Laporan Elmer - Laila Roudhotul Karimah

 

Hfs`dg Hdv`ds Xr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r G]G Afgkkug`o`g Ujctw`rf FiafrKVD

I`pjr`g Ofa`lu`g Udaui`sd Hjsfg ]fgk`apub Hr-Dgk. Jggy Ufty`w`td, U.X., A.X., A.Ue.

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I`di` ^juhbjtui O`rda`b

0>6=3=5=0000=>5 0>6=3=5=0000=>5

VGDSF^UDX@U N^@[DL@T@ C@OVIX@U XFOGDO XFOGDO FIFOX^J >=06

 

D.  H`s`r Xfjrd  0.0.  Xr`gsdstjr   Xr`gsdstjr afrup`o`g s`i`b s`tu ojapjgfg fifotrjgdo` p`idgk pfgtdgk h`g s`gk`t  nfrpfr`g h`i`a tfogjijkd r`gko`d`g tfrdgtfkr`sd. Xfrh`p`t hu` lfgds tr`gsdstjr  nfrh`s`ro`g lfgds au`t`g pfgkb`gt`r idstrdogy` y`dtu ndpji`r h`g ugdpji`r. ]`h` tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r, lfgds au`t`g pfgkb`gt`r idstrdogy` `h`i`b afi`iud pfrkfr`o`g fifotrjg h`g bjif sfh`gko`g p`h` tr`gsdstjr ugdpji`r, lfgds pfgkb`gt`r idstrdogy` `h`i`b fifotrjg. Ufsu`d hfgk`g susug`g n`b`g y`gk hdkug`o`g, tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r tfrhdrd h`rd hu` tdpf y`dtu G]G h`g ]G]. Udanji bunugk`g `gt`r` `rus h`g tfk`gk`g h`i`a tr`gsdstjr ugtuo a`sdgk-a`sdgk hdtugluoo`g p`h` K`an`r 0.0.

(`) 

(n)

K`an`r 0.0. (`) Udanji bunugk`g `rus h`g tfk`gk`g ugtuo tdpf G]G? (n) Udanji bunugk`g `rus h`g tfk`gk`g ugtuo tdpf ]G].

Xfrh`p`t su`tu bunugk`g a`tfa`tds `gt`r` nfs`rgy` `rus ejifetjr (DE), `rus n`sds (DN) h`g `rus fadtfr (DF) y`dtu nft` (ξ), hd a`g` nft` afrup`o`g nfs`r pfgku`t`g `rus HE ugtuo ejaajg fadttfr sfh`gko`g `ipb` (ΰ) afrup`o`g nfs`r pfgku`t`g `rus ugtuo ejaajg n`sds. n`sds. Bunugk`g a`tfa`tds h`p`t hdtugluoo`g hfgk`g pfrs`a``g <

0.>. 

FiafrKVD

Fiafr afge`oup nfnfr`p` b`i, `gt`r` i`dg ajhfi cdsdo hdg`ado` ciudh`, afo`gdo` struotur`i, fifotrja`kgftdo h`g pfrpdgh`b`g p`g`s. B`i dgd hdlfi`so`g jifb pfrs`a``g

 

hdcfrfgsd`i p`rsd`i y`gk Fiafr sfifs`do`g hfgk`g Cdgdtf Fifafgt Aftbjh (CFA). Fiafr tfrhdrd h`rd nfnfr`p` n`kd`g y`gk nfrnfh`, y`dtu kfjaftrd, ojghdsd n`t`s h`g ajhfi cdsdo y`gk hdhfcdgdsdo`g h`i`a FiafrCrjgt. Hfcdgdsd a`s`i`b y`gk hdb`sdio`g hdsfifs`do`g hfgk`g FiafrUjivfr. Ufi`glutgy` b`sdi y`gk hdvdsu`ids`sdo`g jifb Fiafr]jst. Ufi`dg utdidt`s, FiafrKrdh h`p`t hdkug`o`g ugtuo a`gdpui`sd l`i` sfhfrb`g`. N`kd`g y`gk nfrnfh` h`rd sjctw`rf Fiafr luk` h`p`t hdkug`o`g sfe`r` a`ghdrd. FiafrUjivfr y`gk afge`oup n`gy`o cdtur e`gkkdb afgl`hd n`kd`g tfrou`t h`rd ojapjgfg. H`i`a b`i pr` h`g pjstprjsfssdgk pfgkkug` h`p`t afgfauo`g luk` `itfrg`tdc i`dg. ]fr`gko`t iug`o dgd nfrl`i`g p`h` ugdx h`g lfghfi` pi`tcjra h`g h`p`t hdojapdi`sd p`h` nfrn`k`d a`e`a ejapdifr. Ujivfr luk` h`p`t hdkug`o`g h`i`a ajhus p`r`ifi p`h` pi`tcjra y`gk afghuougk A]D. DD.  ^fpido`.  ^fge`g` hfs`dg y`gk `o`g hd`g`idsds hdtugluoo`g p`h` K`an`r 0.>. 

K`an`r 0.>. ^fge`g` hfs`dg tr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r G]G. @h`pug spfsdcdo`sdgy` `h`i`b sfn`k`d nfrdout <  

Uunstr`t y`gk hdkug`o`g `h`i`b sdidojg tdpf-g o`rfg` `o`g hdnfgtuo i`pds`g sunstr`t tdpf-g, tdpf-p, h`g tdpf-g sfn`k`d rfprfsfgt`sd oftdk` fifotrjh` tr`gsdstjr, y`dtu fadtfr, n`sds, h`g ojifotjr.

 

I`pds`g hd`t`s sdidejg `h`i`b UdJ>,

 

H`fr`b n`sds tdpf-p afgkkug`o`g a`tfrd`i njrjg.

 

Afgkkug`o`g a`tfrd`i cjscjr ugtuo afanfgtuo h`fr`b tdpf-g p`h` sunstr`t.

DDD. ^fge`g` Udaui`sd 

 

^fge`g` sdaui`sd y`gk `o`g hdi`ouo`g `h`i`b afge`oup 5 `g`idsds sfn`k`d nfrdout < 0.  Udaui`sd Xr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r. Nfrdout dgd tfrh`p`t ejgtjb sdaui`sd tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r afgkkug`o`g sjctw`rf y`gk nfrnfh` y`dtu Ufgt`urus Uygjpsys.  Uygjpsys. 

K`an`r 0.5. Udaui`sd tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r. >.  Ojgsfgtr`sd Cjscjr p`h` Xr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r Nfrdout dgd tfrh`p`t ejgtjb sdaui`sd ojgsfgtr`sd cjscjr p`h` tr`gsdstjr  ndpji`r afgkkug`o`g sjctw`rf y`gk nfrnfh` y`dtu Ufgt`urus Uygjpsys.  Uygjpsys. 

K`an`r 0.8. Udaui`sd ojgsfgtr`sd cjscjr p`h` tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r.

 

5.  Ojgsfgtr`sd Njrjg p`h` Xr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r Nfrdout dgd tfrh`p`t ejgtjb sdaui`sd ojgsfgtr`sd cjscjr p`h` tr`gsdstjr  ndpji`r afgkkug`o`g sjctw`rf y`gk nfrnfh` y`dtu Ufgt`urus Uygjpsys. Uygjpsys.

K`an`r 0.6. Udaui`sd ojgsfgtr`sd Njrjg p`h` tr`gsdstjr ndpji`r.

DS. Ofsdapui`g.

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H@CX@^ ]VUX@O@ ’Fiafr

KVD Xutjrd`is‑. EUE ―  DX  DX Efgtfr cjr Uedfgef. Jetjnfr >=, >=08

Hfn`t`r`l`,@adguhhdg. >=00

.’Utuhd

@w`i AFAU p`h` Adorjc`nrdo`sd Hdv`ds

Xr`gsdstjr Ndpji`r G]G‑. LV^G@I DIAD@B FIDXF FIFOX^J, SJI. >, GJ. >.