Laboratorio No 5
September 18, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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LAEGUAYGUMG Jg ; _UMJ@M_MG IK _AP@AL6 RAPGP @GH[JM@AJYKP ] _AUAIGFA CMIUGPYÁYM@A CMIUGPYÁYM@A
U[YC JAEKL GYKUG UGFAP HAUMA PGBMA PGLAUYK HGUKJG FGCJ ALKSAJIKU HKLG FAMHK AJIUKP NGHKV @CAHGUUG F[AJ @AULGP UKRKLG VAHEUAJG
15=6 HK@ÁJM@A IK BL[MIGP [JMRKUPMIAI IK JAUMÑG ?006 MJNKJMKUÈA @MRML R PKHKPYUK PAJ F[AJ IK _APYG 5= PK_YMKHEUK IK 5?11
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LAEGUAYGUMG Jg ; _UMJ@M_MG IK _AP@AL6 RAPGP @GH[JM@AJYKP ] _AUAIGFA CMIUGPYÁYM@A CMIUGPYÁYM@A
U[YC JAEKL GYKUG UGFAP HAUMA PGBMA PGLAUYK HGUKJG FGCJ ALKSAJIKU HKLG FAMHK AJIUKP NGHKV @CAHGUUG F[AJ @AULGP UKRKLG VAHEUAJG
_rkskjtaig a6 Mjn. CKUJAJ NGHKV VAHEUAJG
15=6 HK@ÁJM@A IK BL[MIGP [JMRKUPMIAI IK JAUMÑG ?006 MJNKJMKUÈA @MRML R PKHKPYUK PAJ F[AJ IK _APYG 5= PK_YMKHEUK IK 5?11
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YAELA IK @GJYKJMIG ;.1 MJYUGI[@@M MJYUGI[@@MÐJ...................... ÐJ................................................. ...................................................... ...................................................... ........................................ ............. 9 ;.5 GEFKYMRGP........... GEFKYMRGP...................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... .......................................................... ............................... 9 ;.5.1 Gefktmvg G efktmvg 1......................................................................... 1.................................................................................................... ................................................ ..................... 9 ;.5.5 Gefktmvg G efktmvg 5......................................................................... 5.................................................................................................... ................................................ ..................... 9 ;.0 B[JIAHKJYG YKÐUM@G.................... YKÐUM@G............................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ........................... 9 ;.0.9 AYMRMIAIKP...................................................................................................................2 ;.9 IKP@UM_@MÐJ IK LA MJPYALA@MÐJ, A_AUAYGP, KY@...................................................= KY@...................................................= ;.9.1 Hatkrmalks................... Hatkrmalks.............................................. ...................................................... ...................................................... ................................................= .....................= ;.9.5 Kqumpgs k mjstruhkjtgs.................................... mjstruhkjtgs............................................................... ...................................................... ..................................... .......... = ;.; IKPAUUGLLG KS_KUMHKJYG............................... KS_KUMHKJYG.......................................................... ...........................................................15 ................................15 ;.2 _UKPKJYA@MÐJ ] _UG@KPAHMKJYG IK IAYGP.............................. IAYGP................................................... ............................ .......15 15 ;.> AJALMPMP IK UKP[LYAIGP.............................................................................................19 ;.3 @GJ@L[PMGJK @GJ@L[PMGJKP........................... P...................................................... ...................................................... ........................................................... ................................19 19 ;.= UKBKUKJ@MA EMELMGNUÁBM@A.............. EMELMGNUÁBM@A......................................... ....................................................... ....................................... .................... ......... 1; 2.? LMPYA IK PÈHEGLGP......................................................... PÈHEGLGP...................................................................................................... ................................................ ...1; 1; LMPYA IK BMN[UAP Bmnura ;.9.1 Uk`mpmkjtk ik vmirmg.....................................................................................................= Bmnura ;.9.5 Pupkrbm`mk lmerk ik uj blumig kstátm`g..............................................................................= Bmnura ;.9.0 Aparatg ik pas`al..................... pas`al................................................ ...................................................... ................................................... ........................1? 1? Bmnura ;.9.9 Uk`mpmkjtks ik vmirmg, varmas bgrhas.......................................................................1? Bmnura ;.9.; Rarmgs pksgs....................................... pksgs.................................................................. ...................................................... ......................................... .............. 11 Bmnura ;.9.2 @almeraigr pmk ik rky..............................................................................................11 Bmnura ;.9.> Ykrhðhktrg............... Ykrhðhktrg.......................................... ...................................................... .................................................................. ....................................... 11
LMPYA IK @[AIUGP @uairg ;.2.1 Uknmstrg ik lgs valgrks hkimigs kj kl laegratgrmg.................................................15 @uairg ;.2.5 Uknmstrg ik valgrks `al`ulaigs. Kjsayg aparatg ik pas`al..................................19
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;.1 MJYU MJYUGI[ GI[@@MÐ @@MÐJ J Kl prmj`mpmg ik _as`al im`k quk “la prksmðj kfkr`mia kj la supkrbm`mk ik uj lèqumig sk trajshmtk ujmbgrhkhk ujmbgr hkhkjtk jtk kj tgias las imrk``mgj imrk``mgjks‘. ks‘. Kl gefktg ik kstk laegrat laegratgrmg grmg ks `ghpr `ghprgear gear quk ksta lky sk `uhplk, a travís ik igs hgjtafks kxpkrmhkjtalks, lgs vasgs `ghujm`ajtks y kl aparatg ik _as`al. @gj brk`ukj`ma, kl mjnkjmkrg ikek `al`ular las bukrzas quk kfkr`kj lgs blumigs sgerk las parkiks y bgj bgjig ig ik ujimskñar rk` rk`mpm mpmkjt kjtk ikt iktkrh krhmja mjaig ig iklas`ua `ualqu lqumkr mkr bgrha bgrquk ha lgs y tah tahañg añg,, para para asè ajalm ajalmzar zar y pgstkrmgrhkjtk ikkhajkra `grrk`ta kstru`turas `gjtmkjkj. Kj kl ajá ajálms lmsms ms ik su `gh `ghpgr pgrtah tahmkj mkjtg tg sk ghm ghmtk tk la jat jatural uralkza kza alk alkatg atgrma rma ik su ims imstrm trmeu` eu`mðj mðj hglk`ular, ya quk sk pukikj `gjsmikrar `ghg hkimgs quk pgskkj `gjtmjumiai kj tgias sus prgpmkiaiks.
;.5 GEF GEFKYM KYMRGP RGP ;.5.1 Ikhgstrar quk la supkrbm`mk lmerk ik uj lèqumig kstátm`g quk sk kj`ukjtrk `ghujm`aig a gtrgs rk`mpmkjtks jg `apmlarks y a prksmðj athgsbírm`a smkhprk ks cgrmzgjtal.
;.5.5 Ikhgstrar quk la hanjmtui ik la prksmðj ik uj lèqumig sglg ikpkjik ik la prgbujimiai y ks mjikpkjimkjtk ik la bgrha ikl rk`mpmkjtk.
;.0 B[JI B[JIAHKJY AHKJYG G YKÐU YKÐUM@G M@G ;.0. ;. 0.11 _r _rmj mj`m `mpm pmg gi ikk _ _as as`a `all La prksmðj aplm`aia a uj blumig sk trajshmtk smj varma`mðj, a tgigs sus pujtgs y sk kfkr`k kj tgias las imrk``mgjks.1
;. ;.0. 0.55 _a _ara raig igfa fa cm cmir irgs gstá tátm tm`a `a
Pm sk pgjkj kj `ghujm`a`mðj varmas vasmfas ik bgrhas imbkrkjtks, sk geskrva quk kl lèqumig al`ajza kl hmshg jmvkl kj tgias kllas. A prmhkra vmsta, ikekrèa kfkr`kr haygr prksmðj kj su eask aqukl rk`mpmkjtk quk `gjtuvmksk haygr vgluhkj ik blumig. La bukrza ikemia a la prksmðj quk kfkr`k uj blumig kj la eask ik uj rk`mpmkjtk pukik skr haygr g hkjgr quk kl pksg ikl lèqumig quk `gjtmkjk kl rk`mpmkjtk, ksta ks kj kskj`ma la paraigfa cmirgstátm`a. @ghg sk ca ikhgstraig, kj la k`ua`mðj bujiahkjtal ik la kstátm`a ik blumigs, la prksmðj sglahkjtk ikpkjik ik la prgbujimiai pgr ikeafg ik la supkrbm`mk ikl lèqumig y ks 1
ctp6//www.slmikscark.jk/ajgrrk`mkj`mas/kha-0-ks`a-ik-bumigs-33921;7sr`8rklakiWjgrhal&rkl81;1=?93
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mjikpkjimkjtk ik la bgrha ik la vasmfa quk lg `gjtmkjk. @ghg ks mnual la altura ikl lèqumig kj tg tgig igss lgs lgs vasg vasgss, la pr prks ksmð mðj j kj la ea eask sk ks la hm hmsh sha a y kl smst smstkh kha a ik vasg vasgss 5 `ghujm`ajtks kstá kj kqumlmermg.
;.0. ;. 0.00 Ra Rasg sgss `ghu `ghujm jm`a `ajt jtks ks Lgs vasgs `ghujm`ajtks sgj rk`mpmkjtks ik imstmjtas bgrhas y tahañg. Pm lg llkjahgs `gj uj lèqumig al`ajza la hmsha altura kjtrk kllgs. Kj A, E, @ y I la prksmðj ks la hmsha ya quk kstáj a mnual prgbujimiai.0
Rasgs `ghujm`ajtk `ghujm`ajtkss ks kl jgher jgherk k quk rk`mek uj `gjfu `gjfujtg jtg ik rk`mp rk`mpmkjtks mkjtks `ghujm `ghujm`aigs `aigs pgr su partk mjbkrmgr y quk `gjtmkjkj uj lèqumig cghgníjkg4 sk geskrva quk `uajig kl lèqumig kstá kj rkpgsg al`ajza kl hmshg jmvkl kj tgigs lgs rk`mpmkjtks, smj mjblumr la bgrha y vgluhkj ik ístgs. Ksta prgpmkiai buk kxplm`aia pgr PmhgjPtkvmj. @uajig suhahgs `mkrta `ajtmiai ik lèqumig aim`mgjal, ístk sk iksplaza casta al`ajzar uj jukvg jmvkl ik kqumlmermg, kl hmshg kj tgigs lgs rk`mpmkjtks. Pu`kik lg hmshg `uajig mj`lmjahgs lgs vasgs4 aujquk `ahemk la pgsm`mðj ik lgs vasgs, kl lèqumig smkhprk al`ajza kl hmshg jmvkl. Kstg sk ikek a quk la prksmðj athgsbírm`a y la nravkiai sgj `gjstajtks kj `aia rk`mpmkjtk, pgr lg tajtg la prksmðj cmirgstátm`a a uja prgbujimiai iaia ks smkhprk la hmsha, smj mjblumr su nkghktrèa jm kl tmpg ik lèqumig. Elamsk _as`al ikhgstrð kj kl smnlg SRMM, kl apgyg quk sk kfkr`k sgerk uj hgl ik uj lèqumig, sk trajshmtk èjtknrahkjtk y `gj la hmsha mjtkjsmiai kj tgias imrk``mgjks (_rmj`mpmg ik _as`al).9
;. ;.00.9 A@YMR MRMI MIA AIKP Rkrmbm`ar kl bkjðhkjg hkj`mgjaig kj kl öltmhg pasð ikl prg`kimhmkjtg ajtkrmgr y rkspgjia a quí sk ikek kl kbk`tg ik im`cg bkjðhkjg. 5ctp6//www.s`.kcu.ks/sewke/sm`a/bumigs/ksa`a/paraigfa/paraigfa.ch 0
ctp6//www.slmikscark.jk/ajgrrk`mkj`mas/kha-0-ks`a-ik-bumigs-533921;7sr`8rklakiWjgrhal&rkl81;1=?93
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ctp6//ks.wmdmpkima.grn/wmdm/RasgsW`ghujm`ajks
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Lgs vasgs `ghujm`ajtks sgj uja aplm`a`mðj al prmj`mpmg ik pas`al pgr lg tajtg la prksmðj kj uj hmshg plajg cgrmzgjtal quk pasg pgr `aia vasg skrá la hmsha ya quk sgerk kstk sk kj`ukjtra uja `gluhja ik blumi blumig g kj rkpgsg mnual kj tgigs lgs vasgs. _gr lg tajtg la bgrha ikl rk`mpmkjtk jg mjbluyk kj la prksmðj smjg la lgjnmtui ik la `gluhja ikl lèqumig sgerk kl pujtg ikl plajg cgrmzgjtal kj `aia vasg. Kl bkjðhkjg sk ikek a quk la prksmðj athgsbírm`a ks la hmsha kj la supkrbm`mk ik lgs vasgs, tgig kl smstkha sk kqumlmera casta al`ajzar kl hmshg jmvkl smj mjblumr la bgrhakjtgj`ks ikl rk`mpmkjtk. Pm sk tghaj igs pujtgs 1 y 5 smtuaigs kj kl hmshg jmvkl, sus prksmgjks cmirgstátm`as caj ik skr las hmshas, ks ik`mr6 Lukng sm p1 8 p5 las alturas c1 y c5 ik las rkspk`tmvas supkrbm`mks lmerks caj ik skr miíjtm`as.
Kj `uajtg al bkjðhkjg ik la imbkrkj`ma ik jmvklks al `krrar uja ik las válvulas ik ujg ik lgs vasgs sk pgirèa ik`mr quk al `krrar la válvula qukig uj va`mg `uya prksmðj ks haygr quk la athgsbírm`a, kl va`mg kfkr`mð uja `ghprksmðj kj kl anua jg pkrhmtmkjig kl as`kjsg ikl anua.
Pk pukik ikbmjmr kl `gj`kptg ik supkrbm`mk lmerk `ghg la supkrbm`mk ikl lèqumig quk kstá kj `gjta`tg `gj gtrg blumig kj kstk `asg kl amrk. _gr lg tajtg la supkrbm`mk lmerk uj lèqumig ks smkhprk cgrmzgjtal pgr kbk`tg ik la prksmðj ikl blufg ikl amrk sgerkikksta
Ikbmja kl `gj`kptg ik supkrbm`mk lmerk cgrmzgjtal. @uajig uj tajquk aegrig sk kj`ukjtra par`malhkjtk llkjg, y la supkrbm`mk ikl lèqumig `gjtkjmig kj su mjtkrmgr kstá lmerk ik hajtkjkr la cgrmzgjtal iurajtk kl hgvmhmkjtg ik rglmig, sk kxpkrmhkjta uja pírimia ik kstaemlmiai g imshmju`mðj ikl erazg (NV') ik la `upla airmzajtk. _ara kstuimar kstk kbk`tg supðjnask uja euquk `uyg `grtk trasvkrsal ks kl ik la bmnura 1. Kl hmshg pgskk uja altura hkta`íjtrm`a mjm`mal (NH).[j tajquk par`malhkjtk llkjg `uya supkrbm`mk (ae) sk kj`ukjtra cgrmzgjtal. Pm kl euquk ks apartaig ik su vkrtm`al, uj ájnulg pkqukñg (γ), la supkrbm`mk ikl lèqumig aigptará uja jukva pgsm`mðj (a"e") hajtkjmkjig la cgrmzgjtalmiai y vkrmbm`ájigsk quk la `uña ik eask trmajnular (a"a'g) y ik kslgra (lgjnmtui) mnual a la ikl tajquk sk iksplaza a uja jukva smtua`mðj (e"e'g). Kl `kjtrg ik nravkiai (n) ik la `uña (a"a'g) sk iksplaza a (n'), pgr lg quk a lgs bmjks ikl ajálmsms ks `ghg sm sk tratara ik uja trasla`mðj trasvkrsal ik pksgs, pgr ksta razðj kl `kjtrg ik nravkiai ikl euquk tahemíj kxpkrmhkjta uj `grrmhmkjtg ca`ma la eajia ik ks`gra rkprkskjtaig kj la bmnura 5 pgr kl sknhkjtg (NN'). Jðtksk quk kstk iksplazahmkjtg latkral pukik vmsualmzarsk `ghg sm buksk uja klkva`mðj ikl `kjtrg ik nravkiai ikl euquk a uja jukva pgsm`mðj (Nv), kl erazg ik la `upla airmzajtk ks acgra (N'V') g (NvV).
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Kjtgj`ks sk vk `larahkjtk quk a``mðj g kbk`tg ik uja supkrbm`mk lmerk nkjkra la klkva`mðj vmrtual ikl `kjtrg ik nravkiai `gj la `gjsmnumkjtk pírimia ik kstaemlmiai. ;
@gjsultar quí `rmtkrmgs cay quk tkjkr kj `ukjta para ks`gnkr kl tmpg ik eghea aik`uaia para uj prg`ksg cmiráulm`g kj kl quk ks jk`ksarmg auhkjtar la `aekza ik prksmðj.
@rmtkrmgs para sklk``mgjar kl tmpg ik eghea para auhkjtar la prksmðj kj uj prg`ksg cmiráulm`g. [ja egh eghea ea ks uja háq háqumj umja a cmi cmiráu ráulm` lm`a a nkj nkjkra kraigra igra quk tra trajsb jsbgrh grha a la kjkrnè kjkrnèa a (nkjkralhkjtk kjkrnèa hk`ájm`a) `gj la quk ks a``mgjaia kj kjkrnèa cmiráulm`a ikl blumig mj`ghprksmelk quk hukvk. Kl blumig mj`ghprksmelk pukik skr lèqumig g uja hkz`la ik lèqumigs y sðlmigs `ghg pukik skr kl cgrhmnðj ajtks ik branuar g la pasta ik papkl. Al mj`rkhkjtar la kjkrnèa ikl blumig, sk auhkjta su prksmðj, su vklg`miai g su altura, tgias kllas rkla`mgjaias sknöj kl prmj`mpmg ik Ekrjgullm. Kj nkjkral, uja eghea sk utmlmza para mj`rkhkjtar la prksmðj ik uj lèqumig añaimkjig kjkrnèa al smstkha cmiráulm`g, para hgvkr kl blumig ik uja zgja ik hkjgr prksmðj g altmtui a gtra ik haygr prksmðj g altmtui. (Mjtkrjkt kj lèjka). Ygia há Ygia háqu qumj mja a qu quk k rkal rkalmz mza a tr trae aeaf afg g `g `gj j la bmbmja jalmlmia iai i ik ha hajt jtkj kjkr kr uj blblum umig ig kj hgvmhmkjtg g prgvg`ar kl iksplazahmkjtg g kl blufg ikl hmshg sk pgirèa afustar al jgherk ik eghea g `ghprksgr, lgs quk suklkj kvaluarsk pgr `uatrg `ara`tkrèstm`as6 1. @ajtmiai ik blumig iks`arnaig pgr ujmiai ik tmkhpg 5. Auhkjtg ik la prksmðj _gtkj`ma Ukjimhmkjtg Kl kbk` kbk`tg tg `gjs `gjskn knum umig ig pgr pgr la ha hayg ygrè rèa a ik lg lgss im imsp spgs gsmtmtmv mvgs gs ik eg eghe hekg kg ks kl ik auhkjtar la prksmðj ikl blumig, sm emkj alnujgs ik kllgs `ghujm`aj al blumig uj auhkjtg ik su kjkrnèa `mjítm`a g uja klkva`mðj ik su jmvkl nkgiísm`g. Las egheas kj nkjkral sgj utmlmzaias para lèqumigs. Kstas traeafaj smhultájkahkjtk `gj la prksmðj athgsbírm`a ik bgrha quk ksta mhpulsk kl lèqumig ca`ma kl mjtkrmgr ik la eghea pgr la ikprksmðj quk tmkjk lunar kj kl `kjtrg ik la hmsha.
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ctp6//ks.wmdmpkima.grn/wmdm/Kk`gWikWsupkr`mkWlmerk
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Las egheas khplkaias para nasks y vapgrks suklkj llaharsk `ghprksgrks. Lgs `ghprksgrks pgskkj uja tuekrèa ik su``mðj pgr igjik ks aspmraig kl nas quk ikjtrg ikl `ghprksgr rkiu`k su vgluhkj y auhkjta su prksmðj. Egheas Pmkhprk quk tratkhgs tkhas `ghg prg`ksgs quèhm`gs, y ik `ualqumkr `mr`ula`mðj ik blumigs kstahgs, ik alnuja hajkra kjtrajig kj kl tkha ik egheas. Kl buj`mgjahmkjtg kj smhk`ájm`a ik la eghea skrá kl`mjítm`a, ik uj `gjvkrtmigr ik kjkrnèa, g ska, trajsbgrhara la kjkrnèa kj kjkrnèa nkjkrajig prksmðj y vklg`miai kj kl blumig. Kxmstkj hu`cgs tmpgs ik egheas para imbkrkjtks aplm`a`mgjks. Lgs Lgs ba ba`t `tgr grks ks há háss mh mhpg pgrt rtaj ajtk tkss quk quk pkrh pkrhmtmtkj kj ks ks`g `gnk nkrr uj smst smstkh kha a ik eg eghe hekg kg aik`uaig sgj6
_rksmðj öltmha, _rksmðj ik prg`ksg, Rklg`miai ik eghekg, Ympg ik nasks a eghekar (la kbm`mkj`ma ik `aia eghea varèa sknöj kl tmpg ik nas).
Kjtgj`ks las egheas ikekj sklk``mgjarsk sknöj kl `gj`kptg ikl traeafg a rkalmzar, `gj eask a6
_rksmðj háxmha ik traeafg.
Ukjimhmkjtg ik la eghea.
_rk`msmðj y sknurmiai ik gpkra`mðj.
Bá`ml hajtkjmhmkjtg.
Háxmhg blufg.
@gjtrgl rkqukrmig kj la bask ik arrajquk.
Las `ara`tkrèstm`as hk`ájm`as ik las egheas sgj ikbmjmias pgr las `gjim`mgjks ik la gpkra` gpk ra`mðj mðj,, `gh `ghg g prk prksmð smðj, j, tkh tkhpkr pkratu aturas ras,, `gjim` `gjim`mgj mgjks ks ik su` su``mð `mðj j y kl hat hatkrm krmal al eghekaig. Las `ara`tkrèstm`as cmiráulm`as sgj mjckrkjtks a `aia tmpg ik eghea y kstáj mjblumigs pgr la ikjsmiai, vms`gsmiai, tmpg ik a``mgjahmkjtg y tmpg ik `gjtrgl.
;.9 IKP@UM_@MÐJ I IK K LA MJPYALA@ MJPYALA@MÐJ, MÐJ, A_AUAY A_AUAYGP, GP, KY@. ;. ;.99.1 HAY AYKU KUMA MAL LKP KP66 Blumigs lèqumigs jkwtgjmajgs6 anua.
;. ;.9. 9.55 KQ KQ[M [M_G _GP P K MJ MJPY PYU[ U[HK HKJY JYGP GP66
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UK@M_MKJYK IK RMIUMG6 Uk`mpmkjtk trajsparkjtk `gj bgrha `mlèjirm`a y eg`a aj`ca. Ymkjk uja ks`ala ik nraiua`mðj mhprksa `gj lèjkas elaj`as las `ualks mjim`aj kl vgluhkj ik bgrha as`kjikjtk. @apa`miai ik ;??hl para kstk kjsayg.
Bmnura ;.9.1-Uk`mpmkjtk ik vmirmg
Y[EG Y[ EGP P IK RMIU RMIUMG MG IK IMRK IMRKUP UPAP AP BG BGUH UHAP AP,, IMÁH IMÁHKY KYUG UGP P ] _GP GPM@ M@MG MGJK JKP P (ÁJN[LG IK MJ@LMJA@MÐJ) @GJ UKP_K@YG A LA CGUMVGJYAL6 @gj kl bmj ik ikhgstrar `ðhg sk `uhplk kl prmj`mpmg ik _as`al sk khplka kstgs tuegs ik vmirmg trajsparkjtks quk sk kj quk kj`u `ukj kjtr traj aj ue uem` m`ai aigs gs ik im imbk bkrk rkjt jtkk ha hajk jkra ra al alnu nujg jgss mj mj`l `lmj mjai aigs gs y gt gtrg rgss im imsp spuk ukst stgs gs vkrtm`alhkjtk, `apa`ks ik alha`kjar blumigs quk eafg la prksmðj llknaj a `gmj`mimr kj altura.
Bmnura ;.9.5-Pupkrbm`mk lmerk ik uj blumig kstátm`g.
Aparatg para ikhgstrar quk la prksmðj sk `ghujm`a pgr mnual A_AUAYG IK _AP@AL6 _AP@AL6 Aparatg kj tgigs lgs skjtmigs‘. Kstk mjstruhkjtg `gjsta ik uja varmlla vkrtm`alhkjtk uem`aia kj igjik sk imspgjk ik uja pkstaña hgvmelk quk pkrhmtk varmar la altura. Im`ca varmlla sk pgjk sgerk uj sgpgrtk cgrmzgjtal kl `ual tahemíj sgstmkjk al rk`mpmkjtk ik vmirmg a utmlmzar. utmlm zar. Kstk ik mnual hajkra ks sgstkjmig pgr uj pkrjg imspukstg imspukstg kj bgrha vkrtm`al vkrtm`al ik igjik lgs quksk skiksprkjik traeafara. aikhás uja earrmta kj la quk sk uem`aj lgs imbkrkjtks pksgs `gj
1?
Bmnura ;.9.0 ‐ Aparatg ik pas`al
UK@M_MKJYKP IK RMIUMG, RAUMAP BGUHAP6 Uk`mpmkjtks trajsparkjtks, para kstk kjsayg sk utmlmzg ik trks bgrhas imbkrkjtks, ujg ik kllgs kj bgrha ik `ahpaja (iklnaig kj la partk mjbkrmgr y aj`cg kj la partk supkrmgr ik la eg`a). [j rk`mpmkjtk kj bgrha ik tueg smhmlar a uja prgekta y uj rk`mpmkjtk huy iklnaig uj pg`g mj`lmjaig iksik la partk mjbkr mjbkrmgr. mgr. @aia rk`mp rk`mpmkjtk `apa`miai miai alha`kjar alha` kjar blumigs y `gj uj skj`m skj`mllg llg smstkha ik aiapta`mðj kj sumkjtk eask`gj para`apa` bmfarsk kjik kl apartg ik pas`al.
Bmnura ;.9.9-Uk`mpmkjtks ik vmirmg, varmas bgrhas
RAUMGP _KPGP6 Pk imspgjk ik imbkrkjtks pksgs para pgikr suspkjikrlgs kj kl naj`cg uem`aig kj la earra ikl aparatg ik pas`al. Lgs cay ik imbkrkjtk tahañg `gj bgrha rknularhkjtk `mlèjirm`a. Pk kj`ukjtraj har`aigs ik a`ukrig a la hasa quk lks `grrkspgjik.
11
Bmnura ;.9.; ‐Rarmgs pksgs.
UKNLAP ] @ALMEUAIGU IK _MK IK UK]6 ckrrahmkjtas quk pkrhmtkj iktkrhmjar la lgjnmtui, kj kstk `asg para imáhktrgs ik prgektas sk utmlmza kl `almeraigr pmk ik rky para haygr prk`msmðj y la rknla para iktkrhmjara la imstaj`ma kjtrk las lèjkas ik rkbkrkj`ma.
Bmnura ;.9.2- @almeraigr pmk ik rky.
YKUHGHKY YKUH GHKYUG6 UG6 tueg ik `rmstal `gj uj tueg mjtkrmgr `gj hkr`urmg, quk sk kxpajik g imlata ikemigs a lgs `ahemgs ik tkhpkratura, su partk mjbkrmgr ks ik hktal quk ks la quk tmkjk `gjta`tg, kj kstk `asg kl blumig.
Bmnura ;.9.> ‐ Ykrhðhktrg.
;.; IKPAUUGLLG IKL KS_KUMHKJYG ;.;. ;. ;.11 Ra Rasg sgss `ghuj `ghujm` m`aj ajtk tks6 s6
15
Kl smstkha ik kstk kxpkrmhkjtg `gjsmstk eásm`ahkjtk kj la `gjkxmðj ik imbkrkjtks klkhkjtgs talks `ghg uj tajquk ujmig pgr hkimg ik hajnukras `gj válvulas a lgs trks tuegs ik imvkrsas bgrhas (igs imspukstgs kj pgsm`mðj vkrtm`al y ujg mj`lmjaig). Pk vmkrtk uja `ajtmiai ik anua kj kl tajqu tajquk, k, pgstkrmg pgstkrmgrhkjtk rhkjtk sk aerk uja ik las válvu válvulas las (la quk `gjk`ta al prmhkr tueg para quk qukik kj `gjta`tg `gj la athgsbkra), lgs gtrgs kstáj lmerks pgr lg quk su `gjta `gjta`tg `tg `gj la athgs athgsbkra bkra ks imrk`tg. imrk`tg. uja vkz aemkrta im`ca válvula válvula sk geskrva kl kbk`tg quk sk prgiu`k pgr la prksmðj quk ia lunar a quk kl anua sk imspgjna kj lgs trks tuegs y kj kl tajquk a uja hmsha altura. Pk prgeg tahemíj `krrajig la válvula, lg `ual uja imbkrkj`ma ik altura öjm`ahkjtk kj kllgsprmhkr (sknurahkjtk prgiu`tg iklprgiufg jg `gjta`tg `gj la athgsbkra), hmkjtras quk gtrgstueg igs rk`mpmkjtks y kl tajquk `gmj`mikj kj la altura (tmkjkj kl hmshg jmvkl).
;.;. ;. ;.55 Ap Apar arat atg gi ikk _ _as as`a `all paraigfa ik la cmirgstátm`a Kj kstk kjsayg sk utmlmza lgs trks rk`mpmkjtks ik vmirmg ik imbkrkjtks bgrhas lgs `ualks sk uem`aj `aia ujg kj kl aparatg ik pas`al, kj im`cgs rk`mpmkjtks sk vmkrtk uja `ajtmiai ik anua a iktkrhmjaia altura la `ual ks skñalaia pgr la pkstaña g pmstðj hgvmelk, sk tgha lk`tura ik im`ca altura. Pk prg`kik kjtgj`ks a suspkjikr la hasa klknmia kj la earra cgrmzgjtal hgvmíjigla ik tal hajkra quk sk kstaemlm`k y cana `gmj`mimr kl `mlmjirg `gj la eask ikl rk`mpmkjtk, la altura ikek pkrhajk`kr smkhprk `ghg la mjm`mal para lg `ual lgs pksgs suspkjimigs sk kj`arnaj ik kllg. Kl kxpkrmhkjtg sk lg rkalmza `gj imbkrkjtks pksgs lgs `ualks vaj a kstar uem`aigs a imbkrkjtk lgjnmtui (sk tgha lk`tura ik ksta hkimia) kstg ikpkjik tahemíj ik la altura ikl anua quk sk ikskk `gjskrvar. Kstk prg`kimhmkjtg sk ca`k `gj lgs trks rk`mpmkjtks.
;.2 _UKPKJYA@MÐJ ] _UG@KPAHM _UG@KPAHMKJYG KJYG IK IA IAYGP YGP Lgs iatgs getkjmigs kj kl laegratgrmg sk `gjsmnjargj kj kl smnumkjtk `uairg6 @uairg;.2.1- Uknmstrg ik lgs valgrks getkjmigs kj kl laegratgrmg 1 KjsaygUk`mpmkjt k
5 Hasa aplm`aia (nr)
0 Jmvkl ik anua ks`ala (`h)
A
9.9;? 9.9;? 9.9;? 3.5?? 3.5?? 3.5??
5?.2 1=.3 5?.2 1=.3 5?.2 1=.3
E @
9 Lgjnmtui L1 (`h) =.=9 =.?2 =.;9 3.10 3.>? >.=;
;
2
Lgjnmtui Imáhktrg(`h) L5 (`h) >.0 >.0 >.0 >.0 >.0 >.0
5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9
Kj la ajtkrmgr taela kstáj `gjsmnjaigs lgs iatgs getkjmigs kj kl laegratgrmg tajtg la hasa aplm`aia para `aia kjsayg, kl jmvkl ik anua, las lgjnmtuiks tajtg ikl `kjtrg al pmstðj `ghg ikl `kjtrg ca`ma kl sgpgrtk ik la hasa y kl imáhktrg ikl pmstðj. @gj eask kj las bgrhulas ikiu`mias a `gjtmjua`mðj, sk prg`kikrá a rkalmzar lgs `ál`ulgs, ik la prksmðj y las bukrzas tajtg kxpkrmhkjtalks `ghg tkðrm`as para `asa kjsayg y rk`mpmkjtk, y sk `ghparaj las bukrzas kxpkrmhkjtalks `gj las bukrzas tkðrm`as para getkjkr uj k krrgr rrgr pgr`kjtual. 5 A 8Ϗ r
T;.2.1X
10 5
A 8Ϗ 1.5 A 89,;59 `h µ _8 ρ∞n∞c
T;.2.5X
B 8 _∞ A
T;.2.0X
h∞n∞ L18 ρ∞n∞ A∞c∞ L5 h∞n∞ L18 _∞ A∞ L5 B 8
h∞n∞ L1 L5
_ara kl tueg A kjsayg 1 @al`ulg bukrza tkðrm`a
(
_8 1???
Dn h
0
)(
=.31
h 5
s
)(
?.5?2 h)
_85?5?,32 _a B 85?5?,32 _a∞?,???9;59 h µ B 8?,=19 J
@al`ulg bukrza kxpkrmhkjtal B Y 8 B Y 8
h∞n∞ L1 L5 ?.??99; Dn∞=.31 h / s µ∞ ?.?=9 `h ?.?>0
B Y 8 ?.?;=9 J
@al`ulg pgr`kjtafk ik krrgr
| |
%K 8
%K 8
|
Ykgrm`g ∕ Kxpkrmhk Kxpkrmhkjtal jtal ∞1??% Ykgrm`g
|
?.=19 ∕?.?;=9 ?.=19
1??%
∞
%K 8=0,;%
] asè prg`kikhgs `gj lgs ikhás iatgs para lgs ikhás tuegs y kjsaygs. Lgs iatgs getkjmigs sk `gjsmnjargj kj kl smnumkjtk `uairg6
T;.2.9X T;.2.;X T;.2.2X
19
@uairg ;.2.5 - Uknmstrg ik valgrks `al`ulaigs. Kjsayg aparatg ik pas`al
1 KjsaygUk`mpmkjtk A E @
5
9 B Kxpkrmhkjtal (J) ?.?;= ?.?;9
; % ik krrgr
5?5?.32? 1=95.03?
0 B Ykðrm`a (J) ?.=19 ?.3>=
5 1? =5 9? 5..3 02 3? ? 5?5?.32? 1=95.03?
? ?..= 31 >9 = ?.=19 ?.3>=
? ?..? ?; => ? ?.?=2 ?.?33
= 30 =..> 32 ?? ; 3=.;10 =?.?0?
_rksmðj (_a)
(%K)
=0.9=3 =0.309
Kj ksta taela sk kj`ukjtraj lgs rksultaigs ik la prksmðj, bukrza tkðrm`a y la bukrza kxpkrmhkjtal y kl krrgr kjtrk lgs valgrks `al`ulaigs tkðrm`gs y kxpkrmhkjtalks.
;.> AJÁL AJÁLMPMP MPMP IK UKP[LYA UKP[LYAIGP IGP ;.>.1 Al ajalmzar lgs iatgs tkðrm`gs `gj lgs iatgs getkjmigs kj kl laegratgrmg jgs pgikhgs iar `ukjta quk kl krrgr pgr`kjtual ks eastajtk nrajik lg `ual sk ikekrèa rkvmsar kl prg`ksg ck`cg kj kl laegratgrmg para getkjkr uj hkfgr rksultaig. ;.>.5 Pk ikek tkjkr kj `ukjta quk a pksar ik caekr llkjaig lgs rk`mpmkjtks vkrtmkjig kl anua pgr lgs egriks egriks,, sk prkskj prkskjta ta mjtrgiu`` mjtrgiu``mðj mðj ik eureuf eureufas as ik amrk, lg `ual mjblu mjbluyk yk kj la tgha ikl jmvkl vkriaikrg al`ajzaig pgr kl anua. ;.3 @GJ@ @GJ@L[PM L[PMGJKP GJKP ;.3.1 A pksar ik tgigs lgs kbk`tgs ahemkjtalks `ghg la prksmðj athgsbírm`a, la cuhkiai ikl amrk, la `gjt `gjtahmja` ahmja`mðj mðj ikl blumi blumig, g, kjtrk gtrgs quk pukikj mjblu mjblumr mr g altkrar altkrar lgs rksultaigs4 rksultaigs4 kstgs jg sk tuvmkrgj kj `ukjta kj la klaegra`mðj ikl kjsayg. ;.3.5 _ara quk lgs iatgs getkjmigs kj laegratgrmg skaj prk`msgs sk jk`ksmtaj aparatgs ik haygr prk`msmðj, mj`lusg rkalmzar kl kjsayg varmas vk`ks para kvmtar krrgrks kj lgs `ál`ulgs. ;.3.0 La tkhpkratura ca`k quk lgs blumigs `ahemkj tgias sus prgpmkiaiks, pgr lg quk sk ikek tkjkrla kj `ukjta para `ualqumkr ajálmsms. ;.3.9 Kl laegratgrmg öjm`ahkjtk jgs smrvk para hmrar `ðhg sk rkalmzaj kstgs prg`ksgs pkrg jgs ikfa uja nraj mjsknurmiai ikemig a lgs krrgrks getkjmigs kj kstk. ;.3.; Hkimajtk kl kjsayg ik vasgs `ghujm`ajtks sk puig `ghprgear lg prgpukstg kj kl prmj`mpmg ik pas`al, pukstg quk a mnualks `gjim`mgjks athgsbírm`as lgs tuegs `gjk`taigs kjtrk kjt rk sè al` al`ajz ajzaj aj la hms hmsha ha alt altura ura mji mjikpk kpkjim jimkjt kjtkhk khkjtk jtk ik su bgr bgrha ha y `ap `apa`m a`miai iai,, `uhplmíjigsk öjm`ahkjtk para blumigs kstátm`gs, ya quk kj kl hghkjtg ik va`maig kl jmvkl ikl lmqumig varma ik uj vasg a gtrg. ;.3.2 Kj kl kjsayg ikl aparatg ik pas`al las pgsmelks `ausas ik krrgr sgj kl jg caekr tkjmig kj `ukjta la hasa ikl platg ealajza y ikl pmstðj, al mnual quk la pgsmelk mhprk`msmðj kj la tgha ik iatgs.
1;
;.= UKBKUKJ@MAP EMELMGNUÁ EMELMGNUÁBM@AP BM@AP
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