LAPORAN BIOLOGI DASAR ANATOMI KODOK

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

Laporan Lengkap Praktikum Biologi Dasar dengan judul “Anatomi Hewan Vertebrata” di susun oleh :  Nama

: ul!iani

 N " #

: $%$%&%&&$'

(elas

: Pendidikan Biologi

(elompok

: " )atu*

+elah elah diperi diperiksa ksa dan dikons dikonsult ultasik asikan an kepada kepada Asisten Asisten dan (oordi (oordinat nator or Asisten Asisten,, maka din-atakan diterima.

#akassar, /anuari 0&$1

(oordinator Asisten

Asisten

Djumarirmanto,S.Pd

Dian Utami Zainuddin NIM: 1114140020 1114140020

#engetahui Dosen Penanggung /awab

Dr!. H. Ham"a L. M.Si# NIP. 1$%212&11$'(02100)

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*A* I PENDAHULUAN

A. Lata Latarr *+ *+a" a"anan(erumitan tubuh makhluk hidup membuat adan-a klasi!ikasi makhluk 

hidup untuk mempermudah manusia dalam mempelajari dan mengenaln-a, mulai dari hewan, tumbuhan dan manusia. #anusia dan hewan diposisikan dalam $ klasi!ikasi -ang terpisah dari tumbuhan. Dalam pengelompokann-a, hewan terbagi atas hewan -ang tidak bertulang belakang )in2ertebrata* dan hewan -ang bertulang belakang )2ertebrata*. Vertebrata adalah hewan -ang mempun-ai tulang belakang. +ulang  belakang adalah tulang -ang beruas3ruas dan berderet dari leher sepanjang  punggung sampai ekor. umsum tulang belakang -ang terdapat dalam ruas3 ruas tulang belakang belakang dan otak merupakan merupakan susunan sara! pusat. Berdasarkan Berdasarkan  penutup tubuh, alat gerak dan 4ara berkembang biak5Vertebrata biak5Vertebrata dibedakan menjadi lima kelompok, -aitu ikan )Pis4es*, katak )Amphibia*, hewan melata )reptilia*, burung )A2es*, dan hewan men-usui )mamalia*. +ubuh +ubuh 2ertebrata sangat identik dengan tubuh manusia -ang dapat dilihat dari dari sistem sistem organ organ dan !ungsi !ungsin-a n-a.. Hal itulah itulah -ang -ang memperm mempermuda udah h dalam dalam mempela mempelajari jari sistem sistem organ organ -ang -ang ada pada pada manusi manusia, a, dengan dengan menggu menggunak nakan an tubuh hewan 2ertebrata sebagai objek pengamatan berkaitan dengan susunan tubuhn-a. Pengetahuan terhadap sistem organ pada manusia sangatlah penting, khususn-a dibidang kedokteran. Hal itu disebabkan karena adan-a !ilsa!at ilmu pengetahuan -ang mengharuskan agar setiap indi2idu harus memiliki  pengetahuan tentang dirin-a sebelum memiliki pengetahuan tentang hal3hal disekitarn-a. Alternati! pembelajaran sistem organ pada manusia dapat diperoleh dari anatomi anatomi hewan hewan 2erteb 2ertebrata rata -ang -ang memang memang menemp menempatk atkann ann-a -a pada pada struktu struktur  r   paling mirip dengan -ang ada pada manusia. ehingga membutuhkan ilmu

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Hal tersebut sangat membantu dalam hal pembelajaran sistem organ pada makhluk hidup, khususn-a pada hewan dan manusia. Hal tersebutlah -ang melatarbelakang melatarbelakangii sehingga

kami mengadakan mengadakan praktikum praktikum tentang tentang anatomi anatomi

hewan 2ertebrata. *. ujuan juan Pra"ti Pra"ti"um "um

Praktikum ini bertujuan agar mahasiswa dapat mengenali bentuk, warna, dan letak letak organ organ serta serta hubung hubungann ann-a -a dengan dengan organ organ lain pada suatu suatu sistem sistem organ. /. Mana Manaat at Pra"ti Pra"ti"um "um

etelah melaksanakan praktikum ini, mahasiswa telah mampu mengenali  bentuk, warna dan letak organ serta hubungann-a dengan organ lain pada suatu sistem organ.

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*A* II INAUAN PUSAA

Amphibi Amphibiaa adalah 2ertebrata 2ertebrata -ang dapat hidup baik dalam air tawar dan di darat. ebagian besar mengalami metamor!osis dari berudu ke dewasa, namun  beberapa jenis amphibia tetap mempun-ai insang selama hidupn-a. Amphibi memiliki memiliki kulit -ang -ang biasan-a tipis dan basah. basah. +ubuh +ubuh amphibi terbagi terbagi menjadi kepala dan badan )tidak ada leher*. +erdapat dua pasang apendiks lokomotor  )-ang )-ang belakan belakang g sangat sangat panjan panjang*. g*. (ulit (ulit lunak, lunak, tidak tidak bersisi bersisik. k. Lubang Lubang hidung hidung antori3dorsa antori3dorsal, l, mata dorsal, dorsal, besar,mem besar,membran bran timpani timpani,, dorsal dorsal berada berada di belakang belakang dekat mata. #ulut sangat lebar. +iap tangan mempun-ai empat jari, jari kelima rudi rudim mente enterr. +iap iap kaki kaki memp mempun un-ai lima lima buah buah jari jari deng dengan an sela selapu putt anta antar  r   jari3jari )#awarni, 0&$6*. /umlah spesies -ang han-a berkisar pada 6.&&&, Amphibi dikategorikan sebagai kelompok terke4il di antara 2ertebrata. Amphibi adalah hewan berdarah dingin -ang berarti amphibi tidak dapat mengatur suhu suhu badann-a sendiri. 7ntuk  itu, amphibi memerlukan matahari untuk menghangatkan badan )Andantio, 0&$6*. Amphibi Amphibi mempun-ai mempun-ai dua bentuk bentuk kehidupan kehidupan -aitu di air dan di darat, pada umumn-a amphibi mempun-ai siklus hidup awal diperairan dan siklus kedua di darat daratan an.. Awalnaln-aa amph amphib ibii meng mengaw awali ali hidu hidup p di perai perairan ran dan dan mela melaku kuka kan n  pernapasan menggunakan insang. eiring

dengan pertumbuhann-a paru3

 paru dan kakin-a berkembang dan amphibipun dapat berjalan di atas daratan )(armana, 0&&&*. 8iri khusus -ang dimiliki kelas Amphibia antara lain, kulit selalu basah dan  berkelenjar, tidak bersisik luar. #emiliki dua pasang kaki untuk berjalan dan  berenang. #emiliki dua buah lubang hidung sebelah luar. keleton sebagian besar   berupa tulang keras. 8or )/antung* terbagi atas tiga ruang. 9tak memiliki sepuluh

pasang

nervi

aranialis. aranialis.

uhu

tubuh

tergantung

pada

lingkungan )utarno, 0&&$*. #enurut istasa )0&&0*, 4ontoh amphibia dengan klasi!ikasin-a adalah:

suhu

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 b. 9rdo 4audata )Urodela*, Urodela*, !amili salamandridae dengan genus5spesies terdiri atas  salamander placulam )sala )salama mand nder er*, *, dan dan !amili !amili prot protei eida daee deng dengan an genus5spesies teridiri atas Neturus atas Neturus marculatus )anjing marculatus )anjing lumpur*, 4. 9rdo 9rdo Anura Anura )allenti )allentia*, a*, !amili !amili ranidae ranidae dengan dengan genus5 genus5spe spesies sies -ang -ang terdir terdirii atas  Rana Cancanivora )kat )katak ak sawa sawah* h*,,  Rana macrodon macrodon )kat )katak ak batu batu*, *,  Rana limnocbarts, limnocbarts,  Rana erytbraea  erytbraea  )ban4 )ban4et*, et*,  Rana ebalconota  ebalconota  )katak sawah atau kolam kolam*; *; !amil !amilii ha4o ha4oph phor orid idae ae deng dengan an genu genus5s s5spe pesi sies es -ang -ang terd terdiri iri atas atas  Rhacoporus. R  )katak pohon hijau*; !amili Bu!onidae dengan genus5spesies  Bufo melanostrictus )kodok melanostrictus )kodok buduk*. Dua jenis spesies -ang kerap kali sulit untuk dibedakan dan sering disamakan -akni katak dan kodok. kodok. Namun di dalam dunia Biologi Biologi kedua jenis Amphibi Amphibi ini tern-a tern-ata ta berbed berbeda. a. Pada Pada bagian bagian kulit kulit kodok kodok biasanbiasan-aa terasa terasa kasar, kasar, kering kering dan terdapat terdapat bintil3binti bintil3bintil. l. (odok (odok juga biasan-a memiliki memiliki kaki5tungk kaki5tungkai ai belakang belakang -ang  pendek. Bentuk jari kodok seperti 4akar -ang ber!ungsi untuk menggali. (odok   biasan-a hidup pada tempatunting d. Pinset e. /arum !. kalpel 0. Bahan a. (odok ) Bufo sp.* sp.*  b. (loro!orm5 eter )pembius* 4. (apas /. Pro! Pro!+d +dur ur +r +rja ja $. Peng Pengam amat atan an luar  luar  a. #ematikan katak 

#eng #engam ambil bil segum segumpa pal, l, kapa kapass )sebe )sebesar sar ruas ruas empu empu jari jari tang tangan an*, *, membasahi dengan eter5kloro!orm, lalu memasukkan ke dalam botol  pembunuh, segera pula memasukkan katak ke dalam botol tersebut, menutup dengan rapat. #embiarkan sampai katak mati.  b. #engeluarkan katak -ang sudah tidak bergerak dan meetakkan di atas  baki bedah. #embiarkan kapas dalam botol dan menutup rapat )uapn-a berbaha-a*. 4. #eng #engam amati ati bagi bagian an lua luarr kat katak  ak  $* #ata #ata kelo kelopak pak dan selapu selaputt tidu tidur  r 

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@* (loaka (loaka )menen )menentuk tukan an letaknletakn-a* a* * #eraba permukaan permukaan kulit dan memperhatika memperhatikan n warnanwarnan-aa d. #engga #enggamba mbarr dari arah punggun punggung g dan memberi memberi nama bagian3b bagian3bagi agian an tersebut di atas )tugas gambar $*. 0. Pembedaha ahan a. #elet #eletak akka kan n kata katak k pada pada pung punggu gung ngnn-aa di atas atas baki baki bedah. bedah. #emaku #emaku keempa keempatt kakinkakin-aa dengan dengan jarum jarum pada pada lilin, lilin, sehing sehingga ga tidak tidak mudah mudah go-ang.  b. Dengan pinset, menjepit membujur kulit bagian perut dekat paha, mengangkat sedikit, menggunting melintang kulit di bawah pinset, sehingga terbentuk 4elah pada kulit perut. 4. #elalui #elalui 4elah 4elah kulit kulit itu, memasuk memasukkan kan ujung ujung gunti gunting ng -ang -ang tumpul tumpul dan meng menggu gunt ntin ing g kuli kulitt ke arah arah kepa kepala la sampai sampai gunt guntin ing g tert tertum umbu buk. k. #embalik ke 4elah tadi, menggunting ke arah pangkal kedua paha. d. #eng #enggu gunt ntin ing g kuli kulitt ke arah arah sampi samping ng kiri kiri dan dan kana kanan, n, sehin sehingg ggaa kulit kulit  perut bisa tersingkap. #emeriksa perlekatan kulit pada jaringan otot. HanHan-aa pada pada tempa tempatt terte tertent ntu u kuli kulitt melek melekat at pada pada otot otot,, sehi sehing ngga ga terbentuk sema4am kantong )sa44us*. e. #empe #emperha rhati tika kan n pula pula bagi bagian an teng tengah ah otot otot peru perut. t. +ampa ampak k garis garis puti putih h membujur sepanjang otot perut )disebut linea alba*. !. #enj #enjep epit it pinset pinset otot otot peru perutt di sampin samping g linea linea alba, alba, dan meng menggu gunt ntin ing g melint melintang ang,, sehing sehingga ga terben terbentuk tuk 4elah. 4elah. #emasu #emasukka kkan n ujung ujung guntin gunting g -ang tumpul ke dalam 4elah otot perut dan memulai menggunting ke arah arah kepa kepala la sampa sampaii bawa bawah h rahan rahang. g. #elan #elanju jutk tkan an peng penggu gunt ntin inga gan n sampai pangkal paha. g. #en-ing #en-ingkap kap jaringa jaringan n otot perut perut ke sampin samping g kiri dan kanan kanan sehingga sehingga

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$* Hati Hati sebelah sebelah kanan, kanan, ada berapa berapa lobus; lobus; men4ari men4ari kantong kantong empedu, empedu,  bagaimana warnan-a. 0* Lambun Lambung g di sebelah sebelah kiri hati; hati; mengangk mengangkat at sedikit sedikit akan tampak  tampak  duodenum dan pan4reas. 6* #enu #enuru rutt terus terus usus usus halu haluss sampai sampai usus tebal. tebal. #emp #emperh erhati atika kan n  pertemuann-a. %* ekt ektum um -ang -ang belo belok k ke klo kloaka aka.. %. Pengam Pengamatan atan istem istem Pereda Peredaran ran Darah Darah a. Arah Arah kepala kepala dari dari hati, hati, tampak tampak jantu jantung ng dalam dalam selap selaput. ut.  b. #enusuk selaput pembungkus jantung dengan jarum atau ujung skalpel sampai pe4ah, mengamati bentuk dan bagian: $* Bili Bilik k )2e )2ent ntri rike kel* l* 0* eramb erambii )atri )atrium* um* kanan kanan dan kiri kiri 6* Pemb embuluh nadi utama ama )trun!us arteriosus* arteriosus* -ang ang kelu keluar ar dari dari 2entrikel kemudian ber4abang menjadi dua aorta )kiri dan kanan* 4. #eng #engga gamb mbar ar bagi bagian an jant jantun ung g dan dan memb member erii nama nama ters terseb ebut ut di atas atas )tugas gambar 6* 1. Peng Pengam amata atan n istem istem Perna Perna!a !asan san a. #emper #emperhati hatikan kan bagian bagian sebelah sebelah kanan kanan hati dan sebelah sebelah kiri lambun lambung, g, tersembul bagian paru3paru.  b. Dengan sedotan limon -ang ujungn-a dimasukkan dalam lubang  pangkal tenggorokan )buka mulut*, meniup pangkaln-a perlahan, maka akan mengembun mengembung g paru3paru. paru3paru. #engamati bentuk dan warna  paru3paru, pembuluh darah pada paru3paru. 4. #ele #elepa pask skan an jant jantun ung g deng dengan an gunt guntin ing, g, sehi sehing ngga ga tamp tampak ak bata batang ng tenggorok )trakea*. d. #embuat #embuat gambar gambar bagan sistem perna!a perna!asan san katak katak ini )tugas )tugas gambar gambar %*. %*. '. Pengamatan Pengamatan istem Ekskresi Ekskresi dan dan eprod eproduksi uksi )7rogenitali )7rogenitalia* a*

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d. Pada Pada katak betin betina, a, ada sepasan sepasang g o2arium o2arium di bagian bagian kiri dan dan kanan. kanan. Angk Angkat at sedik sedikit it o2ari o2arium um,, akan akan tampa tampak k o2id o2idu4 u4tt beru berupa pa salu salura ran n  berkelok3kelok putih, bermuara pada kloaka sedang ujungn-a berupa 4orong )ostium* ada di dekat jantung. e. #embuat #embuat gambar bagian bagian sistem urogenita urogenitalia lia katak. #emberi #emberi namabagian namabagian33  bagiann-a )tugas gambar 1, kelamin jantan atau betina*.

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*A* I8 HASIL DAN PEM*AHASAN

A. Ha!i Ha!i P+n-a P+n-ama mata tan n 1. Moroo-i ata" 

$* #ata #ata kelo kelopak pak dan dan selaput tidur  0* Luba Lubang ng hid hidun ung g luar  6* ela elapu putt pen pende deng ngar  ar  %* 8ela 8elah h mul mulu ut 1* +ungka ngkaii depa depan n a* len lengan gan ata atass )bran4hium*  b* lengan bawah )Ante >ambar Pembanding

 bran4hium* 4* tela telapa pak k )#a )#anu nus* s* d* jum jumlah lah jari jari )Digiti* '* +ung +ungka kaii belak belakan ang: g: a* Pah Paha )C )Cemu emur*

>ambar dari kamera

 b* Betis )8rus*

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2. on-on--a a muu muutt

$. >igi 0. Hidung Bagian Dalam 6. Lidah

>ambar Pembanding

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&. Si!t Si!t+m +m P+n9 P+n9+r +rna naan an

$$. $. Eso!agus 0. Lambung 6. Pankreas %. 7sus besar  1. 7sus Halus '. (loaka @. Hati

>ambar Pembanding

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4. Si!t Si!t+m +m P+rn P+rna6 a6a! a!an an

$. +rakea 0. Bronkus 6. Bronkeolus %. Paru3paru 1. Al2eolus

>ambar Pembanding >ambar dari kamera

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). Si!t Si!t+m +m P+rd P+rdar aran an Dara Dara7 7

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$. Aorta 0. Atrium kiri 6. Atrium kanan %. Ventrike Ventrikell

>ambar Pembanding

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%. Si!t Si!t+m +m UroUro-+n +nit ita aia ia a. ata" ata" ant anta an

$. Badan lemak  0 >injal 6. 7reter  %. (loaka 1. Vas Vas De!erens De!er ens )aluran perma*

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$. Badan lemak  0. 92iduk 6. 7reter  %. 7terus 1. (loaka '. Vesikula )(antung (emih* '. 92arium

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#ata pada kodok terlihat menonjol dan dilindungi oleh kelopak mata -ang tidak dapat bergerak. elain itu ada pula selaput berupa selaput  bening -ang dapat digerakkan dari bawah keatas -ang ber!ungsi untuk  melindungi mata agar tetap lembap di daratan dan melindungi mata mata dari geseka gesekan n air disebu disebutt selaput selaput tidur tidur.. Lubang Lubang hidung hidung luar luar pada pada kodok, kodok, terletak pada mon4ong kodok. +erdiri dari dua lubang -akni kiri dan kanan. kanan. Di bagian bagian sisi terdapat terdapat selapu selaputt gendan gendang g telinga telinga -ang -ang disebu disebutt selaput pendengaran atau embaran timpani. (odok memiliki sepasang tungkai depan dan sepasang tungkai belakang. +ungkai +ungkai depan terdiri atas lengan atas )brancium )brancium*, *, lengan bawah )antebrancium ) antebrancium*, *, tangan )manus )manus*, *, dan dan jari3 jari3jar jarii )digiti*. digiti*. Pada Pada tungka tungkaii belaka belakang ng terdiri terdiri atas paha paha ) femur   femur *, *,

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Pada sistem peredaran darah kodok, kodok memiliki jantung di mana  jantung tersebut ters ebut terdiri te rdiri dari sebuah bilik -ang berdinding tebal, dua buah serambi, -akni serambi kanan dan serambi kiri serta sebuah bilik. Ada  pula pembuluh nadi utama )trun!us arteriosus* arteriosus* -ang keluar dari 2entrikel kemudian ber4abang menjadi dua aorta )kiri dan kanan*. ). Si!t Si!t+m +m 6+rn 6+rna6 a6a! a!an an istem pernapasan pada kodok terdiri laring, trakea -ang berbentuk   pita -ang dibentuk oleh 4in4in34in4in rawan, bronkus -ang merupakan  per4abangan dari batang tenggorokan ke kiri dan ke kanan masing3masing menuju ke paru3paru. Bronkiolus merupakan per4abangan dari bronkus -ang berada dalam paru3paru. Al2eolus Al2eolus mengandung kapiler darah.

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darah, sistem pernapasan dan sistem urogenitalia. istem pen4ernaan katak  terdiri dari mulut, eso!agus, lambung, usus halus, usus besar, kloaka, hati,  pankreas, dan empedu. istem pernapasan katak -ang meliputi lubang hidung dan paru paru -ang terdiri atas bron4hus, bron4hiolus, dan al2eolus. istem  peredaran darah katak meliputi jantung -ang terdiri atas aorta, atrium kanan dan kiri, kiri, serta 2entrikel. 2entrikel. istem reprodu reproduksi ksi katak jantan jantan -ang badan badan lemak, lemak, testis, 2as de!erens, dan kloaka. edangkan sistem reproduksi katak betina terdiri atas badan lemak, ostium, o2iduk, o2arium, dan kloaka. *. Saran

Diharapkan Diharapkan untuk untuk praktikum praktikum selanjutn-a selanjutn-a agar alat dan bahan untuk   praktikum sudah diperiksa kelengkapan dan kela-akann-a agar pada saat

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DA;A PUSAA

Andantio, hapsod-. hapsod-. 0&$6.  a$ian tentang Amphibia. Amphibia. 7ni2ersitas Pan4a #arga: Probolinggo. Al Ansho nshori ri,, Citr Citrah ah.. 0&$6 0&$6..  )erbedaan ata! dan odo! dalam *lmu Biologi . http"##%%%.terus!an.com.. Diakses pada tanggal  /anuari 0&$1. http"##%%%.terus!an.com (armana, 9man. 0&&&. Biologi 0&&&.  Biologi.. Erlangga: /akarta. #awarni, "ga. 0&$6. Amphibi 0&$6.  Amphibi.. 7ni2ersitas "slam iau: Pekanbaru. 7tami, P. 0&$&. +a!sonomi, +a!sonom i,  Morfologi dan ,abitat ata! -embu. -embu . 7ni2ersitas Atma /a-a Gog-akarta: Gog-akarta

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LAMPIAN

Soa

$. #engapa #engapa katak katak digolongk digolongkan an kedalam kelas amphibi amphibi /awab: (atak digolongkan digolongkan kedalam kelas amphibi amphibi karena katak dapat hidup

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$* "nsp "nspira irasi si,, apab apabil ilaa rong rongga ga mulu mulutt meng menge4 e4il il maka maka udara udara masuk masuk ke 4elah34elah terbuka menuju ke paru3paru dan terjadi pertukaran gas sehing sehingga ga oksige oksigen n di ikat ikat oleh oleh darah darah -ang -ang ada didalam didalam kapiler  kapiler  dinding paru3paru. 0* Eksresi, Eksresi, apabila apabila rongga rongga mulut menge4il menge4il,, maka udara udara didalam paru3 paru3