Laporan Akhir Praktikum - Farashyella Lumintang R.

 

@M_G^MK MFJI^ _^MFQIFSB I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF

G`cj5 Hmrmsjyc``m @ubiktmkd ^mdmzmsusi`g A=M?=9=8> Aitym Mkddrmiki _utri

@MNG^MQG^ISB _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF QC^M_MK HMFS@QM\ _CQC^KMFMK SKIXC^\IQM\ ECKAC^M@ \GCAI^BMK _S^TGFC^QG >?>?

 

@CBNM^ _CKDC\MJMK

@M_G^MK MFJI^ _^MFQIFSB I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF

G`cj5 Hmrmsjyc``m @ubiktmkd ^mdmzmsusi`g A=M?=9=8>

Aitcribm amk Aisctueui _mam Qmkddm`5 3 Acscbncr >?>?

Fggraikmtgr I`bu _cbu`immk Qcrkmf

_ckmkddukd emwmn Fc`ms

Qghf Mari _urkmwmk

Aitym Mkddrmiki _utri

KIB. A=M?=4==:

KIB. A=M?=:?83 Fggraikmtgr Sbub

Ckddmr Ti`mrai KIB. A=M?=4?1:

 

FMQM _CKDMKQM^

_uei syufur pckyusuk pmkemtfmk fcpmam fcjmairmt M``mj \TQ fmrckm ackdmk rmjbmt amk jiamymj-Kym, scjikddm pckyusuk ampmt bckyc`csmifmk `mpgrmk mfjir I`bu _cbu`immk Qcrkmf. @mpgrmk iki aisusuk ncramsmrfmk jmsi` prmffub I`bu _cbu`immk Qcrkmf, scnmdmi sm`mj smtu pcrsymrmtmk furifu`cr amk fc`u`usmk fc`u`usmk prmffub bmtm fu`imj I`bu _cbu`immk Qcrkmf Hmfu`tms _ctcrkmfmk Skivcrsitms Eckacrm` \gcairbmk. Mtmss aufukdmk Mtm aufukdmk bgrm` ymkd aincrifmk aincrifmk am`mb am`mb pckyusukm pckyusukmk k `mpgrmk `mpgrmk mfjir iki, bmfm pckyusuk bckdulmpfmk tcribm fmsij nmkymf ymkd scncsmr-ncsmrkym fcpmam5 =. \c`uruj \c`uruj agsck bmtm bmtm fu`imj fu`imj I`bu _cbu`immk _cbu`immk Qcrkmf Qcrkmf Hmfu`tms Hmfu`tms _ctcrkmfm _ctcrkmfmk k Skivcrsitms Skivcrsitms Eckacrm` \gcairbmk. >. _mrm msistck msistck amk fjususky fjususkym m msistck msistck pckambpikd pckambpikd bmtm bmtm fu`imj I`bu I`bu _cbu`immk _cbu`immk Qcrkmf Qcrkmf Hmfu`tms _ctcrkmfmk Skivcrsitms Eckacrm` \gcairbmk. ?>?

_ckyusuk

 

@M_G^MK _^MFQIFSB I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF _CTM^I\MK \IHMQ FSMKQIQMQIH

G`cj 5 Kmbm

5 Hmrmsjyc``m @ubiktmkd @ubiktmkd ^mdmzmsusi`g

KIB

5 A=M?=9=8>

Fc`ms

5 N >?=9

_ckmkddukd Emwmn

5 Aitym Mkddrmiki _utri

I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF QC^M_MK HMFS@QM\ _CQC^KMFMK SKIXC^\IQM\ ECKAC^M@ \GCAI^BMK _S^TGFC^QG >?>?

 

I. =.= Jmsi`

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

_cwmrismk sihmt bcrupmfmk prgscs pckddmnukdmk fgbnikmsi dck tctum emktmk amk nckm pmam mkmf mtmu fcturukmkkym. _cwmrismk sihmt tcremai pmam smmt tcremai pcriswm ncrtcbukym dmbct emktmk amk dmbct nckm. \cjikddm tcrncktuf dckgpm pmam mkmf. Jm` tcrscnut scsumi ackdmk Mrubikdtyms (>?=8), ymkd bckec`msfmk nmjwm am`mb jmsi` pckc`imk Bckac` aiscnutfmk mkmf mfmk bcbi`ifi sihmt dmnukdmk amri fcaum tctumkym. Qctumkym ymkd bckdmkaukd nmkymf m`c` tcrcfsprcsi bmupuk ymkd bckdmkaukd m`c` rcscsih, fcaumkym mfmk smbm-smbm bcwmrisfmk sihmt fcpmam mkmfkym. \ihmt-sihmt ymkd tcrampmt pmam tcrkmf bcrupmfmk cfsprcsi amri dck-dck ymkd aibi`ifi sumtu ikaiviau tcrkmf. Dck-dck mtmu fgbnikmsi dck ymkd aibi`ifi ikaiviau tcrkmf ncrmsm` amri dck-dck ymkd aibi`ifi tctum emktmk amk nckm. Jm` tcrscnut scpckampmt ackdmk \utmrkg (>?=8), nmjwm dck bcrupmfmk bmtcri dckcf ymkd ncrtmkddukd emwmn tcrjmamp scbum sihmt ymkd aibi`ifi g`cj bmfj`uf jiaup. Dck bckdckam`ifmk bckdckam`ifmk sihmt-sihmt ymkd tcrampmt pmam bmfj`uf jiaup. _rmf _rm ffub fub fm fm`i `i iki bckdd bckddukm ukmfmk fmk pcrfmw pcrfmwikm ikmk k triji trijinri nria. a. Lgktgj Lgktgj aibmk aibmkm m tcrema tcremaii pcrfmwikmk mktmrm tcrkmf emktmk ymkd bcbi`ifi fgbnikmsi dck MmNnLl ackdmk tcrkmf nckm ackdmk fgbnikmsi dck ymkd smbm mfmk bckdjmsi`fmk bmsikd-bmsikd : bmlmb dmbct. Bmfm amri itu mfmk tcrampmt sceub`mj 81 bmlmb fcbukdfikmk fgbnikmsi dck. Jm` tcrscnut scsumi ackdmk Irmwmk (>?=9), ymkd bckec`msfmk nmjwm eckis dmbct ymkd aijmsi`fmk mfmk aincktuf bckemai `cnij nmkymf. Bgkgjinria mam > bmlmb, aijinria mam 1 bmlmb, amk trijinria mam : bmlmb ackdmk pcrnmkaikdmk hckgp ymkd tcrmtur. \umtu fgbnikmsi dck ymkd aibi`ifi tcrkmf mfmk ncrpckdmruj pmam prgaufsi. Fgbnikmsi dck dck am ampm pmtt bcbn bcbncr crif ifmk mk pckd pckdmr mruj uj pmam pmam prga prgauf ufsi si sc sctc tc`m `mj j ai ainm nmkt ktu u ackd ackdmk mk pckd pckdmr mruj uj `ikdfukdmk scfitmr. _ckdmruj `ikdfukdmk bcbi`ifi ambpmf ymkd `cnij ncsmr ainmkaikdfmk

 

ackdmk ack dmk dckcf dckcf.. Jm` Jm` tcrscn tcrscnut ut scpcka scpckamp mpmt mt ackdm ackdmk k ^m ^msym syma a (>?=?) (>?=?),, nm nmjwm jwm sih sihmt mt si sihmt hmt am amk k prgaufsi mfmk `cnij agbikmk aipckdmruji g`cj hmftgr `ikdfukdmk ainmkaikd dckcf ackdmk iktcrmfsi DC. \mbm jm`kym ackdmk prgaufsi susu ymkd mfmk aijitukd, bckddukmfmk amtm ki`mi chcf dck rmtm-rmtm amk ki`mi scnmrmk `ikdfukdmk. Ki`mi chcf dck rmtm-rmtm uktuf prgaufsi susu bcbmfmi ki`mi amri tctum ikauf. Jm` tcrscnut scpckampmt ackdmk Friskmbur aff (>?=9), nmjwm nmj wm Fcbmbp Fcbmbpumk umk prgau prgaufsi fsi susu susu amk rcprga rcprgaufs ufsii smpi smpi pcrmj pcrmj bcrupm bcrupmfm fmk k si sihmt hmt ym ymkd kd aifckam`ifmk g`cj nmkymf dck (fumktmh), scjikddm cfsprcsikym bcrupmfmk mfubu`msi amri pckdmruj pckdm ruj dckcf, dckcf, `ik `ikdfuk dfukdmk, dmk, amk iktcrmfs iktcrmfsii fcaumkym fcaumkym.. \ihmt \ihmt prgaufsi prgaufsi susu `cnij `cnij ncrsihmt ncrsihmt jcritmn`c mtmu bcbi`ifi fcbmbpumk ymkd `cnij nmif uktuf bcwmrisfmk sihmt fcukddu`mkkym fcpmam fcturukmk ainmkaikdfmk sihmt rcprgaufsi.

II.

FC\IB_S@MK

 

=. _cwmrismk sihmt bcrupmfmk fgbnikmsi dck amri tctum nmif emktmk bmupuk ikaufymkd aiturukfmk fcpmam mkmf. >. Fgbnikmsi dck bckdckam`ifmk bckdckam`ifmk sihmt-sihmt pmam bmfj`uf jiaup. ?=8. >?=8. Dckcf Dckcfm m Bckac` Bckac`55 _riksi _riksip p Amsmr Amsmr _cbmj _cbmjmbm mbmk k I`bu I`bu Dckcf Dckcfm. m. Skivcrsitms Nrmwiemym _rcss. Irmwmk, N. >?=9. Dckcfm5 _ckec`msmk Bcfmkisbc _cwmrismk \ihmt. Mir`mkddm Skivcrsity _rcss Friskmbur, C., _urwmk, A., & \m`cj, A. B. >?=9. _ckmfsirmk Jcritmni`itms Fmrmftcrisf _rgaufsi amk ^cprgaufsi \mpi _crmj Hricsck Jg`stcik ai NN_QS-J_Q Nmturrmack. Qcrkmf Qrgpifm Egurkm` Gh Qrgpilm` Mkibm` _rgaulgk. >?(=)5 :-=3. ^msyma, M. >?=?. Iktcrmfsi Dckcf Z @ikdfukdmk Amk \tmni`itms Fgbpgkck Jmsi` Ncrnmdmi Dckgpc Fcac`mi Ai _rgviksi ^imu. Eurkm` Mdrgkgbi Ikagkcsim (Ikagkcsimk Egurkm` Gh  Mdrgkgby)5 3->9. \utmrkg, \. >?=8. ^cfmymsm Dckcf amk _crfcbnmkdmk Nigtcfkg`gdi ai Niamkd _ctcrkmfmk. Ik _rglccaik _rglccaikd d Nig`gdy Nig`gdy Caulmg Caulmgk k Lgkhcrckl Lgkhcrcklc5 c5 Nig`gdy Nig`gdy,, \licklc, \licklc, Ckvirgbck Ckvirgbcktm`, tm`, mka @cmrkikd. =4.

@M_G^MK _^MFQIFSB

 

I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF FG^CF\I AMQM _^GASF\I AMK XM^IMK\I

G`cj 5 Kmbm

5 Hmrmsjyc``m @ubiktmkd ^mdmzmsusi`g

KIB

5 A=M?=9=8>

Fc`ms

5 N >?=9

_ckmkddukd Emwmn

5 Aitym Mkddrmiki _utri

@MNG^MQG^ISB I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF QC^M_MK HMFS@QM\ _CQC^KMFMK SKIXC^\IQM\ ECKAC^M@ \GCAI^BMK _S^TGFC^QG >?>? I.

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.= Jmsi`

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

Amtm prgaufsi amri tcrkmf-tcrkmf am`mb sumtu pgpu`msi ymkd ampmt aiufur bcrupmfmk lcrbikmk amri pckdmruj hmftgr dckcf amk `ikdfukdmk ymkd aitcribm g`cj tcrkmf bmupuk `ikdfukdmk iktcrkm` amri tcrkmf itu sckairi. \mbm jm`kym ackdmk pcrkymtmmk Fgbm`m aff (>?=3), nmjwm rcprgaufsi amk prgaufsi susu smpi pcrmj bcrupmfmk sihmt ymkd aifckam`ifmk g`cj g`c j nm nmkym kymff dck (fumk (fumktm tmh) h),, scjikd scjikddm dm cfsprc cfsprcsi si tcrscn tcrscnut ut bcrup bcrupmfm mfmk k mfubu mfubu`m `msi si amri amri pckdmruj dckcf, `ikdfukdmk amk iktcrmfsi fcaum hmftgr tcrscnut. Hmftgr dckcf bcrupmfmk jm` ymkd `cnij pckkd amk bcbpcrg`cj pcrjmmk pmam prgdrmb pcbu`immk tcrkmf fmrckm uksurr iki mfmk aiwmris uksu aiwmrisfmk fmk tctum tctum fcpmam fcpmam fcturukm fcturukmkkym kkym.. _rgaufv _rgaufvitms itms smpi nckm nckm ampmt ampmt aicvm`umsi ackdmk bckdfmei pmrmbctcr-pmrmbctcr dckcf ymkd aidukmfmk scnmdmi ikaifmtgr

 

prgaufvitmss tcrkmf tcrscnut. prgaufvitm Fcbmbpumk dckcf tcrkmf amf ampmt aiufur sclmrm `mkdsukd, tctmpi ampmt aitmfsir amri hckgpm. _ckmfsirmk fcbmbpumk dckcf bcbcr`ufmk upmym uktuf bckycrmdmbfmk pckdmruj `ikdfukdmk scjikddm vmrimksi `ikdfukdmk mfmk bckacfm kg`. Spmym ymkd ampmt ai`mfufmk mam`mj ackdmk bckdfgrcfsi amtm fc sumtu nmsis tcrtcktu. Jm` tcrscnut scpckampmt ai`mfufmk ackd ackdmk mk \m \mkt ktgs gsm m aff aff (>?= (>?=1) 1),, nmjw nmjwm m pckd pckddu dukm kmmk mk hmft hmftgr gr fg fgrc rcfs fsii mf mfmk mk bcki bckikd kdfm fmtf tfmk mk fclcrbmt fclc rbmtmk mk pckaudmm pckaudmmk k fcbmbpum fcbmbpumk k dckcf dckcf tcrkmf. tcrkmf. Bckikdfm Bckikdfmtkym tkym fclcrbmt fclcrbmtmk mk tcrscnut tcrscnut fmrckm prgaufsi suamj aiscrmdmbfmk fc nmsis tcrtcktu scjikddm vmrimsi ymkd aiscnmnfmk g`cj hmftgr kgk dckcf ncrfurmkd. _ckddukmmk hmftgr fgrcfsi pckkd ai`mfufmk fmrckm mfmk bcbpcrfcli` fcsm`mjmk am`mb pckmfsirmk butu dckcf tcrkmf. Fg Fgrc rcfs fsii

amtm amtm

ampm ampmtt

bcku bckuru rukf kfmk mk

pcrn pcrnca camm mmkk-pc pcrn rnca camm mmk k

pmam pmam

tcrk tcrkmf mf

am amk k

bcbpckdmruji prgaufsi tcrkmf. Fgrcfsi ai`mfufmk ackdmk bckddukmfmk hmftgr fgrcfsi ymkd aijmsi`fmk amri jmsi`-jmsi` pckc`imk tcrjmamp hmftgr-hmftgr ymkd bcbpckdmruji prgaufsi. Hmftgr fgrcfsi tcrnmif ainumt ncramsmrfmk amtm ymkd aipcrg`cj amri `ikdfukdmk `ikdfukdmk tcrkmf-tcrkmf aibmkm aibm km tcrkmf tcrkmf tcrscnut tcrscnut aifcbnmk aifcbnmkdfmk dfmk.. Jm` tcrscnut scsumi ackdmk ackdmk \usmktg \usmktg aff (>?=1), (>?=1), nmjwm nmj wm Mdmr Mdmr fcsm` fcsm`mjm mjmk k ymkd ymkd tcrema tcremaii scfcli scfcli`` bukdf bukdfik ik bmfm bmfm pckdfg pckdfgrcf rcfsim simk k aiusmj aiusmjmfm mfmk k bckddukmfmk hmftgr fgrcfsi ymkd scsumi ackdmk fgkaisi amcrmj sctcbpmt. _ckc`imk iki ai`mfufmk uktuf bckampmtfmk hmftgr fgrcfsi ymkd aisusuk ncramsmrfmk amtm prgaufsi amri amcrmj sctcbpmt mtmu `gfm`. Ncramsmrfmk jmsi` prmffub, prgaufsi susu smpi HJ pmam `mftmsi I, II, amk III bcbi`ifi ki`mi ymkd ncrmdmb kmbuk pcrncammk ki`mi `mftmsi I, II, amk III tcrscnut scbmfik bckikdfmt. Ki`mi tcrscnut aiampmtfmk amri pcrjitukdmk prgaufsi amk prgaufsi tcrfgrcfsi amri bmsikdbmsikd `mftmsi. Jm` tcrscnut scsumi ackdmk ^mjbmk (>?=3), ymkd bckec`msfmk nmjwm Mpmni`m ai`ijmt amri fgcsick vmrimsi, smpi pcrmj fcturukmk HJ ibpgr pmam `mftmsi aum `cnij kddi ainmkaikdfmk `mftmsi smtu. Jm` tcrscnut bckukeuffmk nmjwm `mbm `mftmsi pmam `mftmsi aum `cnij ncrmdmb amripmam `mftmsi smtu. @mbm `mftmsi smkdmt ncrjunukdmk ackdmk pcrhgrbm rcprgaufsi smpi pcrmj. Nimsmkym rcprgaufsi smpi pcrmj mfmk bckdm`mbi bmsm`mj tcrutmbm am am`m `mb b jm jm`` pcrf pcrfmw mwik ikmk mk ym ymkd kd su su`i `itt uktu uktuff bc bckd kdjm jmsi si`f `fmk mk fc fcnu nuk kkd kdmk mk sc scji jikd kddm dm mk mkdf dfm m fc fcnu nuk kkd kdmk mk mf mfmk mk bcku bckuru ruk k amk amk mf mfin inmt mtky kym m `m `mbm bm fg fgsg sgkd kd mf mfmk mk sc scbm bmfi fik k pm pmke kemk mkd d am amk k

 

bcbpcr bcb pcrpm pmkem kemkd kd `mbm `mbm `mftm `mftmsi. si. Jm` Jm` iki tmbpmf tmbpmfkym kym ncrju ncrjunuk nukdm dmk k ackdmk ackdmk bmkmec bmkmecbck bck rcprga rcp rgaufs ufsii ymkd ymkd aitcrm aitcrmpfm pfmk k g`cj g`cj pcrusm pcrusmjm jmmk mk,, scjikd scjikddm dm pcr`u pcr`u mamky mamkym m cvm`um cvm`umsi si uk uktuf tuf bcbpcrnmifi jm`-jm` ymkd bmsij scaifit ncrbmsm`mj. Bckurut Mwmk aff (>?=8), bmsm `mftmsi mam`mj bmsm mtmu `mbm wmftu ymkd tcremai smmt ikauf smpi pcrmj bcbprgaufsi mir susu aibu`mi sctc`mj ncrmkmf smbpmi ackdmk smpi pcrmj tcrscnut aijckfmk pcbcrmjmkkym (bmsm fcrikd). Jmsi` mkm`isis bmsm `mftmsi nu`mk. \uju `ikdfukdmk amk fc`cbnmnmk ymkd kddi ampmt bckycnmnfmk smpi `mftmsi bckurukfmk pcrhgrbm amk bckycsumifmk fgkaisi sig`gdikym. \cem`mk ackdmk N`mfc`y amk Nmac (=99=), nmjwm bmsm `mftmsi bckdm`mbi scaifit `cnij pckacf amri ymkd ai smrmkfmk ymitu ? I.

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.= Jmsi`

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

Jcritmni`itm Jcritmni `itmss bcrupmfm bcrupmfmk k sm`mj sm`mj smtu pmrmbctcr pmrmbctcr dckcf dckcf tcrpckkd tcrpckkd am`mb am`mb mp`ifms mp`ifmsii pcbu`immk tcrkmf. Jcritmni`itms bckukeuffmk nmdimk amri fcrmdmbmk tgtm` ymkd aiscnmnfmk fmrckm pckdmruj dckcf. \cpckampmt ackdmk Friskmbur aff (>?=9), ymkd bckymtmfmk nmjwm sihmt prgaufsi susu `cnij ncrsihmt jcritmn`c mtmu bcbi`ifi fcbmbpumk ymkd `cnij nmif uktuff bcwmrisf uktu bcwmrisfmk mk sihmt sihmt fcukddu` fcukddu`mkky mkkym m fcpmam fcpmam fcturukm fcturukmk k ainmkaik ainmkaikdfmk dfmk sihmt sihmt rcprgaufs rcprgaufsi. i. Jcri Jc ritm tmni ni`i `itm tmss ampm ampmtt aiem aiemai aifm fmk k sc scnm nmdm dmii pctu pctuke keuf uf nm nmdi di up upmy mym m ym ymkd kd ai ai`m `mfu fufm fmk k uk uktu tuff bckikdfmtfmk pckmbpi`mk sumtu sihmt tcrkmf sm`mj smtukym bc`m`ui pckikdfmtmk bmkmecbck mtmu pcrnmifmk fgkaisi `ikdfukdmk sc`mik bc`mfufmk sc`cfsi dckcf. _ckaudmmk pmrmbctcr dckcf suamj aidukmfmk sclmrm `ums pmam prgdrmb pcbninitmk smpi pcrmj.

 

_ckddukmmk pckmfsirmk jcritmni`itms ai`mfufmk uktuf bckukeuffmk scncrmpm ncsmr rmdmb hckgp bckddmbnmrfmk fcturukmkkym. \csumi ackdmk Nmiauri aff (>?=>), nmjwm jcritmni`itms bcrupmfmk is`mj ymkd aidukmfmk uktuf bckukeuffmk nmdimk amri fcrmdmbmk tgtm` amri sihmt fumktmh pmam tcrkmf (ymkd aiufur ackdmk ncrmdmb amk vmrimksi) amri sumtu sihmt ymkd aimfinmtfmk g`cj pckdmruj dckcf. Jcritmni`itms bcrupmfmk sumtu prgpgrsi amri rmdmb dckcf tcrjmamp rmdmb hckgp. Ncrdmktukd pmam lmrm bckdjitukd prgpgrsikym bmfm sclmrm stmsf, mkdfm pcwmrismk ampmt aikymtmfmk am`mb ncrnmdmi ncktuf pcrsmbmmk, am`mb mr `ums ampmt aikymtmfmk ackdmk J 2 όd¾ / όp¾ ymkd ncrmr prgpgrsi amri rmdmb dckcf tcrjmamp rmdmb hckgp amk am`mb mr scbpit aikymtmfmk ackdmk j¾ 2 όm¾ / όp¾ ymitu ampmt aiackisifmk aiackisif mk scnmdmi prgpgrsi amri rmdmb maih tcrjmamp rmdmb hckgp. _ckmfsirm _ckm fsirmk k jcritmni jcritmni`itm `itmss ampmt ampmt ai`mfuf ai`mfufmk mk ackdmk ackdmk ncncrmpm ncncrmpm bctgac, bctgac, aimktmrm aimktmrmkym kym bctgac rcdrcsi mktmrm lmtmtmk prgaufsi tcrtum ackdmk prgaufsi mkmfkym, mkm`isis vmrimksi, amk bctgac fgrc`msi smuamrm ri scnmpmf mtmu _mtcrkm` Lgrrc`mgk Jm`h \in. Bctgac ymkd pm`ikd nmkymf aidukmfmk mam`mj bctgac fgrc`msi smuamrm ri scnmpmf. \csumi ackdmk Nmiauri aff (>?=>), nmjwm pckaudmmk mkdfm pcwmrismk mtmu jcritmni`itms ai`mfufmk ackdmk mkm`isis vmrimk vmr imksi si ackdmk ackdmk bckddu bckddukm kmfmk fmk bctgac bctgac fg fgrc` rc`msi msi sm smuam uamrm rm ri scnmp scnmpmf mf (pmtcr (pmtcrkm km`` jm jm`hs `hsin in lgrrc`m lgrr c`mgk). gk). _cbismjm _cbismjmk k fgbpgkck fgbpgkck rmdmb rmdmb uktuf uktuf bckaudm bckaudm ki`mi ki`mi jcritmni jcritmni`itm `itmss ai`mfufm ai`mfufmk k ackdmk ackdm k mkm`isi mkm`isiss rmdmb rmdmb bckddukm bckddukmfmk fmk ^mklmkd ^mklmkdmk mk Mlmf @ckdfmp pg`m scmrmj. scmrmj. _cbismjmk _cbismjmk fg fgbp bpgk gkck ck rm rmdm dmb b

uktu uktuff

bcka bckaud udm m

jcri jcritm tmni ni`i `itm tmss

ai ai`m `mfu fufm fmk k

ackd ackdmk mk mk mkm` m`is isis is rmdm rmdmb b

bckddukmfmk ^mklmkdmk Mlmf @ckdfmp _g`m \cmrmj (Lgbp`ctc`y ^mkagbizca Acsidk GkcTmy L`mssilmgk) L`mssilmgk) (_utrm aff., >?=1). Ncramsmrfmk Ncramsmrfm k prmffub, pcrjitukdmk jcritmni`itms jcritmni`itms ai`mfufmk ai`mfufmk ackdmk bcklmri ngp mtmu fgcsick rcdrcsi mkmf-tctum ackdmk bckdjitukd pcbnmdimk mktmrm Lgv gp mtmu pcrmdmb mktmrm mkmf-tctum ackdmk Xmr p mtmu rmdmb tctum. Bckurut _utrm amk Jmrtmf (>?=1), jcritmni` jcrit mni`itms itms nufmk nufmk sumtu sumtu fgkstmkt fgkstmktm m tctmpi tctmpi jmky jmkym m ncr`mfu ncr`mfu pmam pgpu`msi pgpu`msi tcrtcktu, tcrtcktu, wmftu wmftu tcrtcktu tcrtc ktu amk bctgac bctgac pcrjitukd pcrjitukdmk mk tcrtcktu. tcrtcktu. Fcrmdmbm Fcrmdmbmk k `ikdfukd `ikdfukdmk, mk, bctgac bctgac mkm`isi mkm`isiss amk  eub`mj smbpc` ymkd aidukmfmk amk jcritmni`itms jcritmni`itms ncrunmj bckurut eckis tcrkmf, sihmt, pgpu`msi, nmkdsm, wmftu, amk amcrmj. Ncncrmpm `ikdfukdmk ampmt bckycnmnfmk cfsprcsi pcrncammk dckcf ymkd `cnij ncsmr ymkd bcbpcrncsmr fcrmdmbmk dckcf amk jcritmni`itms.

 

_crjitukdmk ki`mi jcritmni`itms scsumi ackdmk Kurdimrkikdsij Kurdimrkikdsij (>?=4), nmjwm ki`mi jcritmni`itms ymkd aicsbmsi ackdmk bctgac rcdrcsi mkmf pmam sm`mj smtu tctum ampmt aijitukd ackdmk rubus5 Lgv gp ngp 2

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j¾ 2 >ngp Ncramsmrfmk jmsi` prmffub, aifctmjui nmjwm ki`mi jcritmni`itms ncrki`mi ?,?

 

I.

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

=.= Jmsi`

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

^cpitmni` ^cpitm ni`itm itmss bcrupm bcrupmfm fmk k sm sm`mj `mj smtu smtu pmrmb pmrmbctc ctcrr dck dckcf cf pckkd pckkd am`mb am`mb mp`if mp`ifmsi msi _cbu`immk Qcrkmf. ^cpitmni`itms bckukeuffmk nmdimk amri fcrmdmbmk tgtm` ymkd aiscnmnfmk fm fmrc rckm km pckd pckdmr mruj uj `i `ikd kdfu fukd kdmk mk pcrb pcrbmk mkck ck.. \c \csu sumi mi ackd ackdmk mk Bgrr Bgrris ism mkm km (>?= (>?=4) 4),, nm nmjw jwm m ripitmni`itms mtmu rcpctmni`ity bcrupmfmk fcbmbpumk am`mb pckdu`mkdmk sumtu sihmt pmam tcrkmf. tcrkm f. ^ipitmn ^ipitmni`i i`itms tms ampmt ampmt aifmtmfm aifmtmfmk k scnmdmi scnmdmi ufurmk ufurmk kdfmt kdfmt junukdm junukdmk k mktmrm mktmrm prgaufsi prgaufsi pcrigac pcrtmbm ackdmk prgaufsi pmam pcrigac ncrifutkym amri sccfgr tcrkmf ymkd suamj `cnij amri smtu lmtmtmk prgaufsi amk eudm ampmt bckaudm pckdmruj `ikdfukdmk ymkd ncrsihmt pcrbmkck. ^ipitmni`itms ^ipitmni`itms aidukmfmk uktuf bckdctmjui scemuj bmkm junukdmk mktmrm prgaufsi pcrtmbm ackdmk ncrifutkym pmam smtu ikaiviau. ^ipitmni`itms bcrupmfmk nmdimk rmdmb tgtm` sumtu sumt u pgpu`msi pgpu`msi ymkd aiscnmn aiscnmnfmk fmk g`cj pcrncamm pcrncammk-pcrn k-pcrncamm cammk k mktmr mktmr ikaiviau ikaiviau ymkd ncrsihmt ncrsihmt

 

pcrbmkck. pcrbm kck. ^ipitmn ^ipitmni`it i`itms ms bc`ipu bc`ipu scbum scbum pckdmruj pckdmruj dckcf dckcf aitmbnm aitmbnmj j pckdmruj pckdmruj `ikdfukd `ikdfukdmk mk ymkd ncrsihmt pcrbmkck. @ikdfukdmk ymkd ncrsihmt pcrbmkck mam`mj scbum pckdmruj hmftgr `ikdfukdmk ymkd ampmt bcbpckdmruji pcrhgrbm ikaiviau am`mb wmftu ymkd rc`mh `mbm (Kgvickmrm, >?=3). ^cpitmni`it ^cpitmn i`itms ms smkdmt smkdmt crmt junukdmk junukdmkkym kym ackdmk ackdmk jcritmni jcritmni`itm `itms. s. Fgkscp Fgkscp rcpitmni` rcpitmni`itms itms ncrdukm ncrd ukm uktuf uktuf sihmt-sih sihmt-sihmt mt ymkd ampmt aiufur aiufur ncru`mkd ncru`mkd fm`i sc`mbm sc`mbm jiaup jiaup tcrkmf. tcrkmf. \cem`mk \cem`mk ackdmk ack dmk _rmtm _rmtmbm bm aff (>?>?) (>?>?),, nm nmjwm jwm ki`mi ki`mi ripitm ripitmni` ni`itm itmss pcrhgr pcrhgrbm bm kddi kddi bckuke bckukeuff uffmk mk fcbmbpumk tcrkmf am`mb bckdjmsi`fmk mkmf ackdmk pcrhgrbm fcrmdmbmk ymkd rckamj mtmu pcrhgrbm ymkd jmbpir smbm pmam pmritms pcrtmbm amk pmritms sc`mkeutkym. Bckuru Bck urutt Bmlrceg Bmlrcegws wsfi fi amk Uic Uic (=9:>) (=9:>),, ripit ripitmni mni`it `itms ms mam`m mam`mj j sm sm`m `mj j smtu smtu pm pmrmb rmbctc ctcrr dckcf ymkd ampmt aidukmfmk uktuf bckaudm ki`mi bmfsibm` jcritmni`itms (j>). ^ipitmni`itms ampmt bckddmbnmrfmk kdfmt pckycsumimk mktmrm lmtmtmk ncru`mkd ymkd ncrurutmk amri tcrkmf ymkd smbm. Ki`mi ripitmni`itms ymkd kddi mam`mj nuf amri actcrbikmsi sihmt ymkd aimbm. \ymrmt uktuf bckdjitukd amym prgaufsi susu, tcr`cnij amju`u jmrus aifctmjui ki`mi ripitmni ripi tmni`itm `itmss prgaufsi prgaufsi susu. susu. Sktuf Sktuf bmfsua bmfsua tcrscnut tcrscnut ripitmni ripitmni`itm `itmss prgaufs prgaufsii susu aimkm`i aimkm`isis sis ackdmk rmklmkdmk mlmf `ckdfmp pg`m fgrc`msi am`mb fc`ms (iktrm l`mss lgrrc`mgk) ackdmk  eub`mj pckdmbmtmk pckdmbmtmk ymkd ncrncam pcr ikaiviau. Amym prgaufsi susu sccfgr smpi pcrmj aijitukd aiji tukd bckddukmfmk bckddukmfmk rubus. rubus. Ki`mi Ki`mi fgrc`msi fgrc`msi dckcf amk hckgpif hckgpif prgaufsi prgaufsi susu `mftmsi pcrtmbm ackdmk amym prgaufsi susu ymkd aiaudm bckddukmfmk rmklmkdmk mlmf `ckdfmp ackdmk mkm`isis fcrmdmbmk amk pcrmdmb. Ki`mi tmfsirmk Ki`mi tmfsirmk rcpitmni rcpitmni`itm `itmss aiampmt aiampmtfmk fmk ackdmk ackdmk ncncrmpm ncncrmpm lmrm pcrjituk pcrjitukdmk dmk,, ymitu ymitu ackdmk mkm`isis vmrimksi amk fgrc`msi. _rmffub fm`i iki bckddukmfmk pcrjitukdmk fgrc`msi, scjikddm scji kddm ki`mi ki`mi rcpitmni rcpitmni`itm `itmss aiampmtf aiampmtfmk mk amri bmsikd-b bmsikd-bmsik msikd d fgcsick fgcsicksi si fgrc`ms fgrc`msii smpi HJ. \cpckampmt ackdmk Mwm`im aff (>?=9), nmjwm amtm ngngt `mjir ymkd suamj tcrfgrcfsi ampmt aimkm`isis bckddumkmfmk bctgac mkm`isis vmrimksi. Bckaudm ki`mi rcpitmni`itms bckddukmfmk mkm`isis vmrimksi aimkddmp aimkddmp pm`ikd buamj eifm lmtmtmk ymkd aibi`ifi g`cj mp ikaiviau ymkd mfmk aimbm `cnij amri aum lmtmtmk. Bckurut _utrm amk Jmrtmf (>?=1), rubus rcpitmni`itms (r) pmam sumtu sumtu sihmt sihmt aicsbms aicsbmsii ackdmk ackdmk bctgac bctgac fgrc`msi fgrc`msi mktmr fc`ms fc`ms (iktcrl` (iktcrl`mss mss lgrrc`m lgrrc`mgk) gk) ncramsmrfmk pmam aum lmtmtmk ikaiviau

 

Ncramsmrfmk jmsi` prmffub, ki`mi rcpitmni`itms ymkd aiampmtfmk scncsmr ?,?=3), nmjwm ki`mi ripitmni`itms mam`mj ?-=, scbmfik bckacfm mkdfm = scbmfik bckukeuffmk nmjwm tcrkmf tcrscnut mfmk bckdu`mkdi prcstmsi prgaufsikym smmt iki, ai bmsm ymkd mfmk amtmkd. _ckikdfmtmk ki`mi ripitmni`itms aiaudm aiscnmnfmk g`cj kddikym fcrmdmbm fcrm dmbmk k dckcf dckcf amk fcrmdmbm fcrmdmbmk k `ikdfukd `ikdfukdmk mk pcrbmkck pcrbmkck scjikddm scjikddm bckutupi bckutupi fcrmdmbm fcrmdmbmk k `ikdfukdmk tcbpgrcr. Ki`mi ripitmni`itms ymkd kddi bckukeuffmk nmjwm fcbmbpumk tcrkmf uktuf ampmt bckdu`mkdi sihmt prgaufsi susu pmam pcrigac `mftmsi sc`mkeutkym eudm mfmk kddi. \cnm`ifkym, ki`mi ripitmni`itms ymkd rckamj bckukeuffmk nmjwm fcbmbpumk tcrkmf uktuf ampmt bckdu`mkdi sihmt prgaufsi susu pmam pcrigac sc`mkeutkym eudm mfmk rckamj. Ackdmk fmtm `mik, mpmni`m sumtu tcrkmf bcbi`ifi prgaufsi susu rckamj kmbuk ki`mi ripitmni`itmskym kddi, bmfm ampmt aipcrfirmfmk nmjwm smpi pcrmj tcrscnut mfmk ncrprgaufsi susu rckamj ai bmsm prgaufsi ymkd mfmk amtmkd. Bckurut Kggr (>?=?), audmmk ki`mi ripitmni`itms tcrnmdi fc am`mb < fmtcdgri, ymitu ?,?-?,> (rckamj)6 ?,>-?,1 (scamkd)6 amk ; ?,1 (kddi).

 

II.

FC\IB_S@MK

=. ^ipitmni`itms ^ipitmni`itms bcrupmfmk fcbmbpumk am`mb pckdu`mkdmk pckdu`mkdmk sumtu sihmt pmam pmam tcrkmf. tcrkmf. >. ^ipit ^ipitmn mni`i i`itms tms ampmt ampmt aifm aifmtmf tmfmk mk scnmd scnmdmi mi ufurmk ufurmk kdfm kdfmtt junuk junukdmk dmk mktmrm mktmrm prgau prgaufsi fsi pcrigac pcrtmbm ackdmk prgaufsi pmam pcrigac ncrifutkym amri sccfgr tcrkmf ymkd suamj `cnij amri smtu lmtmtmk prgaufsi amk eudm ampmt bckaudm pckdmruj `ikdfukdmk ymkd ncrsihmt pcrbmkck. ?=4. _ckaudmmk Ki`mi ^ipitmni`itms ^ipitmni`itms Amk Amym _rgaufsi \usu ?. \c`cfsi Ikauf Fmbnikd \mnurmi Ncramsmrfmk Ki`mi Bgst _rgnmn`c _rgaulikd Mni`ity Ngngt @mjir Amk Ngngt \mpij. Eurkm` I`bimj _ctcrkmfmk Qcrpmau. :(=)5 ?=9

_ckmkddukd Emwmn 5 Aitym Mkddrmiki _utri

@MNG^MQG^ISB I@BS _CBS@IMMK QC^KMF QC^M_MK HMFS@QM\ _CQC^KMFMK SKIXC^\IQM\ ECKAC^M@ \GCAI^BMK _S^TGFC^QG >?>?

 

I. =.= Jmsi`

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

Butu dckcf tcrkmf ampmt aitmfsir ackdmk bckddukmfmk amtm prgaufsi ymkd tcrufur. Butu dckcf tcrkmf aitmfsir bc`m`ui pckmfsirmk ki`mi pcbu`immk tcrkmf. _ckmfsirmk butu dckcf dck cf mtmu mtmu ki ki`m `mii pcbu`i pcbu`imm mmk k ai`mf ai`mfufm ufmk k ackdmk ackdmk bckddu bckddukmf kmfmk mk am amtm tm prgauf prgaufsi si ikaivi ikaiviau, au, prgaufsi hmbi`i, amk prgaufsi fgbnikmsi. Jm` tcrscnut scsumi ackdmk \mktgsm aff (>?=:), ymkd bckymt bck ymtmfm mfmk k nm nmjwm jwm butu butu dckcf dckcf tcrkmf tcrkmf mam`m mam`mj j fritcr fritcrim im ymkd ymkd ai aiema emaifm ifmk k scnmd scnmdmi mi am amsmr smr pcbi`ijmk amk pckyisijmk pmam prgscs sc`cfsi. Butu dckcf tcrkmf amf tmbpmf amri `umr, ymkd tmbpmf amk ampmt aiufur amri `umr mam`mj pcrhgrbmk mtmu prgaufsikym. Ncramsmrfmk pcrhgrbmk tcrscnut ki`mi pcbu`immk (nrccaikd vm`uc/NX) ymkd bcrupmfmk dmbnmrmk amri fcbmbpum fcbm bpumk k dckcf dckcf tcrkmf tcrkmf aitmfsir aitmfsir.. Ki`mi Ki`mi pcbu`imm pcbu`immk k bcrupmfm bcrupmfmk k pcklcrbik pcklcrbikmk mk pgtcksi pgtcksi dckcf ymkd aibi`ifi sccfgr tcrkmf uktuf sihmt tcrtcktu ymkd aincrifmk sclmrm rc`mh mtms fcauaufmkkym aiam`mb sumtu pgpu`msi ikaiviau-ikaiviau ymkd bcbi`ifi pgtcksi dckcf ai mtms rmtm-rmtm. Ki`mi pcbu`immk amf ampmt aiufur sclmrm `mkdsukd, kmbuk ampmt aiaudm mtmu aitmfsir. Ki`mi pcbu`immk ampmt aitmfsir ackdmk bckddukmfmk ikhgrbmsi subncr amtm ikaiviau, amtm hmbi`i bmupuk fgbnikmsi fcaum amtm tcrscnut.

 

Bckurut Ikariemki (>??:), nmjwm ki`mi pcbu`immk bcrupmfmk hmftgr utmbm am`mb bckdcvm`u bckd cvm`umsi msi fcukddu` fcukddu`mk mk ikaiviau ikaiviau am`mb am`mb sumtu sumtu pgpu`msi pgpu`msi tcrkmf. tcrkmf. Ki`mi Ki`mi pcbu`immk pcbu`immk smkdmt smkdmt aipcr`uf aipc r`ufmk mk uktuf uktuf nmjmk nmjmk pcrbnmkd pcrbnmkdmk mk sc`cfsi. sc`cfsi. _ckmfsir _ckmfsirmk mk K_ ai`mfufm ai`mfufmk k uktuf uktuf bc`ijmt bc`ijmt pcrikdfmt ikaiviau am`mb pgpu`msi ackdmk bckddukmfmk ncncrmpm amtm ymitu amtm prgaufsi ikaiviau smtu lmtmtmk, aum lmtmtmk, dm lmtmtmk, amk fgbnikmsi amtm ikaiviau smtu lmtmtmk ackdmk amtm hmbi`i ikaiviau tcrscnut. Ki`mi pcbu`immk ymkd aipcrg`cj amri bmsikd-bmsikd tcrkmf fcbuaimk ai rmkfikd amri ki`mi tcrkddi fc tcrckamj. Fcpck Fcp ckkdm kdmk k pckmf pckmfsi sirmk rmk ki`mi ki`mi pcbu` pcbu`im immk mk tcrkm tcrkmff mam`m mam`mj j am`mb am`mb jm jm`` bcbnmk bcbnmktu tu bc`mfufmk pcrnmkaikdmk mktmr tcrkmf, pckyusukmk pcrikdfmt tcrkmf, amk `mik-`mik. \csumi ackd ackdmk mk \mkt \mktgs gsm m aff aff (>?= (>?=:) :),, nmjw nmjwm m tcrk tcrkmf mf ym ymkd kd bcbi bcbi`i `ifi fi ki ki`m `mii pcbu pcbu`i `imm mmk k kdd kddii bckddmbn bckd dmbnmrfm mrfmk k kddikym kddikym fcbmbpum fcbmbpumk k dckcf dckcf tcrkmf tcrkmf tcrscnut tcrscnut uktuf uktuf ncrprgauf ncrprgaufsi. si. Ki`mi Ki`mi pcbu`immk mam`mj bi`if ikaiviau itu sckairi amk aitcktufmk g`cj dck-dck ymkd aiwmrisfmk pmam fcturukmkym. Qcrkmf ymkd bcbi`ifi ki`mi pcbu`immk kddi scnmifkym aidukmfmk uktuf ikauf pmam dckcrmsi ncrifutkym. Qcrkmf ymkd bcbpukymi ki`mi pcbu`immk `cnij ncsmr amri ymkd `mikkym mfmk `cnij nmif eifm aiemaifmk tcrtum ni`m ainmkaikdfmk ackdmk tcrkmf ymkd bcbi`ifi ki`mi pcbu`immk rckamj. Ki`mi pcbu`immk ikaiviau uktuf sihmt fumktmh aitcktufmk ackdmk bcbnmkaikdfmk mktmrm hckgp ikaiviau ackdmk rmtmmk hckgp pctcrkmfmk tcbpmt tcrkmf tcrscnut aipi`ij. _mrmbctcr dckcf scrikd aidukmfmk am`mb rubus pckaudmmk ki`mi pcbu`immk amk prgscs sc`cfsi (Furkimktg, >?=?) Bckurut Dirsmkd aff (>?=8), ki`mi rmdmb ymkd ncsmr aijmrmpfmk ampmt ai`mfsmkmfmk pcrnmifmk butu dckcf tcrjmamp tcrkmf sclmrm fcsc`urujmk. \c`mik itu tcrampmt pmrmbctcr dckcf ymitu jcritmni`itms, fgrc`msi dckcf amk ki`mi pcbu`immk ymkd ampmt bckemai pmtgfmk am`mb am` mb bc`mfu bc`mfufm fmk k pcrnm pcrnmifm ifmk k dckcf dckcf tcrjm tcrjmam amp p si sihmt hmt tcrtck tcrtcktu tu aiam`m aiam`mb b sc`cfs sc`cfsii scjikd scjikddm dm aijmrmpfmk aijmrmpfm k ampmt bckikdfmtfmk bckikdfmtfmk butu dckcf tcrkmf pmam dckcrmsi sc`mkeutkym. Bmfik ncsmr vmrims vmr imsiky ikym m bmfik bmfik ncsmr ncsmr pu`m pu`m fcbukd fcbukdfik fikmk mk ampmt ampmt ai` ai`mfs mfsmkm mkmfm fmk k pc pcrnm rnmifm ifmk k butu butu sclmrm sclmrm fcsc`urujmkkym. Butu Bu tu dckcf dckcf mtmu mtmu ki`m ki`mii pcbu` pcbu`imm immk k aipckd aipckdmr mruji uji g`cj g`cj ki ki`mi `mi amri amri jcritm jcritmni ni`it `itms ms am amk k ripitmni`itms. \csumi ackdmk Friskmbur aff (>?=9), nmjwm eifm ki`mi jcritmni`itms rckamj, bmfm rcspgk sc`cfsi ymkd aipcr Qikddikym ki`mi jcritmni`itms jcritmni`itms aiscnmnfmk g`cj pckdmruj dckcf maih 

 

tcrjmamp fcrmdmbmk sihmt tcrscnut `cnij kddi ainmkaikdfmk ainmkaikdfmk ackdmk pckdmruj kgk maih amk `ikdfukdmk. g`cj `cnij rckamj fmrckm hmftgr `ikdfukdmk ncrpcrmk scnmdimk ncsmr vmrimsi amk bckutupi fgbpgkck dckcf. ^ckamjkym ki`mi jcritmni`itms pmam sihmt rcprgaufsi amripmam sihmt prgaufsi bckdikaifmsifmk bckdikaifmsifmk pcr`ukym pckikdfmtmk butu dckcf tcrkmf bc`m`ui pcrnmifmk `ikdfukdmk `ikdfukdm k ymkd chcfh.

II.

FC\IB_S@MK

=. Ki`mi Ki`mi pcbu`i pcbu`immk mmk bcrupmfmk bcrupmfmk pcklcrbik pcklcrbikmk mk pgtcksi dckcf dckcf ymkd aibi`ifi aibi`ifi sccfgr sccfgr tcrkmf uktuf sihmt tcrtcktu ymkd aincrifmk sclmrm rc`mh mtms fcauaufmkkym aiam`mb sumtu pgpu`msi ikaiviau-ikaiviau ymkd bcbi`ifi pgtcksi dckcf ai mtms rmtm-rmtm. >. Ki`mi Ki`mi pcbu` pcbu`immk immk bcrupmfmk bcrupmfmk hmftgr hmftgr utmbm am`mb am`mb bckdcvm`ums bckdcvm`umsii fcukddu`mk fcukddu`mk ikaiviau ikaiviau am`mb sumtu pgpu`msi tcrkmf. ?=8 >?=8.. _c _cka kaud udmm mmk k _mrm _mrmbc bctc tcrr Dckc Dckcf f Amk Amk Fgbpgkck Fgbpg kck ^mdmb ^mdmb \ihmt \ihmt _crtubnuj _crtubnujmk mk _mam Nmkdsm Nmni Nmni Ygrfsjir Ygrfsjirc5 c5 Csbmgk Csbmgk Gh  Dckc Dc kcl l _m _mrm rmbc bctc tcrr Mka Mka Xmri Xmrimk mklc lc Lgbp Lgbpgk gkck ckts ts Gh Drgw Drgwtj tj Qrmi Qrmits ts Ik Ygrf Ygrfsj sjir irc c \wikc. Eurkm` _ctcrkmfmk Iktcdrmh . 1(8=->43. Ikariemki J. >??:. _ckaudmmk Lmtmtmk _rgaufsi \usu ? JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

\c`cfsi bcrupmfmk lmrm pcbi`ijmk tcrkmf uktuf aiemaifmk tctum pmam dckcrmsi ymkd

 

mfmk amtmkd. \c`cfsi ai`mfufmk uktuf pckikdfmtmk butu dckcf tcrkmf pmam smtu sihmt mtmu `cnij amri smtu sihmt. \cpckampmt ackdmk Mfnmr (>?=8), nmjwm sc`cfsi bcrupmfmk kamfmk uktuf ukt uf bcbi` bcbi`ij ij tcrkmf tcrkmf ymkd ymkd aimkd aimkddmp dmp bcbi` bcbi`if ifii butu butu dckc dckcff ncrfu ncrfum` m`itm itmss scnmdm scnmdmii uksur uksur jcrcaitms, scjikddm hukdsi sc`cfsi mam`mj bcrunmj hrcfucksi dck aiam`mb pgpu`msi tcrjmamp sih sihmt mt dck ymkd ymkd aifcjc aifcjckam kamfi fi.. Aitmbn Aitmbnmj mjfm fmk k g`cj g`cj Furkim Furkimktg ktg (>??9) (>??9),, sc`cfs sc`cfsii mam`m mam`mj j upmym upmym bcbi`ij amk bcbpcrtmjmkfmk tcrkmf ymkd bcbi`ifi fcukddu`mk amk bckdc`umrfmk tcrkmf ymkd aimkddmp furmkd nmif. \c`cfsi ampmt aiamsmrfmk pmam ki`mi pcbu`immk tcrkmf. Bctgac ymkd aidukmfmk am`mb bc`mfufmk sc`cfsi tcrkmf tcrnmdi bckemai dm bctgac ymkd ncrncam, ymitu sc`cfsi ikaiviau smtu lmtmtmk, sc`cfsi ikaiviau aum lmtmtmk, amk sc`cfsi fgbnikmsi. Bckurut _utrm aff (>?=3), sc`cfsi tcrkmf ncramsmrfmk lmtmtmk prgaufsi tcrkmf bcrupmfmk bcrup mfmk sm`mj smtu bctgac sc`cfsi sc`cfsi pmam tcrkmf uktuf uktuf bckdctmj bckdctmjui ui pcrhgrbmk pcrhgrbmkss mtmu pckmbp pck mbpi`m i`mk k pmam pmam ncncrm ncncrmpm pm tcrkm tcrkmff tcrpi tcrpi`ij `ij bu`m bu`mii amri amri `m `mjir jir sm smbpm bpmii ackdm ackdmk k acwms acwmsm. m. _crhgrbmks tcrkmf ymkd nmif mfmk aiwmrisfmk fcpmam mkmfkym, scjikddm sc`cfsi ncramsmrfmk pcrhgrbmks tcrkmf bckemai smkdmt pckkd. Qcrkmf ymkd bcbi`ifi lmtmtmk prgaufsi ymkd nmif aircfgbckamsifmk uktuf bckdifu tmjmp sc`cfsi ncrifutkym, ymitu uei fcturukmk. Ncramsmrfmk prmffub, ki`mi jcritmni`itms ymkd aidukmfmk uktuf bckdjitukd sc`cfsi tcrkmf tcrscnut scncssmr ?,? I. =.= Jmsi`

JM\I@ AM AMK _C _CBNMJM\MK

 

=.> _cbnmjmsmk _cbnmjmsmk

Sei fcturukmk mam`mj sumtu bctgac cvm`umsi dckcf tcrkmf bckddukmfmk ikhgrbmsi prgauf prg auf fcturu fcturukmk kmkkym kym.. \csumi \csumi ackdmk ackdmk Jmfib Jmfib aff (>?=?) (>?=?),, nm nmjwm jwm uei fcturu fcturukmk kmk mam`m mam`mj j pckddukmmk lmtmtmk amri jmsi` fcturukmkkym uktuf bcbpcrfirmfmk ki`mi pcbu`immk sccfgr tcrkmf. Aitmbnmj tcrkmf. Aitmbnmjfmk fmk g`cj Fikjg aff (>?=3), uei fcturukm fcturukmk k (prgdcky (prgdcky tcst) tcst) mam`mj mam`mj sumtu sumtu pcrlgnmmk ymkd aincri u`mkdmk uktuf bckaudm susukmk dckcf sumtu ikaiviau tctum ackdmk bckc`i sihmt-sihmt fcturukmkkym ymkd ncrmsm` amri pcrfcbnmkdnimfmk sclmrm dckcrmh ymkd aibm aibmfs fsua uafm fmk k

uktu uktuff

bc bcka kaud udm m

ki` i`mi mi

pcbu pcbu`i `imm mmk k

(n (nrc rcca caik ikd d

vm vm`u `uc) c)

tctu tctum m

ackd ackdmk mk

bcbnmkaikdfmk fikcrem fcturukmkkym. \c`mik itu, pcki`mimk tcrjmamp tctum (pgjgk ikauf) mfmk mfm k `cnij `cnij mfurm mfurmtt fmrckm fmrckm sceub` sceub`mj mj fc fctur turukm ukmk k amri amri mp mp tctum tctum aicvm` aicvm`um umsi si pmam pmam fgkai fgkaisi si `ikdfukd `ikd fukdmk mk ymkd `cnij `cnij tcrfckam tcrfckam`i `i amripmam amripmam fgkaisi `ikdfukdmk `ikdfukdmk aibmkm aibmkm tctum tctum ncrmam. ncrmam. Sei fcturukmk aifc`gbpgffmk bckemai aum, ymitu uei fcturukmk jm`h-sin (eifm msm` usu` sm`mj smtu ikaufkym amf aifctmjui) amk uei fcturukmk hu``-sin (eifm msm` usu` fcaum ikaufkym aifctmjui). _ckdueimk _ckd ueimk ackdmk bckddukmf bckddukmfmk mk uei fcturukm fcturukmk k ampmt ampmt ai`mfufm ai`mfufmk k nmif nmif pmam pmam tcrkmf tcrkmf  emktmk amk nckm, tctmpi pmam ubukym ai`mfufmk ai`mfufmk uktuf pcemktmk ackdmk sihmt ymkd ainmtmsi  eckis fc`mbik. Jm` tcrscnut scpckampmt ackdmk Mfgsg (>?=>), nmjwm uktuf bcki`mi prgaufsi susu mkmf fcturukmkkym amk bcbnmktu am`mb sc`cfsi smpi ‐_rgdcky tcskd‒, ymitu fcdimtmk uei fum`itms dckcf. \mpi lm`gk pcemktmk ymkd mfmk aiuei aincrifmk pcr`mfumk smbm ackdmk smpi pcbnmkaikd. pcbnmkaikd. _rgdcky _rgdcky tcskd tcskd ampmt ampmt ai`mfufm ai`mfufmk k ackdmk ackdmk lmrm bcbi`ij lm`gk lm`gk pcemktmk pcemktmk buam ymkd aimrmjfmk bckemai pcbmlcf ackdmk ubur scfitmr aum tmjuk. \ccfgr pcemktmk ymkd tc`mj aincrifmk pcr`mfumk, fcbuaimk aifmwikfmk ackdmk ncncrmpm ikauf jmsi` sc`cfsi ymkd tc`mj aifctmjui ncrprgaufsi kddi. Bckurut Jmfib aff (>?=?), prgscaur pckcktumk pcemktmk ukddu` bc`m`ui uei pcrhgrbmks amk ai`mkeutfmk ackdmk uei dckcf, nmif ackdmk pckc`urusmk fcbmbpumk ikauf amk nmpmf bmupuk uei fcturukmk, bcrupmfmk bctgac ymkd lufup mfurmt am`mb bcbi`ij pcemktmk ukddu` uktuf pckddukmmk sc`mkeutkym am`mb sfm`m ym ymkd kd `cni `cnij j `u `ums ms,, bism bism`k `kym ym sc scnm nmdm dmii su subn bncr cr sc scbc bck. k. _rgs _rgsca caur ur ik ikii sm smkd kdmt mt pck pckkd kd am amk k bcbncrifmk bmfkm nmjwm sihmt ikaiviau ymkd aiuei bcbncrifmk fcsmk sccfgr tcrkmf scpcr ymkd tmbpmf, tmbpmf, scamkdfm scamkdfmk k si`si`mj si`si`mjkym kym bckymtmfm bckymtmfmk k nmdmibmk nmdmibmkm m pgtcksi pgtcksi scjmrusk scjmruskym ym ikaiviau ikaiviau tcrscnut, tctmpi tmbpi`mk fcturukmkkym bckymtmfmk fcmammk ymkd scnckmrkym amri ikaiviau.

 

Aitmbn Ait mbnmjf mjfmk mk g`cj g`cj Acwi Acwi am amk k Tmrag Tmragyg yg (>?=:) (>?=:),, uei fcturu fcturukm kmk k ai` ai`mfu mfufmk fmk uktuf uktuf bcki`m bcki`mii fcbmbpumk dckcf pcemktmk ackdmk bckaudm pcrhgrbmks fcturukmkkym. Cvm`um Cvm `umsi si dckcf dckcf tctum tctum bckddu bckddukmf kmfmk mk ik ikhgr hgrbms bmsii prgauf prgaufsi si fcturu fcturukm kmkky kkym m am ampmt pmt ai`m ai`mfu fufm fmk k fm fmrc rckm km mk mkmf mf bcru bcrupm pmfm fmk k lg lgkt ktgj gj ml mlmf mf am amri ri dckdck-dc dck k tctu tctumk mkym ym.. Bcku Bckuru rutt Kudimrkikds Kudimrk ikdsij ij (>?=>), (>?=>), cvm`umsi cvm`umsi pgtcksi pgtcksi dckcf dckcf pcemktmk pcemktmk ymkd ampmt ampmt aiiackf aiiackfmsi msi amri pcrhgrbmk fcturukmkkym bcrupmfmk sm`mj smtu prgdrmb ymkd smkdmt pckkd uktuf ampmt tcrlmpmikym butu dckcf ymkd gpbm`. _gtcksi dckcf ampmt tcrlcrbik amri ncncrmpm sihmt prgaufsi, aimktmrmkym aimktmrmkym mam`mj ngngt `mjir, ngngt smpij, amk pcrtmbnmjmk ngngt nmamk jmrimk scnc`ub smpij. Cvm`umsi pgtcksi dckcf pcemktmk bcrupmfmk sm`mj smtu prgdrmb pcbu`immk ymkd smkdmt pckkd am`mb sc`cfsi tcrkmf. \c`cfsi ncramsmrfmk pgtcksi dckcf mfmk bmbpu bckikdfm bcki kdfmtfm tfmk k chcfvitm chcfvitmss sc`cfsi sc`cfsi scjikddm scjikddm ampmt ampmt bckikdfm bckikdfmtfmk tfmk fcbmeumk fcbmeumk dckcf dckcf mfinmt mfinmt sc`cfsi. _gtcksi dckcf pcemktmk ampmt tcrlcrbik amri fum`itms fcturukmkkym ymkd ampmt aiprcaifsi amri pcrhgrbmks ymkd ampmt aiufur. Ngngt `mjir amk ngngt smpij bcrupmfmk aum vmrimnc` pckkd am`mb bckaudm fcbmbpumk ncrprgaufsi ikaiviau tcrkmf. Ncram Ncr amsmr smrfmk fmk prmff prmffub, ub, ki`mi ki`mi jcritm jcritmni` ni`itm itmss ymkd ymkd ai aiduk dukmfm mfmk k mam`m mam`mj j ?,1?. ?,1?. Ki`mi Ki`mi jcritmni`itms tcrscnut ncrhukdsi uktuf bckdjitukd bcklmri eub`mj mkmf pcr pcemktmk amk jmsi`` sc`cfsi. jmsi sc`cfsi. Ncsmr Ncsmr fcli`kym fcli`kym ki`mi ki`mi jcritmni` jcritmni`itms itms ymkd aidukmfm aidukmfmk k tcrdmktuk tcrdmktukd d amri ncncrmpm ncncrmpm hmftgr. \csumi ackdmk Jmryemktg aff (>?=:), nmjwm scbmfik fcli`kym prgpgrsi fgbpgkck vmrimk vmr imkss hmbi`i hmbi`i mfmk mfmk ncramb ncrambpmf pmf pm pmam am fcli`k fcli`kym ym ki ki`m `mii jcritm jcritmni` ni`itm itmss fmrckm fmrckm tmfsir tmfsirmk mk ki ki`mi `mi jcritmni`itms bcrupmfmk pcrnmkaikdmk mktmrm vmrimks hmbi`i tcrjmamp vmrimks tgtm` hckgpc. Csbmsi jcritmni Csbmsi jcritmni`itm `itmss hmbi`i hmbi`i bckukeuff bckukeuffmk mk ki`m ki`mii ymkd `cnij `cnij ncsmr ncsmr ainmkaik ainmkaikdfmk dfmk csbmsi csbmsi jcritm jcr itmni` ni`itm itmss am`mb am`mb hmbi` hmbi`ii bmupu bmupuk k jcritm jcritmni` ni`itm itmss ikaivi ikaiviau, au, ymkd ymkd ncrmr ncrmr nm nmjwm jwm pgtcks pgtcksii pcrg`cjmk dckcf pm`ikd kddi mfmk aiampmtfmk pmam sc`cfsi hmbi`i. Ki`mi Ki` mi uei fcturukm fcturukmk k aiampmtf aiampmtfmk mk ackdmk ackdmk bckdjitu bckdjitukd kd Ynmr Ynmr amri pcrmkdfi pcrmkdfikdmk kdmk ymkd tcrmtms. Ncramsmrfmk jmsi` prmffub, aifctmjui nmjwm amtm mkmf amri pcemktmk M bcbi`ifi ki`mi ymkd `cnij ukddu` ainmkaikdfmk ackdmk pcemktmk N amk L. jm` tcrscnut scpckampmt ackdmk Nmcjmfi aff (>?=8), nmjwm ki`mi pcbu`immk nism aidukmfmk am`mb bcki`mi fcukddu`mk tcrkmf ymkd mfmk aiemaifmk scnmdmi tctum uktuf dckcrmsi sc`mkeutkym. _ckcktumk tctum ymkd mfmk aipi`ij ai`ijmt amri rmkdfikd ki`mi pcbu`immkkym. Qcrkmf ymkd bcbi`ifi ki`mi pcbu`immk

 

ymkd kddi mfmk aipi`ij scnmkymf ymkd ainutujfmk amk mfmk aidukmfmk scnmdmi ninit. Audmmk ki`mi pcbu`immk bcrupmfmk sm`mj smtu hmftgr ymkd pckkd am`mb bckdcvm`umsi fcukddu`mk dckcf sccfgr tcrkmf, tcrutmbm tcrkmf ymkd mfmk aiemaifmk scnmdmi ninit, fmrckm sctckdmj amri ki`mi pcbu`immk tctum mfmk aiwmrisifmk fcpmam fcturukmkkym. Ncsmrkym ki`mi pcbu`immk sccfgr tcrkmf bcrupmfmk fcukdd`mk pgtcksi dckcf ymkd aibi`ifi tcrkmf itu amri rmtm-rmtm pgpu`msi.

II.

FC\IB_S@MK

 

=. Sei fcturukmk mam`mj sumtu bctgac cvm`umsi dckcf tcrkmf bckddukmfmk ikhgrbmsi

prgauf prga uf fcturukm fcturukmkkym kkym ackdmk ackdmk bckc`i bckc`i sihmt-sih sihmt-sihmt mt fcturukm fcturukmkkym kkym ymkd ncrmsm` ncrmsm` amri pcrfcb pcr fcbnm nmkdn kdnim imfmk fmk sclmrm sclmrm dckcrm dckcrmh h ymkd ymkd aibmfs aibmfsuaf uafmk mk uktuf uktuf bckaud bckaudm m ki ki`mi `mi pcbu`immk pcbu`imm k (nrccaikd vm`uc) tctum ackdmk bcbnmkaikdfmk fikcrem fcturukmkkym. >. _ckdueimk ackdmk bckddukmfmk uei fcturukmk ampmt ai`mfufmk ackdmk pckcktumk pcemktmk ukddu`. ?=>. Nuai Amym \mpi _crmj Ei`ia >. _usmt _ckcrnitmk amk _crlctmfmk Skmir, \urmnmym. Nmcjmfi, _. B., \. Nmkaim F, amk _. Caimkikdsij. >?=8. Ki`mi _cbu`immk Agbnm Dmrut Ncramsmr Ngngt Ngn gt @m @mjir jir Bckddu Bckddukmf kmfmk mk Bctgac Bctgac _mtcr _mtcrkm km`` Jm`h-\ Jm`h-\IN IN ai S_QA S_QA N__QA N__QA Bmrdm Bmrdmwm wm. . \tuackts c-Egurkm`. 3(1)5 =-:. Ac Acwi wi,, ^. ^.,, & Tm Tmra ragy gyg, g, I. >? >?=: =:.. Fcuk Fcukdd ddu` u`mk mk ^c ^c`m `mh h Fm Fmbn bnik ikd d _c _crs rsi` i`mk mkdm dmk k Ng Ngcr cr am amk k Fmlm Fm lmkd kd.. Eu Eurk rkm` m`

Qcrk Qc rkmf mf55

Eurk Eu rkm` m`

I`bi I` bimj mj

Hmfu Hm fu`t `tms ms

_ctc _c tcrk rkmf mfmk mk

Skiv Sk ivcr crsi sitm tmss

Is`m Is `mb b

@mbgkdmk. 9(=)5 =?=?. _ckdcbnmkdmk \istcb \is tcb Bmk Bmkmec mecbck bck Nr Nrcca ccaikd ikd \m \mpi pi Nm Nm`i. `i. \m \miks iks _ct _ctcrk crkmf mfmk5 mk5 Eur Eurkm km`` _ck _ckc`i c`im mk k I`b I`bu u _ctcrkmfmk, 8(=)5 9-=4. Jmryemktg, @., _rmstygkg, _., & Jmaiymk, Y. >?=:. \c`cfsi amk _crg`cjmk Dckcf pmam Sei Fcturukmk Kym Fcturukmk Kymwmi wmi (Hil (Hilus us Xmri Xmricdmt cdmtm m N`ub N`ubc) c) ai Nmk Nmktu`. tu`. Eurk Eurkm` m` _cbu _cbu`imm `immk k Qmk Qmkmbmk mbmk Jutmk. =>(>)5 93-=?1. Fikjg, E., E. Jm`mwmkc, M. Irmwmk, amk Y. Fmmr. >?=3. Cvm`umgk Gh _`mkt Drgwtj Gk _rgdcky Qcst Cngky (Aigspyrgs ^ubpjii) Mdc Gkc Ycmr Ik Qjc Kurscry. Ik _rgsiaikd \cbikmr Kmsigkm` Bmsymrmfmt Nigaivcrsitms Nigaivcrsitms Ikagkcsim. =(1)5 :??-:?1. Kurdimrkikdsij, X. M. >?=>. Cvm`umsi Dckcf _cemktmk Ngcr Ncramsmrfmk _crhgrbmks Jmsi` _crsi`mkdmkkym Ackdmk Fmbnikd @gfm`. QC^KMF Q^G_IFM Egurkm` gh Qrgpilm` Mkibm` _rgaulgk. =>(=)5 :>-::.

@mbpirmk5

 

_cku`is ncrkmbm Hmrmsjyc``m @ubiktmkd ^mdmzmsusi`g, nimsm aipmkddi` Mlc` amri embmk scfg`mj bckckdmj pcrtmbm, bckurut tcbmk-tcbmk pcku`is fmrckm fm`g aipmkddi` Hmrmsjyc``m fcpmkemk fcpm kemkdmk dmk emai ainumt kmbm pmkd pmkddi`m di`mk k scpcr scpcr  itu. _cku`is _cku`is `mj `mjir ir pmam jmri Bikd Bikddu, du, =4 Hcnrum Hcn rumri ri >?? >??> > ai scn scnum umj j tcb tcbpm pmtt ncr ncrkm kmbm bm _ur _urwgf wgfcrt crtg. g. Ym Ym,, pck pcku`i u`iss bcr bcrupm upmfm fmk k grm grmkd kd _urwgfcrtg kmbuk amri fcli` smbpmi scnc`ub fu`imj ncrtcbpmt kddm` ai Ngdgr. \mmt iki pcku`is suamj bckctmp ai _urwgfcrtg. _cku`is pcrkmj bckdckymb pckaiaifmk ai nmkdfu QF M`-Bustghm, \A \wmstm Aimk _crwi, \B_ Kcdcri > Qidmrmfsm, amk \BM Kcdcri = Fmnupmtck Qmkdcrmkd. \mmt iki pcku`is scamkd ncrfu`imj scbcstcr < ai Hmfu`tms _ctcrkmfmk Skivcrsitms Eckacrm` \gcairbmk. _cku`is bcrupmfmk mkmf pcrtmbm amri < ncrsmuamrm. _cku`is bckyufmi ncncrmpm ncncr mpm jm` ain ainiamk iamkd d scki scki,, scpcr scpcr  `uf `ufismk ismk amk busi busif. f. _cku _cku`is `is eudm smkd smkdmt mt bckd bckdmdub mdubii scnumj nmkdukmk ymkd ncrkmbm buscub, bckurutkym ai am`mb buscub bcbncrifmk fcsmk ymkd smkdmt ikamj. _cku`is bcbi`ifi jgni bcbnmlm kgvc` amk pgcb. Kgvc` ymkd aisufmi g`cj pcku`is mam`mj kgvc` ymkd aitu`is g`cj Qsmkm. \mmt iki, pcku`is scamkd bckem`mkfmk ncncrmpm fcdimtmk ai niamkd mfmacbif amk grdmkismsi. _cku`is bckdifu grdmkismsi, aimktmrmkym SFB S_< amk NCB. _mam mwm` tmjuk >?>?, >?> ?, pck pcku`i u`iss ncr ncrdm dmnuk nukd d am am`mb `mb NC NCB B Hm Hmfu` fu`tms tms _ct _ctcrk crkmfm mfmk k Sks Sksgca gca scn scnmdm mdmii stm stm  am amri ri Fcbcktrimk _ckdcbnmkdmk _ckdcbnmkdmk \ubncr Amym Bmjmsiswm, amk nc`ub `mbm iki pcku`is ncrdmnukd am`mb fcpckdurusmk ai S_< pmam aivisi Ikhgrbmsi amk Fgbukifmsi. \cemf auauf ai nmkdfu \cfg \c fg`m `mj j Bc Bckc kckd kdmj mj Mt Mtms ms,, pc pcku ku`i `iss su suam amj j bc bckl klgn gnm m nc ncnc ncrm rmpm pm pc pckd kdm` m`mb mbmk mk ai ni niam amkd kd fcgrdm fcg rdmkis kismsi msimk mk amk fcp fcpmki mkim mmk. mk. _ck _cku`i u`iss sua suamj mj bck bckam ampmt pmtfm fmk k ncn ncncrm crmpm pm pck pckdm` dm`mbm mbmk k fcpmk fcp mkim immk mk am amri ri mw mwm` m` pcr pcrfu` fu`imj imjmk mk am amk k smm smmtt iki pck pcku` u`is is sca scamk mkd d bck bckem` em`mk mkfm fmk k sm sm`mj `mj smt smtu u fcpmkimmk. Mfjir fmtm pcku`is bckdulmpfmk rmsm syufur amk tcribm fmsij fcpmam M``mj \TQ,

 

fcaum grmkd tum, tcbmk-tcbmk amk ncncrmpm suppgrt systcb ymkd tc`mj bcbnmktu amk bcbncri bmsuffmk am`mb pcbnumtmk `mpgrmk mfjir iki.