Laporan Fenomena Dasar - Putaran Kritis.doc
June 10, 2019 | Author: Renhard Gultom | Category: N/A
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Putaran Kritis...
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LAPORAN AKHIR PRAKTIKUM FENOMENA DASAR MESIN
PUTARAN KRITIS
Oleh:
NAMA NIM KELOMPOK
: RENHARD NIPTRO G : 1007113735 : 20
LABORATORIUM KONSTRUKSI DAN PERANCANGAN JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN
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FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIERSITAS RIAU OKTOBER! 2013
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KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karen karenaa atas atas berk berkat at dan dan rahm rahmat at-Ny -Nyaa penu penuli liss dapa dapatt meny menyel elesa esaik ikan an lapo laporan ran praktikum Fenomena asar dengan judul !P"T#$#N %$&T&'( in idengan tepat pada )aktunya* Tak lupa pula shala)at serta salam mahabbah kita hadiahkan kepada kepada junjungan junjungan kita kepada kepada Nabi Muhammad '#+, sebagai pemba)a risalah #llah terakhir dan penyempurna seluruh risalah-Nya* Penulis untuk menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang s etinggitingginya kepada semua pihak yang telah berjasa memberikan motiasi dalam rangka menyelesaikan laporan ini* "ntuk itu penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada .* /apa /apak k Mu0ti Mu0til, l, 'T*, 'T*,MT MT,, dan dan /apa /apak k Na1ar Na1arud uddi din, n, 'T*, 'T*,MT MT selak selaku u dosen dosen pembimbing mata kuliah Fenomena asar Mesin bidang konstruksi* 2* #sisten #sisten osen osen yang telah telah banyak banyak member memberika ikan n masukan masukan dan bimbin bimbingan gan selama praktikum hingga dalam penyelesaian laporan ini* * 3uga 3uga kepada kepada temanteman-tem teman an satu kelompok kelompok yang yang saling member member dukung dukungan an dan motiasi* Penuli Penuliss menyad menyadari ari bah)a bah)a masih masih banyak banyak terdapa terdapatt kekura kekuranga ngan n dalam dalam penulisan laporan ini, untuk itu saran dan kritik yang si0atnya membangun sangat penulis harapkan* #khir kata penulis ucapkan terimakasih*
Pekanbaru, 4ktober 25.
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DAFTAR ISI %#T# PEN6#NT#$****************************** PEN6#NT#$***************************************************** ************************************************************** *************************************** **i #FT#$ &'&********************************************* &'&******************************************************************** ********************************************** ****************************************ii *****************ii #FT#$ 6#M/#$************************************* 6#M/#$************************************************************ *********************************************************iii **********************************iii #FT#$ T#/E7************************************* T#/E7************************************************************ ********************************************** ***************************************iii ****************iii /#/ &****************************************** &***************************************************************** ********************************************** *************************************************** **************************** ***. PEN#8"7"#N**************************** PEN#8"7"#N*************************************************** ********************************************** ********************************************** **************************. ***. .*.7#T#$ /E7#%#N6**************************************** /E7#%#N6****************************************************************************** ************************************** ******. ****** . .*2T"3"#N*********************************************************************************************************. .*M#NF##T***************************** .*M#NF##T**************************************************** ********************************************** ************************************************* ************************** 2 /#/ &&******************************************* &&****************************************************************** ********************************************** **************************************************** ***************************** T&N3#"#N P"'T#%#********************************** P"'T#%#********************************************************* ********************************************** ********************************** *********** 2*.TE4$& #'#$************************************************** #'#$**************************************************************************************** ************************************** ****** ****** 2*.*. Pengertian Putaran %ritis************************************************************************ 2*.*2 Poros Yang igunakan PadaPutaran %ritis********************************************9 2*.* %ondisi Yang apat iterapkan Pada Percobaan******************** Percobaan*********************************.2 *************.2 2*2#P7&%#'&******************************* 2*2#P7&%#'&****************************************************** ********************************************** ***********************************************.: ************************.: /#/ &&&********************************************* &&&******************************************************************** ********************************************** ***********************************************.; ************************.; MET44746&*****************************************************************************************************.; *. PE$#7#T#N******************************** PE$#7#T#N******************************************************* ********************************************** ************************************* ****************.; **.; *2P$4'E"$ P$#%T&%"M************** P$#%T&%"M************************************* ***********************************************************.< ************************************.< *#'"M'&-#'"M'&***************************************************************************************.< /#/ &=****************************************** &=***************************************************************** ********************************************** ************************************* ************************** ************.> .> #T# #N PEM/#8#'#N**************************************** PEM/#8#'#N******************************************************************* *************************** ***********.> *********** .> :*.#T#********************************* :*.#T#******************************************************** ********************************************** ********************************************** *****************************.> ******.> :*2PE$8&T"N6#N******************************************************************************************25 :*2*.engan . /eban ?a dan b /erbeda@********************************************************25 /erbeda@********************************************************25 :*2*2engan 2 /eban ?a dan b 'ama@*********************************************************** 'ama@************************************************************22 *22 :* PEM/#8#'#N****************************** PEM/#8#'#N***************************************************** ************************************************************ ************************************* 2: /#/ =***************************************** =**************************************************************** ********************************************** ********************************************** *****************************2; ******2; %E'&MP"7#N #N '#$#N**************************************** '#$#N*************************************************************** **************************************2; ***************2; ;*.%E'&MP"7#N ********************************************* ******************************************************************** *********************************************** ************************ 2;
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
6ambar .* 6ra0ik ABY s FreCuency ratio r************************************************************; 6ambar 2* Massa /ergerak di /idang 8ori1ontal***************************************************D 6ambar * Massa /ergetar di 'uatu /idang =ertical**********************************************< 6ambar :* 4lakan Poros**************************************** Poros*************************************************************** ******************************************** ***************************> ******> 6ambar ;* E0ek 6esekan Terhadap %ecepatan %ritis*******************************************.. 6ambar 9* 6ra0ik %ecepatan 4lakanB%ecepatan Poros*****************************************.. 6ambar D* Model Fisik Poros engan /eban itengah****************************************.2 6ambar * 6etaran Pada Poros******************************************************************************. 6ambar .5* 'truktur Yang ikenai . /eban*********************************************************. 6ambar ..* 'truktur Yang ikenai 2 /eban*********************************************************. 6ambar .2* 'truktur Yang ikenai /eban*********************************************************.: 6ambar .* 'eperangkat #lat "ji Putaran %ritis***************************************************.; %ritis***************************************************.; 6ambar .:* /eban*************************************** /eban************************************************************** ********************************************** ************************************.; *************.; 6ambar .;* Tachometer********************* Tachometer******************************************** ********************************************** *********************************************.; **********************.; 6ambar .9* Mistar******************************************************* Mistar***************************************************************************************** ********************************** ********.9 ******** .9 6ambar .D* %unci .:****************************************************** .:*********************************************************************************************.9 ***************************************.9 6ambar .* Palu***************************************** Palu**************************************************************** ********************************************** *************************************.D **************.D 6ambar 25* 'lide $egular*********************************************************** $egular************************************************************************************** *************************** .D 6ambar 2.* #lat "ji Putaran %ritis*************************************************************** %ritis************************************************************************.< *********.<
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1"1 7ATAR BELAKANG
alam konstruksi konstruksi pemesinan banyak banyak sekali ditemukan komponen komponen-komponen yang berputar dan mekanisme yang menyebabkan momen-momen disekitar batang atau poros* Poros dalam hal ini mempunyai peranan penting terutama sebagai media penambah gaya yang menghasilkan usaha ?kerja@* 'uatu 'uatu poros poros yang yang berput berputar ar pada pada kenyat kenyataan aannya nya tidak tidak berada berada pada pada keadaan keadaan yang lurus, melainkan melainkan berputar berputar dengan dengan posisi posisi melengkun melengkung* g* Pada suatu putaran tertentu lengkungan poros tersebut mencapai harga maksimum* Puta Putaran ran yang yang meny menyeb ebab abka kan n leng lengku kung ngan an poro poross menc mencap apai ai harg hargaa maksimum tersebut dinamakan dengan putaran kritis* an keadaan tersebut di atas namakan e0ek Whirling Shaft * Fenomena whirling ini ini terlihat terlihat sebagai poros berputar pada sumbunnya, dan pada saat yang sama poros yang berde0leksi juga berputar relati0 mengelilingi sumbu poros* 8al ini akan selalu terjadi, bahkan pada sistem sudah seimbang* Pada sistem yang seimbang, hal ini dapat di sebabkan oleh de0leksi terjadi sampai keadaan seimbang yang berkaitan dengan kekakuan poros tercapai* Poros yang mele)ati putaran kritis lalu akan mencapai keadaan seimbang*
1"2 TUJUAN TUJUAN
.* "ntu "ntuk k meng menget etah ahui ui kara karakt kter erist istik ik poro poross deng dengan an memb membua uatt gra0i gra0ik k yang yang menyat menyataka akan n hubung hubungan an de0lek de0leksi si yang yang terjad terjadii dengan dengan posisi posisi rotor rotor untuk untuk
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1"3 MANFAA MANFAAT T
.* Prakti Praktikan kan mampu mampu menerap menerapkan kan ilmu ilmu yang didapa didapatt dari praktik praktikum um ini ke dunia kerja nantinya apabila diperlukan* 2* Praktikan Praktikan mampu mampu mengapli mengaplikasikan kasikan putaran putaran kritis dalam dalam kehidupa kehidupan n sehariseharihari* * Prak Prakti tika kan n dapa dapatt meng mengan anal alisa isa 0eno 0enome mena na-0e -0eno nome mena na yang yang terj terjad adii pada pada putaran kritis*
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2"1 TEORI DASAR DASAR 2"1"1 Pe#$e%&'(# P)&(%(# K%'&'*
#pab #pabil ilaa pada pada suat suatu u poro poross yang yang didu diduku kung ng dian dianta tara ra dua dua bant bantal alan an dipasang disk maka poros tersebut akan mengalami de0leksi statis* e0leksi tersebut disebabkan oleh berat disk ?jika masa poros diabaikan@* e0leksi akan bertambah besar akibat gaya sentri0ugal pada saat poros berputar* Putaran kritis poros adalah putaran yang mengakibatkan terjadinya de0leksi maksimum pada poros* 8al ini mengakibatkan poros berputar sambil bergetar dengan amplitude yang besar* 6ejala ini disebut whirling whirling shaft * Terjadinya whirling shaft pada pada permesinan dapat mengakibatkan •
Timbulnya getaran yang berlebihan, getaran ini kemudian diinduksikan ke komponen mesin lainnya dan sekelilingnya*
•
%erusakan mekanik yang disebabkan oleh
•
Tegangan bending yang besar pada poros*
•
6esekan antara poros dan rumah*
•
/eban yang diterima bearing menjadi berlebih*
•
Pada akhirnya semua hal ini diatas akan memperpendek umur ?komponen@ mesin Putaran Putaran kritis kritis dapat dapat juga juga dide0i dide0inis nisika ikan n batas batas antara antara putaran putaran mesin mesin
yang yang memi memili liki ki juml jumlah ah puta putara ran n norm normal al deng dengan an puta putara ran n mesi mesin n yang yang menimbulkan getaran yang tinggi* 8al ini dapat terjadi pada turbin, motor
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yang tinggi disebut putaran kritis* 8al ini dapat terjadi pada turbin, motor bakar, motor listrik, dll* 'ela 'elain in itu, itu, timb timbul ulny nyaa getar getaran an yang yang ting tinggi gi dapa dapatt meng mengak akib ibat atka kan n kerusakan pada poros dan bagian-bagian lainnya* 3adi dalam perancangan poros perlu mempertimbangkan putaran kerja dari poros tersebut agar lebih renda rendah h dari dari putar putaran an krit kritis isny nya* a* 'uatu 'uatu 0eno 0enome mena na yang yang terja terjadi di deng dengan an berputarnya poros pada kecepatankecepatan tertentu adalah getaran yang sangat besar, meskipun poros dapat berputar dengan sangat mulus pada kecepatan-kecepatan lainnya* Pada Pada kecepa kecepatan tan-ke -kecep cepatan atan semacam semacam ini dimana dimana getaran getaran menjad menjadii sangat besar, dapat terjadi kegagalan diporos atau bantalan-bantalan* #tau getaran dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan karena tidak bekerjanya komponenkomponen sesuai dengan 0ungsinya, seperti yang terdapat pada sebuah turbin uap dimana dimana ruang bebas antara rotor dan rumah sangat kecil* 6etaran 6etaran semacam ini dapat mengakibatkan apa yang disebut dengan olakan poros atau mungki mungkin n mengak mengakiba ibatka tkan n suatu suatu osilasi osilasi puntir puntir pada pada suatu suatu poros, poros, atau atau kombinasi keduanya* Mungkin kedua peristi)a tersebut berbeda, namun akan dapat ditunjukk ditunjukkan an bah)a masing-masin masing-masing g dapat ditangani ditangani dengan dengan cara serupa dengan dengan memperhatik memperhatikan an 0rekuensi-0rek 0rekuensi-0rekuensi uensi pribadi pribadi dari osilasi* osilasi* %arena poros-poros
pada
dasarnya
elastic,
dan
menunjukkan
karakteristik-
karakt karakteri eristik stik pegas, pegas, maka maka untuk untuk mengil mengilust ustrasi rasikan kan pendek pendekatan atan dan untuk untuk menjelaskan konsep-konsep dari suku-suku dasar yang dipakai dan digunakan analisa sebuah sistem massa dan pegas yang sederhana*
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%eti %etika ka suatu suatu siste sistem m dina dinami mik k berg bergeta etar, r, terja terjadi di perp perpin inda daha han n ener energi gi dari dari potensial ke kinetik ke potensial dan seterusnya, berulang-ulang dalam system system tersebu tersebut* t* Poros Poros sebagai sebagai elemen elemen mesin mesin yang yang sangat sangat pentin penting, g, juga juga bergerakBberputar
pada
kecepatan
tertentu
dan
mengalami
lenturan
?deflection@ deflection@ akib akibat at mome momen n punti untirr ?torsion@ torsion@ dan dan atau atau mome momen n beng bengko kok k ?bending @* @* /ila /ila suatu suatu poros poros atau elemen elemen mesin mesin yang yang lain lain diberi diberi beban beban yang yang berubah terhadap )aktu atau beban bolak-balik, poros tersebut akan bergetar* bergetar * #pabila poros menerima beban acak ??transient @, seperti ketukan palu, poros transient @, akan bergetar pada 0rekuensi pribadinya* ontoh yang sama juga dapat dilihat pada bunyi bel, dimana bunyi dihasilkan dari gangguan pada 0rekuensi pribadi bel* 8al-hal ini dinamakan dengan getaran bebas* 3ika poros menerim menerimaa beban beban yang yang beruba berubah h terhad terhadap ap )aktu, )aktu, seperti seperti beban beban sinuso sinusoida idall secara terus menerus, maka poros akan bergetar sesuai dengan 0rekuensi gaya gangguan gangguan tersebut* %etika 0rekuensi 0rekuensi gaya gangguan gangguan sama ?coincide ? coincide@@ dengan salah salah satu 0rekue 0rekuensi nsi pribad pribadiny inya, a, maka maka simpan simpangan gan atau amplit amplitudo udo respon respon getarannya akan lebih besar dari amplitudo gaya gangguan* 8al inilah yang dise disebu butt deng dengan an reso resona nans nsi* i* /ila /ila puta putara ran n mesi mesin n dina dinaik ikan an maka maka akan akan menimbulkan getaran ?vibration ?vibration@@ pada mesin tersebut*
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dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada poros dan bagian-bagian lainnya* 3adi dalam prencangan poros perlu mempertimbangkan putaran kerja dari poros tersebut agar lebih rendah dari putaran kritisnya*
2"1"2 P-%-* .(#$ D'$)#(/(# P((P)&(%(# K%'&'*
Poro Poross
adal adalah ah suat suatu u bagi bagian an stas stasio ione nerr
yang yang bepu beputa tar, r, bias biasan anya ya
berpenampang bulat dimana terpasang elemen-elemen seperti roda gigi ?gear@, ?gear@, pulley pulley,, 0ly)he 0ly)heel, el, engkol engkol,, sprock sprocket et dan elemen elemen pemind pemindah ah lainny lainnya* a* Poros bias menerima beban lenturan, beban tarikan, beban tekan atau beban puntiran yang bekerja sendiri-sendiri atau berupa gabungan satu dengan lainnya* #da beberapa pengklasi0ikasian poros yaitu .* /erd /erdasa asark rkan an Pemb Pembeb eban anan an a* P-%-* ?transmission sha0ts@Poros sha0ts@Poros transmisi transmisi lebih P-%-* &%(#*+'*' &%(#*+'*' ?transmission dikenal dengan sebutan sha0t* 'ha0t akan mengalami beban puntir berulang, beban lentur berganti ataupun kedua-duanya* Pada sha0t, daya dapat ditransmisikan melalui gear, belt pulley, procket rantai, dll*
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Poros ini berbeda dengna poros diatas, poros ini digunakan sebagai poros utama pada mesin torak* * 8al-ha 8al-hall pentin penting g dalam dalam peren perencan canaan aan poro poross a* %ek %ekuata uatan n Po Poros* ros* b* %ekakuan Poros* c* %orosi* d* Mate Materi rial al poro poross %are %arena na poro poross-po poro ross
pada pada dasa dasarn rnya ya elas elasti tis, s, dan dan menu menunj njuk ukka kan n
karakteristik karakteristik-karakt -karakteristik eristik pegas, maka untuk untuk mengilustras mengilustrasikan ikan pendekatan pendekatan dan untuk menjelaskan konsep-konsep dari suku-suku dasar yang dipakai dan digunakan analisa sebuah sistem massa dan pegas yang sederhana* (" M(**( M(**( Be% Be%$e% $e%(/ (/ ' B'(# B'(#$ $ H-%'H-%'-#&( #&(ll
6ambar 6ambar diba)a diba)ah h memper memperlih lihatk atkan an suatu suatu massa massa dengan dengan berat berat + pound yang diam atas suatu permukaan licin tanpa gesekan dan diikatkan ke rangka stationer melalui sebuah pegas* alam analisa, massa pegas akan diabaikan* Massa dipindahkan sejauh dari posisi keseimangannya, dan kemudian kemudian dilepaskan* dilepaskan* &ngin ditentukan ditentukan tipe dari gerakan gerakan maa dapat
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/ayangkan massa ditarik keba)ah pada suatu jarak o dari posisi keseimbangannya dan kemudian dilepaskan dan ingin diketahui geraknya sebagai e0ek graitasi*
G(+,(% 3" Massa /ergetar di 'uatu /idang =ertical
Massa yang bergetar secara ertical mempunyai 0rekuansi yang sama seperti massa massa yang yang bergetar bergetar secara hori1on hori1ontal, tal, dengan dengan osilasi osilasi yang terjadi disekitar posisi keseimbangan*
Ol(/(# PP-%-*
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berputardisuatu sumbu lain diluar sumbu poros* Namun dalam prakteknya, kondis kondisii semaca semacam m ini tidak tidak dapat dapat dicapa dicapai, i, dan titik berat berat piring piringan an ada disuatu jarak e yang boleh dikatakan kecil, dari pusat geometri piringan* engan titik berat yang diluar sumbu putar atau sumbu bantalan, terdapat suatu suatu gaya gaya inersia inersia yang yang
mengak mengakiba ibatka tkan n
poros poros
melend melendut, ut,
lendutan pusat poros dinyatakan dengan dengan r pada gambar gambar diba)ah
dimana dimana
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poros pada piringan* engan menyamakan jumlah gaya-gaya pada gambar dengan nol, dengan termasuk gaya inersia, maka didapatkan W g
?r + e@ω 2 − kr = 5
engan menata kembali suku-sukunya W r e
=
%ecepa %ecepatan tan
2
ω
g W
k −
2
ω
g
berbah berbahaya aya
dari dari
operasi operasi
suatu suatu
poros poros
terten tertentu tu
dinyatakan dengan kecepatan putaran kritis atau kecepatan olakan, yakni kecepatan dimana perbandingan rBe adalah tah hingga* 4perasi pada suatu kecepatan kecepatan yang mendekati mendekati kecepatan kecepatan kritis juga tak dikehendak dikehendakii karena karena
besarn besarnya ya perpin perpindah dahan an
pusat pusat
piring piringan an
dari dari
sumbu sumbu
putar* putar*
%ecepatan kritis dapat diperoleh untuk kondisi dimana persamaan diatas sama dengan nol k −
W g
2
ω
=
5
'ebuah 'ebuah metode metode altern alternati atie e adalah adalah dengan dengan menuli menuliss laju laju pegas pegas k
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kecepatan kritis tidak perlu patah, dan mungkin berjalan dengan sangat kasar tetapi tanpa distorsi permanent*
G(+,(% 5" E0ek 6esekan Terhadap %ecepatan %ritis
ari analisa didapatkan hubungan perbandingan maksimum dari
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2"1"3 K-#'*' .(#$ D((& D'&e%(/(# P(( Pe%-,((#
$espon
amplitudo
menunjukkan
besar saran
tanpa
dimensi
?dimensionless ratio@ ratio@ dari perbandingan amplitudo output dan input* 'etiap redaman, ditunjukkan dengan perbandingan redaman, akan mengurangi rasio amplit amplitudo udo resonan resonansi* si* Frekuen Frekuensi si pribad pribadii disebu disebutt juga juga 0rekuen 0rekuensi si kritis kritis atau kecepatan kritis*
G(+,(% 7" Model Fisik Poros engan /eban itengah
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'umbu 'umbu suatu poros akan terde0leksi ?melentur@ dari kedudukann kedudukannya ya semula bila dikenai beban* Poros harus kuat untuk menahan de0leksi yang berlebihan, sehingga mencegah ketidak-sebarisan dan mempertahankan ketelit ketelitian ian dimens dimension ional al terhada terhadap p pengar pengaruh uh beban* beban* Persam Persamaan aan-per -persam samaan aan di0erensial untuk menentukan de0leksi poros dicari dengan asumsi de0leksi kecil dibandingkan dengan panjang poros*
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G(+,(% 12" 'truktur Yang ikenai /eban
e0leksi e0leksi maksimum maksimum pada poros poros yang dikenai dikenai . beban dapat dihitung dihitung menggunakan persamaan berikut δ
=
P ×a ×b
( L
2
−
a 2 − b2 )
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BAB III METODOLOGI
3"1 PERALATAN
.*
'epe 'eperan rangk gkat at ala alatt uji uji puta putaran ran krit kritis is**
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:*
Mistar
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D*
Palu
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3"2 PROSEDUR PROSEDUR PRAKTIKUM PRAKTIKUM
.*
Pasang Pasang alat alat uji sepe seperti rti gamba gambarr diba)ah diba)ah ini* ini* ?diba ?dibantu ntu asist asisten@ en@
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BAB I DATA DAN PEMBAHASAN 4"1 4"1 DATA DATA T(,el 1" ata Pengujian Putaran %ritis
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4"2 PERHITUNGA PERHITUNGAN N 4"2" 4"2"1 1
De#$ De#$(# (# 1 Be Be,( ,(# # ( (# (# , Be Be%, %,e e(; (;
P-*'*' 1
m = ., 92;kg P = ., 92 92;kg × >, : >: N
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