Laboratorio Orgánica I-1

 

Bastbtujbúa `eujktbvk? Pabv`rsbeke Jktúlbjk

Amfnr` jmfpl`tm? Hlkvbk G`r`ebk Zmt`lm

Nmlbvbkak Amfnr` y sbilk Fkt`rbk? [uæfbjk Mrikabjk (B)y Lknmrktmrbm ([FJ-;>;)

Gmrkrbm4 Irupm? Ou`v`s, ;5?:3-;8?334 5

H`jgk ^`klbzkjbúa prëjtbjk? ;:/3>/>3

H`jgk e` @atr`ik? >3/3>/>3

Lknmrktmrbm e` [uæfbjk Mrikabjk Lknmrktmrbm B Kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl mriëabjm  ^`suf`a. ‚ @a `st` trknkom s` pr`s`atk `l bahmrf` e` lm qu` hu` `l lknmrktmrbm e` kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl mriëabjm, t`ab`aem t`ab` aem jmfm mno`tbv mno`tbvm m e`t` e`t`rfba rfbakjbúa kjbúa e` lk pr`s` pr`s`ajbk ajbk e` lms mrikaúi`a mrikaúi`ams ms prbajbpkl prbajbpkl`s `s qu` jmastbtuy jmastbtuy`a `a lk fkt`rbk mriëabjk. @l `xp`rbf`atm s` ll`vú kjknm `xpmab`aem jb`rtks fu`strks k kaëlbsbs quæfbjms y hæsbjms. Skrk `ajmatrkr jkrnmam ` gberúi`am, s` `xpusm 0 fu`strks tkatm k ua u a kaëlbsbs hæsbjm qu` bfplbjknk jmfnustbúa jmfm k uam quæfbjm qu` bfplbjknk `l kûkebr ëjbem sulhÿrbjm k ebjgks fu`strks. Skrk `l kaëlbsbs e` abtrúi`am s` kaklbzú 0 fu`strks e` fkt`rbkl`s jmrrb`at`s, pkrk `l kaëlbsbs hæsbjm s` qu`fú lks fu`strks y pkrk `l quæfbjm prbf`rkf`at` s` lks pusm `a jkl smekek y s` lm qu`fú, e`p`aeb`aem e` sb `l gufm t`ûæk m am `l pkp`l tmraksml s` e`t`rfbaú lk pr`s`ajbk e` abtrúi`am. Jma lks mns`rvkjbma`s r`jml`jtkeks s` ll`iú k e`t`rfbak lk pr`s`ajbk m am e` lms mrikami`ams prbajbpkl`s `a lms jmfpu`stms.  Æaebj` e` Uârfbams Uârfbams. ‚ Mrikami`ams, kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl, kaëlbsbs juklbtktbvm, kaëlbsbs jukatbtktbvm

 

B. 

M Mno no`t `tbvm bvm

@l mno`tbvm e` `stk prëjtbjk `s lk e`t`rfbakjbúa e` lk pr`s`ajbk e` lms mrikaúi`ams  prbajbpkl`s qu` jmastbtuy`a lk fkt`rbk mriëabjk.

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B.B. Mno`tbvms `sp`jæhbjms 

BB. 

Kplbjkr fâtmems quæfbjms y hæsbjms e` e`t`rfbakjbúa e` mrikaúi`ams. Hua Huaekf ekf`at `atm m t`úr t`úrbjm bjm

Mrikami`ams

Lms `l`f` `l`f`atms atms mrikami`a mrikami`ams ms sma kqu`llms `l`f `l`f`atms `atms jmamjb jmamjbems ems pmr s`r jmfpu`stms mriëabjms mriëabjms qu` jmastbtuy`a huaekf`atklf`at` k lks nbmfmlâjulks mriëabjks jmfm lms ilÿjbems, prmt`æaks, læpbems, ëjbems aujl`bjms `a lms jukl`s s` sbtÿk? 

Jkrnmam

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Gberúi`am

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Mxæi`am

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 Abtrúi`am.

 

Ke`fës e` mtrms `l`f`atms qu` kpkr``a jma hr`ju`ajbk jmfm `l hlÿmr, jlmrm, nrmfm, bmem y kstktm.

Kaklbsbs `l`f`atkl

@l kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl `l`f`atkl `s ua jmaouatm e` mp`rkjb mp`rkjbma`s ma`s qu` ams p`rfbt`a e`t`rfb e`t`rfbakr akr juël`s sma lms `l`f`atms e` lms jukl`s `stë hmrfkem y `a qu` prmpmrjbúa ua jmfpu`stm quæfbjm Lms `l`f`atms qu` s` `aju`atrka jmfÿaf`at` `a lms jmfpu`stms qu` sma mriëabjms sma? Gbermi`am, Jkrnmam, Abtrúi`am, Mxbi`am y Gklúi`ams. @l kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl pme`fms ebvbebrlm `a ems `tkpks? >.; Kaklbsbs `l`f`atkl juklbtktbvm

@l kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl juklbtktbvm ams p`rfbt` e`t`rfbakr qu` `l`f`atms sma lms qu` jmfpma`a ua jmfpu`stm mriëabjm. @stk tâjabjk kaklætbjk `s jmfpl`f`atkrbk e` mtrks e` kaëlbsbs `strujturkl  pkrk lk jmahbrfkjbúa e` lk húrfulk fml`julkr e` jmfpu`stms prm prmv`ab`at`s v`ab`at`s e` sæat`sbs mriëabjk m bamriëabjk.

 Hbi;. @l`f`atms `ajmatrkems jmfÿaf`at` `a jmfpu`stms mriëabjms

Lks prbajbpkl`s ër`ks e` kplbjkjbúa sma? Kaëlbsbs e` hërfkjms, su`lms y s`ebf`atms, pmlæf`rms, baeustrbk klbf`atbjbk, jmatrml kfnb`atkl, fkt`rbkl`s kiræjmlks, prmeujtms akturkl`s, kj`bt`s, `atr` mtrks. >.> Kaklbsbs @l`f`atkl Jukatbtktbvm

@l kaëlbsbs `l`f`atkl jukatbtktbvm ams p`rfbt` e`t`rfbakr lk prmpmrjbúa k lk qu` s` gkllka jmfnbakems ebjgms `l`f`atms `a lk sustkajbk. @st` tbpm e` kaëlbsbs ams p`rfbt` jmfpkrkr lms mno`tms e` `stuebm qu` s`ka `stms baebvbeums, irupms, bastbtujbma`s m smjb`eke`s. Kl r`klbzkr `askyms juklb juklbtktbv tktbvms ms p`rtba`at`s p`rtba`at`s e` uak fu`strk `s a`j`skrbm a`j`skrbm trktkr trktkr e` jkrkjt`rbzkrlms jkrkjt`rbzkrlms  pmr lm qu` gky qu` trkash trkashmrfkr mrfkr `l`f`atms e` su hmrfk jmvkl`at` `a `l qu` `stk amrfklf`at` lms jmfpu`stms fës s`ajbllms.

 

Lms `l`f`atms qu` su`l`a `xbstbr jmrrb`at`f`at` `a lms jmfpu`stms mriëabjms, ke`fës e`l jkrnmam, gberúi`am y mxæi`am sma `l abtrúi`am, kzuhr` y lms gklúi`ams, sb`aem `stms lms qu` ams jmajb`ra`.

BBB. 

Fkt`rbk Fkt`rbkl`s l`s y r`kjtbvm r`kjtbvmss

k. Fkt` Fkt`rb rbkl kl`s `s

Xksm e` pr`jbpbtkems Uunms e` `askym Sbazks F`jg`rm J`pbllm pkrk tunms Sbp`tks Srm pbp`tks @spëtulk Fkaiu`rks e` e`spr`aebfb`atm @aj`ae`emr m hmshmrm

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n. ^`kj ^`kjtb tbvm vmss

Kjbem mxëlbjm Ëjbem sulhÿrbjm Gberúxbem e` smebm Skp`l tmraksml Kzÿjkr  Gberúxbem e` jkljbm Ëjbem kjâtbjm Ëjbem jætrbjm Jlmrurm e` smebm Jkn`llm Lkak akturkl S`lm e` kabfkl Lkak sbatâtbjk Klimeúa BX.  Sr Srmj`e mj`ebfb bfb`at `atm m 

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k. E`t`rfbakjb E`t`rfbakjbúa úa e` jkrnmam jkrnmam pmr f`ebms f`ebms hæsbjm hæsbjmss

Skrk lk prbf`rk pkrt` pkrt` e`l lknmrktm lknmrktmrbm, rbm, jmlmjkr `a 0 tunms e` `askym uak p`qu`ûk jkatb jkatbeke eke e` lks sbiub`at`s sustkajbks? kjbem mxëlbjm, ëjbem jætrbjm, kzÿjkr, gberúxbem e` smebm, sulhktm e` smebm y jlmrurm e` smebm r`sp`jtbvkf`at`. Skrk lk tmfk Skrk tmfk e` ek ektm tms, s, jk jkl` l`at atkr kr jk jkek ek uak e` lk lkss fu fu`s `str trks ks gk gkst stkk qu qu`` s` gkyka gkyka jk jklj ljba bake kemm jmfpl`tkf`at`. Mns`rvkr lms r`sbeums e` ebjgks fu`strks y sb `xbst` r`sbeum jkrnmamsm `s pmrqu` lk fu`strk jmat`aæk jkrnmam.

 

n. E`t`rfbakjb E`t`rfbakjbúa úa e` jkrnmam pmr pmr f`ebms quæfbjms quæfbjms

Skrk lk s`iuaek pkrt` e`l lknmrk lknmrktmrbm, tmrbm, jmlmjkr jmlmjkr `a 0 tunms e` `askym uak p`qu`ûk jkatbeke e` lks sbiub`at`s sustkajbks? kjbem mxëlbjm, ëjbem jætrbjm, kzÿjkr, gberúxbem e` smebm, sulhktm e` smebm y jlmrurm e` smebm r`sp`jtbvkf`at`, `stks fbsfks sustkajbks gka sbem uskeks `a lk prbf`rk pkrt`. Skrk lk tmfk e` ektms, kûkebr e` > k : fl e` ëjbem sulhÿrbjm jmaj`atrkem y e`okrlm kjtukr pmr uams fbautms. Mns`rvkr lms r`sbeums e` ebjgks fu`strks y sb `stks s` gka `aa`ir`jbem m `xbst` r`sbeum jkrnmamsm `s pmrqu` lk fu`strk jmat`aæk jkrnmam. j. E`t`rf E`t`rfbak bakjbú jbúa a e`l gbermi gbermi`am `am

Pak v`z r`klbzkek lk pkrt` uam e`l lknmrktmrbm, mns`rvkr lks fu`strks `a lms tunms jklb`at`s. Zb `stks jmatb`a`a p`qu`ûks imtks e` kiuk s` pu`e` `stknl`j`r lk hmrfkjbúa e` kiuk, lm qu` baebjk  pr`s`ajbk e` gbermi`am. e. E`t`rfbakjbú E`t`rfbakjbúa a e`l abtrúi`am abtrúi`am pmr f`ebms f`ebms hæsbjm hæsbjmss

Skrk `stk pkrt` e`l lknmrktmrbm, s` trknkokr jma lks fu`strks e` fkt`rbk mriëabjk, sb`aem `stms `l jkn`llm, lk lkak, `l p`lm y ke`fës lk lkak sbatâtbjk. Skrk lk tmfk e` ektms, tmfkr uak fu`strk e` lk fkt`rbk mriëabjk y jma uak pbazk f`tëlbjk kj`rjkrlk k lk llkfk e`l f`jg`rm. Kl qu`fkr lk fu`strk bagklkr `l gufm prmj`e`at` e` lk jmfnustbúa, `l mlmr qu` s` e`spr`ae` `s jkrkjt`ræstbjm e` lk pr`s`ajbk e` abtrúi`am. `. E`t`rf E`t`rfbak bakjbú jbúa a e`l abt abtrúi rúi`am `am pmr f`ebm f`ebmss quæfbjm quæfbjmss

Skrk `stk pkrt` e`l lknmrktmrbm, kl biukl qu` `a lk pkrt` juktrm, s` trknkokr jma lks fu`strks e` fkt`rbk mriëabjk, sb`aem `stms `l jkn`llm, lk lkak, `l p`lm y ke`fës lk lkak sbatâtbjk. Skrk lk tmfk e` ektms, tmfkr uak fu`strk e` lk fkt`rbk mriëabjk, y jma uak pbazk f`tëlbjk jmlmjkrlk `a jkl smekek y kj`rjkrlk k lk llkfk e`l f`jg`rm. Smst`rbmrf`at` kj`rjkr ua p`ekzm e`  pkp`l tmraksml pr`vbkf`at` gu`f`e`jbem jma kiuk kl gufm. @l pkp`l jkfnbkrk e` jmlmr  baebjkaem lk pr`s`ajbk e` abtrúi`am. X. 

Mns`rvk Mns`rvkjbma`s jbma`s y r`sult r`sultkems kems

E`t`rfbakjbúa E`t`rfbakjb úa e` jkrnmam ` gbermi`am Uknlk e` ektms Jmfpu`stm Sr Sr``s` s`aj ajbk bk e` jkrnm krnmam am

Kjbem mxëlbjm

F.Hbsbjm  Am jmatb`a`

Sr Sr`s `s`a `ajb jbk ke e`` F.[ubfbjm gbermi`am  Am jmatb`a` Jmatb`a`

Mns`rvkjbma`s

Lk fu`strk fkatuvm su jmlmr y s` hmrfm vkpmr 

 

Kjbem jætrbjm

Jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

Kzÿjkr

Jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

Gberúxbem e` smebm, jlmrurm e` smebm

 Am jmatb`a`  Am jmatb`a`

 Am jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

 Am jmatb`a`

Jmatb`a`

Lk fu`strk jkfnbm e` jmlmr k jkhâ tkatm `xpmabâaemlm kl jklmr jmfm tkfnbâa kir`iëaeml` ëjbem sulhÿrbjm Lk fu`strk jkfnbm e` jmlmr k jkhâ tkatm `xpmabâaemlm kl jklmr jmfm tkfnbâa kir`iëaeml` kjbem sulhurbjm, fmstrm sbiams e` `vkpmrkjbúa. Lk fu`strk s` `vkpmrm tmtklf`at`,  p`rm am jkfnbm e` jmlmr  Lk fu`strk am jkfnbm e` jmlmr jma abaiÿa fâtmem y fmstrm sbiams e` `vkpmrkjbúa.

Uknlk;. Lk pr`s`at` tknlk pr`s`atk juktrm jmlufaks, lk prbf`rk ams baebjk lk fu`strk, lk s`iuaek ams baebjk sb lk fu`strk tb`a` jkrnmam m am, tkatm pmr `l fâtmem hæsbjm jmfm `l quæfbjm. Lk t`rj`rk ams baebjk  sb lk fu`strk jmatb`a` jmatb`a` gberúi`am y lk jukrtk jukrtk sma lks mns mns`rvkjbma`s. `rvkjbma`s.

  Hbi >. Fu`strks sba r`kjjbmakr

Hbi :. Fu`strks e`spuâs e`l kaëlbsbs hbsbjm

 Hbi 5. Fu`strks e`spuâs e`spuâs e`l kaëlbsbs kaëlbsbs qubfbjm

E`t`rfbakjbúa E`t`rfbakjb úa e` abtrúi`am Uknlk e` ektms

 

Jmfpu`stm

Lkak akturkl

Mns`rvkjbma`s F.Hbsbjm F.[ubfbjm Lk fu`strk e`spr`aebú @l pkp`l tmrabsml jkfnbm e` jmlmr  ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm

Lkak

Lk fu`strk am

@l pkp`l tmrabsml s` fkatuvm e`l

sbatâtbjk S`lm e`  p`rrm Klimeúa

e`spr`aebú ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm Lk fu`strk e`spr`aebú ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm Lk fu`strk am e`spr`aebú ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm Lk fu`strk e`spr`aebú ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm

fbsfm jmlmr  @l pkp`l tmrabsml jkfnbm e` jmlmr 

Jkn`llm

@l pkp`l tmrabsml s` fkatuvm e`l fbsfm jmlmr  @l pkp`l tmrabsml jkfnbm e` jmlmr 

Uknlk>. Lk pr`s`at` tknlk pr`s`atk tr`s jmlufaks, lk prbf`rk ams baebjk lk fu`strk, lk s`iuaek ams baebjk sb lk fu`strk tb`a` abtrúi`am jma `l fâtmem hæsbjm y lk jukrtk baebjk sb lk fu`strk jmatb`a` gberúi`am jma `l fâtmem quæfbjm .

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 Hbi 0. Kaklbsbs hbsbjm hbsbjm e` p`lm e` kabfkl kabfkl

Hbi8. Skp`l tmrabsml tmrabsml jma jmlmr jkfnbkem jkfnbkem lu`im e`l

djsssssssssdsds djsssssssssdsdsddsdsdsdssdsddsdsds ddsdsdsdssdsddsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdds dsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsddsdsdsdsd  dsdsdsd  kaëlbsbs  kaëlbsbs quæfbjm

XB. 

Jm Jmajlu ajlusbma sbma`s `s

Jma `l pr`s pr`s`at `at`` lknmrkt lknmrktmrb mrbmm s` lmi lmirú rú juf jufplb plbrr lms mno`t mno`tbvm bvmss e` e`t`rf e`t`rfbak bakrr lk pr`s`ajb pr`s`ajbkk e` lms mrikaúi`ams prbajbpkl`s qu` jmastbtuy`a lk fkt`rbk mriëabjk, kplbjkaem fâtmems quæfbjms y hæsbjms. ^`sp`jtm kl jkrnmam, uak v`z g`jgm `l kaëlbsbs tkatm hæsbjm jmfm quæfbjm e` lks fu`strks, s` e`t`rfbaú qu` tkatm `l ëjbem aætrbjm y `l kzÿjkr lm jmat`aæka yk qu` kfnms `a kfnms kaëlbsbs fmstrkrma ua jkfnbm e` jmlmr k jkhâ. @l kjbem mxëlbjm, gberúxbem e` smebm y jlmrurm e` smebm fkatuvb`rma su jmlmr, pmr lm qu` s` e`euj` qu` `stms am jmat`aæka jkrnmam.

 

^`sp`jtm kl gbermi`am tkatm `l ëjbem ëjbem aætrbjm, `l kzÿjkr, `l kjbem mxëlb mxëlbjm, jm, gberúxbem e` smebm y `l jl jlmru mrurm rm e` sme smebm bm ua uakk v` v`zz r` r`kl klbz bzke keks ks lk lkss pru`n pru`nks ks hæ hæsb sbjk jk y quæfb quæfbjk jk fmst fmstrk rkrma rma sb sbia iams ms m e` `vkpmrkjbúa m e` vkpmr e` kiuk `a lms nmre`s e`l tunm, pmr lm tkatm tmeks jmat`aæka gbermi`am. ^`sp`jtm kl abtrúi`am, lks fu`strks qu` s` pu`e`a jmasbe`rkr “akturkl`s‖ jmfm `l jkn`llm, p`lm e` kabfkl y lkak akturkl lu`im e`l kaëlbsbs hæsbjm e`spr`aeb`rma e`spr`aeb`rma ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræ jkrkjt`ræstbjm stbjm y e`spuâs e`l quæfbjm tbû`rma `l pkp`l tmraksml, pmr lm qu` s` pu`e` e`eujbr qu` jmatb`a`a gbermi`am.. Lks fu`strks sbatâtbjks jmfm `l klimeúa y lk lkak sbatâtbjk, am e`spr`aeb`rma ua mlmr jkrkjt`ræstbjm `a kl kaëlbsbs hæsbjm y `a `l quæfbjm am tbû`rma `l pkp`l tmraksml pmr lm qu` s` pu`e` e`eujbr qu` am jmat`aæka abtrúi`am. XBB.  Ju Ju`st `stbmak bmakrbm rbm ;

@sjrb @sjrbn` n` lks `jukjbma`s `jukjbma`s qu` qu` r`pr`s`at r`pr`s`atka ka k lks r`kjjbma`s r`kjjbma`s qu` qu` s` prmeuo`rma prmeuo`rma `a `a lk prëjtbjk k) E`t`rfbakjb E`t`rfbakjbúa úa e` jkrnmam pmr f`ebms hæsbjms hæsbjms (jmfnustb (jmfnustbúa) úa)

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^`kjjbúa jma ëjbem mxëlbjm >G>J>M5 + M> 5JM> + >G>M 

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^`kjjbúa jma ëjbem jætrbjm >J8G7M9 + 2M>;>JM> + 7G>M ^`kjjbúa jma kzÿjkr  

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J;>G>>M;; + ;>M> ;>JM> + ;;G>M

^`kjjbúa jma gberúxbem e` smebm  5AkMG + :M> 5AkM> + >G>M ^`kjjbúa jma jlmrurm e` smebm  AkJl+M>  AkJlM> 

n) E`t`rfbakjb E`t`rfbakjbúa úa e` jkrnmam pmr f`ebms f`ebms qubfbjms qubfbjms 

^`kjjbúa jma ëjbem mxëlbjm 

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FaM> + G>J>M5 + G>ZM5  FaZM5 + > JM> + > G>M

^`kjjbúa jma ëjbem jætrbjm J8G7M9 + G>ZM5  J0G8M0 + JM + G>ZM5G>M ^`kjjbúa jma kzÿjkr  J;>G>>M;; + >5G>ZM5  ;>JM> + :0G>M + >5ZM>  ^`kjjbúa jma gberúxbem e` smebm G>ZM5 + >AkMG  Ak>ZM5 + >G>M ^`kjjbúa jma jlmrurm e` smebm  AkJl + G>ZM5  Ak>ZM5 +> GJl

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½[u ½[uââ mtrk mtrk sustk sustkajb ajbk k pmeræk pmeræk r`` r``fpl fplkzkr kzkr `l kiuk kiuk e` e` jkl jkl= =

Lk l`jg` e` fkia`sbk, qu` `s uak smlujbúa kjumsk jma kltk jmaj`atrkjbúa e` gberúxbem e` fkia`sbm (Fi (MG)>) :

@xplb @xplbqu` qu` lms lms fâtmems fâtmems e` kaëlbsb kaëlbsbss pkrk e`t`rfbakr e`t`rfbakr lk lk pr`s`ajbk pr`s`ajbk e` kzuhr` kzuhr` y gklúi`ams.

 

Skrk lk pr`s`ajbk e` kzuhr` s` pma`a ;3 imtks e` lk ebsmlujbúa kjumsk y s` kjbebhbjk jma ëjbem kjâtbjm lu`im s` kûke`a e` > k : imtks e` kj`tktm e` plmfm sb gky pr`jbpbtkem a`irm kzknkjg` gky pr`s`ajbk e` kzuhr`. Skrk lk pr`s`ajbk e` Gklúi`ams kzuhr` s` pma`a ;3 imtks e` lk ebsmlujbúa kjumsk y s` kjbebhbjk jma ëjbem aætrbjm kl 0%. Lu`im s` kûke`a abtrktm e` plktk kjumsm kl >% kl tunm e` `askym. Pa pr`jbpbtkem kfkrbllm baebjk lk pr`s`ajbk e` kliÿa Gklúi`am. 5

Baebq Baebqu` u` lk utblbe utblbeke ke y pmsbnl`s pmsbnl`s kplbjkjbma` kplbjkjbma`ss e`l Kaëlbs Kaëlbsbs bs `l`f`atk `l`f`atkll mriëabjm mriëabjm ` baebqu` baebqu` ua `o`fplm kplbjkem k lk baeustrbk.

Z` pu`e` uskr pkrk e`t`rfbakr y skn`r e` lm qu` `stë jmfpu`stm lk fkt`rbk qu` uskfms. @s utblbzkem prbajbpklf`at` `a lk bav`stbikjbúa f`ebmkfnb`atkl pkrk kv`rbiukr `l jmat`abem mriëabjm `a fu`strks e` su`lms, plkatks y fkt`rbkl hbltrkem e`l kiuk m e`l kbr`. XBBB.  N Nbnl bnlbmir bmirkhæk khæk Ygbtt`a, Ekvbs, S`jd & Ztkal`y. [uæfbjk. (7vk `e.). J@AIKI@ L`krabai Zdmmi, E Y`st H (>3;0) “Huaekf`atms e` quæfbjk kaklbtbjk‖. J@AIKI@ L`krabai . Fâxbjm 

 

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Ikrr Ikrrbtz btz,, K., Iks Iksqu` qu`,, L., (>330)[ (>330)[uæf uæfbjk bjk Pab Pabv`rs v`rsbt btkrbk krbk‖. ‖. S@K^ZM S@K^ZMA A @EPJKJ @EPJKJBMA BMA Fâxbjm. gttps?//`s.slbe`sgkr`.a`t/gkllyukaegy/kaklbsbs-`l`f`atkl-mrikabjm gttps?//qubfbjk.uakf.fx/bav`stbikjbma/s`rvbjbms-pkrk-lk-bav`stbikjbma/uskbb/kaklbsbs`l`f`atkl/ gttps?//www.emjsbty.jmf/`s/kaklbsbs-`l`f`atkl-e`-lms-jmfpu`stms-mrikabjms-prkjtbjksgttps?//www.emjsbty.jmf/`s/kaklbsbs-`l`f`atkl-e`-lms-jmfpu`stms-mrikabjms-pr kjtbjksqubfbjk-mrikabjk-qubfbjk/>39990/