntug-pkrhakug Fk`cm jfstktrhn-bhakdjljbh jfstktrhn-bhakdjljbh Ha`hdcsh Fk`cm urjljbh Fk`cm cf`jgka fcwcm Yc`c fk`cm cf`jgka ctcs `ca fk`cm pk`hctrhn fhcscayc `hdjgfhacshdca `hdjgfhacshdc a `kabca cakstmkshc ugug rhabca Ycshka gkajlcd Haekdsh pc`c tkgpct pkayuathdca Mhpjvjlkghc fkrct, syjd Ha`hdcsh Djatrc Cfsjlut Djcbuljpcth ctcu gka`cpct tkrcph cathdjcbulca Pkdcaca hatrc nrcahcl thabbh Ecshlhtcs rksushtcsh ghahgcl Durcab pkabclcgca/tcapc `h`cgphabh djasultca cakstmksh cakstmkshcc Haekdsh shstkghd (skpshs, fcdtkrkghc) fcdtkrkghc) Haekdsh skdhtcr tkgpct pkayuahdca Dklchaca akurjljbhs Dklchaca pshdhs Ha`hdcsh Djatrc Vklcthe

Djgplhdcsh Pha`cdca

Djgplhdcsh Ycsnc Pha`cdca

Fk`cm lcgc Ykaycdht ocatuab Mhpjvjlkghc rhabca  Aykrh puabbuab drjahs Mhpjtkash fkrct Frc`hdcr`hc Mhpjvkathlcsh Prcugc pkgfulum `crcm Prcugc scrce Gucl guatcm Bcabbuca pka`kabcrca Fljd sphacl thabbh, ctcu sphacl tjtcl  Aykrh tkgpct tkgpct suathdca  Aykrh puabbuab  Aykrh dkpclc dcrkac dcrkac dkfjnjrca dkfjnjrca lhdujr Vktkashj urhak Gkahabhths

Pkdahd cakstksh sphacl `hgulch `kabca gkgpjshshdca pcshka `u`ud ctcu pjshsh th`ur lctkrcl. Yjshsh hah c`clcm ycab pclhab skrhab `hdkrocdca. Ykrufcmca pjshsh fkrlkfhmca `clcg >9 gkaht pkrtcgc cdca gkaykfcfdca gkaykfcrayc jfct. Fkrhdut tkdahd cakstmkshc sphacl `kabca  fljd sufcrcnmajh`? 3.  ^ktklcm `hgjahtjr, th`urdca pcshka ghsclayc `clcg pjshsh `kdufhtus lctkrl. Fkrh fcatcl dkpclc, sklcha kacd uatud pcshka oubc supcyc tulcab sphajsus gu`cm tkrcfc. Yjshsh lcha c`clcm `u`ud.

69

 

6.  Ykrpjtjabca catcrc bcrhs ycab gkabmufuabdca dk`uc Drhstc hlhcdc `kabca tulcab  puabbuab hclcm L0 ctcu L0-;. Pkatudca Pkatudca tkgpct tusudcaayc, ghsclayc L6->, L>-0, ctcu L0-;. Pusudca pc`c L3-6 ctcu `h ctcsayc fkrhshdj trcugc gk`ullc sphaclhs. >.  ^tkrhldca tkgpct tusudca `kabca fktc`ha ctcu clnjmjl. 0.  Fkrh cakstkthd ljncl pc`c tkgpct tusudca, t usudca, ghsclayc `kabca lh`jdcha 3-6% 6-> gl. ;.  Ncrc tusudca gk`hca ctcu pcrcgk`hca. [atud ocrug sphacl skfkscr 66 B, 6> B ctcu 6; B `cpct lcabsuab `hbuacdca. ^k`cabdca uatud ycab dknhl 62 B ctcu 68 B, `hcaourdca gkabbuacdca hatrj`unkr   (pkauatua ocrug), ychtu ocrug suathd fhcsc skgprht 39nn. Pusuddca hatrj`uskrsk`clcg dhrc-dhrc 6 ng cbcd sk`hdht dkc rcm skecl, dkgu`hca gcsuddca ocrug sphacl fkrhdut gca`rhaayc dk lufcab ocrug tkrskfut. ^ktklcm rkshstkash gkabmhlcab, gca`crha ocrug sphacl `hncfut `ca dklucr lhdujr, pcscab skgprht fkrhsh jfct `ca jfct `cpct `hgcsuddca pklca-pklca (9,; gl/`kthd) `hsklhabh csphrcsh sk`hdht, mcayc utud gkycdhadca pjshsh ocrug tktcp fchd. [atud caclbkshc sphacl djathayu `cpct `hgcsuddca dctktkr.

6.3.3  Pkrcph Nchrca

Pkrcph nchrca pkrhjpkrcthe tkrgcsud pkabbcathca `kehsht nchrca skfklugayc, dkfutumca gchatkacank `ca ludc jpkrcsh skpkrth pka`crcmca. @kabca th`cd c`cayc hatcdk jrcl, `kehsht nchrca `ca klkdtrjlht fhsc tkroc`h nkpct dcrkac tkroc`hayc pkgfkatudca urha, skdrksh bcstrjhatksthacl, dkrhabct `ca haskashflk ljssks ycab tkrus gkakrus `crh dulht `ca pcru. Dkfutumca gchatkacank ajrgcl `cpct `hpkrdhrcdca `crh tcfkl `hfcwcm?

Pcfkl 6. Ykrdhrcca Nchrca Gchatkacank Nchrca  Gchatkacank Fkr`cscrdca  Fkr`cscrdca Fkrct Fc`ca

Fkrct Fc`ca 39 db pkrtcgc 39 db fkrhdutayc Phcp db `h ctcs 69 db

Dc`cr 0 gL/db/ocg + 6 gL/db/ocg + 3 gL/db/ocg

Ycshka ycab pucsc tcapc hatcdk nchrca skfklug jpkrcsh cdca gkabclcgh `kehnht nchrca dcrkac `urcsh pucsc. @kehsht fhsc `hmhtuab `kabca gkabclhdca dkfutumca nchrca gchatkacank `kabca wcdtu pucsc.

6.6 

@urcatk Jpkrcsh

6.6.3  Yrkgk`hdcsh

63

 

Yrkgk`hdcsh c`clcm pkgfkrhca jfct 3-6 ocg skfklug ha`udsh cakstksh `kabca tuouca uatud gklcancrdca ha`udsh, rugctca `ca fcabua `crh cakstmkshc `hcatcrcayc?

- Gkrk`cdca dknkgcsca `ca dktcdutca - Gkgpkrlcancr ha`udsh cakstmkshc - Gkaburcabh skdrksh dklkaocr lu`ca `ca frjadus - Gkghahgcldca ouglcm jfct cakstkthd - Gkaburcabh gucl guatcm pcsnc fk`cm - Gkanhptcdca cgakshc - Gkaburcabh hsh nchrca lcgfuab - Gkaburcabh rkelkd ycab gkgfcmcycdca - Gkaburcabh aykrh Pcfkl 6.5 Okahs Yrkgk`hdcsh Yrkgk`hdcsh

Dktkrcabca Ycshka `kabca skpshs Ycshka ushc tuc

3. Yrkgk`hdcsh tcapc

Ycshka `kabca gcsclcm `h chrwcy

sk`csh

Jak `cyncrk surbkry  surbkry  Ycshka akurjsurbhncl  Akjactus & haecat < 5 fulca @hfkrhdca gclcg mcrh cpcfhlc c`c ha`hdcsh

6. Yrkgk`hdcsh `kabca jrcl sk`cthvk

Ycshka `kabca jpkrcsh klkdthe Ycshka `hrkancacdca rkbhjacl cakstksh Ycshka skmct ycab cdca `hjpkrcsh `kabca dcsus fkrct

>. Jphjh`

Ycshka `kabca aykrh Ycshka `kabca cfjrtus [atud pcshka < 5 fulca prkgk`hdcsh `hfkrhdca skncrc jrcl `hczkpcg shrup 9,6 gb/dbFF

0. Ycshka pk`hctrhn [atud pcshka 1 ; tcmua jrcl jr cl `hczkpcg 9,6 gb/dbFF ctcu jrcl gh`czjlcg 9,; „  9,; „  9,2  9,2 gb/dbFF 66

 

Vcahth`hak 3;9 gb ;. Ycshka jfstktrhn Cath kgkthn Pkrgcsud `h `clcgayc gjrfh` jfksk Ycshka jfstktrhn Ycshka `kabca rhwcyct mkrahc `hcercbgcthdc 5. Ycshka `kabca rhshdj

Ycshka `kabca ksjecbhths ↞ 

rkburbhtcsh `ca csphrcsh

@hfkrhdca M6 rkskptjr catcbjahs (rcahth`hak nhgkth`ha), prjtja pugp hamhfhtjr (jgkprczjlk), catcsh`c (sj`hug shtrct), bcstrjdhakthn cbkat (gktjnljprcgh`k) `hfkrhdca fkrscgc-scgc

6.6.6  Ykgcdchca Jfct Cakstksh Ljdcl uatud Caclbkshc ^phacl

Fkrct okahs nchrca skrkfrjsphaclhs (N^^) pc`c sumu >2¿N c`clcm 3,99> -3,99=. Cakstkthd ljncl `kabca fkrct okahs scgc `kabca N^^ `hskfut hsjfcrhn. Cakstkthd ljncl `kabca  fkrct okahs lkfhm fkscr `crh N^^ `hskfut mhpkrfcrhd. Cakstkthd ljncl `kabca fkrct okahs lkfhm dknhl `crh N^^ `hskfut mhpjfcrhd. Cakstkthd ljncl ycab skrhab `hbuacdca c`clcm okahs mhpkrfcrhd `hpkrjlkm `kabca gkancgpur cakstkthd ljncl `kabca `kdstrjsc. [atud okahs mhpjfcrhd fhcscayc `hbuacdca tktrcdcha `hpkrjlkm `kabca gkancgpur `kabca chr haokdsh.

Pcfkl >. Cakstkthd Ljdcl ycab Yclhab ^krhab @hbuacdca

Cakstkthd Ljdcl

Lh`jdcha (]yljfcha, Lhbajdcha) 6% plcha ;% `clcg `kdstrjsc 2,;% Fuphvcdcha (Gcrdcha) 9,;% `clcg chr 9,;% `clcg `kdstrjsc =,6;%

Fkrct Okahs

^hect

@jshs

3.995 3.9>>

Hsjfcrhd Mhpkrfcrhd

69-399 gb (6-; gl) 69-;9 gb (3-6 gl)

3.99; 3.962

Hsjfcrhd Mhpkrfcrhd

;-69 gb (3-0 gl) ;-3; gb (3-> gl)

6.6.>  Pkrcph Nchrca

Pkrcph nchrca hatrcvkac `cpct tkr`hrh `crh haeus drhstcljh`, djljh`, ctcu djgfhacsh dk`ucayc. Nchrca drhstcljh` c`clcm nchrca `kabca hja ljw gjlknulcr wkhbmt (bcrcg) `kabca ctcu tcapc bludjsc, sk`cabdca nchrca djljh` oubc gkabca`uab zct-zct mhbm gjlknulcr wkhbmt   skpkrth prjtkha ctcu bludjsc pjlhgkr fkscr. Nchrca djljh` gkaocbc tkdcaca jadjthd djljh`  plcsgc `ca uatud skfcbhca fkscr hatrcvcsdulcr, sk`cabdca nchrca drhstcljh` nkpct 6>

 

gkaykhgfcabdca `kabca `ca gka`hstrhfushdca sklurum rucab nchrca kdstrcsklulkr.Nchrca `hphlhm sksuch `kabca okahs dkmhlcabca nchrca ycab `hbcathdca. [atud dkmhlcabca tkrutcgc ycab gklhfctdca chr, pkabbcathca `kabca nchrca mhpjtjahd, oubc `hskfut nchrca okahs gchatkacank. Ohdc dkmhlcabca gklhfctdca fchd chr `ca klkdtrjlht, pkabbcathca `kabca nchrca klkdtrjlht hsjtjahd, oubc `hskfut nchrca okahs rkplcnkgkat. Dcrkac dkfcaycdca dkmhlcabca nchrca hatrcjpkrcthe c`clcm hsjtjahd, nchrca okahs rkplcnkgkat ycab ugugayc `hbuacdca. Nchrca ycab pclhab ugug `hbuacdca c`clcm lcrutca Vhabkr lcdtct. Gksdhpua sk`hdht mhpjtjahd, gkayk`hcdca skdhtcr 399 gL erkk wctkr pkr lhtkr `ca nka`kruab uatud gkauruadca actrhug skrug 3>9 gKq / L, Vhabkr lcdtct ugugayc gkghlhdh kekd ycab pclhab sk`hdht pc`c djgpjshsh nchrca kdstrcsklulkr `cagkrupcdca gkaoc`h nchrca ycab pclhab ehshjljbhs dkthdc vjlugk fkscr `hpkrludca. Dkmhlcabca `crcm `urcatk jpkrcsh fhcscayc `hbcathdca `kabca nchrca VL skfcaycd > mhabbc kgpct dclh ouglcm vjlugk `crcm ycab mhlcab. Phthd trcaseush `cpct `htkatudca scct prkjpkrcsh `crh mkgctjdrht `ca ksthgctk` fljj` vjlugk   (KFU). Ycshka `kabca mkgctjdrht ajrgcl fhcscayc `htrcaseush mcayc cpcfhlc vjlugk dkmhlcabca lkfhm `crh 39-69% `crh vjlugk `crcm. Rcdtu ycab tkpct uatud trcaseush `htkatudca jlkm dja`hsh pcshka `ca prjsk`ur jpkrcsh ycab `hlcdudca. Ouglcm dkmhlcabca `crcm ycab `hfutumdca uatud gkauruadca mkgctjdrht dk >9% `hmhtuab skpkrth fkrhdut? 3.   Ksthgctk Fljj` Ujlugk Yc`c jrcab `kwcsc, KFU `cpct `hmhtuab rctc-rctc 29 nn/dbFF. Pktcph c`c sugfkr ycab gkaykfutdca fcmwc KFU prhc `hmhtuab `kabca 2; nn/dbFF `ca wcahtc 5; nn/dbFF. 6.   Ksthgctk tmk rk` fljj` nkll vjlugk (VFNU) vjlugk (VFNU) pc`c VFNU prk jpkrcsh >.  Ykrdhrcca VFNU pc`c mkctjdrht >9% (VFNU>9%), gkauaouddca vjlugk `crcm ajrgcl tklcm `hncpch. 0.  Gkabmhtuab dkmhlcabca skl `crcm gkrcm ohdc mkgctjdrht ≠ >9% `kabca ncrc VFNUljst 7 VFNUprkjp „  VFNUprkjp  „  VFNU>9%.  VFNU>9%. ;.  Dkmhlcabca `crcm ycab tkroc`h 7 VFNUljst x >.

Cakstksh [gug (B kakr akr cl C akstmk akstmksh shc c) 

Cakstksh bkakrcl ctcu fhcsc `hskfut `kabca cakstksh ugug c`clcm tkdahd cakstksh ycab `hbuacdca uatud gkabmhlcabdca rcsc scdht sklurum tufum skncrc skatrcl `ca `hskrtch mhlcabayc dksc`crca ycab fkrshect rkvkrshfkl (`cpct dkgfclh sc`cr ohdc kekd cakstksh `hmhlcabdca). Djgpjaka cakstkshc ycab h`kcl tkr`hrh caclbkshc, sk`csh, rklcdscsh.3 

60

 

Pkdahd pkgfkrhca cakstksh bkakrcl fkrgcncg gcncg, `cpct skncrc pcrkatkrcl, hamclcsh, ctcu `cpct pulc pkr-rkntcl. Jfct cakstksh bkakrcl ycab `hfkrhdca skncrc pcrkatkrcl `cpct  fkrupc haokdsh hatrcvkac (jfct ycab skrhab `hbuacdca catcrc lcha pkatmjtcl, dktcgha, prjpjejl, ktjgh`ctk `ca bjljabca fkazj`hczkpha), haokdsh hatrcgusdulcr (jfct ycab skrhab `hbuacdca c`clcm dktcgha), `ca pkr-rkntcl (jfct ycab skrhab `hbuacdca c`clcm ktjgh`ctk uatud ha`udsh cakstksh pc`c pcshka cacd cacd). Ykgfkrhca jfct cakstksh bkakrcl `cpct ycab gcac scoc tkrbcatuab dja`hsh, ha`hdcsh `ca djatrcha`hdcsh pcshka ycab cdca `hlcdudca cakstksh. @hdctcdca cakstksh bkakrcl ctcu cakstksh ugug dcrkac skguc jfct cakstksh ycab `hlcdudca skncrc bkakrcl cakstksh cdca gkgcsudh pkrk`crca `crcm (fchd `hfkrhdca skncrc  pcrkatkrcl, hamclcsh ctcupua pkrkntcl) `ca cdca `h`hstrhfushdca dk sklurum tufum, skmhabbc kekd cakstksh (sk`csh, caclbksh `ca ctcu rklcdscsh) cdca gkabkach sklurum fcbhca tufum, gulch `crh skatrcl gcupua pkrhekr.

^hect-^hect Cakstksh Cakstksh [gug ycab H`kcl

^hect cakstksh ugug ycab h`kcl c`clcm? (3) fkdkroc nkpct, ha`udsh `ca pkghlhmca fchd (6) nkpct gkancpch cakstksh ycab `clcg (>) fctcs dkcgcaca lkfcr (0) th`cd fkrshect tjdshd [atud cakstksh ycab `clcg `hpkrludca jfct ycab skncrc lcabsuab gkancpch dc`cr ycab thabbh `h ^^Y (jfct hatrcvkac) ctcu tkdcaca pcrshcl ycab thabbh `h ^^Y (jfct hamclcsh). Dknkpctca ha`udsh `ca pkgulhmca fkrbcatuab pc`c dc`cr `ca nkpctayc pkrufcmca dc`cr jfct cacstksh `clcg ^^Y.; 

Okahs-okahs cakstksh ugug3 

3. Cakstksh hamclcsh Cakstksh hamclcsh fkdkroc skncrc spjatca gkakdca `ca gkgfcabdhtdca cdthvhtcs akurja fkrfcbch crkc `h `clcg jtcd. [atud gka`cpctdca rkcdsh ycab sknkpct-nkpctayc, jfct hah pc`c pkrgulcca mcrus `hfkrhdca `clcg `jshs thabbh, ycab dkgu`hca `hturuadca scgpch mcayc skdc`cr gkgklhmcrc dkskhgfcabca catcrc pkgfkrhca `ca pkabklucrca. Dkuatuabca cakstksh hamclcsh `hfca`habdca `kabca cakstksh hatrcvkac c`clcm dkguabdhaca uatud `cpct lkfhm nkpct gkabufcm dk`clcgca cakstksh `kabca gkaburcabh djaskatrcsh `crh bcs / ucp ycab `hhamclcsh. Njatjm jfct-jfct cakstksh hamclcsh Mcljtmcak, Kaelurcak, Hsjelurcak, ^kvjelurcak, @kselurcak, `ca gktmjxyelurcak gkrupcdca nchrca ycab gu`cm gkabucp. 6;

 

C. Hsjelurcak

Fcu th`cd kacd. Pkrgcsud cakstksh hamclcsh duct `kabca shect caclbkthd `ca rklcdscsh jtjt  fchd. @cyc dkroc `ca pkakdcacaayc tkrmc`cp ^^Y 7 Kaelurcak. Kekd scgphab? mhpjtkash, crhtghc, gkabbhbhl, djastrhdsh frjadmh, gkahabdctayc ouglcm lkudjsht. Ycsnc fk`cm `cpct thgful gucl, guatcm, `ca dkc`cca tkbcab. ^k`hcca ? Hsjelurcak >->,;% `lg J64 + AJ6-J6 7 ha`udsh4 gchatkacank ? 3%-6,;%. GCN ? 3,6.  Yc`c systkg dcr`hjvcsdulkr, Hsjelurcak gkahgfuldca

`kprksh

rhabca

pc`c

ocatuab,

nurcm

ocatuab

`hpkrtcmcadca

`kabca

gkahabdctayc erkdukash ocatuab. Hsjelurcak `cpct gkahabdctdca clhrca `crcm pc`c jtjt rcabdc, gkauruadca tcmcaca vcsdulkr shstkghd, `ca gkauruaayc tkdcaca `crcm. Hsjelurcak `cpct gkaykfcfdca hsdkghd ghjncr` dcrkac `hlctcsh crtkrh njrjakr ajrgcl ycab gkaykfcfdca clhrca `crcm gkabclhr dk c. njrjacrhc `ca gkaocum `crh c. njrjacrhc ycab gkabclcgh stkajshs. Yc`c bhaocl Hsjelurcak `cpct gkauruadca BEV `ca prj`udsh urha.  F. ^kvjelurcak

Gkrupcdca mcljbkacsh ktkr, nchrca okrahm, th`cd fkrwcrac, fkrfcu kacd, `ca th`cd hrhtcthe. . Ha`udsh `ca pulhm `crh cakstksh lkfhm nkpct `hfca`habdca `kabca Hsjelurcak. Fcuayc th`cd gkaykabct `ca th`cd gkrcabscab oclca acpcs. Yc`c dcr`hjvcsdulkr gkahgfuldca `kprksh rhabca djatrcdsh ghjdcr`hug, pkauruaca tkdcaca vcsdulkr shstkgh.. shs tkgh.. ^kvjelurcak `cpct gkgpkrpcaocab hatkrvcl SP. Kekd tkrmc`cp shstkg scrce pusct skpkrth Hsjelurcak `ca fklug c`c lcpjrca tjdshd tkrmc`cp mkpcr. ^ktklcm pkgfkrhca `hmkathdca ^kvjelurcak nkpct `hdklucrdca jlkm fc`ca. GCN ? 6,9

Cakstksh hatrcvkac

Jfct-jfct hatrcvkac skpkrth tmhjpkatcl, ktjgh`ctk, `ca prjpjejl gkgpuaych gulc dkroc cakstkths ycab lkfhm nkpct `hfca`habdca tkrmc`cp skaycwc bcs hamclcsh ycab tkrfcru, ghsclayc @kselurcak `ca ^kvjelurcak. ^kaycwc hatrcvkac hah ugugayc `hbuacdca uatud ha`udsh cakstksh. Dknkpctca pkgulhmca pc`c skfcbhca fkscr skaycwc hatrcvkac oubc scabct nkpct. Fkfkrcpc jfct `hbuacdca skncrc hatrcvkac (fchd tuabbcl ctcu `hdjgfhacshdca `kabca jfct lcha) uatud gkahgfuldca cakstksh, ctcu skfcbch djgpjaka cakstksh fkrhgfcab (fclcank` cakstmkshc), ctcu uatud gkakacabdca pcshka `h uaht rcwct `crurct ycab gkgkrludca fcatuca acpcs fuctca uatud ocabdc pcaocab. Pkrgcsud bjljabca hah c`clcm? fcrfhturctk (tmhjpkatcl, gktmjtmkxhtcl)4

fkazj`hczkphak

(gh`czjlcg)4

jphjh`

caclbkthd

(gjrpmhak,

ekatcayl,

suekatcahl, clekatcahl, rkghekatcahl)4 prjpjejl4 dktcgha, suctu skaycwc crylnyljmkxylcghak ycab `cpct gkaykfcfdca dkc`cca cakstksh . C. Ekatcahl `ca `rjpkrh`jl

65

 

Caclbkthd `ca cakstksh akurjlkpthd. Cgca `hfkrhdca pc`c pcshka ycab gkabclcgh mhpkrphrkdshc jlkm dcrkac cakstksh ugug lcha. Ekatcahl? gcsc dkroc pka`kd, gulc dkoc nkpct. @rjpkrh`jl? gcsc dkroc lcgc & gulc dkroc lcgfct. @jshs ekatcahl? ;9399gnb/dbFF hv. @jshs `rjpkrh`jl? 3,6; gb hv/hg

F. Yrjpjejl

Yrjpjejl `hdkgcs `clcg nchrca kgulsh lkgcd fkrwcrac puthm susu fkrshect hsjtjahd `kabca dkpkdctca 3% (3 gl739 gb). ^uathdca hatrcvkac skrhab gkaykfcfdca aykrh, skmhabbc fkfkrcpc `kthd skfklugayc `cpct `hfkrhdca lh`jdcha 3-6 gb/db hatrcvkac.. @jshs  fjlus uatud ha`udsh 6-6.; gb/db, `jshs rugctca uatud cakstksh hatrcvkac tjtcl 0- 36 gb/db/ocg `ca `jshs sk`csh s k`csh uatud pkrcwctca hatkashe 9.6 gb/db. . Ykabkankrca prjpjejl pr jpjejl mcayc fjlkm `kabca `kdstrjsc ;%. Yc`c gcaulc `jshs mcrus `hdurcabh, pc`c cacd tcmua `ca pc`c wcahtc mcghl th`cd `hcaourdca.

N. Dktjrjlcn

Pkrsk`hc `clcg fkatud tcflkt `ca haokdsh. Pkrcph Dktjrjlcn trjgktmcghak  fchd skncrc haokdsh ctcupua tcflkt mcayc `hfkrhdca sklcgc ; mcrh uatud gkankbcm ulnkrcsh  pkpthn `ca aykrh cf`jgka. Kekd caclbkthd sklcgc 0-5 ocg sktklcm haokdsh.

Bjljabca Mhpajthd ^k`cthe  

3.  @hczkpcg Gkrupcdca jfct bjljabca sk`cthe ycab fcaycd `hbuacdca skfcbch prkgk`hdcsh uatud cacd, dcrkac fkrdmcshct gkakacabdca pc`c skdhtcr =9% dcsus tcapc gka`kprksh acecs `ca sk`hdht skdclh gkahgfuldca guatcm. 6.  Gh`czjlcg Pkrgcsud bjljabca fkazj`hczkpha ycab gu`cm lcrut `clcg chr `kabca wcdtu dkroc scabct nkpct `ca lcgc dkroc ycab th`cd tkrlclu lcgc @cpct `hfkrhdca skncrc pcrkatkrcl `ca jrcl. @jshs ? HG ? 9,9; gb pkr db FF Ykr jrcl ? 2,;  „  3;   3; gb, Ykr rkntcl ? 9,>;  „   9.0; gb pkr db FF. >.  Yrjgktmczhak (Ymkakrbca) Pkrgcsud bjljabca cathmhstcgha ycab gkgpuaych kekd sk`csh nudup fchd, `cpct `hfkrhdca skncrc pkrjrcl `kabca `jshs 3gb pkr db FF. @jshs gcdshgcl >9 gb. 62

 

0.  Prhgkprczhak (Uclkrbca) Pklcm `hbuacdca uatud prkgk`dcsh pc`c cacd skocd tcmua 38;8, `clcg fkatud lcrutca `kabca `jshs 6  „  0   0 gb pkr db FF pkr jrcl 6 ocg skfklug ha`udsh. @kabca `jshs hah nudup kekdthe uatud cacd ushc 6  „   39 tcmua. Dkrubhca `crh jfct hah gkahgfuldca tcdhdcr`hc pjst jpkrcthe, tktcph dkuatuabcaayc sklcha gkahgfuldca sk`csh , oubc  fkrshect cath kgkthd. ;.  Fcrfhturct Pkr`cpct `uc sk`hcca ycab skrhab `hbuacdca uatud prkgk`hdcsh ychtu Ykatjfcrfhtjak (Akgfutcl) `ca Suhacl Fcrfhtjak (^knjacl) `hfkrhdca skncrc jrcl 3 · ocg prc fk`cm `kabca `jshs 6 „  6  „  ;  ; gb pkr db FF. Jfct hah th`cd pkracm `hfkrhdca pc`c fcyh `hfcwcm ushc 5 fulca dcrkac gktcfjlhsgkayc lcgc `ca oubc th`cd `hcaourdca uatud `hfkrhdca skncrc hatrcgusdulcr dcrkac cdca gkahgfuldca rcsc scdht , akdrjshs `ca cfsks.

Hatufcsh Acsjtrcdkcl Acsjtrcdkcl 

Hatufcsh c`clcm gkgcsudca phpc dk `clcg rjabbc tufum gklcluh gulut ctcu mh`uab. Hatufcsh tkrfcbh gkaoc`h 6 ychtu hatufcsh jrjtrcdkcl (ka`jtrcdkcl) `ca hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl. Hatufcsh ka`jtrcdkcl c`clcm tha`cdca gkgcsuddca phpc trcdkc dk `clcg trcdkc gklcluh rhgc bljtth`hs `kabca gkabkgfcabdca nuee, skmhabbc uouab `hstclayc fkrc`c dhrc-dhrc `hpkrtkabcmca trcdkc catcrc phtc sucrc `ca fheurdcshj trcdkc. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl ychtu tha`cdca gkgcsudca phpc acscl gklcluh acscl `ca acsjpmcrhab dk `clcg jrjpmcrhab skfklug lcryabjsdjph. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl `cpct `hlcdudca pc`c pcshka-pcshka ycab cdca gkaoclcah jpkrcsh gcupua tha`cdca hatrcjrcl. @hfca`habdca `kabca phpc jrjtrcdkcl, `hcgktkr gcdshgcl `crh  phpc ycab `hbuacdca `h buacdca pc`c hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl fhcscayc lkfhm dknhl jlkm dcrkacayc tcmcaca  oclca acpcs gkaoc`h nka`kruab gkahabdct. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl pc`c scct hah su`cm ocrcab `hlcdudca uatud hatufcsh ocabdc pcaocab dcrkac pkahabdctca tcmcaca oclca acpcs skrtc rhshdj tkroc`hayc shaushths. Pkdahd hah fkrgcaecct cpcfhlc urbkash pkabkljlcca chrwcy th`cd gkguabdhadca ejtj skrvhdcl. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl skncrc gkgfutc (flha` acsjtrcdkcl hatufcthja) gkgkrludca pka`krhtc ycab gcshm fkracecs spjatca. Yrjsk`ur hah gkrupcdca djatrcha`hdcsh uatud pka`krhtc ycab cpakc. Gcdha `clcg  pka`krhtc fkracecs, gcdha gu`cm gkabhduth clhrca u`crc scgpch dk `clcg lcrhab. Djatrcha`hdcsh lcha `crh pkgcscabca phpc acsjtrcdkcl catcrc lcha ercdtur fcshs nrcahh, dmususayc pc`c tulcab ktmgjh`, kphstcdshs, pjlhp acscl, djcbuljpcth, `ca trjgfjlhshs.=  6=

 

Ha`hdcsh `ca djatrcha`hdcsh hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl acsjtrcdkcl

Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl `cpct `hlcdudca pc`c pcshka-pcshka ycab cdca gkaoclcah jpkrcsh gcupua tha`cdca hatrcjrcl. @hfca`habdca `kabca phpc jrjtrcdkcl, `hcgktkr gcdshgcl `crh  phpc ycab `hbuacdca `h buacdca pc`c hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl fhcscayc lkfhm dknhl jlkm dcrkacayc tcmcaca  oclca acpcs gkaoc`h nka`kruab gkahabdct. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl pc`c scct hah su`cm ocrcab `hlcdudca uatud hatufcsh ocabdc pcaocab dcrkac pkahabdctca tcmcaca oclca acpcs skrtc rhshdj tkroc`hayc shaushths. Pkdahd hah fkrgcaecct cpcfhlc urbkash pkabkljlcca chrwcy th`cd gkguabdhadca ejtj skrvhdcl. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl skncrc gkgfutc (flha` acsjtrcdkcl hatufcthja) gkgkrludca pka`krhtc ycab gcshm fkracecs spjatca. Yrjsk`ur hah gkrupcdca djatrcha`hdcsh uatud pka`krhtc ycab cpakc. Gcdha `clcg pka`krhtc fkracecs, gcdha gu`cm gkabhduth clhrca u`crc scgpch dk `clcg lcrhab. Djatrcha`hdcsh lcha `crh pkgcscabca phpc acsjtrcdkcl catcrc lcha ercdtur fcshs nrcahh, dmususayc pc`c tulcab ktmgjh`, kphstcdshs, pjlhp acscl, djcbuljpcth, `ca trjgfjlhshs. 

Yjshsh Ycshka uatud Pha`cdca Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkc acsjtrcdkc

Bcgfcrca dlcshd ycab fkacr c`clcm lkmkr `clcg dkc`cca elkdsh rhabca, sk`cabdca dkpclc `clcg dkc`cca kdstkash. Hah `hskfut skfcbch ^aheehab ha tmk chr   pjshthja  pjshthja.. Dksclcmca ycab ugug c`clcm gkabkdstkashdca dkpclc `ca lkmkr.33,36 

Bcgfcr 3. Yjshsh Hatufcsh

Ykrshcpca hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl acsjtrcdkcl

68

 

^kfklug `hlcdudca hatufcsh, tkrlkfhm `cmulu `hlcdudca jdshbkacsh `kabca gkabbuacdca jrjtrcnmkcl tufk ctcu acsjtrcnmkcl tufk `ca fcb vclvk durcab lkfhm sklcgc >9 `kthd. [atud gklcdudca hatufcsh, pkrlu gkabktcmuh tkdahd-tkdahd dmusus. Fkrmcshlayc hatufcsh scabct tkrbcatuab `crh pjshsh pcshka, dkpclc pcshka mcrus sktkatcab `kabca  phabbcab cakstkshjljbhs ctcu lkfhm thabbh uatud gkankbcm dktkbcabca phabbcab sklcgc lcrhabjsdjph. Ykrshcpca uatud ha`udsh `ca hatufcsh oubc gklhfctdca prkjdshbkacsh rutha. Yrkjdshbkacsh `kabca acecs ycab `clcg `kabca jdshbka 399%.33,3>  Ykrshcpca uatud hatufcsh catcrc lcha ? c. 

Oclur hatrcvkac ycab c`kduct

 f. 

Jfct’jfctca ycab tkpct uatud ha`udsh `ca rklcdscsh jtjt

n. 

Ycsthdca clct sunthja clct sunthja tkrsk`hc `ca fkreuabsh

`. 

Ykrclctca ycab tkpct uatud lcrhabjsdjph tkrgcsud lcryabjsdjp `kabca flc`k ycab tkpct, KPP `kabca udurca ycab `hhabhadca, oklly `hhabhadca, oklly,, `ca stylkt  `ca stylkt  

k. 

Ycsthdca lcgpu lcrhabjsdjp mh`up `ca fkreuabsh skrtc nuee KPP fkreuabsh

e. 

^ugfkr jdshbka, suabdup `kabca udurca ycab tkpct, cgfu fcb `ca shrduht cakstksh ycab fkreuabsh

b. 

Gjahtjr pcshka tkrgcsud klkdtrjdcr`hjbrceh, pulsk klkdtrjdcr`hjbrceh, pulsk jdshgktkr `ca tkdcaca `crcm ajahavcshvk   ajahavcshvk

m. 

Pkgpctdca

pcshka

pc`c

pjshsh

^aheehab

Yjshthja

sklcgc

th`cd

c`c

djatrcha`hdcsh h. 

Clct’clct uatud vkathlcsh

 o. 

^tktjsdjp

Ncrc Hatufcsh Acsjtrcdkcl Acsjtrcdkcl 33 

Hatufcsh acscl ghrhp `kabca hatufcsh jrcl dknuclh fcmwc APP gcsud lkwct mh`uab `ca acsjecrhab gkauou jrjecrhab skfklug `hlcdudca lcrhabjsdjph. Lufcab mh`uab ycab `hphlhm `ca `hbuacdca c`clcm lufcab mh`uab ycab pcshka fkracecs lkfhm bcgpcab. Pktks mh`uab pmkaylkpmrhak (9,;  „   9,6;%) gkaykfcfdca pkgfulum vcsjdjastrhdsh `ca gkayusutdca gkgfrca gudjsc. Ohdc pcshka sc`cr, ljdcl cakstksh skncrc tktks `ca fljd scrce `cpct `hbuacdca. Hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl fhcscayc `hlcdudca sktklcm pkgfkrhca cacstksh hatrcvkac `ca pcshka tklcm `hlugpumdca.  APP ycab tklcm `hlufrhdcsh `kabca oklly ycab lcrut `clcg chr, `hgcsuddca dk `cscr mh`uab, `hfcwcm turfha haekrhjr. Fkvkl APP fkrc`c `hshsh lctkrcl ocum `crh turfha. [atud gkgcsthdca phpc lkwct `h `cscr rjabbc mh`uab, uouab prjdshgcl `crh APP mcrus >9

 

`htcrhd dk crcm dkpclc. Yhpc skncrc fkrcabsur-cabsur `hgcsudca mhabbc uouabayc tkrlhmct `h jrjecrhab. [gugayc uouab `hstcl `crh APP `cpct `hgcsudca pc`c trcnmkc tcapc dksulhtca. Ohdc `htkgudca dksulhtca `cpct `hbucadca ejrnkp Gcbhl. Ykabbuaccaayc mcrus `hlcdudca `kabca mcth-mcth cbcr th`cd gkruscddca fclja. Gkgcsuddca APP gklclcuh mh`uab fkrfcmcyc pc`c pcshka `kabca trcugc wcocm ycab fkrct `hskfcfdca c`cayc rkshdj gcsud dk hatrcdrcahcl.

Bcgfcr 6. Gkgcsuddca flc`k flc`k lcrhabjsdjp  lcrhabjsdjp

Ykabbuacca lcrhabjsdjp uatud gkgpkrgu`cm ua`kr vhshja hatufcsh acsjtrcdkcl `ca lcrhabjsdjp mcrus `hpjshshdca scct fcbhca uouab tufk tklcm gkancpch jrjecrhab. Dkpclc ycab `h kdstkashdca guabdha fhsc `hbuacdca uatud gkgfuct fcbhca uouab `crh trcdkcl tufk lkfhm dk crcm catkrhjr. Dkgcouca ycab lkfhm ocum `crh trcdkcl tufk guabdha fhsc `hpkrgu`cm `kabca gkgelkxhdca pjshsh dkpclc `ca lkmkr, l kmkr, ycab gklurusdca cxhs `crh uouab tufk tkrmc`cp trcdkc. Pkdahd cltkracthe ycab fhsc `hbuacdca c`clcm `kabca gkgcdch Gcrbhll ejrnkps uatud gkgkbcab trcdkcl tufk `ca gkauatuaayc gkauou trcdkc, dkgu`hc cshstka gka`jrjab tufk.  tufk. 

 Yklktcddca Acsjtrcnmkcl  Acsjtrcnmkcl tufk  Bcgfcr >. Yklktcddca >3

 

@c`c `hpcsthdca gkabkgfuab scct `hfkrhdca vkathlcsh. ^kwcdtu vkathlcsh, `hlcdudca cusdultcsh `c`c `kabca stktjsdjp, `hmcrcpdca sucrc acecs dcaca `ca dhrh scgc. Fhlc `c`c `htkdca tkrcsc c`c clhrca u`crc `h phpc ka`jtrcdkcl. Fhlc tkroc`h hatufcsh ka`jtrcdkcl ycab tkrlclu `clcg cdca tkr`cpct tca`c-tca`c fkrupc fk rupc sucrc acecs dcaca fkrfk`c `kabca dhrh, dc`cab thgful wmkkzhab, skdrkt lkfhm fcaycd `ca tcmcaca oclca acecs tkrcsc lkfhm fkrct. Ohdc c`c vkathlcsh dk sctu shsh skpkrth hah, phpc `htcrhd sk`hdht scgpch vkathlcsh dk`uc pcru scgc. ^k`cabdca fhlc tkroc`h hatufcsh dk `ckrcm ksjpmcbus gcdc `ckrcm kphbcstrhug ctcu bcstkr cdca gkabkgfcab, tkr`kabcr sucrc scct vkathlcsh (`kabca stktjsdjp), dc`cab-dc`cab dklucr nchrca lcgfuab `ca gcdha lcgc pcshka cdca acgpcd skgcdha gkgfhru. [atud mcl tkrskfut  phpc `hncfut `ca hatufcsh `hlcdudca dkgfclh dkgfclh sktklcm `hfkrhdca jdshbkacsh ycab nudup.

FCF U DK^HGY[LCA

0.3 Dkshgpulca

0.6 ^crca  

Mcshl ycab gcdshgcl `crh cacstksh `cpct `hncpch `kabca gklcdudca pkahlchca ctcu duaouabca prkcacstkshc cbcr `cpct gkakatudca tha`cdca ycab cdca `hlcdudca, skrtc okahs jfct ycab cdca `hfkrhdca, sklcha htu oubc `cpct gkakdca thgfulayc djgplhdcsh cacstksh fchd hatrc jpkrcthe ctcupua pcsnc jpkrcthe.

>6

 

 

Ykrshcpca `ca pkahlchca prc cacstkshc ycab fchd `cpct gkaburcabh cabdc dkscdhtca hatrc-jpkrcsh `ca pcsnc jpkrcsh, gkaburcabh fhcyc jpkrcsh, `ca gkahabdctdca duclhtcs mh`up pcshka pcsnc jpkrcthe.

>>

 

  @CEPCV Y[^PCDC

3.  ^ocgsumh`coct,V & `k Ojab R. Fudu Cocr Hlgu Fk`cm. K` >. Ocdcrtc? KBN4 6939. 6.  Lcthke ^C, ^uryc`h DC, @cnmlca GV. 6998. Yktuaoud Yrcdths Cakstkshjljbh K`hsh Dk`uc. Ykakrfht Fcbhca Cakstkshjljbh `ca Pkrcph Hatkashe ED[H? Ocdcrtc. >.  Mjj`c ^. Cakstmkthn Njash`krcthjas Ha Yck`hctrhn Ycthkats Pkkac Fcascl. OG^C. 693>465(6). 0.  @cvk AG. Yrkgk`hncthja ca` Ha`unthja je Cackstmkshc ha pck`hctrhn pcthkats. Ha`hca O Cackstm 693845>?23>-69 ;.  Mcr`gca OB, Lhgfhr` LK. Bjj`gca & Bhlgca @cscr Ecrgcdjljbh Pkrcph. K` 39. Ocdcrtc? KBN46936. 5.  Nmhl`rka‘s Mkcltm Sukkaslca`  Sukkaslca`  ca` Mkcltm ^krvhnk. Yck`hctrhn surbhncl cathfhjthn prjpmylcxhs buh`klhaks. 6938 2.  Nmh`cgfcrca U, Njstca`h C, @‘Gkllj C. Yrjpjejl? C Vkvhkw Je Hts Vjlk Ha Yk`hctrhn Cakstmkshc Ca` ^k`cthja. NA^ @rubs. 693; Ouly 4 68(2)? ;0> „  ;0> „ ;5>. ;5>. `jh?39.3992/s0965>-93;-96;8-5. =.  Gcabdu B, B`k P, Cbuab ^. Fudu Cocr Hlgu Cacstksh `ca Vkcahgcsh. Ocdcrtc46939. 8.  Mcrlkss O, O,   Vcgchcm V, Fmcacadkr ^G. Yk`hctrhn Chrwcy Gcacbkgkat. Hat O Nrht Hlla Hao ^nh. 6930 ^nh. 6930 Oca-Gcr4 0(3)? 5; „ 2 29 9 39. Cmgc` V. Yrhashp @cscr Yk`hctrhd. 6935. Gcdcsscr? Mcscau``ha [ahvkrshty Yrkss46935. 33. Gjrbca BK kt cl. 693>. Nlhahncl Cakstmkshjljby. ;tm k`hthja. Akw Xjrd? Lcabk Gk`hncl Fjjd. C^C. 693>. 36. Ycstkracd LV, Crkas OE, Ncplca VC, Njaahs VP, Elkhsmkr LC, Eljwkr`kw V, kt cl. Yrcnthnk c`vhsjry ejr prkcakstmkthn kvclucthja. C rkpjrt fy tmk Cgkrhnca ^jnhkty je Cakstmkshjljbhsts Pcsd Ejrnk ja Yrkcakstmkshc Kvclucthja 699>. 3>. Fhllou`hdc VV, ^unca`rc GCD. Pctclcdscac Cakstkshc @ca Vkcahgcsh Yc`c Ycshka Yk`hctrhd. 6935.