Laboratorio Decimo

 

K-GAY->3  _cgadta masma >1/9>/8989

]NKKAX 

YXBOAPBX YAXCBMB

8

GXNMB >9 NPCGDN]QXN

^QCLC@N

AP]QMCND]A

OA@FN

GXQYB

Db

LA]N MA NYXADMCUNEA MAK YAXCBMB  Npkc`nr kn astaqucblatrcn astaqucblatrcn ma ran``cðd ran``cðd ad ad scstalns scstalns gnsabsbs. gnsabsbs.

YXÎ@]C@N MA KNHBXN]BXCB Lntarcnkas y Xan`tcvbs5  N`acta ma `b`cdn Pnk ma `b`cdn (Dn@k)  Nzõ`nr (sn`nrbsn (sn`nrbsn))  Ngun Gkc`arcdn `nrhbdntnmn  Nk`bfbk atìkc`b atìkc`b Csbmcda

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 Ngun bxcgadnmn. bxcgadnmn. Adeungua hu`nk @raln Pfnlpbb Gak ndtchn`tarcnk Earcdgns ma 1 lk _nsbs masa`fnhkas paquaþbs

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Yrb`amclcadtb5 >. Bhsarvn kns sustnd`cns `bd kns qua sa trnhnenrîd ad astn prî`tc`n y tbln npudtas ad udn tnhkn `blb kn qua sa luastrn n `bdtcdun`cðd (kn tnhkn maha `bdtadar tbmns kns sustnd`cns alpkanmns).

Pustnd`cn

Astnmb ma ngragn`cðd @bkbr ma kns sustnd`cn s

Ngun

kìqucmb

Gkc`arcdn

kìqucmb

Atndbk

kìqucm b

N`acta ma `b`cdn kìqucmb

trndspnra trnd ndsp spnr nrad adtta trnd trndsp sp nlnrckkb dta nradta

kìqucmb Btrns bhsarvn`cbdas cdbmbrb,

sbkvadta udcvarsnk, cd`bkbrn

cd`bkbrn, cdbmbrb, ma hnen tbxc`cmnm nlhcadtnk, sbkuhka ad

cd`bkb rb, vbkîtck, `bd ud bkbr 

tcada n`cmbs grnsbs snkumnhka sy vctnlcdns,

Pnk ma `b`cdn sðkcmb hknd`n

sbd grîdukbs ma snk, mbdma su tnlnþb as hnstndta paquaþb

 

ngun y btrbs `nrn`t mcsbkvadtas arìstc` pbknras b

Pustnd`cn

Astnmb ma ngragn`cðd @bkbr ma kns sustnd`cn s

Nzõ`nr

Csbmcda

as grnsb

@raln

Ngun bxcgad nmn

Pðkcmb

kìqucmb

kìqucm b

Hknd`n/l bradn

`noa

trndsp Ma vnrcbs nradta `bkbras (hacga, rbsnmb, hknd`b)

nyumn n kn `urn`cðd y mascdoa``cðd ma farcmns, su sustnd`cn

kìqucm b nktnla dta pbknr,

n`tcvn as ak  Sbmbpbvcmb  Sbmbpbvcmb dn

kcgarn ladta vcs`bs b

Pnhbr  Btrns bhsarvn`cbdas muk`a,

partada`a n kbs fcmrntbs ma `nrhbdb

Pfnlpbb

kìqucmb

kìqucmb Ma vnrcbs `bkbras (nlnrckkb, varma, lbrnmb) ]cada

ma `bdscstad `cn grnsn, aspasn

ngun, sunvczndt a `ntcðdc`b, paroula, alukscoc`n dta, ngadtas ma vcs`bscmn m, ngadta ndtcaspul n, `bkbrndta..

8. Lnr`n >9 vnsbs `bd kbs dõlarbs mak > nk >9. N `nmn udb, `bd nyumn ma udn  earcdgn ka ngragns ak vbkulad ma kn sustnd`cn > qua `brraspbdma `brraspbdma nk kìqucmb (_bkulad P> `brraspbdmcadta n 09lk), kuagb n `nmn udb ka ngragns > g ma kn sustnd`cn 8 qua `brraspbdma n kn sustnd`cn sbkcmn (snk y/b nzõ`nr). Ngctn `nmn vnsb pbr > lcdutb nprbxclnmnladta, kuagb maens ad rapbsb btrb lcdutb y tbln npudtas ad kn scgucadta scgucadta tnhkn ma kb qua bhsarvas bhsarvas ad `nmn tuhb.

_nsb

>

8

0

=

1

?

7

Pustnd`cn > (kcqucmb)

Ngu n

Gkc`arc dn

Atndb k

N`ac ta ma `b`cd n

sfnlpb b

@ral n

Adeung a

Yîgcdn>|= K-GAY->3

]NKKAX 

 

 _cgadta masma >1/9>/8989

_bkulad P> (8lk)

09

09

09

09

09

09

09

Pustnd`cn 8 ad astnmb sbkcmb

>g

>g

>g

>g

0g

0g

>g

Onsas obrlnmns

fbl fatarb bgãd gãdan an

fblb fatarb fblbgã gãdan gãdan dan

Pa nk`ndzn n dbtnr  kn snk qua db sa mcsbkvc b ad ak obdmb

Btrns bhsarvn`cb da s

fatar  fblbg bgãda ãdan n

Ka snkcb aspuln ad kn suparoc`c a

0. Xankcznr `bd`adtrn`cbdas ad % p/p, % v/v, v/v, %p/v sagõd san ak `nsb. ak `îk`ukb ma kns `bd`adtrn`cbdas

@KNPCOC@N@CÐD MA KNP MCPBKQ@CBDAP Lntarcnkas y Xan`tcvbs5  Nzõ`nr ma ma `b`cdn (sn`nrbsn) (sn`nrbsn) Pnk ma `b`cdn (Dn@k)  Ngun Orutcþb Earcdgns ma 1 b >9 lk _nrcbs vnsbs masa`fnhkas Ykntbs masa`fnhkas paquaþbs

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YXB@AMCLCAD]B >5 >. ]bln ]bln `untrb vnsbs, lîr`nkbs lîr`nkbs y n `nmn udb ngragn =9 lk ma ngun ma kn kknva. 8. Nk vnsb vnsb > ngragn ud pb`b ma orutcþb orutcþb ad pbkvb y ngctn, sbkb fnstn fnstn qua nk`nd`as n var ud pb`b ma kn `bkbrn`cðd. 0. Nk vnsb 8 ngragn ud pb`b lîs ma kn `ndtcmnm qua ngragnsta ad ak vnsb >, fnstn qua vans udn `bkbrn`cðd lîs ouarta qua kn ma asa vnsb, parb tad ad `uadtn qua tbmb sa mcsuakvn. =. Nk vnsb 0 ngragn kn lcsln `ndtcmnm qua ngragnsta nk vnsb 8 y ma nfì ad nmakndta ngragn pb`b n pb`b fnstn `bdsagucr qua quama sbkb udbs paquaþbs grîdukbs ma orutcþb scd mcsbkvar, tbln ak sbhradnmndta `bd udn  earcdgn, scd tblnr kn `ndtcmnm scd mcsbkvar mak pbkvb y ngragn ad btrb vnsb kclpcb. 1. Nk vnsb vnsb = ngragn lîs ma kn `ndtcmnm `ndtcmnm qua nmc`cbdnsta nmc`cbdnsta nk vnsb 0 ma orutcþb, fnstn qua quama udn `ndtcmnm lnybr ma sbkutb scd mcsbkvar. ?. ]bln ]bln dbtn ma kb qua puamas bhsarvnr nk `blpnrnr `blpnrnr kns = sbku`cbdas prapnrnmns ad ak scgucadta `unmrb

_nsb >

_nsb 8

_nsb 0

_nsb =

 

Bhsarvn`cbd as ma `nmn vnsb

Pa vcb udn `bkbrn`cðd luy kava mahcmb nk orutcþb

Nk ngragnr  lnybr  `ndtcmnm ma orutcþb sa pumb var udn `bkbrn`cðd lîs ouarta nk cgunk qua kn aspasurn

Ak pbkvb qua quamð scd mcsbkvar  quamn scd su `bkbr dnturnk nk fnharsa ma`bkbrnmb ad ak obdmb mak vnsb

Kn `ndtcmnm ma orutcþb scd mcsbkvar  sa quamn ad ak obdmb, lcadtrns qua ak ngun quamn `bd ud `bkbr lîs ouarta ma `bkbrn`cðd n `blpnrn`cðd ma kbs btrbs

YXB@AMCLCAD]B 85 >. ]bln mbs vnsbs vnsbs masa`f masa`fnhka nhkas, s, fnz udn udn lnr`n n `nmn `nmn udb qua kbs mcoar mcoarad`c ad`ca, a, puama sar kbs dõlarbs. 8. N `nmn vnsb vnsb ngrãg ngrãgnka nka 19 lk lk ma ngun ngun ma kn kknva. kknva. 0. Nk vnsb > nmc`cðdnka nmc`cðdnka snk ma `b`cdn (Dn@k) `bd udn `u`fnrn paquaþn, paquaþn, ngctndmb pbr  09 sagudmbs sagudmbs `nmn vaz vaz qua ngraguas ngraguas kn snk, nmc`cbdn nmc`cbdn snk fnstn qua quama ud ud pb`b qua db sa puamn puamn mcsbkvar mcsbkvar.. @uadtn kn `ndtcmnm `ndtcmnm ma `u`fnrnmctns `u`fnrnmctns qua ngragnsta ngragnsta y tbln npudtas ad kn tnhkn >. =. Nk vnsb vnsb 8 nmc`cðdnka nmc`cðdnka kn Pn`nrb Pn`nrbsn sn (nzõ`nr) (nzõ`nr),, scgucadm scgucadmb b ak lcslb prb`a prb`amclca mclcadtb dtb mak pnsb ndtarcbr. ]bln npudtas ad kn tnhkn > .

]nhkn > _nsb > Pbku`cðd ma ngun y snk @ndtcmnm ma `u`fnrnmctns ngragnmns

1 `u`fnrnmctns

_nsb 8 Pbku`cðd ma ngun y nzõ`nr  8 `u`fnrnmctns y lamcn

1. Maen rapbsnr kns sbku`cbdas ma `nmn udb ma kbs vnsbs pbr udbs sagudmbs y tbln bln `bd udn ear earcdg cdgn >9 b >1 lk mak kìqu ìqucmb cmb sbhrad radnmndt ndta, tad kn pra`nu `nu`cðd cðd ma db tblnr pnrta mak sðkcmb scd mcsbkvar. ?. ]bln ]bln mbs pkntbs masa`fnhkas paquaþbs, paquaþbs, lîr`nkbs nk cgunk qua kbs vnsbs y lcma su lnsn pbr sapnrnmb. ]bln ]bln npudtas ma astn lnsn ad kn tnhkn 8. 7. Ngragn Ngragn ad `nmn pkntb pkntb kbs >9 b >1 lk ma kns sbku`cbdas ma snk y nzõ`nr  prapnrnmbs prapnrnm bs ndtarcbrladta. ndtarcbrladta. ]npn ]npn kbs pkntbs `bd pnpak nkulcdcb (ndtas fns parobrn`cbdas parobrn`c bdas ad ãk), `ucmndmb `ucmndmb ma db hbtnr b masparmc`cn masparmc`cnrr kn sbku`cðd mak mak pkntb. 6. @bkb`n kbs pkntbs pkntbs ad ud kugnr nk qua ka ma Pbk qua avnpbr avnpbra a ak ngun ma kns sbku`cbdas, mãenkb murndta udbs mìns. 3. ^uctn ak pnpak nkulcdcb nkulcdcb y lcma kn lnsn mak pkntb `bd kb qua quamð ad ak maspuãs ma kn avnpbrn`cðd. avnpbrn`cðd. ]bln ]bln npudtas ma astn lnsn ad kn tnhkn 8.

 

]nhkn 8 Ykntb >

Ykntb 8

lnsn ma kn sustnd`cn lnsn ma kn sustnd`cn `bd ak vnsb masa`fnhka `bd ak vnsb masa`fnhka >7.3 grnlbs >?.6 grnlbs

Lnsn mak pnktb kclpcb / sc db sa tcada lndarn ma pasnr ndbtnr  bhsarvn`cbdas cdc`cnkas ma kn sustnd`cn ngragnmn Lnsn mak pkntb `bd ak rascmub a kn avnpbrn`cðd/ ndbtnr  kns bhsarvn`cbdas ma kn sustnd`cn udn vaz avnpbrnmn ak ngun

sa avnpbrð `blpkatnladta ak ngun `bd snk

sa avnpbrð `blpkatnladta ak ngun `bd nzõ`nr 

]ad ad `uadtn kbs mntbs y kns bhsarvn`cbdas tblnmns ad ak knhbrntbrcb ma astn sascðd y raspbdma >. Kkadn Kkadn kn cdobrl cdobrln`cð n`cðd d qua astî cd`blpka cd`blpkatn tn ad ak ak scgucad scgucadta ta `unmrb `unmrb ma ma n`uarmb n`uarmb n kb bhsarvnmb ad ak prb`amclcadtb > ma kbs `untrb vnsbs

_nsb > @knsa ma sbku`cðd ]adar ad `uadtn kns `ndtcmnmas nþnmcmns, cdtadscmnm ma kns `bkbrn`cbda s, `bkbr, bkbr, adtra btrns

sbku`cðd mckucmn `bkbrn`cðd nktn rbsnmb `knrb

_nsb 8 Pbku`cðd mckucmn `bkbrn`cðd lamcn rbeb sunva

_nsb 0

_nsb =

Pbku`cðd `bd`adtrnm n `bkbrn`cðd lamcb nktn rbeb lamcb cdtadsb

Pbku`cðd sbhrasnturn mn `bkbrn`cðd nktn rbeb cdtadsb

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