Lab Report EEE111 Exp 1

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (EEE111)

LAB REPORT Lab Report No.

1

Experiment No.

1

Introduction to Course Outline/Objectives, Motivation, General Safety, Component, Symbols, Schematic Diagrams, Pictorial Diagram, Datasheet, Tools and Type of Equipment

Title

Date Performed 15 / 6 / 2014 Date Due 22 / 6 / 2014 Date submitted 22 / 6 / 2014 Working days late: ____________ equates to ____________% reduction at 5% per day Prepared by: NAME MUHAMMAD HAZIZI BIN AHMAD KHAIRI MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN NUHAIRI MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN JONIT

UiTM NO. 2014207188 2014445714 2014806562

GROUP EE1101C EE1101C EE1101C

Assessment: ASSESSMENT Report Format Introduction / Theory Results Discussion / Questions Conclusion References Total Marks Final Marks after Penalty Lecturers Name

MARKS /5 / 15 / 30 / 25 / 20 /5 / 100 / 100

FADHILATUL SAADAH MUDA

Feedback Comment ................................................................................................................................................... Report submission slip (Student’s copy)

(Signature & Stamp)

Students:

1. Muhammad Hazizi Bin Ahmad Khairi 2. Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Nuhairi 3. Muhammad Najmi Bin Jonit Expt No. & Title : 1 & Introduction Date:

CONTENT TITLE

PAGE

Objective

3

Tools Required

3

Introduction

3

Safety Rules

4

Introduction to Basic Test Instrument

4–7

•

Oscilloscope

4

•

Multimeter

5

•

Function Generator

6

•

Power Supply

6

Introduction to Symbols, Schematics Diagram and Pictorial Diagram

8 – 10

•

Symbol

8

•

Schematic Diagrams

9

•

Pictorial Diagrams

10

Introduction to Basic Tools

10

Result/Procedure

11 – 20

•

Exercise 1 : Safety Rules

•

Exercise 2 : Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Function Generator, Power 11 – 16

11

Supply •

Exercise 3 : Identifying Components in Schematic Diagram

17 – 19

•

Exercise 4 : Basic hand tools

20

Discussion

21

Conclusion

22

Reference

22

2

EXPERIMENT 1 OBJECTIVES The main purposes of this experiment are: 

To motivate and expose the students to laboratories environment and safety precautions in the laboratories.



To expose the students to equipments/components and electronic and electrical symbols.

LIST OF REQUIREMENTS The equipments that are used in this experiment are listed as below: 

Oscilloscope



Multimeter



Function Generator



Power Supply

INTRODUCTION In this laboratory session, students will know in detail about the laboratory environment and safety precaution in the laboratories.

3

THEORY PART A: SAFETY RULES 

Use one hand only when measuring high voltage.



Always make sure that your working area and hands are dry.



Make sure that you always wear rubber shoes.



Before connecting the test instruments to the live circuit, switch off the power supply, or when rearranging and connecting components in the circuit.



Evade wearing metal jewellery.



Use safety glasses while doing work that uses machines as drilling machines and others.



Tread cautiously when using equipment that generates heat such as soldering iron because it can cause injure and ignite clothing.



Handle the equipment with care and responsibility. Comprehend its function and switch off its power supply when the job is completed.



Focus on the work and keep away from making jokes.

PART B: BASIC TEST INSTRUMENTS a) Oscilloscope An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. Non-electrical signals (such as sound or vibration) can be converted to voltages and displayed. Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such that voltage and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a calibrated scale. The observed waveform can be analyzed for such properties as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion and others. Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly. Originally,

4

calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument. The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be captured by the instrument and displayed for a relatively long time, allowing human observation of events too fast to be directly perceptible. Oscilloscopes

are

used

in

the

sciences,

medicine,

engineering,

and

telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analysing an automotive ignition system or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Before the advent of digital electronics, oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) as their display element (hence were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear amplifiers for signal processing. Storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes known as digitisers) are available at lower cost and use a general-purpose digital computer to process and display waveforms.

b) Multimeter A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured. Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. 5

They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can cost less than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can cost more than US$5,000.

c) Function Generator A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source). Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs. Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are usually not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals. When those traits are required, other signal generators would be more appropriate. Some function generators can be phase-locked to an external signal source (which may be a frequency reference) or another function generator. Function generators are used in the development, test and repair of electronic equipment. For example, they may be used as a signal source to test amplifiers or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

d) Power Supply A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any 6

energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply. All power supplies have a power input, which connects to the energy source, and a power output that connects to the load. In many power supplies the power input and output consist of electrical connectors. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.

7

PART

C:

INTRODUCTION

TO

ELECTRICAL

SYMBOLS,

SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAMS, RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS. a) Electrical Symbols Symbols An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices (such as wires,batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. Figure 1.1 shows some of the most commons symbols used in schematic diagram

8

b) Schematic Diagram A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension. A neat-draw schematic makes it easy to define how a circuit works and aids in troubleshooting. A schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their interconnection paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols may not resemble the layout in the physical circuit. In the schematic diagram, the symbolic elements are arranged to be more easily interpreted by the viewer.

c) Rules of Drawing Circuit Diagrams 

Schematic should label all pin numbers, part values, polarities, signal names, part model numbers, etc.

 

All wires and components are aligned horizontally and vertically. Always use the standard symbol for a device. If more than one standard symbol can be used, always be consistent and use the same symbol within a drawing.



If you use connectors in your circuit make sure to show the connector on the schematic and to label all pin numbers for both sides of the connector.



Label pin numbers on the outside of a symbol and signals on the inside of a symbol.



Examine schematics drawn in commercial application notes, textbooks, etc. to see examples of good schematics.

9

d) Pictorial diagram The simplest of all diagrams is the pictorial diagram. It shows a picture or sketch of the various components of a specific system and the wiring between these components. This simplified diagram provides the means to readily identify the components of a system, even if you are not familiar with their physical appearance. This type of diagram shows the various components without regard to their physical location, how the wiring is marked, or how the wiring is routed. It does, however, show you the sequence in which the components are connected.

PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS

When working in the laboratory, the common hand tools such as screwdrivers, pliers, long nose and soldering iron are required.

10

PROCEDURE

PART A: SAFETY RULES List down five safety rules when working with high voltage. a) Always use one hand only b) Always wear rubber shoes c) Avoid wearing jewellery d) Concentrate on the work and avoid making jokes e) Operate the equipment with care and responsibility PART B: BASIC TEST INSTUMENTS Identify all the basic buttons on the equipment bellow. a) Oscilloscope Figure 1.3 shows the front panel of an oscilloscope. Identify all the basic buttons on equipment listed in the table below. Function

Button / Connector

To measure DC voltage.

Menu + Coupling DC

To measure AC voltage.

Menu + Coupling AC

To get to the shifted button i.e: Period, dB,

Measure + Add Measurement +

dBm.

Period/dB/dBm

To measure DC current.

SHIFT +

To measure AC current.

SHIFT +

Displays the automated measurements menu.

Measure

Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls

Autoset

to produce a usable display of the input signals. Continuously acquires waveforms or stops

Run/Stop

the acquisition. Input connectors for waveform display.

Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, …

11

12

b) Multimeter Figure 1.4 shows the front panel of a Digital Multimeter. Identify all the basic buttons on equipment listed in the table below. Function

Button

To measure DC voltage

DC V

To measure AC voltage

AC V

To get to the shifted button. i.e: Period, dB,

SHIFT

dBm To measure DC current

SHIFT + DC V

To measure AC current

SHIFT + AC V

13

Figure 1.5: Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of Multimeter By referring to the Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of a digital multimeter shown above, indicate the connectors combination used for: Measuring voltage

:

A&B

Measuring resistance

:

A&B

Measuring current

:

A&C

Testing diode polarity

:

A&B

Testing breadboard connectivity :

A&B

14

c) Function Generator

Function

Button/Connector

Switch between Pk-Pk and rms value

B

Adjust the amplitude

E

Switch to Offset Voltage

H

Adjust Offset Voltage

C

Type to waveform

F

Output terminals

D

Adjust the frequency

A

Select the range of frequency

G

Figure 1.6: Function Generator 15

d) Power Supply

Figure 1.7 shows the front panel of a Power Supply. Identify all the basic buttons on equipment listed in the table below. Function

Button/Connector

Positive terminal

C

Negative terminal

D

Amplitude adjust button

B

Power switch

A

16

PART C: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS, RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS. a) Pictorial Diagram and Schematic Diagram Draw the appropriate schematic diagrams of the pictorial diagrams shown in Figure 1.8 below. Pictorial Diagram

Schematic Diagram

17

b) Component and Electrical Symbol 1

F Figure 1.9 Refer to Figure 1.9 above, list down all components used. i.

Regulators LM317 and LM337

ii.

Diode D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7

iii.

Resistor R1, R2, and R3

iv.

Variable Resistor VR1 and VR2

v.

Capacitor C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6

vi.

LED Light Emitting Diode

vii.

Positive DC Supply

viii.

Negative DC Supply

18

c) Component and electrical symbol 2 Figure 1.10 show the schematic circuit.

Figure 1.10 List the number that corresponds to the listed components below: Coil or inductor

:

10

PNP transistor

:

2

Diode

:

3

Positive power supply :

7

Fixed resistor

:

4

Capacitor

:

9

NPN transistor

:

1

Rheostat

:

6

Negative power supply:

8

Circuit ground

:

11

Potentiometer

:

5 19

Determine the value of the following components including their units: R12

:

330 Ω

R13

:

3.3K Ω

C1

:

50w

PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS Identify the following tools and write their corresponding label into Table 1.1 below. Refer to Farnell catalogue for their details.

Table 1.1

20

DISCUSSION 1) What does the result indicate clearly? The result indicate that function of every devices and how to handle it. 2) Compare the expected results with the experimental results. At the beginning of the experiment, the result expected should be exactly as the experimental result. However, due to some error while using the instruments the experimental result is slightly different than the expected result. 3) Relate the result with objectives. We were motivated and exposed to the laboratories environment with safety precautions in the laboratories. We also exposed to equipment/ components and electronic and electrical symbols. 4) Analyse what caused the errors. One reason that it is impossible to make exact measurements is that the measurement is not always clearly defined. Besides, Parallax (systematic or random). This error can occur whenever there is some distance between the measuring scale and the indicator used to obtain a measurement. If the observer's eye is not squarely aligned with the pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low (some analog meters have mirrors to help with this alignment).

21

CONCLUSION From this experiment, we are able to understand main objective of this experiment. Besides, we also can state the safety precautions in the laboratories. Thus, we can also identify the function of equipment and draw their electronic and electric symbol. Last but not least, we are able to understand between schematic diagram and pictorial diagram.

REFERENCES 

http://en.wikipedia.org/



http://www.ucr.edu/



Mitchel F. Schultz, Grob’s, Basic Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2007



Nigel P. Cook, Introductory DC/AC Electronics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001



Lab Manual For Semester 1, EEE111 Electro Technology, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering, UiTM



http://www.scribd.com/kamal_ahmad_9

Coil or inductor

:

10

PNP transistor

:

2

Diode

:

22

Positive power supply

:

Fixed resistor

:

Capasitor

:

NPN transistor

:

Rheostat

:

Negative power supply

:

Circuit ground

:

Potentiometer

:

9

1

6

8

11

5

Determine the value of the following components including their units:

R12

: 330 Ω

R13

: 3.3 KΩ C1

: 50 w

23