Laboratorio N10 Unprg
February 18, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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SFARC_TAIJI FJDAMFJL WCI_M _SAU NJLLM
BJDSLYJI IC AFNCFAC_AJ KCDÊFADJ Q CLCDY_ADJ
AFBM_KC F.µ 71 JTANFJYS_J5 LJOM_JYM_AM IC DA_DSAYMT CLCDY_ADMT A YCKJ5 AFTY_SKCFYMT CLCDY_ADMT JLSKFM5 TJFIMRJL TJFDHCU EC_TMF CISJ_IM
DMIANM5
:>?742I
IMDCFYC5 LAD. CNOC_YM TC_JBAF NSYAC__CU JYMDHC
LJKJOJQCZSC,, CFC_M ?7?7 LJKJOJQCZSC
A) MOECYARMT5
Iaouejr darduatms cládtradms rcsastavms cf cl dmkputjimr dmkputjimr Motcfcr kciajftc sakuljdaôf ljs kciaijs ic lms vmltjecs y dmkprmojr dmkprmojr cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaôf Jfjlazjr cf bmrkj jfjlëtadj lms darduatms cládtradms cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaôf y rcdaprmdaiji
AA) BSFIJKCFYM YCM_AM YCM_CKJ IC TSWC_WMTADAÔF TSWC_WMTADAÔF Cstjolcdc quc cf uf darduatm lafcjl dmf vjrajs bucftcs, lj dmrracftc y cl vmltjec ic dujlquacr clckcftm cf cl darduatm cs lj sukj ic ljs dmrracftcs y vmltjecs prmiudaims pmr djij bucftc quc jdtõj ic kjfcrj aficpcfiacftc. Wjrj djlduljr lj dmftraoudaôf ic djij bucftc ic bmrkj aficpcfiacftc, tmijs ljs ickês bucftcs icocf clakafjrsc bucftcs clakafjrsc y rcckpljzjrsc rcckpljzjrsc saf jbcdtjr cl rcsultjim rcsultjim bafjl. Jl clakafjr clakafjr ufj bucftc ic vmltjec, su vmltjec icoc cstjolcdcrsc cf dcrm, lm quc cquavjlc j rcckpljzjr lj bucftc ic vmltjec pmr uf dmrtmdarduatm. Jl clakafjr ufj bucftc ic dmrracftc, su dmrracftc icoc cstjolcdcrsc cf dcrm, lm quc cquavjlc j rcckpljzjr lj bucftc ic dmrracftc dmf uf darduatm joacrtm. Dujfim sukc ljs dmftraoudamfcs ic ljs bucftcs, icoc tcfcr duaijim ic tcfcr cf ducftj sus sanfms. Cs kcemr jsanfjr ufj iarcddaôf ic rcbcrcfdaj j djij djftaiji icsdmfmdaij, sa jõf
fm
cstê
ijij.
Lj tcfsaôf m dmrracftc tmtjl sc djldulj dmkm lj sukj jlncorjadj ic ljs dmftraoudamfcs ic ljs bucftcs. Ta ufj dmftraoudaôf ic ufj bucftc tacfc lj kaskj iarcddaôf quc lj iarcddaôf ic rcbcrcfdaj, tacfc uf sanfm pmsatavm cf lj sukj0 Ta tacfc lj iarcddaôf mpucstj, cftmfdcs uf sanfm fcnjtavm. Ycfnj cf ducftj quc sa lj tcfsaôf m ljs bucftcs ic dmrracftc tacfcf ufj rcsastcfdaj aftcrfj, icocf pcrkjfcdcr cf cl darduatm y scnuar dmfsaicrêfimsc. Cf YAFJ, pucic jsanfjr ufj rcsastcfdaj aftcrfj j ljs bucftcs ic vmltjec y dmrracftc ic DD, kacftrjs usj cl kaskm sëkomlm csquckêtadm. Wmr lm tjftm, sa icscj alustrjr cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaôf y jl kaskm tackpm usjr bucftcs dmf rcsastcfdaj aftcrfj, smlm icoc cstjolcdcr cl vmltjec (m lj dmrracftc) ic lj bucftc cf dcrm, lm quc icej aftjdtj lj rcsastcfdaj aftcrfj ic lj bucftc.
pên. pên.
?
Jltcrfjtavjkcftc, pmirëj rcckpljzjr lj bucftc dmf ufj rcsastcfdaj anujl j su rcsastcfdaj aftcrfj. Wjrj utalazjr cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaôf dmf dmrracftcs ic darduatm y vmltjecs, tmims lms dmkpmfcftcs icocf scr lafcjlcs0 cs icdar, pjrj tmims lms dmkpmfcftcs rcsastavms, lj dmrracftc icoc scr prmpmrdamfjl jl vmltjec jpladjim (dukplacfim dmf lj lcy ic Mhk). Ycfnj cf ducftj quc cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaôf fm cs jpladjolc j lj pmtcfdaj, yj quc lj pmtcfdaj fm cs ufj djftaiji lafcjl. Lj pmtcfdaj tmtjl sukafastrjij j uf dmkpmfcftc rcsastavm icoc ictcrkafjrsc utalazjfim lj dmrracftc tmtjl j trjvás m cl vmltjec tmtjl j trjvás ic icll dm dmkp kpmf mfcf cftc tc y fm pu puci cicc ic ictc tcrk rkaf afjrs jrscc pm pmrr uf ufjj sakpl sakplcc sukj sukj ic lj ljss pm pmtc tcfd fdaj ajss prmiudaijs pmr ljs bucftcs ic bmrkj aficpcfiacftc.
pên. pên. 4
YCM_CKJ IC _CDAW_MDAIJI Cl tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji fms iadc quc5 cf ufj rci imfic smljkcftc tcfnjkms ufj bucftc ic tcfsaôf cf ufj kjllj dujlquacrj, _, prmiudacfim ufj dmrracftc cf mtrj kjllj iabcrcftc, iabcrc ftc, T, sc pucic pucic djkoajr cl ncfcrjimr ncfcrjimr j lj kjllj T, y fms prmiudarê prmiudarê cf lj kjllj _ lj kaskj dmrracftc quc jftcs sc prmiudëj cf lj T. Cs icdar, quc sc pucicf aftcrdjkoajr lj
djusj, ncfcrjimr ic tcfsaôf, dmf cl cbcdtm, dmrracftc, cf sus rcspcdtavjs kjlljs.
Yjkoaáf sc pmirëj cfufdajr, iadacfim quc cf uf darduatm lafcjl dmf ufj smlj bucftc, lj rcljdaôf ic lj cxdatjdaôf j lj rcspucstj cs dmfstjftc jl aftcrdjkoajr ljs pmsadamfcs ic cxdatjdaôf y rcspucstj.
Cf lms darduatms : y ? ic lj banurj jftcramr rcprcscftjkms cstc tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji quc pmickms ickmstrjrlm ojsêfimfms cf lj akpcijfdaj ic trjfsbcrcfdaj. Cf cl darduatm : tcfckms quc
y tcfacfim cf ducftj quc pjrj cl darduatm ? lj kjtraz ic ljs akpcijfdajs sanuc sacfim lj kaskj y quc, jickês, cs sakátradj, tcfirckms quc0
pmr lm quc cf cl darduatm ?5
pên. 9
quc tacfc cl kaskm vjlmr quc lj akpcijfdaj ic trjfsbcrcfdaj icl darduatm :, pmr lm quc sa R _ icl darduatm : cs anujl j R T icl darduatm ?, tcfirêf quc scr anujlcs A _ icl ? c A T icl :. Yjkoaáf pmirëjkms jpladjr cstc tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji j ufj rci ic fuims.
Lj jikatjfdaj ic trjfsbcrcfdaj cf cl darduatm :, scrê5
Cf cstc djsm lj kjtraz ic ljs jikatjfdajs sanuc sacfim lj kaskj pjrj lms darduatms : y ?, y tjkoaáf cs sakátradj, pmr lm quc5
Dmf lm quc, cf cl darduatm ?5
quc tacfc cl kaskm vjlmr ic lj icl darduatm :, pmr lm quc sa tacfc quc dukplar quc R` icl icl : scj anujl j Rh icl ?
pên. pên. 3
Ah icl
: cs anujl j A` icl icl ?, sc
Cstc tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji sc dukplarê sackprc quc lj kjtraz ic ljs akpcijfdajs m ic ljs jikatjfdajs scj sakátradj. Hjy quc tcfcr cf ducftj quc ljs dmrracftcs m tcfsamfcs cf mtrjs pjrtcs icl darduatm fm sc kjftcfirêf anujlcs.
AAA) DMKWMFCFYCT CZSAWMT C AFTY_SKCFYMT
Sf prmnrjkj ic sakuljdaôf ic darduatms cládtradms. 7: darduatm cládtradm rcsastavm
AR) W_MDCIAKACFY W_MDCIAKACFYM M :. iaou iaouejr ejr cl san sanuacft uacftcc darduatm darduatm clá cládtrad dtradmm rcsas rcsastavm tavm cf ccll dmkp dmkputjim utjimrr
?. Jsukar _ L cl rcsastmr uoadjim cf _4 4. Ijr vjlmrcs vjlmrcs cstêfijr cstêfijr j lms lms rcsastmrc rcsastmrcss ( scnõf scnõf dôianm dôianm ic ic dmlmrcs dmlmrcs ) 9. Ijr vjlmrc vjlmrcss j ljs bucftc bucftcss ic jla jlakcf kcftjda tjdaôf ôf ( vmltje vmltjecs cs ) 3. Afstjl Afstjljr jr cf cl prm prmnrj nrjkj kj ic sakulj sakuljdaô daôf f lms afstru afstrukcf kcftms tms ic kciada kciadaôf ôf ( jkpcrëkctrm. 2. Kciar lj lj A L quc pjsj pmr >.
cf lj tjolj #7:
Tustatuar Tustatuar djij ufj ic lj bucftcs bucftcs ic ic jlakcf jlakcftjdaôf tjdaôf pmr uf dmrtmdarduat dmrtmdarduatm my kciar A L :
pên. 2
_ L y jfôtclm
8.
_cckpljzjr _cckpljzjr lj mtrj bucftc bucftc pmr uf dmrtmdarduat dmrtmdarduatm m y kciar lj
A L ? y
jfôtclm
cf lj tjolj #7: 1. _cpc _cpcta tarr cl pj pjsm sm jftcra jftcramr mr pjrj pjrj lj tcrd tcrdcrj crj bucf bucftc tc pmr uf dmrt dmrtmd mdar ardu duat atm m y kciar lj A L 4 jfmtclm cf lj tjolj #7: :7. Djpturjr Djpturjr lj akjncf ic lj sakuljdaôf cbcdtujij. cbcdtujij. ::. Kmftjr cl darduatm ic lj ban 7? cf cl dmkputjimr
:?. Ijr vjlmrcs cstêfijr j lms rcsastmrcs fm rcpctar vjlmrcs ( scnõf dôianm ic dmlmrcs) :4. Afstjljr cf cl prmnrjkj ic sakuljdaôf lms afstrukcftms afstrukcftms ic kciadaôf (jkpcrëkctrm) :9. Kciar lj dmrracftc dmrracftc ( J:) quc dardulj cftrc lms omrfcs jfôtclm cf lj tjolj 7? :3. Djkoajr ic pmsadaôf pmsadaôf lj bucftc C scnõf lj banurj 74 , kciar lj dmrracftc J? cftrc lms omrfcs jfôtclms cf lj tjolj 7?
pên. pên. >
DJLDSLMT Q _CTSLYJIMT Darduatm F· :5 Kaiacfim lj A L quc pjsj pmr
Kaiacfim lj A L
pên. pên.
8
:
_ L
Kaiacfim lj A L
?
Kaiacfim lj A L
4
DA_DSAYM F· ?
pên. pên.
1
R) DSCTYAMFJ_AM :. Dmf lm lmss vjlm vjlmrcs rcs jjsukai sukaims ms ic lms lms rcsastmr rcsastmrcs cs ic icll dard darduatm uatm “:‛ , ddjldul jlduljr jr lj A L jpladjfim cl tcmrckj ic supcrpmsadaô supcrpmsadaôf. f.
Jpladjfim cl kátmim ic kjlljs cf cl darduatm cfdmftrjkms lj dmrracftc A L
:77 A :
pên. pên.
+ :7777 ( A ∟ A ) + ?? A ?? A ;:?
:7
:
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:
:7:?? A :7:?? A :
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∟:7777 A ;:? ………… (:) ?
A ∟ A ) + :37 ( A A ∟ A ) + :7777 ( A A ∟ A );7 ( A ∟ A )+ ??7 ( A ?
:?3>7 A ?
2
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4
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3
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:
∟??77 A ∟??7 A ∟:37 A ∟:7777 A ;7 ……… (?) 2
4
3
:
( ∟ A ) + ??777 ( A ∟ A ) + :877 ( A ∟ A ) + 9>77 ( A ∟ A ) ;7
??7 A 4 ?8>?7 A 4
?
4
2
4
9
4
∟??7 ??7 A A ∟ ??777 A ∟ :877 A ∟ 9>77 9>77 A A ; 7 …………. (4) ?
2
:877
9
3
( A ∟ A ) +7.?? A ∟1 + ?>77 A ;7
9377.?? A 9
9
9
4
9
∟:877 A ;1 ………………. (9) 4
3277 A 3
3
?
3
4
+ :37 ( A ∟ A ) + 9>77 ( A ∟ A ); 7 :7937 A ∟ :37 :37 A A ∟ 9>77 9>77 A A ; 7 ………… (3) 3
41777 A 2 24?77 A 2
;3.18 kJ
;9.83 kJ A ; 7.31? kJ
A ?
4
A 9
;?.?9 kJ
A 3
;7.442 kJ
A 2
;7.9> kJ
Lucnm lj dmrracftc A L cs 5 A L ; A ?∟ A 4 A L ;9.83 kJ ∟7.31? kJ
pên. pên. ::
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4
A ∟ A ) + ??77 ( A ∟ A );7 ∟2 + ??777 ( A 2
4
2
?
∟??777 A ∟ ??77 A ;2 …………(2)
Ic ljs cdujdamfcs sc motacfc 5 A :
3
4
?
A L
;9.?38 kJ
Tustatuycfim lj bucftc : icl darduatm darduatm sc motacfcf ljs dmrr dmrracftcs acftcs pmr cl kátmim ic kjlljs. A :
;∟9.44 kJ
A ?
;4.?1 kJ
A 4
;7.7: kJ
A 9
; 7.78 kJ
A 3
;∟7.:9 kJ
A 2
;∟7.:1 kJ
Lucnm lj dmrracftc A L cs 5 :
A L :; A ? ∟ A 4 A L :;4.?1 kJ ∟7.7: kJ A L :;4.?8 kJ
Tustatuycfim lj bucftc ? sc motacfc lj dmrracftc dmrracftcss pmr lc kátmim ic kjlljs 5 A :;7.78 kJ A ?;∟7.77 kJ A 4;∟7.:4 kJ A 9;∟ ?.78 kJ A 3;7.71 kJ A 2;7.7> kJ
Lucnm lj dmrracftc A L cs 5 ?
pên. pên.
:?
A L ?
; A ∟ A
A L ?
;∟7.777>:9 kJ + 7.:4 kJ
A L ?
;7.:?1 kJ
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4
Tustatuycfim lj bucftc 4 sc motacfc lj dmrracftcs pmr lc kátmim ic kjlljs 5 A :
;∟.7:4 kJ
A ?
;7.82 kJ
A 4
;7.7? kJ
A 9
; 7.79 kJ
A 3
;7.73 kJ
A 2
;∟7.:9 kJ
Lucnm lj dmrracftc A L cs 5 4
A L 4; A ? ∟ A 4 A L 4;7.82 kJ ∟7.7? kJ A L 4;7.89 kJ
?. Dmkp Dmkpjrc jrc lms rcsultjim rcsultjimss tcôr tcôradms adms ( djldulj djlduljims) ims) dmf lms rcsu rcsultjim ltjimss va vartujl rtujlcs cs icl darduatm ic lj ban 7: ( tjolj #74) 4. Icku Ickucstrc cstrc ljs jp jpladjd ladjdamfc amfcss icl tcmrck tcmrckjj ic rc rcdapr daprmdai mdaiji ji , dmf bucft bucftcs cs ic tcfsaôf dmkm pjrj bucftcs ic dmrracftc.
pên. pên. :4
Wjrj bucftc ic tcfsaôf Tcj cl darduatm5
Tc tacfc5 _Y
; _ + _ /( _ + _ );:3 ™ :
?
4
9
R A s
; _ ;4 J Y
;4 J / ?;:.3 J
A
Dmf5
Wjrj lj rci sanuacftc5
Tc tacfc quc5
; _ + _ + _ : / _ ;:7 :7™ ™
_Y
A s ;
9
4
R ; 9.3 J _Y
Ic kjfcrj quc5
pên. pên.
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;
A
9.3 J J ) ( _ ) ( 9.3 ?
+
_: _?
;:.3 :.3 J J
Wjrj bucftc ic dmrracftc Iujl icl tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji Tcj cl darduatm5
Tc tacfc5 A s;2 J
/
R _:
+ R /( _ + _ ); 2 ?
4
R ;:? R
Cftmfdcs5 Wmr lm tjftm5 R ?
;( _ )( ? J ); 9 R ?
Wjrj lj rci sanuacftc5
pên. pên.
:3
A ?;:? /( _? + _4 );? J
Tc tacfc5 A s;2 J Dmf5 A :
;( 2 J )
( + ); ?
?
:.44 J
>
Wmr lm tjftm5 R :
;(:.44 J )( _ ); 9 R :
9. ljs Dmfdmrracftcs lms vjlmrcs vjlmrcs kciaim iaimss ic lms lms rcsastm rcsastmrcs rcs icl dard darduatm uatm ic lj ban 77?? dj djldul ldulcs cs A ( J ) y cf A JO ( J ) jpladjfim cl tcmrckj ic cfkc rcdaprmdaiji. DI
:
?
Djldulm ic A JO
pên. pên.
:2
Djldulm ic A
DI
Rcrabadjdaôf icl Ycmrckj ic _cdaprmdaiji A DI ; A JO
3. Cf uf ufjj tjol tjoljj ic dmkpj dmkpjrjda rjdaôf, ôf, tjolj tjolj #79 #79 rcjl rcjladc adc lj dmkp dmkpjrjd jrjdaôf aôf i icc lms rcsultjims tcôradms dmf lms cxpcrakcftjlcs. cxpcrakcftjlcs. Jfcxms C: :?R
C? 1R
C4 2R
C :?R
AL: AL? AL4 7.777>:9 kJ 9.48 kJ -7.:? kJ Yjolj # 7:
ADI 7.22 kJ
_L ??
_L ??7
_4 ??7
R Cxpcrakcftjl
CJ
C_
C_%
7.789
7.777>:9
7.784
7.7:8
:.8%
4.?8
9.48
:.:
7.744
4.4%
7.:?1
-7.:?
7.?91
7.7:14
:.14%
R Ycôradm
AL: AL? AL4 AL (kJ)
AJO _: 7.22 kJ :77 Yjolj #7?
AL 9.?> kJ
9.?3
9.?>
7.7?
9.>x :7
∟4
7.9>%
Yjolj #74
R Ycôradm A DI (kJ) A JO (kJ)
pên. pên. :>
R Cxpcrakcftjl
CJ
C_
C_%
7.23
7.22
7.7:
7.7:3
:.34%
7.23
7.22
7.7:
7.7:3
:.34%
Yjolj #79
DMFDLSTAMFCT5
Tc vcrabadjrmf lms tcmrckjs ic supcrpmsadaôf y rcdaprmdaiji.
Cl tcmr tcmrck ckjj ic su supc pcrp rpms msad adaô aôf f fm fmss kucst kucstrj rj qu qucc lm lmss cbcdt cbcdtms ms ic djij djij bu bucf cftc tc cs aficpcfiacftc yj quc sc dmfsaicrjf aicjlcs.
Tcnõf Tcn õf ijtms ijtms cxpcrak cxpcrakcftj cftjlcs lcs hjy uf lancrm lancrm icsojl icsojljfd jfdcc jl jpladj jpladjrr cl tcmrck tcmrckjj ic supcrpmsadaôf icoaim j quc jl clakafjr ljs bucftcs ic tcfsaôf y rcckpljzjrljs pmr uf dmrtmdarduatm cstjkms clakafjfim ljs rcsastcfdajs aftcrfjs ic ljs kaskjs.
Cl tcmrckj ic rcdaprmdaiji cs ic utalaiji cf darduatms cxtcfsms y fms kucstrj quc cf uf darduatm cl “cbcdtm‛ pucicf scr aftcrdjkoajims pmr lj “djusj‛
MOTC_RJDAMFCT5
Jl kciar lj dmrracftc dmf uf jkpcrëkctrm jfjlônadm crj fcdcsjram sjocr lj csdjlj ic cstc afstrukcftm, y pjrj motcfcr cl vjlmr cxjdtm ic lj dmrracftc icoëj kultapladjrsc ufj dmfstjftc @, quc vacfc afiadjim cf cl jkpcrëkctrm.
Cl usm usm ic uf pmtc pmtcfd fdaô aôkc kctr trm m pjrj pjrj rc rcnu nulj ljrr uf ufjj ic lj ljss tc tcfs fsam amfc fcs, s, sc fm fmss ha hazm zm dmkpla dmk pladji djim, m, yj quc lj jftanü jftanücij ciji i icl afstru afstrukcf kcftm tm fm hazm hazm pmsaol pmsaolcc quc fucstr fucstrms ms dêldulms bucrjf kês cxjdtms.
_CDMKCFIJDAMFCT5
Icockms rcvasjr lj dmftafuaiji cf djij pjrtc icl darduatm pjrj jscnurjrfms quc fm sc prcscftcf bjlljs.
Cs rcdmkcfijolc kciar y vcrabadjr cl oucf bufdamfjkacftm ic lms afstrukcftms quc utaladckms, pcrm sackprc icockms hjdcrlm pmr scpjrjim yj quc sa cstê dmfcdtjim j lj dj djrn rnjj fms fms puci pucicc ijr ijr mtrm mtrm vjlm vjlmrr y pmic pmickm kmss dm dmfs fsai aicr crjr jr dm dmkm km uf ufjj bj bjll lljj cf cl afstrukcftm.
pên. pên.
:8
_CBC_CFDAJT OAOLAMN_JBA OAOLAMN_JBADJT DJT
Omylcstji, _. L. (?779). Aftrmiuddamf (?779). Aftrmiuddamf jl jfjlasas ic darduatms clcdtradms. Wrcftadc clcdtradms. Wrcftadc Hjll.
Djrkcf, E. (?77:). Aftrmiuddaôf (?77:). Aftrmiuddaôf j lj tcmrëj ic darduatms. Darduatms _csastavms y Ycmrckjs.. Ycmrckjs _cdupcrjim cl ?8 ic Eufam ic ?7:4, ic http5//www.wmmiy.us.cs/JTANF/YDCB]:Y/Wrmo/tcmrëj]dtms:.pib
Djstcemf, J. (:114). Ycdfmlmnëj cládtradj. Kjirai5 cládtradj. Kjirai5 KdNrjw-Hall.
Hjrpcr,, C. (:119) Hjrpcr (:119).. Bufijkcftms ic Clcdtradaiji5 Iaspmsatavms y Darduatms cf D.D. Kcxadm5 D.D. Kcxadm5 lakusj.
^a`apciaj. (s.b.). ^a`apciaj.cs ^a`apciaj.cs., ., ic https5//cs.wa`apciaj.mrn/wa`a/
pên. pên.
:1
pên. ?7
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