Lab #1 Geotecnia
September 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Lab #1 Geotecnia...
Description
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
DQOITOMFGL FLAG^ED BD IONG^ORG^FG L°? LGEN^D BDI IONG^ORG^FG; rdmglgmfefdltg bd eotdrfoids y dqufpgs bd iongrotgrfg FLRDH^OLRD]; FRDE
NOV^GL AO^FB OHTFIO^ ^FOßG XFIEOL MOEFIG PÆ^D[ PORO^^GVG KOFED ]DNO]RFOL ]OIFLO] MO]RDIIOLG] LGRO GN]D^QOMFGLD]
4% FLR^GBTMMFGL V ON]R^OMR 4% GNKDRFQG] ?0% EO^MG RDG^FMG ?0%P^GMDBFEFDLRG ^DOIF[OBG ?4%BORG] V MOIMTIG] >4% OLOIF]F] BD ^D]TIROBG] V MTD]RFGLO^FG >4% MGLMIT]FGLD] V ^DMGEDLBOMFGLD] 4% NFNIFGH^OAFO LGRO AFLOI
DICFL BOQFB HGL[ÏID[ PÏD[
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
IONG^ORG^FG # ? ^DMGLGMFEFDLRG BD EORD^FOID] V D_TFPG] BD IONG^ORG^FG
XFIEOL MOEFIG PÆ^D[ PORO^^GVG
>0?1>0=02
KOFED ]DNO]RFOL ]OIFLO] MO]RDIIOLG]
>0?1>?186
DICFL BOQFB HGL[ÏID[ PÏD[
>0?1>0=:?
NOV^GL AO^FB OHTFIO^ ^FOßG
>0?4>?:==
Hrupg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Prdsdltobg o; Flhdlfdro ]olbro Potrfmfo Dl di ïrdo bd Hdgtdmlfo Nïsfmo Eglftgr; Morigs Eorfg Hfroi
Admjo bd rdoifzomfýl bdi dlsoyg; ?>/01/>0>0 Admjo bd dltrdho bdi flagred; ?4/01/>0>0
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO AOMTIROB BD FLHDLFD^ÅO D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO RTLKO IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï >
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
>0>0
ON]R^OMR Rjd pr Rjd prom omtftfmd md ofed ofedb b tg fb fbdl dltftfay ay ol olb b id idor orl l on ongut gut tj tjd d bfa bfaad adrdl rdltt dide didedl dlts ts ol olb b dqufpedlt usdb tg morry gut sgfi olb hdgtdmjlfmoi stubfds, tjdfr aulmtfgloifty, miossfafmotfgl olb tjd mgrrdmt woy tg eolfpuiotd tjde. Rjdsd tdoes hgt tg clgw domj gtjdr tjolcs tg tjd jdip ga tjd eglftgr, wjg prdsdlts tjd vorfgus didedlts fl Fltdrldt feohds. Cdywgrbs; didedlt, eotdrfoi, dqufpedlt, sgfi, iongrotgry, stolborb, hdgtdmjlfms, tdst, mjoromtdrfzotfgl.
FLR^GBTMMFÝL Io hdgtdmlfo ds ulo roeo bd io flhdlfdråo mfvfi, io muoi sd dlmorho bdi dstubfg y mgepgrtoefdltg bd igs sudigs, edbfoltd io rdoifzomfýl bd dlsoygs y olïifsfs bd eudstros mgl igs bfadrdltds prgmdbfefdltgs mgeg io dxtrommfýl, pdragromfýl, dltrd gtrgs3 yo qud ul mgrrdmtg dstubfg bdi sudig ds vftoi dl di bdsorrgiig bd bfvdrsos omtfvfbobds dl io Flhdlfdråo Mfvfi. Ds aulboedltoi mglgmdr bd igs dqufpgs bd iongrotgrfg; ios moromtdråstfmos, agreo bd usg y aulmfglds bdpdlbfdlbg di tfpg bd prgmdbfefdltg qud sd voyo o rdoifzor3 poro ulo mgrrdmto gntdlmfýl bd flagreomfýl dl io tgeo bd rdsuitobgs. Dl di prdsdltd flagred sd bdsmrfnfrïl bd agreo bdtoiiobo igs bfadrdltds dqufpgs qud sd dlmudltrol dl di iongrotgrfg, di aulmfgloefdltg bd mobo ulg bd dstgs y ios rdmgedlbomfglds qud sd bdnd tdldr dl di egedltg bd utfifzorigs y ios lgreos qud sd tfdldl dl di iongrotgrfg.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï =
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
GNKDRFQG HDLD^OI
Fbdltfafmor igs bfadrdltds flstruedltgs depidobgs dl di iongrotgrfg bd sudigs mgl ios rdmgedlbomfglds y moromtdråstfmos bd mobo ulg.
GNKDRFQG] D]PDMÅAFMG]
?. Fbd Fbdltf ltfafm afmor or io lgre lgreotf otfvo vo bdltr bdltrg g bdi ion iongrot grotgrf grfg, g, poro ul obd obdmuo muobg bg usg bd dstd, bd igs flstruedltgs y eoquflorfo bdltrg bd dstd. >. Qfs Qfsuoi uoifzo fzorr igs bfad bfadrdlt rdltds ds tfpgs bd did didedl edltgs tgs o utfifz utfifzor or dl io moro moromtd mtdrfz rfzomf omfýl ýl bd ul sudig. =. Mglg lgmmdr di aulmf mfgl gloe oeffdltg mgrr rrd dspglbfdlt ltd d bd mobo ulg bd igs flstruedltgs bdi iongrotgrfg.
EO^MG RDÝ^FMG IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï 2
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Poro rdoifzor ul mgrrdmtg usg y bfspgsfmfýl bdi iongrotgrfg sd bdnd mglgmdr io lgreotfvo lgreot fvo qud sd dstoni dstonidmd dmd oltds bdi flhrdsg o dstgs, obdeïs obdeïs poro jomdr usg bd igs flstruedltgs y didedltgs bd iongrotgrfg ds ldmdsorfg mglgmdr di lgenrd y usg bd mobo ulg bd dstgs, ds fepgrtoltd sondr mýeg bdndl sdr eoldkobgs, igs mufbobgs y di eoltdlfefdltg qud sd pgbråo jomdr o mobo dqufpg.
Miosfafmomfýl bd igs eotdrfoids pgr di didedltg bd aonrfmomfýl;
- Eotdrfoids bd vfbrfg; Io vfbrfg; Io eoygråo bd igs eotdrfoids bdi iongrotgrfg sgl bd vfbrfg, bdnfbg o su moromtdråstfmo bd sdr trolspordltds, aïmfi bd ifepfor bd hrol mgdafmfdltd bd mglbummfýl tærefmo. Poro su ifepfdzo pgr ig hdldroi nosto mgl usor ohuo, bdtdrhdltd y dsmgnfiios, oulqud o vdmds rdqufdrd oihûl sgivdltd eïs pgtdltd. prdsdlto prdsdlt o vorfos vdltok vdltokos; os; rdsfstdlm rdsfstdlmfo fo o sdr royobg, lg ds otomobg pgr mosf lflhûl rdomtfvg, su trolspordlmfo pdreftd vdr ig qud gmurrd bdltrg, sd iovo aïmfiedltd, ds norotg y lg mglbumd io didmtrfmfbob.
Igs flstruedltgs mglstrufbgs mgl vfbrfg hrudsg sgig sgl oprgpfobgs poro mgltdldr y trosvosor g edbfr sf sd fltdlto moidltorigs sd pudbd rgepdr mgl eumjo aomfifbob. Igs flstruedltgs mglstrufbgs mgl vfbrfg bdihobg sgl euy rdsfstdltds oi moigr, pdrg sgig muolbg sgl moidltobgs hrobuoiedltd y dlarfobgs bd io efseo eoldro3 pgr dsg sd rdmgefdlbo fltdrpgldr ulo rdkfiio edtïifmo dltrd di aglbg bdi rdmfpfdltd y di edmjdrg muolbg vo o rdoifzorsd ul moidltoefdltg bdi flstruedltg.
depido do,, dl hd hdld ldro roi,i, pg pgrm rmdi diol olos os poro poro ios ios - Eo Eotd tdrf rfoi oids ds bd pg pgrm rmdi diol olo; o; sd depi gpdro gp dromf mfgl glds ds dl io qud qud ig igss iåiåqu qufb fbgs gs mo moififdl dltd tdss bdndl bdndl pdr pdreo eoldm ldmdr dr ul tftfde depg pg prgiglhobg dl mgltomtg mgl di rdmfpfdltd, yo qud sgl eïs rdsfstdltds o ios sgiu sg iumf mfgl glds, ds, po port rtfm fmui uiore oredlt dltd d oi oimo moififlo los, s, dl mg mgep epor orom omfý fýl l o ig igss bd vf vfbr brfg fg.. Ds Dsto to IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï 4
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
rdsfstdlmfo bdpdlbd prflmfpoiedltd bd io moifbob bdi dseoitd. Oi rdsfstfr oitos tdepdroturos, sd ios utfifzo poro moimflomfglds (600°M g eïs). ]gl dkdepigs bd dstd tfpg bd eotdrfoids ios mïpsuios y igs mrfsgids bd pgrmdiolo.
- Eotdrfoids bd piïstfmg; Io piïstfmg; Io mgepgsfmfýl bd igs piïstfmgs sudidl sdr pgifdtfidlg (PD) (MJ>5MJ>), pgifprgpfidlg (PP) (MJ>5MJ>-MJ=) y pgiftdtroaiugrgdtfidlg g tdaiýl (MA>5MA>). Dl di iongrotgrfg dxfstdl arosmgs iovobgrds, topglds, hgeos bd rdarfhdroltds, rdmfpfdltds poro prgbumtgs quåefmgs, pdros bd hgeo (sgl prdpfpdtos poro summfglor). Oså mgeg igs eotdrfoids sd aonrfmol bd vfbrfg y pgrmdiolo toenfæl sd dlm dlmud udlt ltro rol l bd piïs piïstftfmg mg diong diongro robgs bgs mg mgl l pg pgiåiåed edrgs rgs rds rdsfs fstd tdlt ltds ds o ïmfb ïmfbgs, gs, sgivdltds grhïlfmgs d jfbrýxfbgs.
- Eotdrfoi Eotdrfoids ds bd edt edtoi; oi; ]d usol hdldroiedltd mgeg edbfg bd sgpgrtd y poro eolfpuior mgl aomfifbob gtrgs gnkdtgs.
hdldroied droiedltd ltd mgeg e edbfg dbfg bd sgp sgpgrtd grtd y poro - Eotdrfoids bd eobdro; eobdro; ]d usol hdl eolfpuior mgl aomfifbob gtrgs gnkdtgs.
Miosfafmomfýl bd igs eotdrfoids bd omudrbg o su usg;
utdlsfifgs ifgs qud pdref pdreftdl tdl - Eotdrfoids bd sgstæl; sgstæl; ]gl utdlsf pfdzos bd iongrotgrfg
sukdt sukdtor or
oihulos oihulos gtros
- Eotdrfoids bd usg dspdmåafmg; dspdmåafmg; ]gl utdlsfifgs qud pdreftdl rdoifzor oihulos gpdromfglds dspdmåafmos y sýig pudbd utfifzorsd poro diig. P^GMDBFEFDLRG IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï 1
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Mglg Mg lgmd mdrr ios ios bfad bfadrd rdlt ltds ds lgre lgreos os qud qud sd bdnd bdndl l tdld tdldrr dl mudl mudlto to oi dltr dltror or oi iongrotgrfg, igs mufbobgs qud sd bdndl tdldr oi utfifzor igs bfadrdltds didedltgs mgeg jgrlgs, noiolzos, dtm. ^doifzor di rdmgrrfbg mgrrdspglbfdltd pgr di iongrotgrfg bd sudigs, fbdltfafmolbg mobo ulg bd igs flstruedltgs qud joy, mglgmdr su lgenrd, usg, rdmgedlbomfglds, dxomtftub y di tfpg bd flagreomfýl qud nrflbo mobo ulg bd dstgs, dstg rdpdtfboedltd josto tdreflor mgl igs didedltgs; mgeg ig sgl LGEN^D] BD IG] FL]R^TEDLRG]
MTD]RFGLO^FG
?. Dlu Dlulmf lmfd d ios lgreo lgreoss bd sdhurf sdhurfbob bob qud sd bdnd bdndl l tdldr dl mudl mudlto to oi rdoi rdoifzo fzor r iongrotgrfgs bd hdgtdmlfo. -
Lg au aueo eor, r, mmge gedr dr g nd ndndr ndr dl di iiong ongrot rotgr grfg fg.. Ttfifzor n no oto Huo Huorbo rborr ios prdl prdlbos bos bd bd onr onrfhg fhg y iigs gs gn gnkdt kdtgs gs pd pdrsgl rsgloid oidss dl ul oreo oreorfg rfg g toqufiio y lg bdkorios lulmo sgnrd io edso bd tronokg. Lg iiidv idvor or nu nuaol aolbos, bos, poÿ poÿudi udigs gs iorhg iorhgs, s, aaoib oibos, os, zop zopotg otgss oit oitgs. gs. ]f tftfdl dldl dl di mo mond ndiiiig g ior iorhg hg,, rrdm dmgh ghdri drig g Dl mo mosg sg bd p prgbu rgbumfr mfrsd sd ul o ommf mmfbdlt bdltd, d, qu qudeo deoburo buro g idsfýl idsfýl,, mgeulf mgeulfmori morig g fledbfotoedltd oi prgadsgr. Lg ut utfif fifzor zor l lflh flhulo ulo jdrro jdrroefd efdlto lto g eï eïquf quflo lo sfl sfl mglgmd mglgmdrr su u usg, sg, aulmfgloefdltg y lgreos bd sdhurfbob dspdmåafmos. Eol Eoldko dkorr mgl dspdmf dspdmfoi oi mufbobg mufbobg d dii eot eotdrf drfoi oi ar arïhf ïhfi,i, pgr pgr dkde dkdepig pig,, di vfbrf vfbrfg. g. Fla Flagre greor or oi prga prgadsgr dsgr bdi eot eotdrf drfoi oi rgt rgtg g g ovd ovdrfo rfobg. bg. Idd Iddrr prdv prdvfoe foedlt dltd d ios hu huåos åos mg mgrrd rrdspgl spglbfd bfdltd ltdss oi io iongro ngrotgr tgrfg fg o rdoifz rdoifzor. or.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï 8
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
-
Rdl Rdldr dr dl mudlto mudlto iios os afafmjo mjoss tæml tæmlfmos fmos b bd d igs dq dqufp ufpgs gs oi egedl egedltg tg bd utfif utfifzor zorigs igs poro lg sgnrdposor igs iåeftds bdi efseg.
. >. ·Mu ·Muïi ïi ds io bfadrdl bfadrdlmfo mfo dlt dltrd rd ul dlsoyg bd moro moromtd mtdrfzo rfzomfý mfýl l aåsfm aåsfmo o y ulg bd moromtdrfzomfýl edmïlfmo7 Di dlso dlsoyg yg bd moromtd moromtdrfz rfzomf omfýl ýl aå aåsfmo sfmo sd rdoi rdoifzo fzo poro bdtdre bdtdreflo florr di toe toeoÿg, oÿg, io bdlsfbob, bdlsfb ob, pgrgsfbob, onsgrmfýl, juedbob juedbob,, dltrd gtros3 dstgs dlsoygs lg oadmt oadmtol ol di dstobg flfmfoi bdi eotdrfoi, lg dxfstd fltdrvdlmfýl dl su dstrumturo y sd rdoifzo supdrafmfoiedltd, pgr dsto rozýl di eotdrfoi mglsdrvo su mgepgsfmfýl y toeoÿg flfmfoi. Di dls dlsoyg oyg bd moromt moromtdrfz drfzomfý omfýl l edm edmïlf ïlfmo mo oyu oyubo bo o bdtdref bdtdreflor lor io rdsf rdsfstd stdlmf lmfo, o, io bdagreonfifbob, di mgdafmfdltd bd Pgfssgl y di eýbuig bd diostfmfbob g eýbuig bd Vgulh3 poro io rdoifzomfýl bd dstgs dlsoygs sd tgeol eudstros bdi eotdrfoi ios muoids sgl dkdrmfbos o prgmdsg prgmdsgss bd trommf trommfýl ýl g mgeprds mgeprdsfýl fýl josto qud dstgs aoiiol aoiiol,, dstg sfhlfafmo ul moenfg aåsfmg frrdvdrsfnid dl di eotdrfoi.
=. ·Muïi ds io fepgr fepgrtolmf tolmfo o bd rdoifzor rdoifzor dlsoygs bd iongro iongrotgrfgs tgrfgs d dl l io flhdl flhdlfdråo fdråo mfvfi y dspdmåafmoedltd dl di ïrdo bd hdgtdmlfo7 Igs dstu Igs dstubf bfgs gs hdgt hdgtæml æmlfm fmgs gs sg sgl l ld ldmd mdsor sorfg fgs, s, bd bdnf nfbg bg o io fe fepg pgrt rtol olmf mfo o qu qud d dstd dstd rdprdsdlto yo qud oi rdoifzor ul nudl dstubfg bd sudigs dstg mgeg flhdlfdrgs sd vdl rdprdsdltobgs rdprdsdltobgs dl di ojgrrg bd mgstgs, dvfto dvftolbg lbg sgnrd bfedls bfedlsfgloef fgloefdltgs dltgs bd muoiqufdr muoiqu fdr tfpg bd mglstr mglstrummfýl3 ummfýl3 mgeg dl io sdhurfbob sdhurfbob qud dstd rdprdsdlt rdprdsdlto, o, yo sdo IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï :
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
pgr io mglstrummfýl bd toiubds, mfedltomfglds y obdmuoefdltgs bd igs bfadrdltds tdrrdlgs.
Ds fepgrtoltd mglgmdr di tfpg bd tdrrdlgs y ios prgaulbfbobds bd igs bfadrdltds dstrotgs, pgrqud bdnfbg o dstg bdpdlbdrï di tfpg bd mglstrummfýl qud sd pgbrï mglstrufr, io oituro bd dsto y io prgaulbfbob o io qud sd bdndrïl eolbor igs pfigtds poro osdhuror io sdhurfbob bd mobo ulo bd dstos3 dvftor io afitromfýl, sgmovomfýl, dltrd gtros mousos qud pudbol oadmtor io dstrumturo.
2. Bd Bdsmr smrfn fno o gtrgs gtrgs dq dquf ufpg pgss y eo eotd tdrf rfoi oids ds de depi pidob dobgs gs por poro o io rd rdoi oifz fzomf omfýl ýl bd dlsoygs bd iongrotgrfg.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï 6
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
D_TFPG
BD]M^FPMFÝL
Eozg
Ds ulo jdrroefdlto bd eolg qud sfrvd poro hgipdor g pdrmutfr3 tfdld io agreo bd ul eortfiig pdrg ds bd eoygr toeoÿg y pdsg.
]gl jdrroefdltos qud sd utfifzol poro mgigmor ojå ios eudstros qud voegs o oloifzor, poro pgbdr pdsor y
Nolbdkos
tdldr edbfbo dxomto poro moboioulg bd igs dlsoygs
Dlsoyg moso hrolbd
]d utfifzo poro bdtdreflor di mgltdlfbg bd juedbob y io mglsfstdlmfo bd igs sudigs, o trovæs bd ul surmg qud sd jomd dl io eudstro y io pgstdrfgr opifmomfýl bd pdqudÿgs hgipds.
Eïquflo bd mgeprdsfýl
]d utfifzo poro edbfr io rdsfstdlmfo o io mgeprdsfýl qud prdsdlto ul didedltg bd prudno, mgeûledltd, ul mung bd jgrefhýl.
Eoquflo trfoxfoi
Bdtdreflo io rdspudsto bdi sudig oltd ios sgifmftomfglds bd rdsfstdlmfo o igs dsaudrzgs bd mgrtd y io rdiomfýl dsaudrzg-bdagreomfýl
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?0
FEOHDL
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Noiolzo bd eotdrfoi pdsobg
]frvd poro gntdldr di pdsg bd eotdrfoids bd josto 10 Ch.
Noiolzo bd eotdrfoids ifhdrgs
Pgsdd eoygr prdmfsfýl qud io oltdrfgr, sd utfifzo dl eotdrfoids bd josto ?400h
]faýl
Ds utfifzobg poro bdtdreflor io bdlsfbob bd io edzmio bd prudno.
Ds ulo jdrroefdlto qud sfrvd Pfzýl
porosdoprdtor dtm. utfifzo tfdrro, poro dipfdbros, dlsoyg prgmtgr, mgepomtolbg di eotdrfoi qud sd dlmudltro bdltrg bdi egibd prgmtgr.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ??
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Edbfbgr bd prdsfýl
4.
Efbd di ofrd mglaflobg dl edzmios ardsmos bd mglmrdtg. Rfdld ul edkgrobg sfstdeo bd onrozoburo.
^doifmd ulo ifsto bd igs dqufpgs vfstgs dl di iongrotgrfg bd mgl su rdspdmvo agtg y bdsmrfpmfýl (usg prflmfpoi, prdmfsfýl, ulfbobds. dtm.).
D_TFPG
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
BD]M^FPMFÝL
Pï Pï hflï ?>
FEOHDL
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Ios noiolzos sgl dspdmfoiedltd
Noiolzo
Ndocdr
Ngtfquål
susmdptfnids o igs boÿgs, pgr dstd egtfvg sd rdmgefdlbo egvdrios bd ul sftfg o gtrg sgig muolbg sdo ldmdsorfg. Lg sd bdnd mgigmor bfrdmtoedltd sgnrd io supdrafmfd bd pdsokd, rdomtfvgs g sustolmfos qud pudbol bdtdrfgror io moifbob bd io noiolzo, oså mgeg dvftor oi eïxfeg io eolfpuiomfýl bd eudstros moifdltds, dstos bdnd vdltfiorsd g dlarforsd oltds bdi prgmdsg bd pdsokd. Rfdldl agreo mfiålbrfmo, ul aglbg piolg y ulo ngmo olmjo. Mudltol mgl vorfos mopomfbobds y bfvdrsgs toeoÿgs. Qol bdsbd ? Ei josto iftrgs bd mopomfbob. Igs eïs mgeulds y eïs utfifzobgs sgl igs bd 40eI, ?00eI, >40eI, 400eI.
Mglkultg bd didedltgs g utdlsfifgs bdstflobgs o io soiub, mgeg edbfmoedltgs u gnkdtgs flbfspdlsonids poro prdstor igs prfedrgs ouxfifgs.
Io oprdmfomfýl bd ul moifnrd pfd bd rdy, ds bdmfr io edbfbo eïs pdqudÿo IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?=
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
qud ds mopoz bd edbfr g oprdmfor di flstruedltg, vo
Moifnrobgr pfd bd rdy
Mopsuio
Mozudio bd Mosohrolbd
Bdagreåedtrg
bdsbdigs igs0.0> 0.? ee ee,josto oprgxfeoboedltd. Dl mgeporomfýl ulo rdhio edtïifmo g ul aidxýedtrg tfdldl ulo oprdmfomfýl bd ? ee g 0.4 ee. Dl dstd ûitfeg mosg, obdeïs, oprdmfor igs edbfgs efiåedtrgs rdsuito euy mgepifmobg, pudstg qud ios iåldos bd io dsmoio hrobuobos dstïl dxmdsfvoedltd kultos y sd mglaulbdl ulos mgl gtros. ]d uso poro moidltor sgiumfglds o tdepdroturos euy oitos poro gntdldr sustolmfos sýifbos g mdlfzos g poro dvopgror di dxmdsg bd sgivdltd bd ulo eudstro. Io dvopgromfýl ul sgivdltd ds di prgmdsg qud sd uso poro difeflor bd ulo sgiumfýl io portd qud sd dvopgro mgl eïs aomfifbob. ]d uso poro bdtdreflor di iåeftd bd ifqufbdz bd ul tdrrdlg3 sd depido dl flhdlfdråo mfvfi y dl hdgtdmlfo y aud flvdltobo pgr Ortjur Mosohrolbd Flstruedltg qud eudstro ios bfadrdlmfos supdrafmfoids, bdagreomfglds, qud pudbd prdsdltor ulo pfdzo.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?2
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Flstruedltg utfifzobg dl igs dlsoygs bd
Dbýedtrg
Dqufpg poro dlsoyg bdi mglg y ordlo
mgeprdsfnfifbob, mglsgifbomfýl y bd pgtdlmfoi bd dxpolsfýl bd igs sudigs. Mglsfstd dl ul olfiig bd nrglmd dl di qud sd mgigmo io eudstro bd sudig y ul mglkultg bd edmolfsegs bd opifmomfýl y edbfmfýl bd morho, y bd edbfmfýl bd ios bdagreomfglds rdsuitoltds. - Eïs flagreomfýl dl; Dbýedtrg (Hdgtdmlfo) © jttps;//higsorfgs.sdrvfbgroifmoltd.mge Piotg nosd dl oiueffg, mglg rdngrbdobg bd 1-?/> Fl, arosmg bd piïstfmg bd ? Hi bd mopomfbob
Ds ul eotdrfoi qud mglsfstd dl ulo iïeflo piolo bd edtoi mgl ul eolhg y qud sd utfifzo
Dspïtuio
poro mghdr moltfbobds bdpdqudÿos sustolmfos sýifbos.
Dstuao
Ds ul flstruedltg qud sd uso poro dstdrfifzor y sdmor igs dlvosds bd vfbrfg g bd edtoi qud sd utfifzol dl di tronokg bd iongrotgrfg.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?4
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Tl oporotg outýlgeg, bfsdÿobg mgeg ul mfiflbrg
Dxtfltgr
Jfbrýedtrg
qud sdr pdrsglo bdspiozobg pgrpudbd ulo sgio y qud usolbg ul edmolfseg bd fepuisfýl nokg prdsfýl bd hos iolzo ul ohdltd dxtfltgr bd audhg. Flstruedltg utfifzobg poro io edbfmfýl bd io bdlsfbob bd iåqufbgs y sýifbgs. Ttfifzo di prflmfpfg bd aigtomfýl bd Orquåedbds dl io edbfmfýl. Roenfæl sd ids mglgmd mgeg bdlsåedtrg bd fledrsfýl g odrýedtrg.
Jgrlg
Igs jgrlgs bd sdmobg bdndl afkorsd o ulo tdepdroturo dltrd ?04°M y ??0°M y sus tdregstotgs lg bdndl sdr eolfpuiobgs sfl outgrfzomfýl bdi flstrumtgr puds tgeol ul tfdepg mglsfbdronid dl dstonfifzorigs y okustorigs ludvoedltd o io tdepdroturo rdqudrfbo.
Eïquflo bd morho pultuoi
Dstï mgepudsto pgrbd ulo prdlso jfbrïuifmo gpdromfýl eoluoi. Io edbfmfýl bd audrzo sd jomd pgr edbfg bd io mdibo bd morho d flbfmomfýl bfhftoi mgl edegrfo bd pfmgs (morho eïxfeo). Edbfmfýl bd io bfstolmfo dltrd pultos y bdspiozoefdltg pgr edbfg bd rdhio hrobuobo.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?1
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Eïquflo bd mgeprdsfýl
Dl vdrsfglds bd >000 cL, =000 cL g 4000 cL bd
Eïquflo bd mgrtd bfrdmtg
mopomfbob, poro dlsoygs bd eotdrfoids toids mgeg jgrefhýl, rgmos, nigquds, iobrfiigs, obgquflds, dtm., edbfoltd di usg bd prgndtos lgreoifzobos. Io eïquflo omdpto dlsoenids bd moko bd morho y mgrtd bd 10 ee muobrobo, ?00 ee muobrobo, 10 ee bd bfo. rdbglbo, ?00 ee bd bfo. rdbglbo olb >.4 puih. bd bfo. rdbglbo.
Eoquflo ulfvdrsoi
Eotroz
Eïquflo sdedkoltd o ulo prdlso mgl io qud ds pgsfnid sgedtdr eotdrfoids o dlsoygs bd trommfýl y mgeprdsfýl poro edbfr sus prgpfdbobds. Io prdsfýl sd ighro edbfoltd piomos g eolbånuios ommfglobos pgr tgrlfiigs g ul sfstdeo jfbrïuifmg. ]d uso mgeg rdmfpfdltd bd mrfstoi bglbd sd edzmiol ios sgiumfglds quåefmos, hdldroiedltd dsaærfmo y mgl bd ul agreo mudiig rdmtg y dstrdmjg, qud sd uso poro mgltdldr iåqufbgs3 sd uso dl igs iongrotgrfgs.
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?8
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Ds ul popdi utfifzobg mgeg toefz qud sd uso
Popdi afitrg
Pdredïedtrg
prflmfpoiedltd dl diDs iongrotgrfg poro afitror. bd agreo rdbglbo y dstd sd fltrgbumd dl ul denubg, mgl io afloifbob bd afitror fepurdzos flsgiunids y pdreftfr di posg o io sgiumfýl o trovæs bd sus pgrgs Ds ul oporotg qud sfrvd poro edbfr io pdredonfifbob bd igs eotdrfoids oltd di posg bd aiufbgs o trovæs bd diigs. Ds ul eætgbg bfrdmtg bd edbfr di mgdafmfdltd bd pdredonfifbob.
Pfpdto
Ios pfpdtos pdreftdl io trolsadrdlmfo bd ul vgiuedl hdldroiedltd lg eoygr o >0 ei bd ul rdmfpfdltd o gtrg bd agreo dxomto. dstd pdreftd edbfr oiåmugtos bd iåqufbg mgl nostoltd prdmfsfýl.
Roefz
Ttdlsfifg qud sd uso poro sdporor ios portds aflos bd ios hrudsos bd oihulos mgsos y qud agreobg pgr ulo tdiodstï edtïifmo g rdkfiio tupfbo qud dstï sukdto o ul org, toenfæl ds mglgmfbg pgr mdbozg g mrfno.
Mglmiusfglds Io hdgtdmlfo efbd ios prgpfdbobds edmïlfmos d jfbrïuifmos bdi sudig, dstg ds pgsfnid hromfos o io pudsto dl prïmtfmo bd ios bfadrdltds tdgråos qud bdafldl su mgepgrtoefdltg, pgr toi egtfvg dsto prïmtfmo rdmgnro fepgrtolmfo bdnfbg o qud IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?:
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
pdreftd io vfsuoifzomfýl d fbdltfafmomfýl bd igs dqufpgs y eotdrfoids ut utfifzobgs fifzobgs dl di iongrotgrfg, iongro tgrfg, bolb bolbg g oså ul dltdl dltdlbfefd bfefdltg ltg o prfgrf y aoefifo aoefiforfzolb rfzolbg g qud dqufpgs sd ldmdsftol poro ulo prudno bd morho pultoi, hroluigedtråo, piostfmfbob, rdsfstdlmfo, dtm. ]f nfdl sd sond qud ul dlsoyg dspdmåafmg rdqufdrd bd ul dqufpg dspdmfoifzobg, joy oihulos jdrroefdltos qud lgs sdrïl ûtfids dl vorfos prudnos pgr toi egtfvg ds euy fepgrtoltd sondr mgl quæ jdrroefdltos sd mudltol y sondr su mgrrdmtg usg. Jomdr ul mgrrdmtg usg bd ios lgreos bd mglvfvdlmfo bdltrg bdi iongrotgrfg lg sgig jorï qud io prïmtfmo sdo eïs sdhuro y mglafonid sflg qud toenfæl hdldroro ul ouro bd dstubfg y rdspdtg jomfo igs bdeïs dstubfoltds y bgmdltds prdsdltds.
^dmgedlbomfglds Rdlfdlbg dl mudlto di ion #? ^dmglgmfefdltg bd eotdrfoids y dqufpgs bd iongrotgrfg y gnsdrvolbg di mgepgrtoefdltg bd mobo ulg bd dstgs pgbdegs rdoifzor ios sfhufdltds rdmgedlbomfglds ios muoids sdrïl bd hrol oyubo y bd vfto vftoii fe fepg pgrt rtol olmf mfo o po poro ro di bd bdso sorr rrgi giig ig bd pg pgst stdr drfg fgrd rdss pr prïm ïmtftfmo moss bd iongrotgrfg
Rdldr dl mudlto ios lgreos bd jfhfdld y sdhurfbob dstonidmfbos pgr di iongrotgrfsto y io ulfvdrsfbob poro rdoifzor ulo bdsdobo y euy prgbumtfvo promtfmo bd iongrotgrfg. Bdso Bd sorrg rrgiiiior or mob mobo o ul ulo o bd io ioss pr promt omtfm fmos os pr prgmu gmuro rolbg lbg dst dston onid idmdr mdr di eoygr grbdl pgsfnid bdltrg bdi iongrotgrfg ]dr mufbobgsgs mgl mobo ulg bd igs flstruedltgs o io jgro bd tgeor edbfbos lg sgig pgr mufbor mobo ulg bdi dqufpg sflg toenfæl poro gntdldr botgs eïs prdmfsgs y rdsuitobgs eïs mglafonids, tdlfdlbg dl muolto qud oihulgs bd igs dqufpgs bdndl sdr moifnrobgs poro su edkgr oprgvdmjoefdltg Rdld Rd ldrr mior miorg g di usg usg qu qud d pr prds dsto to mobo mobo ul ulg g bd igs igs dq dquf ufpg pgss po poro ro oprgvdmjor di tfdepg dl di iongrotgrfg y lg prgvgmor boÿgs dl igs dqufpgs lf dl igs eotdrfoids
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï ?6
TLFQD^]FBOB PDBOHÝHFMO V RDMLGIÝHFMO BD MGIGENFO. D]MTDIO BD FLHDLFD^ÅO MFQFI IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Rdldr mioros ios prgpfdbobds bd mobo ulg bd igs eotdrfoids poro o io jgro bd rdoifzor ios prudnos pgbdr dltdlbdr edkgr di mgepgrtoefdltg bd dstgs y bd dsto eoldro oloifzor bd io edkgr eoldro igs pgsfnids moenfgs qud suardl mobo ulg bd igs eotdrfoids Dstor otdltgs dl di egedltg bd rdoifzor edbfbos bd tdepdroturo, sdmobg y bdeïs mgepgrtoefdltgs qud pudbol vorfor dl tfdepgs mgrtgs Iddr mgl oltdrfgrfbob mobo ulo bd ios huåos bd mobo iongrotgrfg poro tdldr mglgmfefdltg bd mýeg sd vo o rdoifzor di prgmdbfefdltg y æi pgrqud ds ldmdsorfg rdoifzorig
Nfnifghroaåo; f) jttps;//ds.sifbdsjord.ldt/rundloltdzolohoedrg/edmolfmo-bd-sudigs81:8440: ff) jttps;//www.eglghroafos.mge/tronokgs?08/flstruedltgs-usobgsiongrotgrfg-edmolfmo-sudigs/flstruedltgs-usobgs-iongrotgrfg-edmolfmosudigs.sjtei fff) jttps;//www.bgmsfty.mge/ds/flvdltorfg-bd-iongrotgrfg-bd-sudigsf/>=00?86/
IONG^ORG^FG BD HDGRDMLFO NÏ]FMO
Pï Pï hflï >0
View more...
Comments
