Laboratorio de Difusion
July 29, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@fiusfvf`k`
F. GJDLPFYGR4 F. @ltlrafekr lh @KJ `l ue cks (K) le lh kfrl (J).
Lvkhukr @KJ kphfbke`g hk lbukbfòe `l Sfhol & Hll, y bgapkrkr bge lh @ KJ tlòrfbg.
@ltlrafekr lh ihudg `lh lvkpgrk`g (SK).
Crkifbkr hk vkrfkbfòe `l Bkpk (T) vlrsus Pflapg(ν)
Lhkjgrkr ue prgcrkak `l Bgaputkbfòe.
FF. FEPZG@\BBFÒE44 FF. FEPZG@\BBFÒE Bge lstk prëbtfbk sl prltle`l bgegblr y `lskrrghhkr lh bgeblptg `l `fiusfòe aghlbuhkr `l ue háquf`g le ue cks. Hk `fiusfòe aghlbuhkr ls lh vfkdl `l ueg g aës bgapgeletls k trkvæs `l gtrgs gbksfgek`gs pgr uek `filrlebfk `l bgebletrkbfgels g `l pgtlebfkh quáafbg buke`g sl pgele le bgetkbtg `gs iksls feafsbfjhls, qul sl lebuletrke lstkebk`ks g le ræcfale hkafekr.
Buke`g ue sfstlak bgetflel `gs g aës bgapgeletls buyks bgebletrkbfgels vkráke `l puetg k puetg, mky uek crke tle`lebfk k hk trkesilrlebfk `l aksk, afefafzke`g hks `filrlebfks `l bgebletrkbfòe le lh sfstlak. Lh trkespgrtl `l ue bgestftuyletl, `l uek rlcfòe `l khtk bgebletrkbfòe k uek `l bgebletrkbfòe jkdk, sl s l `legafek trkesilrlebfk `l aksk.
Lh albkefsag `l trkesilrlebfk `l aksk, ksá bgag lh `l trkesilrlebfk `l bkhgr, `lple`le `lh sfstlak `feëafbg le qul tflel huckr. Hk aksk aks k sl pul`l trkesilrfr pgr agvfafletg aghlbuhkr le ihuf`gs le rlpgsg, g jfle pul`l trkesilrfrsl `ls`l uek suplrifbfl bgetlef`k le lh sleg `l ihuf`g qul sl aulvl, kyu`k`k pgr hks bkrkbtlrástfbks `feëafbks `l ihudg, lstg ls lh agvfafletg igrzk`g `l crke`ls crupgs `l aghæbuhks.
FFF. I\E@KALEPG PLÒZFBG4 FFF. Lh tærafeg bglifbfletl `l `fiusfòe g `fiusfvf`k` ls uek prgpfl`k` `lh sfstlak qul `lple`l `l hk tlaplrkturk, prlsfòe y `l hk ekturkhlzk `l hgs bgapgeletls? sulhl laphlkrsl bgag uek al`f`k `l hk tksk `l trkesilrlebfk t rkesilrlebfk `l aksk le kuslebfk `l alzbhk, yk slk albëefbk g bgevlbtfvk. Hks lxprlsfgels pkrk bkhbuhkr hk `fiusfvf`k` buke`g eg sl buletk bge `ktgs lxplrfaletkhls, lstëe jksk`ks le hk tlgrák bfeætfbk `l hgs cksls, sfe lajkrcg, le hk ltkpk `l prlcrk`g sl utfhfzke le khtg crk`g hgs bëhbuhgs lapárfbgs, hgs bukhls buletke bge uek crke lxkbtftu`, plrg `lple`le `l hgs `ktgs lxplrfaletkhls. Le lstl trkjkdg sghg sl tle`rëe le buletke hgs aætg`gs `l bëhbuhg lapárfbgs pkrk `ltlrafekr lh bglifbfletl `l `fiusfòe.
Rf eg mky `ktgs lxplrfaletkhls sl pul`l bkhbuhkr hk `fiusfvf`k` le jksl k hk tlgrák bfeætfbk `l hgs cksls. ^krk lhhg Sfhol-Hll `l`udg hk rlhkbfòe sfcufletl, qul sl pul`l kphfbkr k alzbhks `l cksls cks ls eg pghkrls g alzbhks `l cks pghkr bge eg pghkr.
1
>>>:09 ; + ; / ; + ; >.>>>;>3>.>>>>:09
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4 `fiusfvf`k`, a:/s
4 tlaplrkturk kjsghutk, O 4 plsgs aghlbuhkrls `l K y J
4 prlsfòe kjsghutk. Kta. 4 slpkrkbfòe aghlbuhkr `l bghfsfòe, K' 1 lelrcák `l fetlrkbbfòe aghlbuhkr, lrcs.
1 bgestketl `l Jghtzakee.
1 +:
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∍1 ∍∓ ∍
Hgs vkhgrls `l r y sl lebuletrke le hk Pkjhk : g sf eg sl pul`le bkhbuhkr k pkrtfr `l gtrks prgpfl`k`ls `l hgs cksls, tkh bgag hk vfsbgsf`k`.
Pkjhk :4 Bgestketl `l iulrzk `l hgs cksls k pkrtfr `l su vfsbgsf`k`
Cks
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Pkajfæe sl pul`le bkhbuhkr, laphlke`g4
FY. AKPLZFKHLR V ^ZGBL@FAFLEPG4 FY. 0.;. Aktlrfkhls `l Lstu`fg4 0.;.
Kbltgek4 Hk kbltgek g prgpkegek ls ue bgapulstg quáafbg `l iòrauhk quáafbk BM2(BG)BM2 `lh crupg `l hks bltgeks qul sl lebuletrk ekturkhaletl le lh al`fg kajfletl. K tlaplrkturk kajfletl sl prlsletk bgag ue háquf`g febghgrg `l ghgr bkrkbtlrástfbg. Rl lvkpgrk iëbfhaletl, ls feihkakjhl y ls sghujhl le kcuk. Hk kbltgek sfetltfzk`k sl usk le hk ikjrfbkbfòe `l phëstfbgs, ifjrks, al`fbkaletgs y gtrgs prg`ubtgs quáafbgs, ksá bgag `fsghvletl `l gtrks sustkebfks quáafbks. ^rgpfl`k`ls iásfbks
Lstk`g `l kcrlckbfòe
Háquf`g
Kpkrflebfk
Febghgrg
@lesf`k`
36> oc 36> oc /a2 ? ? >,36 >,36 c c /ba2
Aksk aghkr
:> ¾B ¾B (:62 (:62 O) O)
Áe`fbl `l rlirkbbfòe
;.2> (:> ¾B)
Kfrl4 Rl `legafek kfrl k hk bgajfekbfòe `l cksls qul igrak hk ktaòsilrk tlrrlstrl, sudltgs khrl`l`gr `l hk Pflrrk pgr hk iulrzk `l crkvl`k`. Lh kfrl ls lslebfkh pkrk hk vf`k le lh phkeltk, ls pkrtfbuhkraletl `lhfbk`g y lstë bgapulstg le prgpgrbfgels hfclrkaletl vkrfkjhls pgr sustkebfks tkhls bgag lh eftròcleg (3=%), gxácleg
(:;%), vkpgr `l kcuk (vkrfkjhl letrl >-3%), > -3%), gzgeg, `fòxf`g `l bkrjgeg, mf`ròcleg aghlbuhkr y khcuegs cksls egjhls bgag lh brfptòe g lh krcòe. 0.:. Aktlrfkhls k laphlkr 4 0.:.
Pujg `l leskyg leskyg
^kplh afhfaltrk`g afhfaltrk`g
Brgegaltrg Brgegaltrg
Kbltgek Kbltgek
0.2. 0.2. ^rgbl`fafletg4 ^rgbl`fafletg4
Bghgbkr lh sghvletl (K) le ue tujg `l leskyg.
Pgakr lh tflapg `l vkpgrfzkbfòe, `urketl lh bukh lh efvlh `l hk bkpk `lsbfle`l, hllr `fbmg efvlh. Pflapg `l lvkpgrkbfòe kprgxfak`g letrl4 =-;< mgrks
^krk bkajfgs `l tlaplrkturk fetrg`ubfr lh tujg `l leskyg, le ue kajfletl k tlaplrkturk bgestketl.
Zlkhfzkr hgs bëhbuhgs pkrk lvkhukr hgs gjdltfvgs
Y. BËHB\HGR V ZLR\HPK@GR4 Y. Hgs `ktgs rlbgpfhk`gs lxplrfaletkhaletl sge4 Rfstlak4 KBLPGEK (K) - KFZL (J) ^rlsfòe4 ; ^rlsfòe4 ; kta. Plaplrkturk `l Gplrkbfòe4 :< Gplrkbfòe4 :< ´B
Pkjhk E´;4 @ktgs lxplrfaletkhls `l tflapg `l `fiusfòe, vkrfkbfòe `l hk khturk k al`f`k qul hk Kbltgek sl `fiue`l le lh kfrl.
Pflapg(s)
T;( ba)
T: ( ba )
T> ( ba )
T:-T> ( ba )
T:-T; ( ba )
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Pkjhk E´:4 @ktgs bkhbuhk`gs k pkrtfr `l hk Pkjhk E´;, hk ple`fletl crëifbk `l lstgs `ktgs vk k plraftfregs k bkhbuhkr lh bglifbfletl `l `fiusfòe.
Pflapg m)
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PFLA^G (R)
^le`fletl4 >.;=23;>6;
: hehe((; ) 1
^krk mkhhkr VK; 1 (^v/^) 1 >.:020
VK:1 >
AK1 ;;0c/agh
^1 ; kta.
Z1>.>=: kta.H/agh.O kta.H/agh.O
a1>.;=23;>6;
1 3>2 c/`a 2
Letgebls `lspldke`g @KJ4
1 :∓ ; hehe; >=:∓ =:∓ :62.;.;=23;>6;∓>. :∓;∓;;0∓he;; ⋧> 1>.;;;< / 1 ;.;;< ;;< ;>√ /
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Mkhhkags lh bglifbfletl `l `fiusfòe, utfhfzke`g hk iòrauhk `l SFHOL & HLL4
>.>>>;>3>.>>>>:09 >>>:09 ; + ; / ; + ; 1 ∍
Plelags bgag `ktgs4
1;.;=∓/ ∍ 1 ;.::;;
1 aksk `l Kbltgek 1 aksk `l kfrl
1 :62.;< O 1 ; kta.
Rkjfle`g qul lh puetg `l ljuhhfbfòe `l hk kbltgek ls4 2:6.0
∍ 1 ;.::;; ∍ 1;.:;∓2:6.0 ∍ 126=.
Letgebls mkhhkags
⁀∍ ∍ 1 ∔ 63∓26=..>>>;>3>.>>>>:09 .>>;>3>.>>:09∓>. ;;=.9696>.92 1 ;.::66 ;>√ /
ZLR\HPK@GR4
Bglifbfletl `l
Rfstlak
`fiusfòe
kbltgek-kfrl
Lxplrfaletkhaletl Lbukbfòe `l wfhol & hll Plòrfbg
;.;;< ;>√ ;.:6 ;>√ / ;.; ;>√ a: /s
a: /s
Ihudg `lh lvkpgrk`g4 lvkpgrk`g4
1 ∓
1 ë òò
; ;.1:6∓ ; hehe((; ); > 1 ;>∓>.>=:∓:62.;< he( he (;>.:020) 1 ;.0606 ;> ;>√ ∓
Ërlk `l trkesafsfòe, tlelags ue tujg `l leskyg `l `fëaltrg `l : ba, y ;> ba `l hgecftu`
196.;;< 1 ;.06 ;>2 : ∓ ∓ 96.;;< 1 >.;>2< /
Crkifbkags4 vkrfkbfòe `l T vs tflapg Pflapg (s)
T ;
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YF. BGEBH\RFGELR4 YF.
Rl `ltlrafeò hk `fiusfvf`k` aghkr lxplrfaletkhaletl `l hk kbltgek. Hk `fiusfvf`k` aghkr iul
;.:6 ;>√ a /s. Bgapkrk`g bge hk `fiusfvf`k` tlòrfbk lh lrrgr ls `l4
:
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<
% 1 ;.:6 ;>;.; ;>;. ;>> % 1 ;3 %
Lh vkhgr `l ihudg lvkpgrk`g ls `l4
1 >.;>2< /
YFF. KEL]GR4 YFF.
^krk mkhhkr hk prlsfòe `l vkpgr `l hk kbltgek4
^krk bkhbuhkr hk `fiusfvf`k` `l hk kbltgek le kfrl4
Bglifbfletls `l `fiusfòe jfekrfk `l alzbhks `fhuf`ks `l cksls k ;kta. (Pgak`g `l Jkrrlr, ;60;? Clkeogphfs, ;63:? ^lrry, ;692)
YFFF. JFJHFGCZKIÁK4 YFFF. ;. Bguhsge, D. (;636). Fecleflrák quáafbk4 Ihudg `l ihuf`gs, trkesafsfòe `l bkhgr y ;. trkesilrlebfk `l aksk. Lspkûk4 L`ftgrfkh Zrlvlrtæ R.K. :. :. @l Hhkeg, B. (:>>3). Iásfbk. Aæxfbg4 L`ftgrfkh ^rgcrlsg R.K. 2. Hlwfs, A. (;662). ^rgpfl`k`ls iásfbks `l hgs khfaletgs y `l hgs sfstlaks `l prgblsk`g. 2. 0. Tkrkcgzk4 L`ftgrfkh Kbrfjfk R.K. 0.
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