Lab 1 Micro

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

Ojns` prîotion A³ > @hmridbéa`sis t`hprnan, eif`r`aoinoiÿa e` jns tr`s onpns b`rhiantivns

[nrn `stn ojns` prîotion utijiznrî `j t`xtd e` Jnabhna >?n `eioiÿa, y `j Ntjns e` @hmridjdbèn, nj fianj e`j Hnaunj e` Hiordnantdhèn. DMC@UIVD U@HÎUIOD Iat`rpr`tnr jds prdo`sds e` fdrhnoiÿa e`j s`r guhnad n pnrtir e` jn f`ouaenoiÿa gnstn jn 7ª s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid, iaeionaed jn eif`r`aoinoiÿa e` t`cieds n pnrtir e` jns ? onpns b`rhiantivns y njbuans hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns qu` pu`e`a pr`s`atnrs` `a `j p`rèded `hmridanrid. H`einat` jn eisousiÿa oi`atèfion y nxidjÿbion , nuxijiîaeds` oda su mimjidbrnfèn mîsion y oda `j `stueid e` einpdsitivns e` odrt`s `hmridjÿbiods y jîhians gistdjÿbions, `j `stueinat` s`rî onpnz e`3

DMC@UIVD_ @_[@OÈFIOD_ >. Iat`rpr`tnr jds h`onaishds midjÿbiods qu` odajj`vna nj e`snrrdjjd e`j s`r guhnad n pnrtir e` jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j oibdtd gnstn su ihpjnatnoiÿa =. @xpjionr jds eif`r`at`s prdo`sds qu` dourr`a `a `j mjnstdoistd e`se` jn ihpjnatnoiÿa gnstn jn eif`r`aoinoiÿa e` jns tr`s onpns `hmridanrins.

ODAU@AIED_   Urnasfdrhnoida`s Urnasfdrhno ida`s (prdjif`rnoiÿa, (prdjif`rn oiÿa, s`bh`atnoiÿa gdjdmjîstion, odhpnotnoiÿa, eif`r`aoinoiÿa) e`j oibdtd n trnvés e` jn tumn ut`rian gnstn su ihpjnatnoiÿa `a `j ót`rd.



  H`onaishds midjÿbiods e` jn s`buaen y t`ro`rn s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd3 [rdjif`rnoiÿa, Or`oihi`atd, Eif`r`aoinoiÿa, Hibrnoiÿa, Hu`rt` o`jujnr (Npdptdsis), Iaeuooiÿa, ]`dre`anhi`atd o`jujnr.



  Eisod b`rhiantivd mijnhianr, mijnhianr, bnstrujnoiÿa, bnstrujnoiÿa, eisod b`rhiantivd trijnhianr y eif`r`aoinoiÿa e` jds t`cieds mîsiods n pnrtir e` sus tr`s onpns pnrn jn odafdrhnoiÿa drbîaion d sistéhion.   Eif`r`aoinoiÿa Eif`r`aoino iÿa e`j trdfdmjnstd pnrn `j iaioid e` jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn pjno`atn.





?. Nanjiznr njbuans hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns, odasie`rnaed jds p`rèdeds e`j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid hîs suso`ptimj`s `a qu` s` hnaifi`stna.

  @c`hpjds e` hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns qu` s` prdeuo`a eurnat` jn t`ro`rn s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid3 _itus iav`rsus, U`rntdhn snord odooèb`d y _ir`adh`jin.   @c`hpjds e` hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns qu` s` prdeuo`a eurnat` jn ounrtn s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd





`hmridanrid3 [djienotijin >

Nh`jin,

H`rdh`jin,

_iaenotijin

y

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

H`onaishds midjÿbiods3 sda jds eif`r`at`s prdo`sds qu` s` prdeuo`a `a `j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid (Datdb`ain). @c`hpjds e` h`onaishds midjÿbiods3 eivisiÿa o`jujnr, hibrnoiÿa o`jujnr, s`bh`atnoiÿa e`j oibdtd, hu`rt` o`jujnr prdbrnhnen (npdptdsis), eif`r`aoinoiÿa o`jujnr, iaeuooiÿa o`jujnr, or`oihi`atd o`jujnr, r`dre`anhi`atd o`jujnr y pj`bnhi`atds. ]`vis` pr`vinh`at` `j jistned e` suficds y pr`ficds, nj fianj e` `stn ojns` prîotion, `j sibaifioned e` gdjd, mjnstd, o`j` y trdfd.

[]IH@]N _@HNAN E@J E@_N]]DJJD3 E@ JN DVPJNOIDA N JN IH[JNAUNOIDA

ON_D E@ N[JIONOIDA A³ >

> 

Pan pnoi`at` e` =; nþds odasujtd n jn `h`rb`aoin e`j Gdspitnj e` jn Huc`r pdr snabrnhi`atd, oda =; s`hnans e` `hmnrnzd. @j r`sie`at` e`spués e` `vnjunrjn j` iaeiod uan P_B nmedhianj. _` dms`rvÿ uan ihpjnatnoiÿa naÿhnjn. Einbadstionaed ua `hmnrnzd `otÿpiod.  TTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT

IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´Ounj`s sitids nantÿhiods pderèna s`r jubnr`s naÿhnjds e` ihpjnatnoiÿa4 =. ´@a qu` odasist` `j oiojd dvîriod4 ?. ´@a qu` odasist` jn f`ouaenoiÿa4

E` jn _`bh`atnoiÿa n jn Ihpjnatnoiÿa. Jn  s`bh`atnoiÿa e`j oibdtd (gu`vd), iaioin oda jn eivisiÿa e`j oibdtd `a eds oéjujns (p`rèded mio`jujnr), `stns oéjujns `xp`rih`atnajns eivisida`s ena sè jubnr n oéjujns`jhîs p`qu`þns qu` s` e`adhiana mjnstÿh`rns, ounj`s hitÿtions s` ua`aqu` `atr` h`einat` prdo`sd e`  odhpnotnoiÿa, enaed odhd r`sujtned jn fdrhnoiÿa e` uan `struoturn e`adhianen  hÿrujn. Odasujt` jns fiburns ?-7, ?-9 y ?->; (J), pnrn qu` dms`rv` jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jns mjnstÿh`rns y jn hÿrujn.  Nevi`rtn qu` jn s`bh`atnoiÿa s`bh`atnoiÿa `a `j guhnad `s Gdjdmjîstion (tdtnj d odhpj`tn) ` ibunj d onsi ibunj, yn qu` jns mjnstÿh`rns ti`a`a sihijnr tnhnþd y nuaqu` s` prdeuo` prdjif`rnoiÿa o`jujnr ad gny or`oihi`atd y `j tnhnþd tdtnj e` jn hÿrujn ad `xo`e` nj e`j ddoitd f`ouaened, ne`hîs dms`rv` qu` jns mjnstÿh`rns `stîa rde`nens pdr jn h`hmrnan d zdan p`jóoien. IAV@_UIBP@3 ´@a qué odasist` `j prdo`sd e` odhpnotnoiÿa4

=

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

MJN_UDOIUD  @a jn fiburn ?->> (J), dms`rv` qu` `stds prdo`sds midjÿbiods s` `stîa jj`vnaed n onmd `a jn trdhpn ut`rian d e` Fnjdpid e`j npnrntd r`prdeuotdr f`h`aiad y qu` `j gu`vd d oibdtd jj`bn n jn onviene ut`rian nprdxihnenh`at` `a `j   5³ eèn e` e`snrrdjjd, `a jn `tnpn e` hÿrujn. [dst`ridrh`at` s` fdrhn `j mjnstdoitd  pdr iabr`sd e` jèquied n jn hÿrujn, `j ounj prdvi`a` e`j ót`rd. Jn einpdsitivn N@I->, pr`s`atn ua mjnstdoitd e` `hmriÿa e` rntÿa nprdxihnenh`at` `a `j 0d. eèn e`j e`snrrdjjd. Oda jn nyuen e` jns fiburns ?->; y ?->> (J), jdonjio` jn onviene e`j mjnstdoitd jjnhnen  mjnstdo`j`, e`t`rhia` qu` `stn onviene `stî e`jihitnen pdr uan onpn e` oéjujns p`riférions qu` odastituy`a `j  trdfdmjnstd d hnoizd o`jujnr `xt`rad, qu` odatrimuy` n jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn pjno`atn. Pmiqu` `j hnoizd o`jujnr iat`rad d `hmridmjnstd, qu` enrî drib`a nj  `hmriÿa, `j ounj odastituy` `j pdjd  `hmridanrid d naihnj. Dms`rv` qu` `st` mjnstdoitd onr`o` e` jn h`hmrnan d zdan p`jóoien  qu`  rde`nmn n jns mjnstÿh`rns, y qu` s` gn ficned nj `pit`jid e` jn huodsn e`j ót`rd, `stn ójtihn tnhmiéa e`adhianen `aedh`trid, pnrn iaioinr jn naienoiÿa d ihpjnatnoiÿa `a `stn onpn. Adt` qu` `st` mjnstdoitd s` gn ficned pdr su pdjd nm`hmridanrid y r`ou`re` qu` `a `j guhnad `j mjnstdoitd s` ficn pdr su pdjd `hmridanrid `atr` `j s`xtd y séptihd eèn, fibs. ?->> y 5-2 (J) Jn einpdsitivn N@I-= pr`s`atn `j mjnstdoitd e` rntÿa, yn ihpjnatned `a `j `aedh`trid, nevi`rtn qu` s` gn iatrdeuoied `a jn juz e` uan bjîaeujn `aedh`trinj, r`odadzon `j t`cied e`j `aedh`trid ut`riad qu` jd rde`n. @a `j mjnstdoitd ie`atifiqu` `j trdfdmjnstd, `j `hmridmjnstd y `j mjnstdo`j` . Odhpnr` jn einpdsitivn oda jns fiburns ?->= y 5-? (J) IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´Oÿhd `stî odastituien jn zdan p`jóoien y pr`vid n qu` prdo`sd e`snpnr`o`4 =. ´^ué prdo`sd s` r`njizn uan v`z fdrhned `j mjnstdoitd4 ?. Gnbn ua `squ`hn e` tdeds jds prdo`sds qu` dourr`a e`se` jn f`ouaenoiÿa gnstn jn ihpjnatnoiÿa

_@BPAEN _@HNAN E@J E@_N]]DJJD3 EI_OD B@]HIANUIVD MIJNHIAN] Jn =n. s`hnan s` onrnot`rizn pdr `j iaioid e` jn eif`r`aoinoiÿa e`j trdfdmjnstd y jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j eisod `hmridanrid mijnhianr n pnrtir e`j `hmridmjnstd. Jn einpdsitivn N@I-? pr`s`atn ua mjnstdoitd  nprdxihnenh`at` e` edo` eèns `a ót`rd (`hmriÿa e` Mnra`s), ihpjnatned `a `j `aedh`trid (p`rèded jnouanr). Oda nyuen e` jns fiburns 5-5, 5-0 y 5-6 e` su jimrd e` t`xtd e` `hmridjdbèn, adt` `j e`snrrdjjd njonazned pdr `j trdfdmjnstd, odhpru`m` qu` ést` s` eif`r`aoin `a eds onpns3 `j oitdtrdfdmjnstd  y `j siaoitidtrdfdmjnstd, (nhmns onpns odatiaóna e`snrrdjjîaeds` pdst`ridrh`at` pnrn jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn pjno`atn). ?

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

Eistiabn `j oitdtrdfdmjnstd odhd uan onpn e` oéjujns hdadauoj`nens qu` s` eivie`a pdr hitdsis, `xt`ranh`at` umiqu` nj siaoitidtrdfdm siaoitidtrdfdmjnstd jnstd d siaoitid, odhd uan onpn hujtiauoj`nen `a jn qu` ad s` r`njizna eivisida`s hitÿtions, sia jèhit`s pr`oisds `atr` jns oéjujns y pr`s`atnaed `spnoids d jnbuans, onrnot`rèstions e`j p`rèded jnouanr. @a jn hishn einpdsitivn, jdonjio` `j eisod `hmridanrid mijnhianr   pr`s`atnaed uan gdcn edrsnj e`adhianen `pimjnstd y uan gdcn v`atrnj jjnhnen  gipdmjnstd. Pmiqu` jn onviene nhaiÿtion  situnen sup`ridr d edrsnj nj eisod `hmridanrid y jn onviene e`j snod vit`jiad prihitivd  (onviene `xdo`jÿhion d j`oitdo`j`) iaf`ridr d v`atrnj nj eisod `hmridanrid. ]`pnr` `a jn h`hmrnan e` G`us`r d `xdo`jÿhion prdmnmj`h`at` dribianen e`j gipdmjnstd . @stn h`hmrnan cuatd oda `j gipdmjnstd odastituy` `j r`v`stihi`atd e`j snod vit`jiad prihitivd, prihnrid d onviene `xdo`jÿhion. Dms`rv` qu` `atr` jn pnr`e e`j snod vit`jiad y `j oitdtrdfdmjnstd s`  e`snrrdjjn `j h`sde`rhd `xtrn`hmridanrid  n pnrtir e` jn pnr`e e`j snod vit`jiad y qu` sihujtîa`nh`at` s` `stîa fdrhnaed onviene`s `a `st` h`sde`rhd `xtrn`hmridanrid, fibs. 5-5 y 5-0 (J), qu` pdst`ridrh`at` s` ua`a pnrn fdrhnr `j o`jdhn `xtrn`hmridanrid d onviene odriÿaion, fib. 5-6 (J). Jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn onviene odriÿaion odajj`vn n qu` `j h`sde`rhd `xtrn`hmridanrid s` e`jnhia` `a jns gdcns `spjnoadpj`urnj y sdhntdpj`urnj. Odastnt`  qu` jn gdcn `spjnoadpj`urnj s` ua` nj snod vit`jiad y jn sdhntdpj`urnj  nj trdfdmjnstd y nj nhaids. ]`pnr` qu` `j odrida  d snod  odriÿaiod s` fdrhn pdr `j trdfdmjnstd (oitd y siaoitid) y jn gdcn h`sdeérhion sdhntdpj`urnj , `stn h`hmrnan nsè fdrhnen e`jihitn n jn onviene odriÿaion d o`jdhn `xtrn`hmridanrid y odatrimuirî n jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn pjno`atn. Odhpnr` jn einpdsitivn oda jn fiburn 5-6 (J), edae` yn s` fdrhÿ `j snod vit`jiad s`ouaenrid r`v`stied pdr `aede`rhd y sitó` `j p`eèoujd e` ficnoiÿa. IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´@squ`hntio` jn onviene nhaiÿtion y jns onpns qu` jn e`jihitna4 =. ´^ué onhmids e` `xp`rih`atn jn onviene nhaiÿtion n h`eien qu` `j `hmriÿa y `j f`td nuh`atna tnhnþd4, fib. 7->; ?. ´E` eÿae` s` dribiana jds nhaidmjnstds y oda qué onpn `hmridanrin s` odatiaóna4 5. ´Iat`rpr`t` qu` sibaifion `j térhiad p`rèded jnouanr4 0. ´[dr qué n jn s`buaen s`hnan s` j` jjnhn jn s`hnan e`j ‚eds‘4   6. ´Ouîj `s `j prdo`sd e` fdrhnoiÿa e`j snod vit`jiad s`ouaenrid4 2. ´@a qu` `struoturn s` odavi`rt` `j snod vit`jiad s`ouaenrid4 7. ´E` qué t`cied `stî odastituied `j [`eèoujd e` Ficnoiÿa y n qu` ` `struoturn struoturn odatrimuy` n fdrhnr4

5

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

U@]O@]N _@HNAN E@J E@_N]]DJJD3 EI_OD B@]HIANU B@]HIANUIVD IVD U]IJNHIAN] Jds sibui`at`s onsds e` npjionoiÿa odaoi`ra`a n hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns qu` s` prdeuo`a `a r`jnoiÿa n jds prdo`sds qu` s` jj`vna n onmd eurnat` jn t`ro`rn s`hnan.

= 

ON_D E@ N[JIONOIDA A³ =

Pan aiþn e` s`is h`s`s, `s jj`vnen pdr su hner`, odasujtd pdr tds, fi`mr`, vdhitds, onasnaoid. @j héeiod e`spués e` `xnhianrjn j` iaeiod uan pjnon e` tdrnx. @aodatrnaed ua situs iav`rsus. Nuxiji`s` e` jn pnb. 66 (J). E` nou`red n jd pjnat`ned r`spdaen3 >.  ´Ounj`s sda jds prdo`sds qu` dourr`a `a jn t`ro`rn s`hnan qu` pu`e`a jj`vnr n qu` suo`en jn nadhnjèn qu` dms`rvn4 =.  ´@a qu` odasist` jn nadhnjèn e`j situs iav`rsus4  TTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTT

@a jn t`ro`rn s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid s` `stnmj`o` jn fdrhnoiÿa e`3 >. Jn jèa`n prihitivn, =. Jns tr`s onpns b`rhianj`s (`otde`rhd, h`sde`rhd y `aede`rhd) ?. @j iaioid e`j sist`hn a`rvidsd o`atrnj   5. Jds sdhitns 0. Jn adtdodren. @j f`aÿh`ad hîs onrnot`rèstiod qu` dourr` eurnat` jn t`ro`rn s`hnan `s jn bnstrujnoiÿa, qu` `s `j prdo`sd midjÿbiod pdr `j ounj `j eisod `hmridanrid mijnhianr   s` odavi`rt` `a eisod `hmridanrid trijnhianr . @st` prdo`sd s` iaioin oda jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn jèa`n prihitivn  d `strèn  prihitivn `a jn sup`rfioi` e`j `pimjnstd e`j eisod `hmridanrid. Jn jèa`n prihitivn  `s ua onanj jdonjizned `a jn jèa`n h`ein e` jn r`biÿa onuenj e`j eisod `hmridanrid, qu` s` fdrhn pdr iavnbianoiÿa e` jns   oéjujns  `pimjîstions. Fibs. 0 ->M y 0 ‟  ‟=N =N (J). @a `j `xtr`hd o`fîjiod  e` jn jèa`n prihitivn s` `aou`atrn jn fdsitn prihitivn, odhd uan p`qu`þn e`pr`siÿa, njr`e`edr e` jn ounj s` `j`vn `j `pimjnstd pnrn fdrhnr `j aÿeujd prihitivd d e` G`as`a. Fibs. 0-= N y M (J). @j npnr`oihi`atd e` jn jèa`n prihitivn p`rhit` ie`atifionr `a `j `hmriÿa3 >. @j `c` orna`donuenj, `s e`oir sus `xtr`hds orna`nj y onuenj, =. _u sih`trèn mijnt`rnj, `s e`oir jneds e`r`ogd ` izqui`red y ?. _us sup`rfioi`s v`atrnj y edrsnj.

0

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

[dod e`spués qu` npnr`o` jn jèa`n prihitivn, jns oéjujns e`j `pimjnstd hibrna gnoin `jjn, Fibs. 0=M y O, s` iavnbiana n trnvés e` `stn jèa`n pnrn fdrhnr jns tr`s onpns b`rhiantivns, qu` enrîa drib`a n UDED_ jds t`cieds y ÿrbnads e`j ou`rpd. Jn einpdsitivn N@>-5, `s ua odrt` trnasv`rsnj e`j eisod `hmridanrid e` ua `hmriÿa e` pdjjd e` =7 gdrns, n aiv`j e` jn jèa`n prihitivn  y onuenj nj aded prihitivd, fib. 0 ->M (J). Dms`rv` `j `pimjnstd, gipdmjnstd y `j h`sde`rhd `hmridanrid `a fdrhnoiÿa. Odasujt` jns fiburns 0-=N y 0-?N (J), pnrn umionr jn h`hmrnan muodfnrèab`n y jn h`hmrnan ojdnonj, nhmns fdrhnens pdr jn uaiÿa e` `otde`rhd y `aede`rhd, jn prih`rn `a `j `xtr`hd orna`nj y jn s`buaen `a `j `xtr`hd onuenj. Dms`rv` jn Adtdodren, fib. 0-?O (J), odhd ua odreÿa hnoizd qu` s` `xti`ae` e`se` jn fdsitn prihitivn gnstn jn h`hmrnan muodfnrèab`n y jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jns tr`s onpns b`rhiantivns.   @a  jn  einpdsitivn   N@ >-0 y FN@-> e`j Ntjns e` `hmridjdbèn nj fianj e` jn pnrt` e` hiordnantdhèn, hiordnantdhèn, odastnt` qu` yn s` fdrhÿ jn Adtdodren y jdonjio` jns tr`s onpns `hmridanrins. @a jn einpdsitivn N@>-0 e` ua odrt` trnasv`rsnj e` `hmriÿa e` pdjjd e` =7 gdrns e` ua aiv`j o`fîjiod n jn jèa`n prihitivn, fibs. 6-0 N y M (J), r`pnr` `a `j `abrdsnhi`atd e`j `otde`rhd pnrn odastituir jn pjnon a`urnj, qu` en iaioid n jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j _ist`hn A`rvidsd O`atrnj . Oda nyuen e` jn fib. 6-0 (J) v`rifiqu` jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jns or`stns a`urnj`s `a `str`ogn r`jnoiÿa oda jds pji`bu`s a`urnj`s. Odastnt` `j prdo`sd e` a`urujnoiÿa (fdrhnoiÿa e`j tumd a`urnj n pnrtir e` jn pjnon a`urnj)   y jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jds sdhitns, fibs. 6-=, 6-?, 6-5, 6-0 y 6-7E (J) @a jn einpdsitivn N@>-6 y fib. FN@-= e`j Ntjns e` ua odrt` trnasv`rsnj e` `hmriÿa e` pdjjd e` =7 gdrns e` ua aiv`j o`fîjiod n jn jèa`n prihitivn, jdonjio` jn Adtdodren  ` iat`rpr`t` `j prdo`sd e` oi`rr` e`j tumd a`urnj, nanjiznaed n jn v`z jn fib. 6-7 (J). Pmiqu` `j `otde`rhd y `j `aede`rhd  y sitó` jns r`bida`s pnrnnxinj, iat`rh`ein y jnt`rnj   e`j h`sde`rhd `hmridanrid. Adt` jn odasdjienoiÿa e`j h`sde`rhd pnrnnxinj  pnrn odastituir jns sdhitns, fib.6-7 E (J). ]`pnr` qu` `a `stn `tnpn `j `hmriÿa ti`a` jn fdrhn e` ua eisod pjnad qu` onr`o` e` tumd iat`stianj y e` onviene`s odrpdrnj`s y qu` `j h`sde`rhd s` `xti`ae` n onen jned e`j tumd a`urnj `a `j hishd pjnad. IAV@_UIBP@3 >. @squ`hntio` `j prdo`sd e` bnstrujnoida =. @a odaeioida`s adrhnj`s ´ouîj `s `j e`stiad fianj e` jn jèa`n prihitivn4 ?. ´Ouîj `s `j prdo`sd e` fdrhnoiÿa e` jn adtdodren e`fiaitivn, su fuaoiÿa y su e`stiad fianj4 5. ´@a qué sitids e`j `hmriÿa ad s` iatrdeuo` h`sde`rhd4 0. ´^u` onpns b`rhiantivns odatrimuy`a n fdrhnr jn mdon y `j nad4 6. ´Ouîj `s `j e`stiad fianj e` jn njnatdie`s4

6

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

U@]O@]N N DOUNVN _@HNAN E@J E@_N]]DJJD3 D]BNADB@A@_I_ ON_D E@ N[JIONOIDA A³ ?

? 

Pa aiþd r`oiéa anoied `a `j Gdspitnj e` jn Huc`r pr`s`atn uan fnjtn e` hnsn `ao`fîjion fib. 6-2N (J). @j héeiod j` einbadstion ‚Na`ao`fnjin‘ pnbs ‚Na`ao`fnjin‘  pnbs 22 y 27 E` nou`red n jd pjnat`ned r`spdaen3 ´Ouîj `s `j prdo`sd qu` dourr` `a `j tumd a`urnj pnrn qu` suo`en jn nadhnjèn4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TTT  TTTTTTTTTT

Jds prdo`sds midjÿbiods e` jn t`ro`rn n dotnvn s`hnan, ena odhd r`sujtned `j `stnmj`oihi`atd e`3 >.  Jn fdrhn odrpdrnj, qu` s` jdbrn pdr `j e`snrrdjjd e` sdhitns, jds ounj`s  odatrimuy`a n jn v`z nj pj`bnhi`atd jnt`rnj e`j `hmriÿa. =.  @j pj`bnhi`atd o`fnjdonuenj qu` s` r`njizn pdr `j e`snrrdjjd e`j tumd a`urnj  (A`urujnoiÿa) n pnrtir e`j `otde`rhd. ?.  Nhmds pj`bnhi`atds o`fnjdonuenj y jnt`rnj  e`j `hmriÿa n jn v`z odaeuo`a n jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j tumd iat`stianj prihitivd y onviene`s odrpdrnj`s .

NE^PI_IOIßA E@ JN FD]HN OD][D]NJ GPHNAN OIJÈAE]ION IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´@xpjiqu` ounj `s `j prdo`sd qu` odajj`vn n qu` `j ou`rpd nequi`rn jn fdrhn odrpdrnj4 =. ´Ounj`s sda jns onviene`s odrpdrnj`s s`rdsns qu` s` fdrhna4

@a jn einpdsitivn N@ >-2, ]`odadzon `j tumd a`urnj y jn adtdodren . Adt` jns pdroida`s e`j h`sde`rhd pnrnxinj, iat`rh`eid d a`frdtÿhiod y jnt`rnj. Odastnt` qu` `j h`sde`rhd jnt`rnj s` gn eif`r`aoined `a ua h`sde`rhd  sdhîtiod u gdcn pnri`tnj d sdhîtion , `j ounj s` ua` nj `otde`rhd  pnrn fdrhnr jn sdhntdpj`urn  y ua h`sde`rhd  `spjîoaiod  u gdcn viso`rnj  d `spjîoaion, qu` s` ua` nj `aede`rhd pnrn fdrhnr jn `spjnoadpj`urnj, fib. 6-7O (J). @stn ójtihn fdrhn jn pnr`e e`j iat`stiad. Jdonjio` jn onviene e`j o`jdhn iatrn`hmridanrid `atr` jn `spjnoadpj`urn y jn sdhntdpj`urn y adt` `a `stn `tnpn su odhuaionoiÿa oda `j o`jdhn `xtrn`hmridanrid. IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´@a qué odasist` `j prdo`sd e` iaeuooiÿa ` `a a `j e`snrrdjjd e`j tumd a`urnj4   =. ´^ué `struoturns `hmridanrins iaeuo`a nj `otde`rhd pnrn qu` s` fdrh` `j tumd a`urnj4 `s `j prdo`sd e` e`snrrdjjd e`j h`sde`rhd pnrnnxinj pnrn fdrhnr jns ?. ´Oÿhd sdhitns4 2

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

5. ´E` qué onpn b`rhiantivn s` dribian eir`otnh`at` `j t`cied jnxd e`adhianed h`séaquihn4 0. ´Ouîj `s jn onpn b`rhiantivn qu` en drib`a n jds ÿrbnads y `struoturns qu` hnati`a`a `j odatnotd oda `j huaed `xt`ridr4

Jn einpdsitivn N@>-7 y N@>-9 pr`s`atn odrt`s e` `hmriÿa e` pdjjd n aiv`j e` jn pdrtnj iat`stianj nat`ridr y e`j odrnzÿa `hmridanrid, pnrn su `stueid nyóe`s` e` jns fibs. 6->2 y 6->7 (J). ]`pnr` `a `j oi`rr` e`j tumd a`urnj y umiqu` jns or`stns a`urnj`s `atr` `j sitid e`j oi`rr` e`j tumd a`urnj y `j `otde`rhd. @a jns hishns einpdsitivns N@>-7 y N@>-9 y FN@-? e`j ntjns, jdonjio` jn sdhntdpj`urn, jn `spjnoadpj`urn y jn onviene e`j o`jdhn iatrn`hmridanrid. Adt` qu` oda `j pj`bnhi`atd jnt`rnj d trnasv`rsnj e`j `hmriÿa nhmns `spjnoadpj`urns s` e`spjnzna v`atrnjh`at` y gnoin jn jèa`n h`ein, oda jn odasibui`at` iaodrpdrnoiÿa e` uan pnrt` e`j snod vit`jiad s`ouaenrid pnrn fdrhnr `j tumd iat`stianj, fibs. 6-7 y 6->? (J), sitó` jn pdrtnj iat`stianj nat`ridr   `atr` nhmns `spjnoadpj`urns, pdr `stn pdrtnj `j iat`stiad nat`ridr `a fdrhnoiÿa s` odhuaion oda `j snod vit`jiad, n `st` aiv`j tnhmiéa adt`  `j `abrdsnhi`atd e`j h`sde`rhd `spjîoaiod y jn fdrhnoiÿa  e` jds tumds `aedoîreiods, qu` enrîa drib`a nj odrnzÿa, fibs. >?-5 y >?-0 (J) y sitó` jns ndrtns

edrsnj`s n onen jned e` jn adtdodren. @a jn einpdsitivn N@>-9 odastnt` qu` ounaed jds tumds `aedoîreiods s` ua`a `a jn jèa`n h`ein fdrhna ua sdjd tumd ouyd e`snrrdjjd enrî drib`a nj odrnzÿa, fib. >?-0 (J), `j iat`stiad nat`ridr qu`en `a situnoiÿa edrsnj nj odrnzÿa. Jdonjio` `j tumd a`urnj y jns or`stns a`urnj`s . Jn einpdsitivn N@>->; pr`s`atn `j odrt` e` `hmriÿa e` pdjjd, n aiv`j edae` s` fdrhnrî `j iat`stiad h`eid, r`odadzon `j tumd a`urnj, jn  Adtdodren y `j  `otde`rhd. [nrn jn umionoiÿa e` jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j iat`stiad h`eid nuxèji`s` oda jns fibs. >?-?7 y >0->5 e` su t`xtd. Pmiqu` jns sdhntdpj`urns, jns  `spjnoadpj`urns y `j  o`jdhn iatrn`hmridanrid. Jdonjio` jns ndrtns edrsnj`s y su odhuaionoiÿa oda jns nrt`rins vit`jians (dafnjdh`s`atérions), fib.>?-?7 (J). Oda jns fibs. 6->> y >>-> (J), r`pnr` `a jns trnasfdrhnoida`s qu` `xp`rih`atn jn sdhitn, odastnt` qu` jn pnr`e v`atrdh`einj e` jn sdhitn s` gn eif`r`aoined pnrn fdrhnr `j `soj`rÿtdhd , edae` jns oéjujns sda e` fdrhn `str`jjnen oda jns onrnot`rèstions e`j t`cied h`s`aquihntdsd d odacuativd `hmridanrid. @j `soj`rÿtdhd rde`nrî n jn adtdodren y nj tumd a`urnj pnrn hde`jnr jns vért`mrns y jns odstijjns, si`aed dmjibntdrid j``r `j pîrrnfd ‚Odjuhan v`rt`mrnj‘  `a pîbian >0= e`j t`xtd. Ie`atifiqu` nj e`rhdhiÿtdhd,  qu` s` dribiaÿ e` jn pnr`e edrsd jnt`rnj e` jn sdhitn. Nquè `j e`rhîtdhd fdrhn jn e`rhis, y `j hiÿtdhd  `j hósoujd `squ`jétiod. [nrn iat`rpr`tnr jn fib. >>-5 (J) j`n e` jn pîbian >06 n jn >09, pnrn e`t`rhianr qu` `j hiÿtdhd s` eivie` `a uan r`biÿa

hósoujds pdst`ridr`s `pnxinj`s y uan r`biÿa v`atrnj qu` odrr`spdae` n jds hósoujds gipnxinj`s.  Jds hósoujds e` jds hi`hmrds prdvi`a`a e` hidmjnstds e` jds sdhitns, jds ounj`s `hibrna gnoin jns y`hns e` jns `xtr`hiene`s njr`e`edr e` jds gu`sds `a e`snrrdjjd. Nanjio` jn fib. >=->(J), 7

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

pnrn e`t`rhianr jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn y`hn e` jds hi`hmrds odhd `xor`o`aoins h`sd`otdeérhions qu` ju`bd nedptna jn fdrhn e` pnj`tn. V`n njbuads `c`hpjds e` hnjfdrhnoida`s `a jns fibs, e` jn >=->> n jn >=->2 (J). @a jn einpdsitivn N@>->; y FN@-5 e`j Ntjns, v`rifiqu` qu` `a `j h`sde`rhd iat`rh`eid, npnr`o` `j odreÿa a`frdbéaiod  y `j odaeuotd h`sdaéfriod  qu` hîs tnre` vna n odatrimuir n fdrhnr ÿrbnads e`j npnrntd urdb`aitnj. Dms`rv` `a jn einpdsitivn N@>-2 ua odrt` e` `hmriÿa e` pdjjd n aiv`j onuenj, `a edae` t`aerî jubnr jn fdrhnoiÿa e`j iat`stiad pdst`ridr. @a jns Fibs. 0 ‟  ‟?N, ?N, 6->2 y 6->9 (J), dms`rv` jn njnatdie`s, odhd uan `vnbianoiÿa e`j iat`stiad pdst`ridr qu` s` iatrdeuo` `a `j p`eèoujd e` ficnoiÿa, `j onanj a`urd`atériod odhd uan odhuaionoiÿa t`hpdrnj `atr` jn onviene nhaiÿtion y `j snod vit`jiad. IAV@_UIBP@3 >. ´Ouîj e` jds p`rèdeds e`j e`snrrdjjd `s `j hîs suso`ptimj` pnrn jns hnjfdrhnoida`s odabéaitns4 =. ´@a qu` odasist` jn Nh`jin Nh`jin y H`rdh`jin4 ?. ´^ué adhmr` r`oim`a jns nadhnjèns e` jns `xtr`hiene`s qu` nf`otna n jds e`eds e` jns hnads d pi`s4 5. Dms`rv` jn fiburn e` jn _ir`adhi`jin e` `stn ojns` prnotion ` iav`stibu` `a qu` odasist`

]@_PH@A E@ JD_ []DO@_D_ @HM]IDAN]ID_ HÎ_ IH[D]UNAU@_ ^P@ _PO@E@A @A JN U@]O@]N N JN DOUNVN _@HNAN. >. Drbnaiznoiÿa e`j h`sde`rhd `a3 [nrnnxinj, iat`rh`eid y jnt`rnj, visimj` `a jn einpdsitivn  N@>-6. Fdrhnoiÿa Fdrhnoiÿa e` sdhitns n pnrtir e`j h`sde`rhd h`sde`rhd pnrnnxinj, pnrnnxinj, einpdsitivns einpdsitivns N@>-6 y N@>-2. Eif`r`aoinoiÿa e` jn sdhitn `a `soj`rÿtdhd y e`rhdhiÿtdhd, einp. N@>->;. Eif`r`aoinoiÿa e`j h`sde`rhd jnt`rnj `a gdcn sdhîtion y `spjîoaion, qu` nj uairs` oda `j `otde`rhd y `aede`rhd r`sp`otivnh`at` fdrhna jn sdhntdpj`urn y `spjnoadpj`urn. Npnr`oihi`atd e`j o`jdhn iatrn`hmridanrid y su odhuaionoiÿa oda `j `xtrn`hmridanrid. Eif`r`aoinoiÿa e`j h`sde`rhd iat`rh`eid `a odreÿa a`frdbéaiod y fdrhnoiÿa e`j odaeuotd h`sdaéfriod, einp.  N@ >->;.

=. Fdrhnoiÿa e`j tumd a`urnj n pnrtir e`j `o `otde`rhd tde`rhd. @abrdsnhi`atd e`j `otde`rhd pnrn fdrhnr jn pjnon a`urnj, iaioid e` fdrhnoiÿa e`j surod y pji`bu`s a`urnj`s visimj`s `a jn einp.  N@>-0. Oi`rr` e`j tumd a`urnj, einpdsitivns einpdsitivns N@>-6, N@>-7 y N@>-9 y odastituoiÿa e` jn or`stn a`urnj, einp. N@>-7.

?. Fdrhnoiÿa e`j tumd iat`stianj y onviene`s s`rdsns odrpdrnj`s.  Fdrhnoiÿa e`j tumd iat`stianj y onviene`s s`rdsns odrpdrnj`s3 e`j tÿrnx, e`j nmedh`a pdr h`eid e`j h`onaishd e` pj`bnhi`atds `hmridanrids `a s`atied o`fnjdonuenj, fib. 6->2 y `a s`atied trnasv`rsnj, einp. N@>-2, fib. 6->7< e` ua odrt` e` jn r`biÿa onuenj e`j `hmriÿa y einp. N@>-7 n aiv`j e` jn r`biÿa o`fîjion e`j `hmriÿa.

9

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

Ptijiznaed `j sibui`at` ounerd odhd fdrhntd y `j onpètujd 6 e` su jimrd e` t`xtd @hmridjdbèn e` Jnabhna `sorimn jds e`rivneds e` onen onpn b`rhiantivn, sibui`aed jds `c`hpjds qu` s` j` gna `soritd `a jns odjuhans.

E@]IVNED_ E@ JN_ ON[N_ B@]HIANUIVN_ GDCN B@]HIANUIVN @otde`rhd

U@CIED MÎ_IOD U`cied A`rvidsd

D]BNAD_ Y _I_U@HN_ _AO

H`sde`rhd

_ist`hn Vnsoujnr

@aede`rhd

]`v`stihi`atd `pit`jinj e`3

4 

[]@BPAUN_ E@ ODH[J@H@AUD NB]P[NED

I 

E` jn t`ro`rn s`hnan e`j e`snrrdjjd `hmridanrid s` nfirhn qu`3 n) Iaioin oda jn fdrhnoiÿa e` jn jèa`n prihitivn m) _` fdrhn jn onviene nhaidtion o) _` `stnmj`o`a jns tr`s onpns b`rhiantivns b`rhiantivns e) _` fdrhna `j tumd eib`stivd y jns onviene`s odrpdrnj`s  Njt`rantivns e` r`spu`stn3  Njt`rantivns r`spu`stn3 >. _i sdjnh`at` n, m y o sda odrr`otns =. _i sdjnh`at` n y m sda odrr`otns ?. _i sdjnh`at` n, o y e sda odrr`otns 5. Udens sda odrr`otns  TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTT  TTTTTTTT

_ibaifioned e` [r`ficds y/d _uficds utijizneds `a `stn ojns` prîotion3 MJN_UD3 O@J@3 @AED3 @[I3 @WD3

[r`ficd [r`ficd [r`ficd [r`ficd [r`ficd

oda jn sibaifionoiÿa oda jn sibaifionoiÿa oda jn sibaifionoiÿa oda jn sibaifionoiÿa oda jn sibaifionoiÿa

e` b`rh`a e` onviene e` e`atrd e` sdmr` e` fu`rn

GI[D3 GDJD3

[r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` pdr e`mncd [r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` tded, odhpj`td >;

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

H@]D3 HID3 _ N]OD3 _DHN3 U]DFD3

‟ =;>7

[r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` pnrt` [r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` hósoujd [r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` onra`, onradsd Ou`rpd, @sp`oinjh`at` `a dpdsioiÿa n [siqu` [r`ficd oda jn sibaifionoiÿa e` autrioiÿa

_ibaifioned e` [njnmrns utijiznens `a `stn ojns` prîotion3 @vnbianoiÿa3 [rdtrusiÿa e` uan pnrt` Iavnbianoiÿa3 [rdo`sd pdr `j ounj uan pdroiÿa e` jn pnr`e e` uan onviene s` guae` pnrn npjionrs` n jn pnr`e dpu`stn fdrhnaed uan au`vn onviene, iae`p`aei`at` ` iaodhuaionen oda jn prih`rn

>>

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

Udhned e`j Eiooidanrid Héeiod _njvnt =ª. @e. y Eiooidanri Eiooidanrid d Doénad.

>=

 

 

Hnaunj e` Nantdhèn I Oiojd I

‟ =;>7

F`mr`rd e` =;;0 ‚_I]@AIUN‘ _@]Î D[@]NEN @A [@]Ó  

Pan aiþn p`runan qu` anoiÿ oda uan rnrn odaeioiÿa `a jn qu` sus pi`rans `stîa uaiens, s`rî dp`rnen `st` h`s `a ua iat`atd pdr s`pnrnrj` sus `xtr`hiene`s. Jn p`qu`þn Hijnbrds O`rrÿa ti`a` au`v` h`s`s y `s uan e` jns 6;,;;; n >;;,;; p`rsdans qu` ano`a oda sir`adh`jin qu` gn jdbrned sdmr`vivir hîs e` uans ounatns gdrns. _us pi`rans ti`a`a onrtèjnbds y gu`sds s`pnrneds, ti`a` ua riþÿa mu`ad y su odrnzÿa y pujhda`s fuaoidana odrr`otnh`at`. Hijnbrds, qui`a p`sn 2.0 lijds y hie` 7; o`atèh`trds, ti`a` `j nad, jn ur`trn y jds b`aitnj`s cuatds. J` ias`rtnrîa tr`s mdjsns e` sijiodan qu` odati`a`a uan sdjuoiÿa snjian qu` `stirnrî su pi`j pnrn qu` pu`en oumrir jns g`riens ounaed sus hi`hmrds s`na odrtneds ‚o`atèh`trd n o`atèh`trd’. 

Nmrij e` =;;6 Hijnbrds O`rrÿa, jn jjnhnen aiþn sir`an e` [`ró, ouhpjiÿ eds nþds e` vien `j cu`v`s =2 e` nmrij e` =;;6, hdstrnaed sus prih`rds iaoipi`at`s pnsds, >= h`s`s e`spués e` gnm`r sied iat`rv`aien quirórbionh`at` pnrn s`pnrnr sus pi`rans y odrr`bir uan `xtrnþn hnjfdrhnoiÿa oda jn qu` anoiÿ. Jn huaioipnjiene e` Jihn, qu` fianaoin jns dp`rnoida`s y `j trntnhi`atd héeiod e` jn aiþn, o`j`mrÿ su dadhîstiod oda ua odjdried pnst`j e`j p`rsdanc` e` Rnjt Eisa`y, Jn _ir`aitn, mdoneijjds, eujo`s, bjdmds y r`bnjds. @j edotdr Juis ]umid, eir`otdr e`j Gdspitnj e` jn _djienriene, `a `j qu` fu` iat`rv`aien jn m`mé, nauaoiÿ qu` `j =0 e` hnyd, jn aiþn s`rî dp`rnen pnrn s`pnrnr odhpj`tnh`at` sus pi`rans, qu` nóa p`rhna`o`a uaiens n jn njturn e`j p`riaé

>?