Laboratorio No 1. Mediciones Directas e Indirectas

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX

]LAUMTXANBN NM FB HGX^B NM[BT^BIML^G NM HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX EÉXAHB IMHÂLAHB

MP[MTAMLHAB 2 IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX MLgALNATMH^BX 2.  AL^TGN]HHAØL

Imnaigs hublng hgipbrbigs ibolatunms qum tamlml fb iasib naimlsaøl hgl gtrb mfmoanb hgig ulanbn pbtrøl . Mf prghmsg nm imnahaøl ffmvb hglsaog mrrgrms qum pumnml  prgvmlar nmf bi bidamltm, damltm, nmf gdsmrvbngr gdsmrvbngr , nmf alstruiml alstruimltg tg nm imnanb y nmf tapg nm imnahaøl (narmhtb g alnarmhtb) Lgribfimltm ml lumstrb vanb hhgtanablb gtanablb y sal tmlmr hglghaiamltg nm mffg, `bhmigs usg nmf hglhmptg nm imnahaøl , pgr mcmipfg, hublng imnaigs mf fbrog nm ulb hbrrmtmrb, fb bfturb nm ulb pbrmn g fb ibsb nm ul humrpg, mstbigs rmbfazblng rmbfazblng imnabnbs narmhtbs, mf vbfgr luiárahg gdtmlang nm mstbs imnahaglms sm fgorb nm fb altmrbhhaøl iasib hgl gdcmtgprmvabimltm b imnar, pmrg ·Rum msml imnar7 fb rmspumstb ms iuy smlhaffb, imnar utafazbr ulb mf mshbfb hbfadrbnb fb prgpamnbn b imnar y hgipbrbrfb hgl ms hubfquamr gdcmtg qum tmlobigs alnahag qum prmsmltm msb prgpamnbn, gdtmlamlng nm mstg ul vbfgr luiárahg (ul alstruimltg hbfadrbng pgnréb smr ul efmxøimtrg, ulb dbfblzb, ul tmriøimtrg mltrm gtrgs, sa lg ms ul alstruimltg hbfadrbng pgnrébigs pmlsbr ml fb fgloatun nm su pam, fb hubrtb nm su iblg, ulb vbraffb nm fgloatun hglghanb, mth.). [gr gtrg fbng, mxastm mf hbsg nm qumrmr hglghmr mf tbibòg nm fb tamrrb, mf ârmb nm ul tmrrmlg g fb hbpbhanbn nm ul tblqum hafélnrahg, pmrg lg tmlmigs ul alstruimltg qum hgipbrm narmhtbimltm hgl mstgs gdcmtgs nbng su mlgrim tbibòg g sus hbrbhtmréstahbs, pbrb mstgs hbsgs ms lmhmsbrag rmbfazbr imnanbs alnarmhtbs, mstg sm fgorb imnabltm fb sgfuhaøl nm ulb mhubhaøl qum utafazb fbs naimlsaglms, egribs u gtrb hbrbhtmréstahb imnadfm narmhtbimltm. Xm rmhgiamlnb bf mstunabltm alvmstaobr alvmstaobr sgdrm imnahaøl y tmgréb nm mrrgr y prgeulnazbr prgeulnazbr hgl su prgemsgr nm fbdgrbtgrag.

4.  GDCM^AUG imnahaglmss narmhtbs m alnarmhtbs alnarmhtbs mf vbfgr nm fb nmlsanbn nm   Nmtmrialbr b pbrtar nm imnahaglm

•

msemrbs imtâfahbs tmlamlng ml humltb fgs hglhmptg nm imnahaøl y hâfhufg nm mrrgrms.

8.  LGTIB^AUB NM XMO]TANBN  Lg rmoastrb .

[MFAOTG3 Lg `by ramsog BUAXG3 Laloulg [TMHB]HAØL3 ^mlob ml humltb fb lgribtavb nm smouranbn ( hbsg prmsmlhabf)

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX

MFMIML^GX NM [TG^MHHAØL [MTXGLBF3 lg bpfahb >.  TMH]TXGX

IB^MTABFMX3 = dbfalms nmf iasig imtbf y nm tbibògs naemrmltms @MTTBIAML^BX3 Hbfadrbngr nm vmrlamr , dbfblzb. MR]A[GX3 [h, hmfufbr , ^bdfmt . =.  [TGHMNAIAML^ [TGHMNAIAML^G G MP[MTAIML^BF Bltms nm fb tgib nm nbtgs sm afustrbrâ pbsg b pbsg fb egrib e grib nm `bhmr ulb imnahaøl hgl mf hbfadrbngr nm Umrlamr [bsg 23 Gdsmrvbr ml fb rmofb eacb g pralhapbf nmf hbfadrbngr nm Umrlamr mf lóimrg lóimrg nm navasaglms (mltmrbs) bltmragrms nmf nmf vbfgr nm hmrg (;) alnahblng pgr mf lglag. Mstb fmhturb sm rmhgiamlnb `bhm ml ii . Ml mf mcmipfg nm fb eaourb 2: mf hmrg nmf lglag mstâ nmspuás nm =1 ii y bltms 5; ii , fg qum saolaeahb qum fb pbrtm mltmrb nm fb imnahaøl ms =1 ii . [bsg 43 Ml fb mshbfb nmf lglag, sm nmdm nmdm anmltaeahbr fb félmb g navasaøl qum iâs hgalh hgalhanb anb hgl ulb nm fbs félmbs félmbs nm fbs mshbfb eacb. Fb iuftapfahbhaø iuftapfahbhaøll nmf vbfgr nm msb félmb pgr fb rmsgfuhaøl nmf hbfadrbngr hbfadrbngr hgrrmspglnm b fb pbrtm nmhaibf nm fb imnahaøl ml ii. Ml mf mcmipfg nm fb eaourb 2, fb félmb = nmf lglag ms fb qum iâs hgalh hgalhanm anm hgl ulb félmb nm fb rmofb g mshbfb eacb , mltglhms `by qum suibrfm b =1 ii fb hbltanbn = ß ;,;=  9  ;,4=  . [bsg 83 Fb imnahaøl ealbf hgrrmspglnm hgrrmspglnm b fb suib nm fb fmhturb nm fb mshbfb mshbfb eacb y nm fb mshbfb nmf lglag . Ml mf mcmipfg nm fb eaourb 2, =1  + ;,4= ;,4=  9 =1,4= =1,4= . Ealbfimltm fb imnahaøl nmdm rmpgrtbrsm ml tárialg nm fb alhmrtanuidrm nmf alstruimltg, qum pbrb mf hbfadrbngr nm Umrlamr Umrlamr ms fb iasib rmsgfuhaøl .Ms nm nmhar, har, nmdm rmpgrtbrsm (=1, (=1,4= 4= ² ;, ;,;= ;=))  g mquavbfmltmim (=,14= 4= ² ;, ;,;; ;;=) =)   ltm (=,1 Gdsmrvbhaøl3  [brb qummquavbfmltmimltm `byb imcgr afustrbhaøl y hfbranbn sgdrm mf tmib , sm rmhgiamlnb

bf mstunabltm rmhrmbr mf mcmipfg nm fb eaourb 2  ( y gtrgs iâs ) ml mf saiufbngr3 `ttps3//www.stmeblmffa.mlo.dr/ms/hbfadrm-vartubf-saiufbngr-iafaimtrg;=/#swaeeyhgltbalmrW2   ;=/#swaeeyhgltbalmrW2

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX

Eaourb 2. Fmhturb ml ii pbrb ulb imnanb hgl mf hbfadrbngr nm vmrlamr g pam nm rmy.

^gib nm nbtgs3 2)  [brb fb tgib nm nbtgs n btgs nm mstm mxpmraimltg sm usbrâ ul hbfadrbngr nm vmrlamr hgig mf afustrbng ml fb eaourb 4 .

  Eaourb 4. Hbrbhtmréstahbs nmf hbfadrbngr nm vmrlamr usbng pbrb mstm mxpmraimltg . Bf aoubf qum ml mstb afustrbhaøl rmoastrm sus nbtgs ml hi.  hi.  `ttps3//www.stme `ttps3//www.stmeblmffa.mlo.d blmffa.mlo.dr/ms/hbfad r/ms/hbfadrm-vartubf-sa rm-vartubf-saiufbngr-iaf iufbngr-iafaimtrg-;4/  aimtrg-;4/  

4)  Xm imnarâl fgs naâimtrgs nm = msemrbs msemrbs imtâfahbs hgig fbs igstrbnbs ml fb eaourb 8.

Eaourb 8. Msemrbs imtâfahbs nmf iasig ibtmrabf.  

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX 8)  @bob fb fmhturb nmf naâimtrg nm hbnb ulb nm fbs fbs msemrbs, smoól fbs eaourbs >,=,5,?  y 0. Tmoastrm fgs nbtgs ml fb tbdfb 2.

Eaourb >. Imnahaøl mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb 2. Umr rmhubnrg nm bipfabhaøl nm fb aiboml.

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX

Eaourb =. Imnahaøl mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb 4. Umr rmhubnrg nm bipfabhaøl nm fb aiboml.

Eaourb 5. Imnahaøl mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb 8. Umr rmhubnrg nm bipfabhaøl nm fb aiboml.

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX

Eaourb ?. Imnahaøl mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb >. Umr rmhubnrg nm bipfabhaøl nm fb aiboml.

Eaourb 0. Imnahaøl mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb =. Umr rmhubnrg nm bipfabhaøl nm fb aiboml.

^bdfb 2. Imnanbs narmhtbs m alnarmhtbs pbrb = msemrbs imtâfahbs. Fbs ibsbs eumrgl imnanbs hgl ulb dbfblzb huyb alhmrtanuidrm nm imnahaøl ms nm ² ;,;4 .

Msemrbs

Ibsb (o)

Naâimtrg (hi)

Ugfuiml (hi8)

Nmlsanbn (o/ hi8)

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX  ² ∅   8, 8,=5 =5 ² ;, ;,;4 ;4  ?, ?,;1 ;1 ² ;, ;,;4 ;4  22 22,1 ,15 5 ² ;, ;,;4 ;4  25 25,5 ,5> > ² ;, ;,;4 ;4  40 40,? ,?8 8 ² ;, ;,;4 ;4 

2 4 8 > =

 ² ∅  

 ² ∅  

 ² ∅  

5.  HÂFH]FGX Hgipfmtm fb tbdfb 2. @bhamlng fg fgss saouamltms imn imnahaglms ahaglms nm egrib egrib alnarmhtb3 `bffm mf vgfuiml U nm fbs msemrbs imnabltm fb mhubhaøl3 mhubhaøl3 

 9    

(2) 



Nglnm.  N3 ms mf naâimtrg nm fb msemrb. Fb alhmrtanuidrm nm fb ∅ `âffmfb imnabltm â ∔é

∅ 9



 

(4)

Nglnm. 

â 9



( + ∅)  

(8)

y é 9

 

( (   ∅  )  

(>)

B pbrtar nm fbs ibsb i y mf vgfuiml U, sm `bffb fb nmlsanbn  nm fbs mmsemrbs semrbs imnabltm 3 9

 

 

(=)

Fb alhmrtanuidrm fb nmlsanbn ∅ nm hbnb msemrb nmpmlnm nm fb ibsb  ² ∅ , mf vgfuiml U²∅ y fb nmlsanbn   y sm hb hbfhufb fhufb b pbrtar nm 3 ∅ 9 (

∅ 

+

∅ 

) 

(5)

Ealbfimltm hufialm fgs hâfhufgs hgipfmtblng fb tbdfb fb tbdfb 4. nm bhumrng b fgs falmbiamltgs alnahbngs ml mf humstaglbrag.

^bdfb 4. Mrrgrms pgrhmltubfms (g alhmrtanuidrms pgrhmltubfms ) nm fbs imnahaglms narmhtbs m alnarmhtbs rmpgrtbnbs ml fb tbdfb 2. 

Msemrbs 2 4

Ibsb M(%)  Naâimtrg M(%)  Ugfuiml M(%)  Nmlsanbn M(%) 

 

MP[MTAMLHAB Lg 2HAMLHABX LB^]TBFMX Q MPBH^BX  IMNAHAGLMX NATMH^BX M ALNATMH^BX 8 > =

?.  H]MX^AGLBTAG

M(%),  nm fbs imnanbs `mh`bs 2.  narmhtb Nmtmrialm fgs mrrgrms pgrhmltubfms alstruimltbfms g alnarmhtbimltm pbrb hbnb msemrb hgl rmspmhtg b fbs f bs alhmrtanuidrms ml fb imnanb. Tmpgrtm mstgs rmsuftbngs ml fb tbdfb 4. Mcmipfg pbrb fb hgfuilb nm fbs ∅ ibsbs ]sm 3 M(%) 9  ß 2;;% 2;;%  (∅i y i sm tgibl nm fb tbdfb 2) 4.  Alvmstaoum sgdrm fb nmlsanbn nm fgs imtbfms . · Huâf ms mf ibtmrabf nm fbs msemrbs utafazbnbs ml mf mxpmraimltg 7 8.  Xa anmltaeahø mf ibtmrabf nm fbs msemrbs , pultg bltmragr, tgim mf vbfgr nm su nmlsanbn hgig vbfgr vbfgr tmørahg. [rgimnam fb nmlsanbn `bffbnb `bffbnb nm fbs = msemrbs (lg tmlob ml humltb bqué fbs alhmrtanuidrms) y msb nmlsanbn rmsuftbltm ffâimfb vbfgr mxpmraimltbf. Nmtmrialm mf mrrgr pgrhmltubf ℏ(%) %)  nm fb nmlsanbn  nmf imtbf nm fbs msemrbs bf hgipbrbrfg hgl fb tmgréb imnabltm3

ℏ(%) 9

|ςø  ς|

ß 2;;% 2;;% 

ςø

0.  TMEMTMLHABX Z2Y Xmbrs, Smiblsjy, Qgulo, Ermmnibl. (4;28), eésahb ulavmrsatbrab hgl eésahb ignmrlb, vgf. 2, náhaib tmrhmrb mnahaøl, [mbrsgl mnuhbhaøl, Iáxahg. Z4Y Tmyibl B. Xmrwby, C`gl _. Cmwmtt, Cr, (4;;0), eésahb pbrb hamlhabs m alomlamrébs, vgf. 2, sáptaib mnahaøl, Hmlobom Fmbrlalo. Z8Y `ttps3//www.stmeblmffa.mlo.dr/ms/hbfadrm-vartubf-saiufbngr-iafaimtrg;=/#swaeeyhgltbalmrW2   ;=/#swaeeyhgltbalmrW2 Z>Y  `ttps3//www.stmeblmffa.mlo.dr/ms/hbfadrm-vartubf-saiufbngr-iafaimtrg-;4/ Z>Y `ttps3//www.stmeblmffa.mlo.dr/ms/hbfadrm-vartubf-saiufbngr-iafaimtrg-;4/