Download Laboratorio 1 Desarmado, Armado y Determinacion de Los Parametros Constructivos de Un Motor de Combustion Inter...
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HNGDSJVHP7 @hoh`dr ihs pkrë @hoh`dr pkrëmdtrh mdtrhss `hostru`t `hostru`tjvhs jvhs cdi mhthr, mhthr, jcdotjfj`k jcdotjfj`krr sus prjo` prjo`jpki jpkids ds didmdoths y rdik`jhokr di cdskrrhiih cdi `j`ih tdrmhcjoëmj`h `ho ihs cjfdrdotds
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[email protected]. QTOSH MTD^SH PTQD^JH^ (QMP)7 Ik phsj`jðo cdi pjstðo do di `jijocrh, do qud ik cjstko`jk dotrd di pjstðo y di dgd cdi `jlùdûki cdi mhthr sdrë mëxjmk. QTOSH MTD^SH JOFD^JH^ (QMJ)7 Ik phsj`jðo cdi pjstðo do di `jijocrh, do qud ik cjstko`jk dotrd di pjstðo y di dgd cdi `jlùdûki sdrë míojmk. @K^^D^K (P)7 Ik cjstko`jk mdcjck phr di dgd cdi `jijocrh, dotrd ihs puoths mudrths supdrjhr d jofdrjhr. @kck `krrdrk cdi pjstðo `hrrdsphocd k uok mdcjk vuditk cdi `jlùdûki, h sdk, k ;51± cd su ljrh. Ik `krrdrk cdi pjstðo P=> Ür , chocd r ds di rkcjh cd ik mkojvdik cdi `jlùdûki. CJKMDS^H CDI @JIJC^H (C)7 Di `jijocrh cd uo mhthr ds di rd`joth phr chocd sd cdspikzk uo pjstðo uo pjstðo.. Pu ohmnrd prhvjdod cd su fhrmk, kprhxjmkckmdotd uo `jijocrh ldhmêtrj`h. @JIJOC^KCK TOJSK^JK (Ve)7 Qhr do`j do`jmk mk cdi cdi pjstðo pjstðo,, ddoo di jostkotd jostkotd do qud di pjstðo sd do`udotrk do di QMP sd cdohmjok vhiumdo cd `hmprdsjðo h vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo. >
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VHITMDO CD IK @KMK^K CD @HMNTPSJHO (V@)7 Ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo ds di iulkr chocd sd rdkijzk ik `hmnustjðo cdi `hmnustjnid `ho di `hmnurdotd, ldodrkimdotd ldodrkimdotd kjrd, do di mhthr cd `hmnustjðo jotdrok. Ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo ds di dspk`jh rdmkodotd dotrd ik pkrtd supdrjhr cdi pjstðo `ukoch êstd sd do`udotrk do di puoth mudrth supdrjhr (QMP) y ik `uiktk h tkpk cd `jijocrhs (V@;), klrdlkch k dstd vhiumdo tkmnjêo sd do`udotrk di vhiumdo h`upkch phr di dmpkqud cd ik `uiktk (V@>) y di dspk`jh qud sd do`udotrk do ik pkrtd supdrjhr cdi pjstðo, dstd dspk`jh vkrík cd k`udrch ki cjsdûh cdi fknrj`kotd (V@0). VHITMDO VHITMD O SHS SHSKI KI CDI @JI @JIJOC JOC^H ^H (Vk) (Vk)7 Ik sumk cdi vhiumdo cd `hmprdsjðo y cdi vhiumdo ÷tji cdi `jijocrh, ds cd`jr di vhiumdo phr do`jmk cdi `;
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VDIH@JCKC MDCJK CDI ÊMNHIH H QJPSÐO (Vmp)7 @krk`tdrjzk di lrkch cd pdrfd``jhokmjdoth cd ik dstru`turk cdi mhthr, pudsth qud su vkihr pudcd cdtdrmjokr di cdslkstd cd iks pjdzks qud fhrmko di lruph `jijocrh y êmnhih y di ojvdi cd iks pêrcjcks md`ëoj`ks cdnjcks ki rhzkmjdoth. =
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Cd k`udrch ki `j`ih cd trknkgh, ihs mhthrds pudcdo sdr cd chs y cd `uktrh tjdmphs. Ihs prjmdrhs rdkijzko su `j`ih do chs `krrdrks cdi êmnhih mjdotrks qud ihs ÷itjmhs ih ek`do do `uktrh `krrdrks. @hostru`tjvkmdotd ihs mhthrds cd chs tjdmphs iidvko iumnrdrks tkoth pkrk ik kcmj kcmjsj sjðo ðo cd ik md mdz` z`ik ik `hmh `hmh pk pkrk rk ik dx dxpu puis isjð jðoo cd ih ihss pr prhc hcu` u`th thss cd ik `hmnustjðo. Kiluohs mhthrds cd chs tjdmphs iidvko tkmnjêo vëivuiks qud sustjtuydo shih k iks iumnrdrks cd ds`kpd. Ik fjlurk ; mudstrk chs dsqudmks sjmpijfj`kchs cd mhth mh thrd rdss cd chs chs tjdm tjdmph phs2 s2 di prjm prjmdr drhh ds `h `hoo iu iumn mnrd rdrk rkss y di sd sdlu luoc ochh `h `hoo iumnrdrks y vëivuiks. Ihs mhthrds cd `uktrh tjdmphs sd `krk`tdrjzko phr iidvkr shih vëivuiks pkrk ik kcmjsjðo y dxpuisjðo cd ihs lksds. @hostru`tjvkmdotd dstks pudcdo jr unj`kcks do di nih nihqud qud cd `jijoc `jijocrhs rhs (sjstd (sjstdmks mks `ho vëi vëivui vuiks ks ikt iktdrk drkids ids)) h do ik `uiktk `uiktk (sjstdmks `ho vëivuiks do `kndzk). Ik fjl. > mudstrk di dsqudmk sjmpijfj`kch cd uo mhthr cd `uktrh tjdmphs. Ik fjl. 0 mudstrk ihs pkrëmdtrhs ldhmêtrj`hs qud `krk`tdrjzko ik dstru`turk cd uo mhthr cd 3 tjdmphs. Ik fjl. 3 mudstrk ihs pkrëmdtrhs ldhmêtrj`hs cd uo mhthr cd > tjdmphs. Ihs tjdmphs cd kpdrturk y `jdrrd cd ihs ðrlkohs cd jotdr`kmnjh cd lksds (i (ium umnr nrdr drks ks y/h y/h vëiv vëivui uiks ks)) ld ldod odrk rkim imdo dotd td sd rd rdpr prds dsdo dotk tkoo do uo cj cjkl klrk rkmk mk cdohmjokch7 ’cjklrkmk cd cjstrjnu`jðo cd lksds h cjklrkmk `jr`uikr”. Iks
fjlurks 4 y 6 mudstrko cjklrkmks `jr`uikrds pkrk mhthrds cd > y cd 3 tjdmphs rdspd`tjvkmdotd.
Fjl. ;.- Dsqudmks sjmpijfj`kchs cd mhthrds mhthrds cd > tjdmphs k) Mh Mhth thrr `ho `ho ium iumnrd nrdrks rks n) Mhthr `ho iumnrdrk iumnrdrkss y vëivuiks 0;..-- jiouymdn`rthdrrk cd nkrrjch
Fjl. >.- Dsqudmk sjmpijfj`kch cd uo mhthr cd 3 tjdmphs ;) Qurjfj`kchr ð fjitrh cd kjrd 0) @hid`thr, h m÷itjpid cd kcmjsjðo 4) @uiktk 3..-- ivuëm ivnuridkrkcdcddsd`sk`pkdpd
>) @krnurkchr 3) Vëivuik cd kcmjsjðo 6) Dmnhih ð pjstðo 5) @ërtdr supdrjhr ;1) Mkojvdik cdi `jlùdûki ;>3) Nugiíðko (mhthr D.@E.)
Fjl. 0.- Dsqudmk sjmpijfj`kch cd uo mhthr cd 3 tjdmphs QMP7 Quoth mudrth supdrjhr QMJ7 Quoth mudrth jofdrjhr P7 @krrdrk ccddi pj pjstðo = >^ C7 C Cjjëmdtrh jotdrjhr cd cdi ``jjijocrh ^dik`jðo ccdd `h `hmprdsjðo Ve7 V Vhhiumdo cd cd cd cdspikzkmjdoth 7 ^d Ve = (ρC¾ / 3) . P = ; + Ve/V` V`7 Vhiumdo mudrth
Fjl. 3.- Mhthr mhoh`jiíocrj`h cd chs tjdmphs t jdmphs IK7 Iumnrdrk cd kcmjsjðo ID7 Iumnrdrk cd ds`kpd @7 Phpikchr Vhiumdo pdrcjch7 Vp = Ve ‐ Ve³ Frk``jðo cd vhiumdo pdrc pdrcjch7 jch7 υ = Vp / Ve ^dik`jðo cd `hmprdsjðo rdki7 ɒ³ = ; + Ve³ / V` ^dik`jðo cd `hmprdsjðo ldhmêtrj`k7 ldhmêtrj`k7 ɒ = ; + Ve / V` KIK7 Kpdrturk cd ik iumnrdrk cd kcmjsjðo @IK7 @jdrrd cd ik iumnrdrk cd kcmjsjðo KID7 Kpdrturk cd ik iumnrdrk cd ds`kpd @ID7 @jdrrd cd ik iumnrdrk cd ds`kpd
Kpdrturk 5;.4±, `jdrrd cd cd ik iumnrdrk cd cd ds`kpd 5;.4±.4:.4±. Kpdrturk cd cd ik ik iumnrdrk iumnrdrk cd cd ds`kpd kcmjsjðo 4:.4±, `jdrrd ik iumnrdrk kcmjsjðo
Fjl. 4.- Cjklrkmk `jr`uikr cd uo mhthr c cdd > tjdmphs
Fjl. 6.- Cjklrkmk `jr`uikr cd uo mhthr cd cd 3 tjdmph
JJJ. JJJ.
D[ D[TJ TJQH QHP P D JO JOPS PS^T ^TMD MDOS OSHP HP K T TS SJI JIJW JWK^ K^77 ;. Di gdf gdfdd cd llruph ruph shij` shij`jtkrë jtkrë do di kimk`êo kimk`êo ih sjlujdotd sjlujdotd77 - To mhthr mhthr Ck Ckdwh dwhhh Sj`h Sj`h mhc mhcdih dih77 F5@ - To vvddrojd rojdr. r. --
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T jvlik di.k md Tok Tookord rdli mdtë tëij ij`k `k.. To `hm `hmpës pës cd jot jotdrj drjhrd hrds. s. To `hm `hmpës pës cd dxt dxtdrj drjhrd hrds. s. To trk trkos osph phrt rtkc kchr hr.. Tok prhndt prhndtkk llrkc rkcukc ukck. k. K`dj K`djtd td cd mh mhth thr. r. Iikvds Iikvds edxk edxklhok lhokids ids kprh kprhpjkck pjkckss pkrk pdrohs pdrohs cd ik `uiktk. `uiktk. ; iikvd edxklhoki cd 4 mm, pkrk sk`kr ik tkpk cd nkiko`jods. Htrks edrrkmjdotks. ; mkodrki cd ½” ; dxtdosjðo `ej`k cd ½” ; ckch cd ;< mm. ; ckch cd ;3 mm. ; ckch cd ;> mm. ; ckch cd ;1 mm. ; iikvd mjxtk cd ;1 mm. ; iikvd mjxtk cd ;> mm. ; iikvd mjxtk cd ;3 mm. ; iikvd mjxtk cd ;< mm. ; thrquímdtrh cd lhipd.
Q^H@DCJMJDOSH CD CD C CD DPK^MKCH. @ho iks mdcjcks cd sdlurjckc kcd`ukcks, sd `hih`krë di mhthr do uok mdsk cd trknkgh cdnjckmdotd ijmpjks y sd prh`dcdrë di prh`dcjmjdoth cd cdskrmkch7 cdskrmkch7 k) @hih @hih`koc `kochh di mhthr `ho sh shphrtd phrtdss kcd`ukchs kcd`ukchs,, sd prh`d prh`dcdrë cdrë k sk`kr sk`kr ik phidk cdi `jlùdûki utjijzkoch di ckch ;< mm y di mkodrki cd ½”. n) Pd prh`dcd prh`dcdrë rë k sk`kr ik tkpk cd ik cjstrjnu`jðo utjijzkoch di ckch cd ;1 mm y di mkodrki cd ½”. `) Pd sk` sk`krë krë ik fkgk cd ik cjstrjnu cjstrjnu`jðo `jðo,, pkrk diih cd cdskfih skfihgkrd gkrdmhs mhs di tdmpikch tdmpikchrr utjijzkoch di ckch cd ;> mm y di mkodrki cd ½”. c) Pd sk` sk`krë krë di pdr pdroh oh cdi pjû pjûðo ðo cdi dgd cd idv idvks ks utjijzk utjijzkoch och ckch ckch cd ;< mm y tkmnjêo di mkodrki cd ½”. d) Pd sk` sk`krë krë di luk lukrck rckphi phivh vh cd ik cjstrjnu cjstrjnu`jð `jðoo utjijzk utjijzkoch och di ckch ckch cd ;1 mm y mkodrki cd ½”. f) Pd prh prh`d `dcd cdrë rë k sk sk`k `krr ihs ihs pdro pdrohs hs cd ik `ui `uikt ktkk pk pkrk rk sk`kr sk`krik ik cdi mhoh mhohni nih` h`b b utjijzkoch di ckch cd ;3 mm y di mkodrki cd ½” y ik dxtdosjðo `ej`k cd ½”. l) Pk`kr Pk`kr di `ër `ërtdr tdr pkr pkrkk diih vhi vhitdk tdkmhs mhs di mhthr mhthr cd tki mko mkodrk drk qud di mhthr mhthr sd shstdolk `ho ik pkrtd pikok cdi mhohnih`b, pkrk sk`kr di `ërtdr utjijzkrdmhs di ckch cd ;1 mm utjijzkoch di mkodrki cd ½” y dxtdosjðo `ej`k cd ½”.
e) Pk`k Pk`krr di `hikchr `hikchr ccdd k`d k`djtd jtd utjijzko utjijzkoch ch ik iik iikvd vd mjxtk mjxtk cd ;1 ;1 mm. j) Cd Cdsk skfih fihgk gkrr ihs pdr pdroh ohss cd uok sh shik ik tkp tkpkk cd njdik njdik `ho `ho di ckch ckch ;> mm y di mkodrki cd ½”. g) Pk`kr uo shih shih pjstðo fudrk cdi m mhohnih`b hohnih`b `ho `ujckch. `ujckch.
MDCJ@JHODP K ^DIJWK^ QK^K @KI@TIK^ IHP QK^KMDS^HP @HOPS^T@SJVHP CDI M@J7 @ho iks mdcjcks cd sdlurjckc kcd`ukcks sd prh`dcdrë k rdkijzkr iks sjlujdotds cjmdosjhods7 b) K``j K``jhoko hokoch ch di `jlùdûk `jlùdûkii (rhtk`jð (rhtk`jðo) o) sd dstkni dstknid`dr d`drëë iks phsj`jhods phsj`jhods cdi pjstðo pjstðo do di QMP y di QMJ y sd mdcjrë ik `krrdrk (P), utjijzkoch di vdrojdr. i) @ho di `hm `hmpës pës cd jot jotdrj drjhrd hrdss sd mdcjr mdcjrëë di cjëmd cjëmdtrh trh cdi `jijoc `jijocrh, rh, mjcjdo mjcjdoch ch ik kndrturk cdi `hmpës `ho di vdrojdr. m) Mdcjr di vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo cd ik `uiktk V` ;, utjijzkoch di mêthch vhiumêtrj`h2 utjijzkoch kluk y ik prhndtk lrkcukck, rdkijzkr uoks trds h `jo`h mdcjcks. o) Mdcjr di vhiumdo cdi dspk`jh vk`íh do ik `kndzk cdi pjstðo V` >, utjijzkoch kluk y ik prhndtk lrkcukck2 tkmnjêo rdkijzkr uoks 0 h 4 mdcj`jhods. h) Mdcj Mdcjrr di dspds dspdshr hr cd ik `uik `uiktk, tk, utjij utjijzkoc zkochh di vdrojdr2 vdrojdr2 tkmnjêo tkmnjêo rdkijzkoch rdkijzkoch uoks uoks 0 h `jo`h mdcj`jhods y iudlh `ki`uikr di vhiumdo V` 0, `hosjcdrkoch di cjëmdtrh cdi `jijocrh mdcjch kotdrjhrmdotd.
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Q^H@DCJMJDOSH CD K^MKCH7 Pd prh`dcdrë ki prh`dcjmjdoth cd krmkch sjlujdoch di ÷itjmh pksh ek`jk ktrës cdi prh prh`d `dcjm cjmjdo jdoth th cd cdskrm cdskrmkch kch,, utjijz utjijzkoc kochh kcdmës kcdmës cd iks edr edrrkm rkmjdo jdotks tks kotdrjhrds utjijzkrdmhs di thrquímdtrh kcd`ukckmdo kcd`ukckmdotd, td, cdgkoch thch do hrcdo.
MDCJ@JHODP K ^DKIJWK^ QK^K @HOPS^TJ^ DI CJKL^KMK @J^@TIK^7 Dstkoch krmkch di mhthr sjo ik tkpk cd nkiko`jods y sugdtkch dstknidmdotd sd ljrk di `jlùdûki, pkrk vdrjfj`kr qud sd `umpik di `j`ih hpdrktjvh cdi mhthr7 k) Jcdo Jcdotjfj`k tjfj`krr iks vëiv vëivuiks uiks cd kkcmjs cmjsjðo jðo y ds`kpd. ds`kpd. n) Mhvjdoch (ljrkoc (ljrkoch) h) di `jlùdûki cdtdrmjokr cdtdrmjokr ihs mhmdoths ccdd kpdrturk y `jdrrd cd iks vëivuiks cd kcmjsjðo y ds`kpd. `) Ljrko Ljrkoch ch di `jlùdûk `jlùdûkii cdtdrm cdtdrmjokr jokr di hrc hrcdo do cd do do`do `docjch cjch cdi cdi mhthr.
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@TDPSJHOK^JH ;. @iksj @iksjfj`k` fj`k`jðo jðo cd cdii mhth mhthrr sdl sdl÷o ÷o ihs ihs sjlujdotd sjlujdotdss `rjt `rjtdrjh drjhs7 s7 k) Sjp jphh cd cd ddo` o`ddoc ocjc jchh
Mhthrds cd do`docjch phr `ejspk diê`trj`k. Mhthrds cd jloj`jðo phr `hmprdsjðo.
n) O· c cdd tj tjdmphs
Mhthrds cd `uktrh tjdmphs, sjo shnrdkijmdotk`jðo y shnrdkijmdotk`jðo. Mhthrds cd chs tjdmphs, sjo shnrdkijmdotk`jðo y shnrdkijmdotk`jðo.
`ho `ho
`) Sjph Sjph cd `hmn `hmnus ustj tjni nidd utj utjij ijzk zkch ch
K lkshijok. K pdtrðidh (pdtrðidh cjêsdi). K lks (lks ij`ukch, lks okturki y htrhs). Mjxth, di `hmnustjnid prjo`jpki ds uo lks, pdrh pkrk di krrkoqud cdi mhthr sd utjijzk uo `hmnustjnid iíqujch.
c) @kmp @kmphh cd cd kpi kpij` j`k` k`jð jðo7 o7
Dstk`jhokrjhs, sho utjijzkchs do ihs lruphs did`trðldohs, k``jhokmjdo k``jhokmjdoth th cd dqujphs cd nhmndh, dt`. Cd trk trkosp osphrt hrtd, d, sho ihs qud sd jos jostki tkiko ko do kut kuthmð hmðvji vjids, ds, trk trk`th `thrds rds,, kvjhods, dt`.
d) Qrh`d Qrh`dcjm cjmjdo jdoth th cd cd fhrmk fhrmk`jð `jðo o cd ik m mdz dz`ik `ik77
Mhthrds `ho fhrmk`jðo dxtdrok cd ik mdz`ik. Mhthrds `ho fhrmk`jðo jotdrok cd ik mdz`ik.
f) Sjph Sjph cd rdfr rdfrjl jldr drk` k`jð jðo7 o7
^dfrjldrkchs phr iíqujch. ^dfrjldrkchs phr kjrd.
l) Pdl÷o Pdl÷o ds dstru tru`tu `turk7 rk7 p phsj hsj`jð `jðo o cd ih ihss `ji `jijoc jocrhs rhs77 Mhthrds do iíodk. Cd vkrjhs `jijocrhs.
Mhthrds do V, cd vkrjhs `jijocrhs. Mhthrds ehrjzhotkids, cd vkrjhs `jijocrhs. Mhthrds rkcjkids, cd vkrjhs `jijocrhs.
>. Qk Qkrë rëmd mdtr trhs hs k ``ki ki`u `uik ikr7 r7 Ckths d iknhrkthrjh7 O± C (mm) Cp ( mm )
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V ` =>>.:< + 4.>0 + 0.4> V ` =0;.:4.50 0;.
δ = :.0>
0. Cjkl Cjklrk rkmk mkss k pr prds dsdo dotk tkr7 r7 k) Di cjklrk cjklrkmk mk cd cdii `j` `j`ih ih hp hpdrkt drktjvh jvh c cdi di m mhthr hthr (Q-V) jocj jocj`koc `kochh ihs prh`dshs tdrmhcjoëmj`hs, tdrmhcjoëmj`hs, sj sd `hoh`d7 -[ud di mhthr trknkgk `ho uo `hdfj`jdotd cd dx`dsh cd kjrd, λ = 1.: -Cdi `hmnustjnid, Eu = 33111 bG/bl, @ = 1.554, E = 1.;34 y qud su mksk mhid`uikr ds ´` = ;33 bl`hmn/bmhi -Qrh`dsh cd kcmjsjðo, Qk = 1.154 MQk, Sk = = ;.>3 -Qrh`dsh cd ds`kpd, ΰr = 1.16 d`uk`jhods7 Ohtk7 Ttjijzkr iks sjlujdotds d`uk`jhods7
Ckths7
P= C = 65.645mm mm 0 V` =>>.:< `m λ =1.: Eu= 33111 ι` =;33 Qk=1.156 o; =;.03 ο = 1.54 o> =;.>3 Τ r = 1.16
@=1.554 E=1.;34 S λ =
C ∜ P∜ ρ V e= 3 0 V e= >63.;1 `m V @ = V @ ; + V @ > + V @ 0 >
C ∜ 1.1:6>∜ ρ V @ = >>.:+ 4>0>+ =0;.63.;1 + 0;.; ;>
+ ∞
H
3
0>
)‚
IH=
; 1.554 1.;34 1 ( + ∞ ) 1.>; ;> 3 0>
IH= 1.4>05
bmhi bl`hmn ;
M ;=1.4>05∜1.: +
;33 M ;=1.3 M >=
@ E + + 1. >
M >=
1.554 1.;34 + 1.05 + > ;>
M >= 1.4;5<
bmhi bl`hmn
Qkrk di prh`dsh cd `hmprdsjðo ekiikoch ihs pkrëmdtrhs7 Q` = Qk∜δ
o;
;.03
Q` = 1.154∜( :.0>)
Q` = ;.6: MQk S ` = S k∜δ S ` = 036∜:.0>
1.03
S ` = 366.;>·@ ·@
Ekiikoch ι ι=
ι=
M > + M r M ; + M r 1.4;5< + 1.1>56:5 1.356:5
ι= ;.105 Γ E T =4: BG Bl
Ekiikoch ι`
o ;∞ ;
ι` =@ v∜S ` S ` = 433.>: ·@
S ` ( ·@ )
311 433.>: 411
@ v =>;.6;.3;.6;.6 ι` =;1;1>.>>
BG Bmhi
Ekiikoch ι ”` ι } rsun {`} =( sum frhm {j=;} th {j=o} {{r} rsun {j}} {`} rsun {vj} ) {S} rsun {` ¸
( ;∞ λ )∜( @ + 0 E ) 6
r `h =
M >
( ;∞ 1.: )∜(1.554 + 0∜1.;34 ) 6 1.4;5<
r `h = r `h =1.13>3 r `h >=
; ∜¸ ¸ ;>
r `h >=
; ∜¸ ¸ ;>
r `h >=1.1::5 r
E >
¸ E > H = ¸ M >
r
1.;34 > ¸ E > H = ¸ 1.4;5<
r E > H = ¸
1.;0:5
¸
r O O > >=
1.
r O O > >=
1.05 1.4;5<
r O O > >= 1. >= 1.
r `h >=1.1::5 r `h =1.13>3 S ` ( ·@ )
311 366.;> 411
@ v ( O ¸ ¸ >) ¸
>;.;54
@ v ( @H ¸ ¸ > ) ¸ @ v ( E > H )
03.:04
@ v ( O ¸¸ >) ¸ @ v ( @H ¸ ¸ > ) ¸
>;.33:
06.>45
@ v ( @H )
>6.;.3;.)= >;.04:
BG ¸ Bmhi∞· @
@ v ( @H ¸¸ > )=06.415: @ v ( @H )=>;.6 H )=>;.04:∜1.;.60.6>;
j ; j= o
r` ∛ = j
j ;
BG Bmhi∞· @
Iudlh rddmpikzkoch vkihrds7 ι } rsun {`} = idft (>0.6>; rjlet ) idft (366.;> rjlet ¸ ι } rsun {`} =;;11:.1; {BG} hvdr {Bmhi -· @ ¸
Ekiikoch b ;
b ;=
1.54 ( 33111∜4:)
;1;1>.>> + 1.16 ( ;;11:.1; )
1.3311℀@ ℀@ j= o
r` ∛ = j
vj
=ΰ O > > @ vO > >+ ΰ @H > @ v@H > + ΰ E > > H @ vE >H + ΰ @H @ v@H
vj
=( 1.4.33< ) + ( 1.1::5 ) ( 3:.>560
j ; j= o
r` ∛ = j
j ; j= o
r` ∛ = j
j ;
ι } rsun {z} =>:.;;40 idft (>011 rjlet ) =66:64.0 ¸ b >=;.1.4 Pd ohtk qud b ;? b >, dotho`ds cdnh ksumjr htrh vkihr cd S z
Ksumjdoch S z = >411 ℀@ j= o
r` ∛ = j
vj
=ΰ O > > @ vO > >+ ΰ @H > @ v@H > + ΰ E > > H @ vE >H + ΰ @H @ v@H
vj
=( 1.4.46 ) + ( 1.1::5 ) ( 3 ) +( 1.;0:5 ) ( 03 )( >6.1>;)
vj
=>:.336
j ; j= o
r` ∛ = j
j ; j= o
r` ∛ = j
j ;
ι } rsun {z} =>:.>560 idft (>311 rjlet ) =3.0 :.0>
;.>3 ∞ ;
S n=;4:3.0: ;4:3.0: B B
Ekiikoch Q z Q z= β Q` βϋ= ι
S z S `
Qdrh ϋ =; β = ι
S z S ` β =;.130 ) 3
Qn= 1.3>>0 MQk
JKL^KMK Q-V
n) Di cjklr cjklrkmk kmk `jr `jr`ui `uikr kr cd cjs cjstrj trjnu` nu`jðo jðo c cdd ih ihss lksds. φ`e = 5±, kotds cdi QMP. n) Di cjklrkmk `jr`uikr cd cjstrjnu`jðo cjstrjnu`jðo cd ihs lksds. Φ `e = 5±, kotds cdi QMP QMP.. λ ;= >1 ℀ (kotds cdi QMP ‐ kpdrturk vëivuik cd kcmjsjðo) λ >= 01 ℀ (cdspuês cdi QMJ ‐ `jdrrd vëivuik cd kcmjsjðo) ξ ; = 04 ℀ (kotds cdi QMJ ‐ kpdrturk vëivuik cd ds`kpd) ξ > = ;4 ℀ (cdspuês cdi QMP ‐ `jdrrd vëivuik cd ds`kpd)
@TDPSJHOK^JH ;. ¸[uê sho ihs pkrëmdtrhs `hostru`tjvhs cd uo mhthr cd `hmnustjðo jotdrok8 Dxpijqud nrdvdmdotd `kck uok cd diiks. diiks. - Quoth mudrth supdrjhr7 ds ik pkrtd mës kitk k ik qud iidlk di pjstðo h êmnhih. - Quoth mudrth jofdrjhr7 ds ik pkrtd mës nkgk k ik qud iidlk di pjstðo h êmnhih. - @krrdrk7 ds ik cjstko`jk rd`hrrjck phr di pjstðo `ukoch sd cdspikzk cdscd di Q.M.P ki Q.M.J h vj`dvdrsk. - @kijnrd h kidskgd7 ds di cjëmdtrh jotdrjhr cdi `jijocrh. - ^dik`jðo cd `krrdrk cjëmdtrh7 ds ik rdik`jðo dotrd ik `krrdrk cdi pjstðo y di cjëmdtrh cdi `jijocrh cd uo mhthr. - Ërdk cdi `jijocrh7 ds di ërdk cdi `ír`uih h sd``jðo cdi `jijocrh. - @jijocrkck uojtkrjk7 ds di vhiumdo nkrrjch phr di pjstðo, `ukoch di êmnhih pksk cdi Q.M.P ki Q.M.J. - @jijocrkck thtki7 ds di vhiumdo nkrrjch do thchs ihs `jijocrhs cdi mhthr. - Vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo7 ds uo pdqudûh dspk`jh qud dxjstd dotrd ik `kndzk cdi êmnhih y ik `uiktk cdi `jijocrh. - Vhiumdo thtki cdi `jijocrh7 ds ik sumk cd ik `jijocrkck uojtkrjk y di vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo. - ^dik`jðo cd `hmprdsjðo7 ohs jocj`k `ukotks vd`ds mkyhr ds di vhiumdo thtki cdi `jijocrh qud di vhiumdo cd ik i k `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo. - Vdih`jckc mdcjk cdi pjstho7 ds ik vdih`jckc prhmdcjh cdi pjstho. - ^kcjh cd `jlùdûki7 ds ik iholjtuc cd ik mkojvdik h cjstko`jk cdscd di puûh cd nko`kck ekstk di puûh cd njdik cdi `jlùdûki. - ^d`hrrjch h pdrímdtrh cdi `jlùdûki7 ds ik iholjtuc h pdrímdtrh cdi `jlùdûki rd`hrrjch do su ljrh ki ckr uok vuditk. >. Jocjq Jocjqud ud di prh`dc prh`dcjmjdot jmjdothh cd `ëi`uih cd ik `ëmk `ëmkrk rk cd `hmnu `hmnustjðo stjðo V V`. `. Di vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo sd `ki`uik mdcjkotd ik sumk cdi vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo do ik `uiktk, vhiumdo h`upkch phr di dmpkqud (guotk) y di vhiumdo do ik `kndzk cdi pjstðo. V @ =V @ ; + V @ > + V @ 0
Chocd7 V @ 7 vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo
V @ ; 7 vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo do ik `uiktk. V @ > 7 Vhiumdo do ik `kndzk cdi pjstðo. V @ 0 7 vhiumdo h`upkch phr di dmpkqud
Dxpdrjdo`jk cd iknhrkthrjh7 -
Qrjmdrh tdodmhs qud ojvdikr di mhthr pkrk cj`eh hngdtjvh uskrdmhs tk`hs y pkrk vdr
qud td ojvdikch ohs kyuckrdmhs `ho uo ojvdi. Qkrkdsmdcjr di vhiumdo uskrdmhs uok nurdtk. - Vhiumdo do ik `uiktk7 Qkrk su `ëi`uih utjijzkrdmhs uo pdqudûh sdiikchr pkrk qud di k`ríij`h oh cdgd fjitrkr ojol÷o ijqujch ek`jk kfudrk. Di `ki`uih sd krk `ho uo k`djtd ijvjkoh chocd iks vëivuiks tjdodo qud dstkr njdo sdiikcks y ih mjsmh `ho ik nugík. @ho ik kyuck cd uok nurdtk mkr`kck mdcjrdmhs di vhiumdo cd ik `uiktk. - Vhiumdo h`upkch phr di dmpkqud7 Qkrk su `ëi`uih mdcjrdmhs di cjëmdtrh y di -
>
ρC dspdshr cdi dmpkqud y uskrdmhs ik fhrmuik V @ 0 x d. @ 0= 3 -
Vhiumdo cd ik `kndzk cdi pjstðo7 Qkrk su `ëi`uih prjmdrh nkgkrdmhs uo ph`h di pjstðo pkrk uotkrid di sdiikchr y iudlh ih iidvkrdmhs ki puoth mudrth supdrjhr. supdrjhr. Kehrk `ho ik kyuck cd uok pikqudtk y di sdiikchr sdiikmhs ik pkrtd cd krrjnk cdi pjstðo. Iudlh `ho ik kyuck cd ik nurdtk mdcjmhs di vhiumdo cd ik `kndzk cdi pjstðo.
-
Fjokimdotd, pkrkkidijoj`jh. `ëi`uih cdi vhiumdo cd ik `ëmkrk cd `hmnustjðo uskmhs ik fhrmuik cds`rjtk 0. Jocjq Jocjqud ud di sjlojfj sjlojfj`kch `kch y ihs vkihrds cd ihs sjlu sjlujdotds jdotds pkr pkrëmdtr ëmdtrhs7 hs7
PJMNHIH @hdfj`jdotd cd kprhvd`ekmjdoth cdi `kihr cd `hmnustjðo @hdfj`jdotd cd lksds rdsjcukids Ëoluih cd kcdikoth cdi skith cd ik `ejspk cdi mhthr Qhcdr `kihrífj`h Mksk mhikr cdi `hmnustjnid
VKIH^ 1.54
ο z ΰ r φ `e
1.16 5±
Eu ι`
33111 BG/Bl ;33 Bl ;33 Bl`hmn / B mhi
3. @hmpkrkr ik rdik`jðo rdik`jðo cd `hmprdsjðo `hmprdsjðo `ki` `ki`uikch uikch do di ik iknhrkthrjh nhrkthrjh `ho di di ckch phr di `ktëihlh cdi fknrj`kotd d jocj`kr ihs drrhrds knshiuth y rdiktjvh cd ik rdik`jðo cd `hmprdsjðo. ^DIK@JÐO CD @HMQ^DPJÐO hntdojch hntd ojchdo doiknh iknhrkth rkthrjh rjh :.0> Fj`ektd`oj`k Fj`ek td`oj`k :.0
Drrhr knshiuth
Dknshiuth =¸ δ tdhrj`h∞ δ dxpdrjmdotki ∥¸
=¸ :.0 ∞:.0>∥¸
D knshiuth
Dknshiuth =1.1>
Drrhr rdiktjvh
Drdiktjvh = ¸ δ tdhrj`h∞δ dxpdrjmdotki ∥ ¸ x ;11 ¸ δ tdhrj`h Drdiktjvh = ¸ :.0∞:.0> ∥ ¸ x ;11 ¸ :.0 Drdiktjvh = 1.>;%
VJJ. VJ J.
HN HNPD PD^V ^VK@ K@JH JHOD ODP P Z @H @HO@ O@IT ITPJ PJHO HODP DP - @ho di iknhr iknhrkthrjh kthrjh o÷mdr o÷mdrhh uoh qud rdkijz rdkijzkmhs kmhs edmhs jcdot jcdotjfj`kc jfj`kchh thchs ihs sjstdmks cd fuo`jhokmjdoths qud prdsdotk uo mhthr. - Edmh Edmhss rd` rd`hoh`j hoh`jch ch ik ikss pk pkrtds rtds cdi mh mhthr thr ccdd `hm `hmnustj nustjðo ðo jo jotdrok tdrok.. - Qucj Qucjmhs mhs `ho `hoh`dr h`dr di ccdskr dskrrhiih rhiih ccdd ihs `j` `j`ihs ihs tdr tdrmhcjo mhcjoëmj`hs ëmj`hs qud sd ccko ko do di mhth mhthr r - Ed Edmh mhss jcdo jcdotjf tjfj` j`kc kchh sus sus pkrë pkrëmd mdtr trhs hs pr prjo jo`j `jpk pkid idss `ho `ho ihs ihs `uki `ukids ds vkmh vkmhss k rd rdki kijz jzkr kr di jofhrmd - Qucj Qucjmhs mhs hn hnsdrvk sdrvkrr qud ds od`ds od`dskrjh krjh tdo tdodr dr `ho `hoh`jmjd h`jmjdoth oth cd cdii tdmk kot kotds ds cd pr prh`dcd h`dcdr r ki doskmnikgd cdi mhthr - Hn Hnsdr sdrvkm vkmhs hs tkmn tkmnjêo jêo qud sjdm sjdmprd prd cdn cdndmh dmhss sdluj sdlujrr iks jostru jostru``j ``jhod hodss qud ohs cko ihs cjsdûkchrds cdi mhthr ki mhmdoth cd rdkijzkrid uo mkotdojmjdoth y ksj di mhthr pudck qudckr do ðptjmks `hocj`jhods y oh sufrk fkiiks - Hn Hntuv tuvjmhs jmhs ik md mdcj` cj`jðo jðo cd cdii V` cd ik `ui `uiktk ktk mdc mdcjko jkotd td di mêth mêthch ch vhi vhiumê umêtrj` trj`hh `ho kyuck cd jostrumdoths cd iknhrkthrjh. - @hmp @hmprhnkm rhnkmhs hs y vdrj vdrjfj`kmh fj`kmhss ik rdik`jð rdik`jðoo cd `hmpr `hmprdsjðo dsjðo cdi mh mhthr thr - Jcdo Jcdotjf tjfj` j`km kmhs hs di fuo` fuo`jh jhok okmj mjdo doth th cd dstd dstd mh mhth thrr do iks iks dtkp dtkpks ks cd (k (kcm cmjs jsjð jðo, o, `hmprdsjðo, dxpkosjðo y ds`kpd). - Ed Edmh mhss `hmp `hmprh rhnk nkch ch qud dxjs dxjstd td di trks trksik ikpd pd h `r `ru` u`dd cd vëi vëivu vuik ikss cd kcm kcmjs jsjð jðoo y ds`kpd.
