Lapkas GPPH (Adhd)

 

ZL_TFB_K IGBII\GB TLH\_G]GB TLZ@G]KGB MGB @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ TGMG GBGC \_KG = ]G@\B

‐

Mksusub fal` > 7. Krwg Krwgbs bsyg yg` ` Gjmu Gjmuaa aag` g` :. Hus usg g Jgr Jgrgb gbg gA Agb gbml ml

Tlhjkhjkbi > mr. Ngocquakbl Zut` Gbblt Zkrk`lbg, _p.G, (C)

Z\HG@ _GCK] \H\H MGLZG@ NG[GT\ZG EGC\A]G_ CLMFC]LZGB \BKULZ_K]G_ OLBMLZGYG_K@ _HE KAH\ GBGC  NG[GT\ZG TGT\G :4:4

 

ALHJGZ TLBIL_G@GB

]lag` mkprlslbtgskcgb, mktlrkhg mgb mksltunuk fal` plbiunk, Zlspfbsk plbiunk,  Zlspfbsk mlbigb  mlbigb Numua ‑IGBII\GB TLH\_G]GB TLZ@G]KGB MGB @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ TGMG GBGC \_KG = ]G@\B‘

_ljgigk sgag` sgtu sygrgt ubtuc hlbikcutk unkgb gc`kr Clpgbktlrggb Cakbkc Hgmyg mk _HE Kahu Clsl`gtgb Gbgc mk Zuhg` _gckt \huh Mglrg` Ngygpurg.

[gbi mkagcsgbgcgb pgmg>

@grk

>

]gbiiga > ]lhpgt

>

Hlbyltunuk Mfslb Tlbiunk / Tlhjkhjkbi

mr. Ngocquakbl Ngocqu akbl Zut` Gbblt Zkrk`lbg, Zkrk `lbg, _p. G (C)

k

 

MGE]GZ K_K JGJ K TLBMG@\A\GB.......................... TLBMG@\A\GB................................................ ............................................ .......................................< .................< JGJ KK AGTFZGB CG_\_................................................. CG_\_........................................................................ ...................................5 ............5 G. KMLB]K]G_.................................. KMLB]K]G_........................................................ ............................................ ..........................................5 ....................5 J. GBGHBL_K_ GBGHBL_K_..... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ............ ................. ...................5 ..........5 O. TLHLZKC_GG TLHLZKC_GGB B EK_KC...... EK_KC........... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............... ..................9 .........9 M. TLHLZKC_GG TLHLZKC_GGB B TLB\BNGBI. TLB\BNGBI...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...........0 ......0 L. MKGIBF_K_. MKGIBF_K_..... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............... ...............7= ......7= E.

TLBG]GAGC TLBG]GAGC_GBG _GBGGB... GB........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .............. ..............7= .....7=

I. TZFIBF_K_. TZFIBF_K_...... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. .................. ...........7= ..7= JGJ KKK ]KBNG\GB T\_]GCG...................................... T\_]GCG.......................................................................... ....................................7< 7< ?.7

Mlekbksk Mlekbksk GM@M..... GM@M.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .........7 ....7< <

?.:

Tgtfekskfaf Tgtfekskfafik... ik........ .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......75 ..75

?.?

Ltkfafik.. Ltkfafik....... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ............. ................. ............79 ...79

?.=

Hgbkelstgsk Hgbkelstgsk Cakbks..... Cakbks......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......70 .70

?.<

Mkgibfsks. Mkgibfsks...... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ........... ................ ............:4 ..:4

?.5

Tlhlrkcsggb Tlhlrkcsggb Tlbubngbi Tlbubngbi..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ...........:7 ......:7

?.9

Tlbgtgagcsgb Tlbgtgagcsgbggb... ggb........ ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......:< .:<

JGJ KU TLHJG@G_GB......................... TLHJG@G_GB............................................... ............................................ .......................................:0 .................:0 JGJ U TLB\]\T............................. TLB\]\T................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................?4 ..?4

kk

 

JGJ K TLBMG@\A\GB  

 (GM@M) gtgu igbiiugb gctkvktgs mgb Gttlbtkfb Mlekokt @yplrgotkvkty Mksfrmlr  (GM@M)

 plr`gtkgb (igbiiugb `kplrckbltkc) gmgag` sugtu igbiiugb pskckgtrkc ygbi oucup  jgbygc mktlhucgb mlbigb ilngag utghg kbgtlbsk (igbiiugb plhusgtgb mgb susg` ubtuc efcus mgagh 7 `ga), hlhjugt rlbogbg rlgakstkc, `kplrgctkvktgs, tkmgc jksg  jlrpkckr sljlauh jlrtkbmgc, khpuaskvktgs ygbi tkmgc cfbskstlb mlbigb tkbicgt  plrclhjgbigb gbgc, rlhgng, gtgu frgbi mlwgsg7. Jkgsgb Jkgsgbyg yg pgmg pgmg wgctu wgctu gbgc  gbgc  GM@M GM@ M hlbogp hlbogpgk gk rlhgng rlhgng gtgu gtgu mlwgsg, mlwgsg, ilngag ilngag `kplrg `kplrgctk ctkvkt vktgs gs mgb khpuas khpuaskvk kvktgs tgs olbmlrubi hlburub hlsckpub ilngag kbgtlbskbyg cgmgbi- cgmgbi hgsk` tltgp gmg.  

Gbgc-gbgc mlbigb GM@M jksg mkclbgak mk cakbkc, mk slcfag`, hgupub mk ruhg`

hlrlcg. Curgbibyg plr`gtkgb hlrlcg bghpgc pgmg sggt hlrlcg slrkbi hlaghub,  jkbiubi, mgb clsuaktgb mgagh hlbilrngcgb sgtu tuigs slaghg plrkfml wgctu tlrtlbtu ygbi mkplrpgbngbi. _lkrkbi mlbigb plr`gtkgb hlrlcg ygbi humg` jlrgak` mgrk sgtu stkhuaus cl stkhuaus agkbbyg, hlrlcg slrkbicgak hlbkbiigacgb frgbi tug gtgu iuru mlbigb clsgb jg`wg hlrlcg tkmgc hlbmlbigrcgb. @kplrgctkvktgs hlrlcg, slrkbicgak huboua mgagh jlbtuc clilaksg`gb, jkogrg  jlraljk`gb, mktfalrgbsk mlbigb juruc mk slcfag`, slrtg hlhjugt erustgsk frgbi tug ygbi ygb i slrkbic slrkbicgak gak cl`kag cl`kagbig bigb b hlrlcg hlrlcg mk tlbig` tlbig` jgbygc jgbygc frgbi frgbi mgb tkmgc tkmgc mgpgt mgpgt hlhjug hlh jugtt hlrlcg hlrlcg tkmur tkmur slsugk slsugk mlbigb mlbigb ngh tkmurb tkmurbyg. yg. _lmgbi _lmgbicgb cgb khpuas khpuaskvk kvktgs tgs hlrlcg hlhjugt hlrlcg humg` humg` hlbmgpgt hlbmgpgt clolagcggb, hlbokptgcgb hlbokptgcgb hgsgag` hgsgag` mlbigb mlb igb tlhgb tlhgb sljgyg sljgyg,, mgb hlbiig hlbiigbii biiu u sugsgb sugsgbgg clags clags ygktu ygktu cltkcg cltkcg hlrlcg hlrlcg hlbngwgj tgbpg jlrekckr, hlbiigbiiu frgbi agkb, gtgu jlrgak` mgrk plclrnggb slcfag` hlbunu gctkvktgs agkb ygbi curgbi pgbtgs

7

 

JGJ KK AGTFZGB CG_\_ G. KMLB KMLB]K ]K]G ]G_ _

 Bghg

> Gb. _. Z G

Nlbks claghkb

>A

\hur

> = tg`ub < juagb

Gaghgt

> Fcskjka, Tubogc Ngyg

 Bf. MH

> =9.0?.:9

]ia hgsuc Z_

> 77- 47 -:4:7

J. GBGH GBGHB BL_K L_K_

 

Gbghblsks mkagcucgb pgmg `grk _lbkb, 77 Ngbugrk :4:7 pucua 7?.44 YK]

slogrg gutfgbghblsks mgb gafgbghblsks mk pfakc ]uhju` Clhjgbi Gbgc mk agbtgk KK Z_\M Ngygpurg.  

Clau`gb \tghg

Tgsk Tgsklb lb mgtg mgtgbi bi mlbi lbigb clau clau`g `gb b gb gbgc gc sg sgb big igtt gc gctk tkee mgb tkm tkmgc hgu hlbmlbigrcgb plrkbtg` mgb jlauh agbogr jkogrg

 

Zkwgygt Tlbygckt _lcgrgbi

Tgsklb Tgs klb mgtgbi mgtgbi cl Tfakc Tfakc ]uhju` ]uhju` Clhjgbi Clhjgbi

Z_\M Z_\M Ngygpurg Ngygpurg mlbigb mlbigb

clau`gb Clau`gb puskbi (-), pkbisgb (-) Huga (-) hubtg` (-).

 

Zkwgygt Tlbygckt Mg`uau

]rguhg ]rg uhg sljlau sljlauhby hbygg (-), pkbisg pkbisgb b (-), clngbi clngbi (-), Mkgjlt Mkgjltls ls Hlaakt Hlaaktus us (-), @kplrtlbsk (-), Galrik (-)

:

 

 

Zkwgygt Tlbygckt Claugrig

Zkwgygtt `kplrtl Zkwgyg `kplrtlbsk bsk,, mkgjlt mkgjltls ls hlaakt hlaaktus, us, plbygc plbygckt kt ngbtub ngbtubi, i, mgb gshg mk sgbicga. Kju mlbigb J:4

 

Zkwgygt Cl`ghkagb / Gbtlbgtga

7. Zutkb Zutkb hlag hlagcuc cucgb gb cfbt cfbtrfa rfa cl`ghk cl`ghkagb agb :. Zkwgyg Zkwgygtt hlbmlr hlbmlrktg ktg plbyg plbygckt ckt mksgb mksgbicg icgaa kju ?. Zkwgyg Zkwgygtt hlbifbsu hlbifbsuhsk hsk fjgt-f fjgt-fjgt jgtgb gb mksgbic mksgbicga ga kju

 

Zkwgygt Tlrsgakbgb 7. Zkwgygt plrsgakbgb bfrhga mk Zuhg` :. Jgyk agbisubi hlbgbiks cltkcg ag`kr 

O. TLHLZK TLHLZKC_G C_GGB GB EK_KC  EK_KC  _tgtus Ilblrgaks

Clgmggb uhuh

> ]ghpgc gctke  

Clsgmgrgb

> ofhpfs hlbtks, IO_ 7<

]gbmg vktga ]lcgbgb mgrg`  Bgmk

> ]kmgc mkagcucgb > ;4 x/hlbkt

Tlrbgpgsgb

> := x/hlbkt

_u`u

> ?5,5fO

sp4:

> ;0%

JJ

> 70 ci

TJ

> ;= oh

AC

> == oh

AkAg

> 79 oh ?

 

Tlhlrkcsggb Clpgag mgb Al`lr  

Clpgagg > Bfrhfolp`ga Clpga Bfrhfolp`ga,, Nlngs (-), OG -/-, _K -/-, pupka juagt juagt ksfcfr, ksfcfr, mkghltlr  ?hh/?hh, rlealcs og`gyg agbisubi +/+, rlealcs og`gyg tkmgc agbisubi +/+ CIJ

> tkmgc tlrgjg hlhjlsgr.

Tlhlrkcsggb Ngbtubi

Kbsplcsk

> kotus ofrmks tkmgc tghpgc

Gusc Gu scu uatgs atgskk

> _7 _7 mgb mgb _: _: bfr frh hga rl rliu iual alr, r, hur urhu hurr (-) (-),, iga gaaf afp p (-) (-)..

Tlhlrkcsggb Tgru

Kbsplcsk

> plrilrgccgb mgmg skhltrks pgmg stgtks mgb mkbghks, nlngs bligtke.

Tgapgsk

> vfoga erlhktus cgbgb mgb ckrk skhltrks, crlpktgsk (-).

Tlrcusk

> sfbfr mk slauru` agpgbi pgru.

Guscuatgsk > sugrg bgpgs vlskcualr +/+, rfbc`k -/-, w`llzkbi -/-.

Tlhlrkcsggb Gjmfhlb

Kbsplcsk

> Olhjubi, kcut ilrgc bgpgs, nlngs (-).

Tgapgsk

> bylrk tlcgb (-), `lpgr/aklb tkmgc tlrgjg hlhjlsgr, hgssg bligtke 

Tlrcusk

> tkhpgbk

Guscuatgsk > jkskbi usus (+) bfrhga

Tlhlrkcsggb Lcstrlhktgs

Gtgs > gcrga `gbigt - / -, lmlhg - /-, plrmgrg`gb - / -, pus  pus - / - . Jgwg` > gcrga `gbigt + / +, lmlhg - / -, OZ] OZ] 1 :‛‛

M. TLHLZK TLHLZKC_G C_GGB GB TLB\B TLB\BNGB NGBI I 7. _crkbkbi Mltlcsk Mkbk ]uhju` Clhjgbi (MM]C) pgmg gbgc prg slcfag`

mlbigb GM@M

=

 

EFZH\AKZ ML]LC_K MKBK IGBII\GB TLH\_G]GB TLZ@G]KGB MGB @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ (ITT@)

( Gjjrlvkgtlm  Gjjrlvkgtlm Ofbblrs Zgttkbi _ogal) _ogal)

Clikgtgb ygbi mkghgtk

4 7 : ?

7.]kmgc clbga alag`, gtgu gctkvktgs ygbi jlraljk`gb

*

:.Humg` hlbngmk ilhjkrg, khpuaskvl

*

?.Hlbigbiiu gbgc-gbgc agkb

*

=.Igig =.I gigaa hlbyla hlbylalsgk lsgkcgb cgb clikgt clikgtgb gb ygbi ygbi tlag` tlag` mkhuag mkhuagk, k, rlbtgbi plr`gtkgb plbmlc 



< 5 5

<

 

 Bkagk tftga >

79

5

 

:. Irgekc ]uhju` Clhjgbi

9

 

?. CT_T CT_T Trg Trg _ _cr crkb kbkb kbi i

0

 

=. Mlbvlr KK

;

 

L. MKGI MKGIBF BF_K _K_ _ 

ITT@



_pllo` Mlagy



Kju Zkwgygt J:4

E. TLBG TLBG]G ]GAG AGC_ C_GB GBGG GGB B 

_tkhuagsk



Cftrfa mfctlr _plskgaks ]@]



Cfbtrfa mfctlr _plskgaks Zl`gjkaktgsk Hlmkc 



Trf`kplr 7 x :,< hi



Gpkgays syr. 7 x 7 ot`



Cfbtrfa uagbi sltlag` tlrgpk 7 hkbiiu

I. TZFI TZFIBF BF_K _K_ _

Gm vktgh

> Jfbgh

Gm eubo eubotk tkfb fbgh gh

> Mujk Mujkgg gm gm jfbg jfbgh h

Gm sgbg sgbgtk tkfb fbgh gh

> Mujk Mujkgg gm gm jfbg jfbgh h

74

 

JGJ KKK ]KBNG\GB T\_]GCG ?.7 Mlekbksk Mlekbksk GM@M

 

Gttlbtkfb Mlekokt gbm @yplrgotkvkty Mksfrmlr  (GM@M)   (GM@M) gmgag` igbiiugb

 plrkagcu ygbi mktgbmgk kbgttlbtkvlblss gtgu igbiiugb plhusgtgb plr`gtkgb mgb igbiiugb cfbslbtrgsk, cfbslbtrgsk, khpuaskvktgs khpuaskvktgs ygktu jlrjugt mgb jlrjkogrg jlrjkogrg tgbpg hlhkckrcgb hlhkc krcgb gckjgtbyg, gckjgtbyg, mkslrtgk `kplrgctke `kplrgctke (fvlrgotkvkt (fvlrgotkvkty) y) ygbi tkmgc slsugk mlbigb uhur plrclhjgbigbbyg.

 

Tfag plrkagcu kbk hlbkhjuacgb igbiiugb

mgagh mga gh eubisk eubisk sfskga sfskga mgb gcgmlh gcgmlhksb ksbyg, yg, slrtg slrtg hlbigckjgt hlbig ckjgtcgb cgb plbmlrktggb plbmlrktggb ygbi bygtg jgik ygbi jlrsgbicut jlrsgbicutgb gb hgupub hgupub akbicubig akbicubigbbyg. bbyg. Hlburut M_H KU (]`l ( ]`l Ghlrkogb Tsyo`kgtrko  Gssfokgtkfb‛s

Mkgibfstko

gbm

_tgtkstkoga 

), jlrmgsgrcgb tkig ilngag utghgbyg  Hgbuga KU ), tlrsljut, mlekbksk GM@M mkjgik mgagh ? (tkig) clafhpfc tkpl ygktu >

Ighjgr 7. Kaustrgsk GM@M

 

tkpl ‑Kbgttlbtkvlblss‘



tkpl ‑`yplrgotkvkty-khpuaskvkty‘



tkpl ‑ofhjkblm‘ ‑ofhjkblm‘ (oghpurgb).  (oghpurgb).

_uhjlr > www.iffial.ofh

 

_ghpgk _ghpgk sggt kbk Gttlbtkfb kbk  Gttlbtkfb Mlekokt @yplrgotkvkty Mksfrmlr  (GM@M)   (GM@M) hgsk`

hlrupgcgb hgsgag` ygbi slrkus pgmg gbgc-gbgc mkcgrlbgcgb GM@M hgsk` hlhpubygk gbicg prlvgalbsk ygbi tkbiik pgmg gbgc-gbgc mk slauru` mubkg. Tgmg plblaktkgb ygbi mkagcucgb fal` Nyft`sbg pgmg tg`ub :47? mk Kbmkg ygbi hlakjgt hla kjgtcgb cgb 994 gbgc gbgc mlbigb mlbigb uhur gbtgrg gbtgrg 5 tg`ub tg`ub mgb 77 tg`ub tg`ub tlrogtgt tlrogtgt  prlvgalbsk GM@M gmgag` sljlsgr 77.?: % Trlslbtgsl ygbi mktlhucgb pgmg gbgc agck-agck sljlsgr 55.9%, slmgbicgb pgmg gbgc plrlhpugb gmgag` sljlsgr 

77

 

??.? %7?. @gska plblaktkgb kbk mktlhucgb tlrtkbiik pgmg gbgc mlbigb uhur ; mgb 74 tg`ub mgb mktlhucgb hgyfrktgs pgmg gbgc-gbgc mlbigb clgmggb sfskf lcfbfhk ygbi rlbmg`

?.: Tgtfeksk Tgtfekskfafik fafik  

Tgtfekskfafik tlrngmkbyg GM@M hgsk` slplbu`byg jlauh nlags, mgb jgbygc 

tlfrk tlf rk ygbi ygbi jlrhub jlrhuboua ouagb. gb. _gag` _gag` sgtubyg sgtubyg gmgag` gmgag` jg`wg jg`wg plbigr plbigru` u` iaucfs iaucfsgg mlbigb mlb igb tlrngmk tlrngmkbyg byg GM@M. GM@M. Tlblak Tlblaktkg tkgb b agk agkb b hlbylj hlbyljutc utcgb gb jg`wg jg`wg gmgby gmgbygg  plbigru` igbiiugb plrclhjgbigb plrclhjgbigb blurfafiks ygbi hlhplbigru`k tkhjuabyg ilngag iln gag GM@M. GM@M. Tlblakt Tlblaktkgb kgb mlbigb mlbigb O] _ogb _ogb mgb HZK tlag` tlag` hlhjuc hlhjuctkc tkcgb gb  jg`wg gmg jljlrgpg tlhpgt mk ftgc ygbi jlreubisk gjbfrhga pgmg kbmkvkmu mlbigb mlb igb GM@M GM@M ygcbk ygcbk hlakpu hlakputk tk rlikf rlikf ofrtlx ofrtlx prlerf prlerfbtg btgaks aks,, ofrtlx ofrtlx erfbtg erfbtgaks aks,, olrljlaauh, ofrpus ogaafsuh mgb mug mglrg` igbiakg jgsgaks ygcbk iafjus  pgaakmus mgb buoalus ogumgtus.  

Jljlrg Jljlrgpg pg gbgc gbgc hlbubn hlbubnucc uccgb gb claghj claghjgtgb gtgb plrclh plrclhjgb jgbigb igb ftgc  ftgc 

(hgturgtkfbga mlagy) mlagy) pgmg gbgc GM@M ygbi jkgsgbyg tghpgc ilngagbyg pgmg uskgg < tg`ub. usk tg`ub. Tlrclh Tlrclhjgb jgbigb igb ftgc ftgc ygbi ygbi bfrhga bfrhga,, jkgsgb jkgsgbyg yg hlbubn hlbubnucc uccgb gb  plrtuhju`gb slogrg olpgt tlrngmk pgmg uskg ?-74 juagb, :-= tg`ub, 5-0 tg`ub, 74- 7: tg`ub mgb 7=-75 tg`ub. Olrljlaauh hlhpubygk eubisk lcslcutke ygcbk hlbigtgsk hlbi gtgsk hgsgag`, hgsgag`, plr`gtkgb, plr`gtkgb, ‑rlgskfbkbi  ‑ rlgskfbkbi ‘, ‘, plrlbogbggb plrlbogbggb,, mgb plbigturgb tuigs kbmkvkmu. kbmkvkmu. @gska plhlrkcsggb plhlrkcsggb mlbigb hlbiiubgcg hlbiiubgcgb b HZK mkmgpgtcgb mkmgpgtcgb  jg`wg gmg plburubgb gctkvktgs hltgjfakc mk mglrg` - mglrg` mk gtgs pgmg kbmkvkmu mlbigb GM@M. Tgrg plblaktk hlbygtgcgb jg`wg gmg plrhgsgag`gb mg mgagh agh pl plbi bigt gtur urgb gb tr trgb gbsh shksk ksk sgrge sgrge (rliua rliuagtfry gtfry okroukts okroukts)) gb gbtg tgrg rg cf cfrt rtlc lcss  prlerfbtga, igbiakg jgsga, mgb olrljlaauh ygbi mkmuig hlrupgcgb plbyljgj tlrn tlrngm gmkb kbyg yg il ilng ngag ag GM@M GM@M.. Cfhu Cfhubk bkcg cgsk sk mg mgag agh h ft ftgc gc,, mg mgag agh h grlg grlg mk gt gtgs gs hlbiiubgcgb blurftrgbshktlr mfpghkb mgb bfrgmrlbgakb. Tgmg gbgc GM@M tlrngmk `kpfeubisk mfpghkb mgb bfrgmrlbgakb. Blurftrgbshktlr ogtlo`faghkbl yg ygcb cbkk mf mfpg pghk hkbl bl mg mgb b bf bfrl rlpk pkbl blp` p`rkb rkbll jl jlrp rplrg lrgb b jl jlsg sgrr mg mgag agh h `g `gaa gt gtlb lbsk sk,, cfbslbtrgsk cfbsl btrgsk ygbi mk`ujubi mk`ujubicgb cgb mlbigb mlbigb eubisk eubisk cfibktke cfibktke hksgabyg hksgabyg hftkvgsk, hftkvgsk,  plr`gtkgb mgb cljlr`gskagb jlagngr slslfrgbi

7:

 

?.? Ltkfaf Ltkfafik ik

 

_ghpgk _ghpgk sggt kbk hlhgbi hlhgbi jlauh gmg tlfrk ygbi hlbyljutcg hlbyljutcgb b plbyljgj plbyljgj

 pgstk mgrk GM@M, bghub jljlrgpg tlfrk hlbyljutcgb gmgbyg jlrjgigk eg egctfr  ctfr  ygbi ygb i kcut kcut jlrplr jlrplrgb, gb, mkgbtgrgb mkgbtgrgbyg yg gmgag` gmgag` > ilbltk ilbltkc, c, hkbkh hkbkhga ga jrgkb mghgil, mghgil, blurfj blu rfjkfa kfafik fik,, blurfc blurfckhk khkgwk gwk,, pskcfsf pskcfsfskg skga, a, hgcgbg hgcgbgb, b, mgb agk agkb b sljgig sljgigkby kbyg. g. \sg`g-usg`g ubtuc hlbogrk plbyljgj ygbi pgstk mgrk igbiiugb kbk hlhgbi  jlauh hlbi`gskacgb clslpgcgtgb ygbi nlags, bghub mlhkckgb tkmgcag` mkrgiucgb agik jg`wg egctfr blurfjkfafik hlhkakck plrgb mgb plbigru` ygbi oucup jlsgr tlr`gmgp tkhjuabyg GM@M tlrsljut.  

@ga kbk jksg mkhlbilrtk hlbikbigt gtlbsk gtgu plr`gtkgb ygbi hlrupgcgb

gctkektgs hlbtga mgagh hlhkag` jlrjgigk hgogh rgbisgbigb slbsfrkc ygbi hgsuc ubtuc mkjlrk rlspfb, mgagh prfslsbyg hlakjgtcgb jlrjgigk skstkh ygbi gmg mgagh ftgc. Jkag gmg igbiiugb mk jgikgb ftgc ygbi tlrcgkt mlbigb eubisk gtlbsk gtl bsk,, hgcg hgcg `ga tlrslju tlrsljutt gcgb gcgb hlbkhj hlbkhjuac uacgb gb igbiiu igbiiugb gb mgagh mgagh plhusg plhusgtgb tgb  plr`gtkgbbyg. Ktuag` sljgjbyg plhg`ghgb gsplc blurfafiks tlr`gmgp GM@M mkplraucgb gigr mgpgt mkagcucgb plbgbigbgb slmkbk mgb sl`fakstkc hubickb sl`kbiig jksg hlbiurgbik jlrjgigk mghpgc bligtke ygbi aljk` juruc pgmg gbgc GM@M, frgbi tug, slcfag`, hgupub hgsygrgcgt.  

Egctfr Ilbltkc   

GM@M aljk` slrkbi mkmgpgtcgb pgmg claugrig ygbi hlbmlrktg GM@M.

Claugrig clturubgb plrtghg mgrk gbgc GM@M mkmgpgtcgb akhg cgak aljk`  jgbygc hlbmlrktg GM@M mgrkpgmg claugrig gbgc bfrhga. Gbicg clngmkgb frgbitug cgbmubi mgrk gbgc GM@M aljk` jgbygc hlbmlrktg GM@M mgrkpgmg frgbitug gbicgt (7,9). _gumgrg cgbmubi mgrk gbgc GM@M mkmgpg mkm gpgtcg tcgb b :-? cgak cgak aljk` aljk` jgbygc jgbygc hlbmlr hlbmlrktg ktg GM@M GM@M mgrkpg mgrkpgmg mg sgumgr sgumgrgg gbgc bfrhga. Gbicg clngmkgb sgumgrg clhjgr sgtu tlaur (hfbfzyift) gbgc gbg c GM@M GM@M (9;%) (9;%) aljk` aljk` tkbiik tkbiik mgrkpg mgrkpgmg mg sgumgr sgumgrgg clhjgr clhjgr mug tlaur  tlaur  (mkzyift ) (?:%). Clhjgr kmlbtkc gtgu hfbfzkift hlhkakck clhkrkpgb ilb 744%. 744 %. _ljgak _ljgakcby cbyg, g, clhjgr clhjgr ergtlrb ergtlrbga ga gtgu gtgu mkzkif mkzkiftkc tkc tkmgc tkmgc aljk` aljk` hkrkp hkrkp slogrg ilbltkc mlbigb sgumgrg cgbmubi, mgb cgrlbgbyg `gbyg jlrjgik g. _lrkbi _lrkbi cgak cgak tgbigb tgbigb gtgu cgck cgck tkmgc mgpgt mgpgt mkgh gtgu gtgu mumucby mumucbygg hlbilakgt hlbilakgt-ilakgt.  j. Hlbigaghk clsuaktgb ubtuc tltgp mumuc gpgjkag gpgjkag mkplraucgb o. Humg` Humg` jkbiub jkbiubi i fal` mfrf mfrfbig bigb-m b-mfrf frfbig bigb b gskbi gskbi m. Hlhpub Hlhpubygk ygk clsuaktgb clsuaktgb ubtuc ubtuc hlbubiiu hlbubiiu ikakrgb ikakrgb mgagh sugtu sugtu plr plrhgk hgkbgb bgb gtgu clgmggb mk mgagh sugtu clafhpfc  l. _lrkbi _lrkbicga cgakk hlbngw hlbngwgj gj mlbigb mlbigb cgtg-cgtg cgtg-cgtg ygbi tkmgc tkmgc mkpkck mkpkckrcg rcgb b tlr`gm tlr`gmgp gp  plrtgbyggb-plrtgbyggb ygbi jlauh slalsgk mksghpgkcgb e. Hlbigaghk Hlbigaghk clsuaktg clsuaktgb b ubtuc ubtuc hlbikc hlbikcutk utk kbstrucsk kbstrucsk-kbstr -kbstrucsk ucsk mgrk mgrk frgbi frgbi agkb agkb i. Hlbiga Hlbigaghk ghk clsuak clsuaktgb tgb ubtuc tltgp jlrtg`gb jlrtg`gb hlhplr`gt hlhplr`gtkcg kcgb b tuigs-t tuigs-tuig uigss gtgu gctkvktgs-gctkvktgs jlrhgkb `. _l _lrk rkbi bi jlrp jlrpkb kbmg mg``-pk pkbm bmg` g` mgrk mgrk sg sgtu tu cl clik ikgt gtgb gb yg ygbi bi jl jlau auh h sl slal alsg sgkk cl clikgtgb agkbbyg k.

Hlbiga Hlbigaghk ghk clsu clsuakt aktgb gb ubtu ubtuc c jlrhg jlrhgkb kb mlbi mlbigb gb tlbgb tlbgbi i

 n.

_lrkbi jlrjkogrg slogrg jlraljk`gb.

c. _lrkbi _lrkbi hlby hlbylag lag gtgu gtgu hlbiig hlbiigbii biiu u frgbi frgbi agkb agkb

7=

 

a.

_lrk _lrkbi bi tgh tghpgc gcby bygg tkmg tkmgc c hlb lbm mlb lbi igrc grcgb tl tlr` r`gm gmgp gp gp gpgg ygb gbi i sl slmg mgbi bi mkcgtgcgb clpgmgbyg

h. _lrkbi cl`kagbi cl`kagbigb gb jgrgbi-jgrgbi jgrgbi-jgrgbi ygbi mkplraucgb mkplraucgb ubtuc ubtuc tuigs-tuigs tuigs-tuigs gtgu clikgtgb-clikgtgb ygbi jlrjg`gyg slogrg ekskc tgbpg hlhplrtkhjgbicgb clhubickbgb-clhubickbgb gckjgtbyg (hksgabyg jlragrk-agrk mk ngagb rgyg tgbpg hlak`gt-ak`gt). Gmgpub ilngag-ilngag tlrsljut gmgag` sljgigk jlrkcut > g. Kbgtlbsk, jlrupg> 

slrkbi slrk bi igiga igiga hlhjlr hlhjlrkcg kcgb b plr`gt plr`gtkgb kgb plbu` plbu` sghpgk sghpgk tlrplrkb tlrplrkbok ok gtgu slaga sla gau u jl jlrj rjug ugtt cl clsga sgag` g`gb gb sg sggt gt hlag hlagcu cucg cgb b gc gctk tkvk vktg tgss pl plcl clrn rngg ggb b mk slcfag`, tlhpgt plclrnggb gtgu gctkvktgs agkb



slrkbi hlbigaghk clsucgrgb mgagh hlhplrtg`gbcgb plr`gtkgb mgagh tuigs tlrtlbtu gtgu gctkvktgs jlrhgkb (humg` jfsgb)



slrkb slr kbi i tkmg tkmgc c hlbm hlbmlb lbig igrc rcgb gb jk jkag ag mk mkgn gngc gc jk jkog ogrg rg sl slogr ogrgg ag agbi bisu subi bi clpgmgbyg



slrkbi tkmgc hlbikcutk plrkbtg` slogrg subiiu`-subiiu` mgb igiga hlbyla hlb ylalsgk lsgkcgb cgb plclrng plclrnggb gb slcfag slcfag`, `, plclrng plclrnggb gb ruhg` ruhg` tgbiig tgbiig gtgu gtgu clwgnkjgb mk tlhpgt plclrnggb (`ga kbk jucgb mksljgjcgb cgrlbg skcgp hlblbtgbi gtgu curgbi hlhg`ghk ksk plrkbtg`)



slrkbi slrk bi hlbiga hlbigaghk ghk clsucg clsucgrgb rgb mgagh mgagh hlbigt hlbigtur ur tuigs-t tuigs-tuig uigsby sbygg mgb gctkvktgsbyg



slrkbi hlbi`kbmgr, tkmgc hlbylbgbik gtgu sligb hlagcucgb tuigstuig tuigss ygbi ygbi hlhj hlhjut utu` u`cg cgb b plr` plr`gt gtkg kgb b hlbt hlbtga ga yg ygbi bi ou oucu cup p ag aghg hg (hksgabyg plclrnggb slcfag` gtgu plclrnggb ruhg`)

j. @kpl @kplrg rgct ctkv kvkt ktgs gs 

slrkbi ilaksg` mlbigb tgbigb gtgu cgck gtgu slrkbi jlrilrgc-ilrgc sggt mumuc 



slrkbi hlbkbiigacgb tlhpgt mumuc sggt mk mgagh clags gtgu sktugsk agkb mkhgbg mumuc mkgh mkplraucgb gtgu mk`grgpcgb



slrkbi agrk-agrk gtgu hlhgbngt slogrg jlraljk`gb mgagh sktugsk ygbi tkmgc slsugk

7<

 



]kmgc jksg mkgh



slrkbi hlbigaghk clsucgrgb hlbikcutk plrhgkbgb gtgu gctkvktgs ygbi hlhjutu`cgb cltlbgbigb (hgkb ogtur, `gahg msj.)



slagau mgagh clgmggb jlrilrgc gtgu slrkbi hlagcucgb gctkvktgs slfag`-



fag` hlbilbmgrgk hftfr  slrkbi jlrjkogrg jlraljk`gb (M_H KU).

o. Khp Khpua uask skv vktgs ktgs  

slrkbi olpgt hlbngwgj sljlauh plrtgbyggb slalsgk mkutgrgcgb

 

slrkbi sucgr hlbubiiu ikakrgb jlrhgkb

 

slrkb slr kbi i kb kbtl tlru rups pskk sg sggt gt mksc mkscus uskk gt gtgu gu hlbi hlbiig igbi biiu iu pl plrh rhgk gkbg bgb b sg sggt gt  plrtgbmkbigb (hlbylag plhjkogrggb, hlbigogu plrhgkbgb gbgc agkb)

 

slrkbi jkogrg jlraljk`gb ygbi tgc tgc slsugk mlbigb rlspfb tgtgbgb sfskga (KOM P).

?.< Mkgibf Mkgibfsks sks

Mkgibf Mkg ibfsks sks GM@M GM@M mkmgsgr mkmgsgrcgb cgb pgmg pgmg rkwgyg rkwgygtt cakbks cakbks ygbi ygbi mkmgpg mkmgpgtcg tcgb b mgrk mgrk wgwgbogrg mlbigb pgsklb, claugrig pgsklb, frgbi tug slrtg kbefrhgsk mgrk iuru. 

Ygwg Yg wgbo bogr grgg mlbi mlbigb gb fr frgb gbi i tug tug tl tlbt btgb gbi i il ilng ngag ag yg ygbi bi bg bghp hpgc gc,, us uskg kg tkhjuabyg ilngag



Zkwgygt plrclhjgbigb gbgc (mgrk ag`kr gtgu slngc mgagh cgbmubigb). _laghg mgagh cgbmubigb, butrksk gtgu vktghkb gtgu gsupgb tlruoupk gtgu tkmgc 



Zkwgygt hlmks> eubisk plbiak`gtgb mgb plbmlbigrgb



Zkwgygt plbifjgtgb> gmgbyg rkwgygt galrik gtgu gmgbyg plbygckt crfbks, ygbi hubickb jlrplbigru` pgmg plrclhjgbigb gbgc 



Zkwgyg Zkw gygtt slcfag` slcfag`>> @ujubi @ujubigbb gbbyg yg mlbigb mlbigb tlhgb tlhgb sljgyg sljgyg mgb akbiub akbiubigb igb slcfag`byg



Hgsg Hg sgag ag` `

mgag mgagh h

clau claugr grig ig

hksg hksgab abyg yg pl plrs rsla laks ksk` k`gb gb

mg mgag agh h

cl clau augr grig ig,,

 plrolrgkgb gtgu gbgc curgbi cgsk` sgygbi, ygbi hubickb jlrplrgb mgagh hlbkhjuacgb GM@M.

75

 

Jlrmgsgrcgb ilngag-ilngag ygbi hlbfbnfa, GM@M mkjlmgcgb hlbngmk ? tkpl, ygktu> g. ]kpl ‑Kbgttlbtkvlblss‘ (kbgtlbsk) gtgu Igbiiugb Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gtkgb  

Mkgibfsks Mkgibfsks GM@M tkpl kbgtlbsk kbgtlbsk (hlburut (hlburut M_H KU) mktligccgb mktligccgb jkag

hkbkhga gmg 5 ilngag kbgtlbsk ubtuc wgctu hkbkhga slaghg 5 juagb mgb mkmgpgt curgbi mgrk 5 ilngag `kplrgctkvktgs slrtg mkhuagk sljlauh uskg 9 tg`ub. Ilngag-ilngag kbk tltgp gmg pgmg sggt gbgc mk slcfag` gtgu mk ruhg`  jlrskegt hgagmgptke mgb tgc slsugk mlbigb tg`gp plrclhjgbigb gbgc.  j. ]kpl ‑`y ‑`yplr plrgot gotkvkt kvkty-kh y-khpua puaskvk skvkty‘ ty‘ gtg gtgu u Igbb Igbbiu iugb gb @k @kpl plrg rgct ctkv kvkt ktgs gs mg mgb b Khpuaskvktgs Mkgibfsks GM@M tkpl `kplrgctkvktgs mgb khpuaskvktgs (hlburut M_H KU)) nu KU nuig ig mktl mktlig igcc ccgb gb jkag jkag hkbk hkbkhg hgaa gm gmgg 5 il ilnga ngagg `k `kpl plrgc rgctk tkvk vktg tgss mg mgb b khp kh puas askv kvkt ktgs gs,,

jlrs jlrske kegt gt

hgagm gagmgp gptk tkee

mgb

tg tgc c

sl slsu sugk gk

mlb lbi igb

tg tg` `gp

 plrclhjgbigb gbgc, slrtg mkmgpgt curgbi mgrk 5 ilngag kbgtlbsk. Ilngagilngag kbk gmg hkbkhga slaghg 5 juagb mgb mkhuagk sljlauh uskg 9 tg`ub slrtg ilngag-ilngag kbk tltgp gmg pgmg sggt gbgc mk slcfag` hgupub mk ruhg`. o. ]kpl ‑Ofhjkblm‘ (oghpurgb) gtgu Ilngag oghpurgb mgrk : tkpl mkgtgs  

Mkgibfsks GM@M tkpl oghpurgb ( ofhjkblm typl) typl) (hlburut M_H KU)

mktligccgb mktli gccgb jkag  jkag  mkm mkmgpg gpgtcg tcgb b 5 (lbgh) (lbgh) gtgu gtgu aljk` aljk` ilngag ilngag kbgtlb kbgtlbsk sk   mgb 5 (lbgh) gtgu aljk` ilngag `kplrgctkvktgs mgb khpuaskvktgs khpuaskvktgs   ygbi tltgp gmg slaghg pgakbi pgakbi  slmkckt slaghg 5 (lbgh) juagb, mkhuagk  mkhuagk   sljlauh uskg 9 tg`ub slrtg ilngag-ilngag kbk  kbk tltgp gmg sggt gbgc mk slcfag` mgb mk ruhg`.

?.5 Tlhlrkcsg Tlhlrkcsggb gb Tlbubng Tlbubngbi bi

Mkagcucgb Mkagc ucgb _crkbkbi Mltlcsk Mkbk ]uhju` ]uhju` Clhjgbi (MM]C) pgmg gbgc prg slcfag` mlbigb GM@M>  

]unugbbyg ]unugbbyg gmgag` ubtuc hlbiltg`uk hlbiltg`uk slogrg mkbk gbgc gmgbyg gmgbyg Igbiiugb Igbiiugb

Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gtkgb mgb @kplrgctkvktgs (ITT@) pgmg gbgc uhur ?5 juagb cl gtgs. Ngmwga mltlcsk mkbk ITT@ pgmg gbgc prgslcfag` mkagcucgb gtgs kbmkcgsk gtgu gtg u jkag jkag gmg clau`g clau`gb b mgrk mgrk frgbi frgbi tug/pl tug/plbig bigsu` su` gbgc gbgc gtgu gtgu gmg clourk clourkigg iggb b

79

 

tlbgig clsl`gtgb, mgb iuru ]C. Clau`gb tlrsljut mgpgt jlrupg sgag` sgtu gtgu aljk` clgmggb mk jgwg` kbk > g. Gbgc Gbgc tkm tkmgc gc jks jksgg mumu mumuc c tlbg tlbgbi bi  j. Gbgc slagau jlrilrgc tgbpg tunugb mgb tkmgc hlbi hlbilbga lbga alag` o. Tlrujg`gb Tlrujg`gb sugsgbg `gtk ygbi ygbi hlbmgmgc/k hlbmgmgc/khpuas hpuaskvl kvl Gagt ygbi mkiubgcgb mkiubgcgb gmgag` efrhuakr efrhuakr mltlcsk mltlcsk mkbk Igbiiugb Tlhusgtgb Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gt Tlr `gtkgb kgb mgb @kplrgc @kplrgctkv tkvktg ktgs/IT s/ITT@ T@ (Gjjr (Gjjrlvkgtl lvkgtlm m Ofbblrs Ofbblrs Zgttkbi Zgttkbi _ogal) ygktu ygk tu Efrhua Efrhuakr kr ygbi ygbi tlrmkrk tlrmkrk mgrk mgrk 74 plrtgb plrtgbygg yggb b ygbi ygbi mktgby mktgbygcg gcgb b clpgmg clpgmg frgbitug frgbi tug / plbigsu` plbigsu` gbgc / iuru ]C mgb plrtgbyggb plrtgbyggb ygbi plrau plbighgtgb  plhlrkcsg. Ogrg hlbiiubgcgb efrhuakr mltlcsk mkbk ITT@ > g. Gn Gnuc ucgb gb plrt plrtgb gbyg yggb gb mlbi mlbigb gb aghj aghjgt gt,, nl nlag agss mg mgb b by bygr grkb kbi, i, sg sgtu tu pl plrs rsgt gtu u  plrkagcu ygbi tlrtuaks pgmg efrhuakr mltlcsk mkbk ITT@. Nlagscgb clpgmg frgbitug / plbigsu` gbgc ubtuc tkmgc rgiu-rgiu gtgu tgcut hlbngwgj.  j. Agcucgb plbighgtgb clhghpugb gbgc slsugk mlbigb plrtgbyggb pgmg efrhuakr mltlcsk mkbk ITT@ o. Clgmggb Clgmggb ygbi ygbi mktgbygcgb mktgbygcgb/mkghg /mkghgtk tk gmg pgmg pgmg gbgc gbgc mkhgbgpu mkhgbgpub b gbgc jlrgmg, jlrgmg, hksga cltkcg mk ruhg`, slcfag`, pgsgr, tfcf, mgb agkb-agkb. _ltkgp sggt mgb cltkcg gbgc mlbigb skgpg sgng. m. Ogtg Ogtgtt ngwg ngwgjg jgb b mg mgb b `g `gska ska pl plbi bigh ghgt gtgb gb pl plrk rkag agcu cu gb gbgc gc slagh slaghgg mk mkag agcu cucg cgb b  plhlrkcsggb. ]laktk clhjgak gpgcg` slhug plrtgbyggb tlag` mkngwgj. Kbtlrprltgsk > g.  Bkagk 4

> nkcg clgmggb tlrsljut tkmgc mktlhucgb pgmg gbgc 

 j.  Bkagk 7

> nkcg clgmggb tlrsljut cgmgbi-cgmgbi mktlhucgb pgmg

gbgc o.  Bkagk :

> nkcg clgmggb tlrsljut slrkbi mktlhucgb pgmg gbgc 

m.  Bkagk ?

> nkcg clgmggb tlrsljut slagau gmg pgmg gbgc. Jkag bkagk tftga 7? gtgu aljk` gbgc clhubickbgb mlbigb ITT@. ITT@.

70

 

Kbtlrvlbsk > g. Gbgc mlbigb clhubickbgb ITT@ plrau mkrunuc cl Zuhg` _gckt ygbi

hlhk hl hkak akck3 ck3 egska egskakt ktgs gs

cl clsl sl`g `gtg tgb b

nkwg nkwg/t /tuh uhju ju` `

cl clhj hjgb gbi i

gb gbgc gc

ub ubtu tuc  c 

cfbsuatgsk aljk` agbnut. j. Jk Jkag ag bkag bkagkk tf tftg tgaa cu curg rgbi bi mg mgrk rk 7? tltgp tltgpkk gb gbmg mg rg rgiu iu-rg -rgiu iu,, ng ngmw mwga gacg cgb b  plhlrkcsggb uagbi 7 juagb clhumkgb. Gnucgb plrtgbyggb clpgmg frgbi-

frgbi tlrmlcgt mlbigb gbgc (frgbi tug, plbigsu`, blblc, iuru).

EFZH\AKZ ML]LC_K MKBK IGBII\GB TLH\_G]GB TLZ@G]KGB MGB @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ @KTLZGC]KUK]G_ (ITT@)

( Gjjrlvkgtlm  Gjjrlvkgtlm Ofbblrs Zgttkbi _ogal) _ogal)

Clikgtgb ygbi mkghgtk

4

7

7.]k 7.]kmg mgc c clbg clbgaa alag alag`, `, gtgu gtgu gc gctk tkvk vktg tgss yg ygbi bi

:.Humg` hlbngmk ilhjkrg, khpuaskvl

mkhuagk, rlbtgbi plr`gtkgb plbmlc 

5

5

79

 plhlrkcsggb mkgibfstkc ygbi mkagcucgb pgmg gbgc mlbigb GM@M gbtgrg agkb > 7.

Tlhl Tlhlrkc rkcsgg sggb b ]krf ]krfkm km > mg mgpg pgtt hlbu hlbubn bnuc uccg cgb b ig igbi biiu iugb gb `k `kpl plrtk rtkrf rfkm km gt gtgu gu `kpftkrfkm ygbi hlhplrjlrgt hgsgag`

:.

]ls blurf blurfafi afikk (hksgaby (hksgabygg LLI, O] sogb) sogb) hlblb hlblbtuc tucgb gb gmgbyg gmgbyg igbii igbiiugb ugb ftgc frigbkc.

?.

]ls ]ls pskc pskcfa fafi fiks ks sl slsu sugk gk kbmk kbmkcg cgsk sk>> hlby hlbykb kbic ickr krcg cgb b gm gmgb gbyg yg ig igbi biiu iugb gb gbskltgs, hlbikmlbtkekcgsk jgwggb, rltgrmgsk jfrmlrakbl gtgu gbgc tkmgc  hghpu jlagngr mgb hlbicgnk rlspfbskvktgs sfskga mgb plrclhjgbigb  jg`gsg.

=.

Tlhlrkc Tlhlrkcsggb sggb mkgib mkgibfst fstkc kc kbmkvkm kbmkvkmuga uga jlrigb jlrigbtub tubi i pgmg gmgbyg gmgbyg ilngag ilngag ekskc  (hksgabyg rugh, plbygckt sgaurgb plrbgpgsgb gtgs, gtgu ilngag galrik agkb, kbelcsk __T)

?.9 Tlbgtgag Tlbgtgagcsgb csgbggb ggb

 

Tlbiiu Tlbiiubgg bggb b fjgt-fj fjgt-fjgtgb gtgb mgagh mgagh tlrgpk tlrgpk GM@M GM@M jlrplr jlrplrgb gb sljgigk sljgigk OB_

stkh stkhu uagbt agbt,,

hlakp lakpu utk

sl slmk mkgg ggb b

s`f s`frt

mgb

su sust stgk gkb blm lm-r -rla lalg lgsl sl

sl slp plr lrtk tk

hlt`yap`lb hlt`y ap`lbkmgtl, kmgtl, mlxtrfghp` mlxtrfghp`ltghkbl ltghkbl,, cfhjkbgsk cfhjkbgsk mlxtrfghp`l mlxtrfghp`ltghkb tghkb mgb ghp`ltghkb ghp` ltghkbll sgat. _gag` sgtu clubtubig clubtubigb b slmkggb sustgkblm-rlalgsl sustgkblm-rlalgsl ubtuc  gbgc-gbgc gmgag` sgtu mfsks mk pgik `grk gcgb jlrtg`gb lelcbyg slpgbngbi `grk sl`kbiig gbgc-gbgc tkmgc plrau hkbuh mfsks clmug hgupub mfsks cltkigg sggt

:4

 

clikgtgb mk slcfag` jlragbisubi. Clubtubigb agkb gmgag` mkplrtg`gbcgbbyg fjgt kbk pgmg alvla tlrtlbtu mgagh tuju` slpgbngbi `grk, sl`kbiig elbfhlbg rljfubm mgb hubouabyg krktgjkaktgs mgpgt mk`kbmgrk. EMG (]`l Effm gbm Mrui Gmhkbkstrgt Gmhk bkstrgtkfb) kfb) hlbygrgbcg hlbygrgbcgb b plbiiubggb plbiiubggb mlxtrfghp`l mlxtrfghp`ltghkbl tghkbl pgmg gbgcgbgc jlruskg ? tg`ub gtgu aljk` mgb hlt`yap`lbkmgtl pgmg gbgc-gbgc jlruskg 5 tg`ub gtgu aljk`. Clmug fjgt kbkag` ygbi pgakbi slrkbi mkiubgcgb ubtuc  tlrgpk GM@M. Tskcfstkhuagb hlbstkhuak grlg ygbi hlbigaghk plburubgb gctkvgsk `kbiig mgpgt hlbogpgk tkbicgt ygbi aljk` tkbiik. tkbiik. ]lrbygtg ]lrbygtg lelc hlt`yap`lbkmgtl hlt`yap`lbkmgtl sgbigt jgkc tlr`gmgp gbgc GM@M mkhgbg gbgc GM@M tlrngmk `kpfeubisk mfpg mfpghk hkb b mgb mgb gm gmrl rlbg bgak akb b mk sk skbg bgps ps,, sl slmg mgbi bicg cgb b skbg skbgps ps jl jlcl clrn rngg ub ubtu tuc  c  hlbi`ghjgt rluptgcl mfpghkb mgb bfrgmrlbgakb clhjgak cl sla sgrge. Lelc  hlt`yap`lbkmgtl hlbstkhuagsk cfrtlcs slrljrga mgb structur sujcfrtkcga. Lelc  sghpkbi sghpk bi pskcfstkhu pskcfstkhuagb agb ygbi tlrslrkbi tlrslrkbi gmgag` kbsfhbkg, jlrcurgbibyg jlrcurgbibyg bgesu hgcgb hgc gb sghpgk sghpgk jlrgt jlrgt jgmgb jgmgb hlburu hlburub, b, cgmgbi cgmgbi-cg -cgmgb mgbi i sgckt sgckt clpgag. clpgag. Jkag Jkag sljlauh mgb sggt plbifjgtgb gbgc GM@M hlbubnuccgb ilngag sucgr hgcgb, hgcg plrau mkjlrkcgb vktghkb ubttuc bgesu hgcgb. Jkag tkhjua lelc sghpkbi sucgr suc gr tkmur, tkmur, sljgkc sljgkcbyg byg plhjlr plhjlrkgb kgb hgagh hgagh `grk `grk tgc mkagcu mkagcucgb cgb,, mkagcu mkagcucgb cgb hlhjgog tlraljk` mg`uau sljlauh tkmur, mgb mgpgt mkjlrkcgb fjgt tkmur nkcg sgbigt mkplraucgb.  

Tlbifjgtgb Tlbifjgtgb tlr`gmgp tlr`gmgp gbgc mlbigb mlbigb GM@M uhuhbyg uhuhbyg mkagcucgb mkagcucgb mlbigb mlbigb

 jlrjgigk plbmlcgtgb tlrhgsuc prfirgh plbmkmkcgb c`usus, hfmkekcgsk  plrkagcu, plbifjgtgb hlagauk fjgt-fjgtgb mgb cfbslakbi. Tlbgtgagcsgbggb ygbi tlrjgkc pgmg gbgc mlbigb GM@M, ygktu> g.

Egrh Egrhgc gcft ftlr lrgp gpkk (Hlm (Hlmkc kcgh ghlb lbtf tfsg) sg) Fjgt stkhuagb ygbi slrkbi mkiubgcgb ubtuc hlbifjgtk GM@M gbtgrg agkb > 7.

Hltk Hltkae aelb lbkm kmgt gt (Z (Zkt ktga gakb kb)) Mfsks 74-54 hi/ciJJ/`grk mgagh : ‟ = mfsks ygbi tlrjgik. Kbtlrvlbsk3 pgbtgu suprlsk bgesu hgcgb ygbi turub, gtgu claghjgtgb

 plrtuhju`gb, jlrkcgb sltlag` hgcgb, lelc fjgt albicgp mgagh : `grk.

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:. Mlcstrfghelt Mlcstrfgheltghkb ghkb (Mlxlmrkbl) (Mlxlmrkbl) gheltghkb gheltghkb (Gmmlrga) (Gmmlrga) Mfsks ?-=4 hi/ciJJ/`grk mgagh : gtgu ? mfsks ygbi tlrjgik. Kbtlrvlb Kbtl rvlbsk3 sk3  pgbtgu gmgbyg kbsfhbkg, jlrkcgb sltlag` hgcgb ubtuc 

hlbiurgbik lelc suprlsk bgesu hgcgb, lelc fjgt albicgp mgagh : `grk ?. Tl Tlhf hfak akb b (O (Oya yalr lrt) t) Mfsks ?9, 70 ci



TJ

> ;= oh



AC

> == oh



AkAg

> 79 oh

_tgtus _tg tus ikzk ikzk mktlbt mktlbtucg ucgb b hlbiub hlbiubgcg gcgb b curvg curvg Ylki` Ylki`t-efr-G t-efr-Gil il JF[_   mg mgb  GrhOkrouhelrlbo Okrouh elrlbol-efr-G l-efr-Gil il mgrk Y@F mgb sltlag` hlagcucgb pafttkbi pgmg curvg  jlrmgsgrcgb mgtg plbiucurgb mkmgpgtcgb stgtus ikzk pgsklb mgagh Ikzk Jgkc. Tlhl Tlhlrk rkcs csgg ggb b

pl plrc rclh lhjg jgbi bigb gb

gb gbgc gc

mk mkag agcu cucg cgb b

hlbi hlbiiu iubg bgcg cgb b

CT_T CT_T

(Culskfblr Trg _crkbkbi Tlrclhjgbigb) mgb Mlbvlr KK. Tgmg scrkbkbi mlbigb CT_T ubtuc gbgc uskg =0 juagb mkmgpgtcgb mgrk ; crktlrkg plhlrkcsggb pgsklb jksg hlag hl agcu cucg cgb b : pf pfkb kb mg mgb b tkmg tkmgc c mg mgpg pgtt hlag hlagcu cucg cgb b 9 pf pfkb kb sl sl`k `kbi biig ig `g `gsk skab abyg yg :. Jlrmgsgrcgb scfr CT_T mgpgt mkkbtlrprltgskcgb jg`wg plrclhjgbigb gbgc hgsuc  cl cgtlifrk (T) Tlbykhpgbigb. _crkbkbi plrclhjgbigb nuig mkagcucgb mlbigb

:=

 

hlbiiubgcgb tls Mlbvlr KK, mlbigb hlbgrkc igrks vlrtkcga slsugk uskg pgsklb, clhumkgb crktlrkg ygbi tlrslbtu` fal` igrks mktgbygcgb clpgmg frgbitug pgsklb ubtuc hlbkagk gpgcg` gbgc hlhlbu`k crktlrkg tlrsljut. Tgmg plhlrkcsggb mlbigb Mlbvlr KK mkmgpgtcgb : mgrk ? crktlrkg Tlrsfbga _fskga igiga (E), Gmgptke-Hftfr  @gaus ? igiga, crktlrkg Jg`gsg ? igiga, mgb Hftfrkc Cgsgr ? igiga. _crk _c rkbk bkbi bi mlbi mlbigb gb hlbi hlbiiu iubg bgcg cgb b

Efrh Efrhua uakr kr Mltl Mltlcs cskk

Mk Mkbk bk Igbi Igbiiu iugb gb

Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gtkgb mgb @kplrgctkektgs (ITT@). _cfr tftga mkmgpgtcgb tftga 79  pfkb, mkhgbg pfkb aljk` mgrk 7? hlbgbmgcgb jg`wg pgsklb hlbmlrktg ITT@. Jlrmgsgrcgb gbghblsg / gaafgbghblsg ygbi mkagcucgb mgb mkmucubi fal` `gska mgrk plhlrkcsggb plbubngbi hlbiiubgcgb CT_T, Mlbvlr KK, mgb Efrhuakr  Mltlcsk Mkbk ITT@, mkmgpgtcgb jg`wg gbgc hlbmlrktg > 

Igbiiugb Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gtkgb mgb @kplrgctkektgs

 

_pllo` Mlagy Jlrmgsgrcgb mkgibfsg, tgtgagcsgbg ygbi mkjlrkcgb ubtuc pgsklb ygktu >



_tkhuagsk



Cfbtrfa mfctlr _plskgaks ]@]



Cfbtrfa mfctlr _plskgaks Zl`gjkaktgsk Hlmkc 



Trf`kplr 7 x :,< hi



Gpkgays syr. 7 x 7 ot`



Cfbtrfa uagbi sltlag` tlrgpk 7 hkbiiu

:<

 

JGJ U TLB\]\T Clskhpuagb

_ghpgk sggt kbk Gttlbtkfb kbk  Gttlbtkfb Mlekokt @yplrgotkvkty Mksfrmlr  (GM@M)   (GM@M) hgsk` hlrupg hlr upgcgb cgb hgsgag` hgsgag` ygbi ygbi slrkus slrkus pgmg pgmg gbgc-g gbgc-gbgc bgc mkcgrlb mkcgrlbgcg gcgb b GM@M GM@M hgsk` hgsk` hlhpubygk hlhpu bygk gbicg prlvgalbsk prlvgalbsk ygbi tkbiik tkbiik pgmg gbgc-gbgc mk slauru` slauru` mubkg. mubkg. Tgmg  plblaktkgb ygbi mkagcucgb fal` Nyft`sbg pgmg tg`ub :47? mk Kbmkg ygbi hlakjgtcgb 994 gbgc mlbigb uhur gbtgrg 5 tg`ub mgb 77 tg`ub tlrogtgt prlvgalbsk GM@M gmgag` sljlsgr 77.?: % Trlslbtgsl ygbi mktlhucgb pgmg gbgc agck-agck sljlsgr 55.9%, slmgbicgb pgmg gbgc plrlhpugb gmgag` sljlsgr ??.? % 7?. @gska  plblaktkgb kbk mktlhucgb tlrtkbiik pgmg gbgc mlbigb uhur ; mgb 74 tg`ub mgb mktlhucgb hgyfrktgs pgmg gbgc-gbgc mlbigb clgmggb sfskf lcfbfhk ygbi rlbmg`. Igbiiugb Tlhusgtgb Tlr`gtkgb mgb @kplrgctkektgs hlrupgcgb igbiiugb  plrkagcu ygbi mgpgt jlrmghpgc juruc jgik cl`kmupgb plbmlrktgbyg, sl`kbiig mkgibfsks ygbi olpgt mgb tlrgpk ygbi tlpgt mgpgt sgbigt hlhjgbtu plbmlrktg ubtuc ubt uc hlbiur hlbiurgbi gbikk mgb hlbi`k hlbi`kagb agbicg icgb b lelc tkmgc tkmgc hlbiub hlbiubtub tubic icgb gb ygbi ygbi jksg jksg mkgaghk fal` plbmlrktg. ]lrgpk ygbi tlpgt mgpgt hlbkbicgtcgb cugaktgs `kmup mgrk  plbmlrktg mlbigb hlbkbicgtcgb cugaktgs `ujubigb sfskga plbmlrktg mlbigb akbicubigbbyg mgb mgpgt hlbkbicgtcgb prfmuctkektgs mgb prlstgsk c`ususbyg pgmg  plbmlrktg jlruskg gbgc-gbgc.

:5