La Ubicación Científica Del Derecho Diplomático y Consular

 

FO \MIKOKIÛJ KILJQÂ@IKO ALF AL]LKCD AIWFDBÏQIKD Y KDJ[\FO]. ?. [u umikokiûj cistûriko.

Qlxtd lxtroâad al5 Clmlrt, Ormult-Pinjofi, ‖Lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor alspués al prdblaior lf sinfd xx, \jivlrsiaoa Jokidjof alf Fitdrof. [ojto @l. Ornljjo, ?999.

o. Fo ibpdrtojkio al sus rlnfos Fos jdrbos qul oktuofbljtl lstïj kdjtljiaos lj lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, kdjstuylj lf kdjeujtd bïs ojnud al rlnfos, jd silbprl eurâaikos, opfikomf opfikomfls ls o fos rlfokidjls ljtrl Kljtrds al Wdalr ijalpljailjtls. Fos jdrbos qul sl opfikoj o lstos rlfokidjls `ulrdj fos priblros, tojtd lj fo épdko lj qul tljâoj `ujaobljtd jd eurâaikd, kdbd kuojad oporlkilrdj jdrbos eurâaikos oisfoaos y tobmiéj kuojad sl kdjkrltordj fds priblrds sistlbos kdclrljtls al Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof. Lstd jd ls lf rlsuftoad al ujo kosuofiaoa, sijd qul ls fo kdjslkuljkio kdjslkuljkio joturof al fd ibprlskijaimfll qul rlsuftoj lstos jdrbos lj fos rlfokidjls lxtlridrls pokâkos (vlr ij`ro jublrof ibprlskijaimf =)8 plrd jd silbprl lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor tuvd fo bisbo troskljaljkio qul fo qul oktuofbljtl pdsll. Aurojtl bukcd lbpd lxislrdj rlnfos opfikomfls o fos rlfokidjls ljtrl Kljtrds al Wdalr ijalpljailjtls, ijalpljailj tls, qul sl kubpfâoj y qul, al vidforsl, tljâoj ujo sojkiûj, plrd lffos jd `ulrdj al joturoflzo eurâaiko8 y kuojad fd `ulrdj, ofrlaladr alf [infd SP, pdr bukcd lbpd jd kdjstuylrdj uj sistlbo jdrbovd, sijd qul `ulrdj rlnfos oisfoaos. Kuojad o porr alf [infd SPII, oporlkl lf sistlbo alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfik Wõmfikd d y ujo portl al éf fd kdjstuyl lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, lsto robo jd silbprl suskitû lf bisbd ijtlrés. Aurojtl fornds plrâdads bïs qul ojofizorsl lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd, sl prlstomo otljkiûj o fo okviaoa aipfdbïko y o sus prïkkos, jd silbprl eurâaikos. Lsds ojïfisis fds cokâoj bïs fds pdfâkds y fds prd`lsidjofls al fo aipfdbokio qul fds euristos y rlkoâoj bïs sdmrl tlbos al prdtdkdfd, klrlbdjiof y lqulto d prltljsidjls al rlspltd o fo ainjiaoa boylstïko al fds ndmlrjojtls, qul sdmrl tlbos rl`lriads o fds obpords al fo `ujkiûj y fo `drbo al alsorrdfforfo. ?7 Ls al slÿofor qul HOJQ jd aikl ‖õjikd‒, sijd ‖ujiad‒. ?? Plr uj kdbljtorid o lstl orkufd al HOJQ, lj O]M\LQ-PINJOFI, ?99.

Oqulffds osplktds prdtdkdforls sdj ijtljsobljtl ijtljsobljtl kdjsialroads lj fds sinfds SPI y SPII, bïs kdj jls pdfâkds qul eurâaikds8 lj lf sinfd SPII, lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd oaquilrl ibpdrtojkio, plrd lj fds sinfds SPIII y SIS alkol fo ijtljsiaoa al su lstuaid, fd qul sl okljtõo o prijkipids alf [infd SS, poro ofkojzor lf plrâdad al boydr alkoaljkio aurojtl fos ads Nulrros Bujaiofls y lf plrâdad ljtrl lffos, bdbljtd lj lf kuof sl rlnistro, lf alskdjdkibiljtd alskdjdkibiljtd bïs ibpdrtojtl, o su jdrbovo. Fo ibpdrtojkio alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor y su alsorrdffd sl ijkrlbljto julvobljtl pdr fos jlklsiaoals al poz y slnuriaoa ijtlrjokidjofls y lf ibplrovd al fo sdfukiûj pokâko al fos kdjtrdvlrsios qul sl oktuofizo alspués al fo [lnujao Nulrro Bujaiof y sl kdjkrlto lj lf tlxtd al fo Korto al fos Jokidjls \jiaos, lsplkiofbljtl lj su orkufd =, y oubljto su ibpdrtojkio lj fo aékoao al ?907 tojtd pdr fo rlofiaoa al fos jlklsiaoals al fds julvds Lstoads ijalpljailjtls, kdbd pdr lf ibpufsd qul fl ao fo kdaikokiûj al sus jdrbos lj kuotrd nrojals trotoads al Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof nljlrof. m. Lf prdklsd al lvdfukiûj. [i milj ls ijauaomfl qul lxislrdj rlnfos qul rlnufordj fos botlrios qul vobds o lstuaior alsal qul sl suplrû fo ltopo alf oisfobiljtd rlkâprdkd (O]M\LQ-PINJOFI, ?99;) y kdbljzordj fos

 

rlfokidjls pokâkos d vidfljtos ljtrl Kljtrds al Wdalr ijalpljailjtls, aurojtl buy fornds plrâdads tofls rlnfos tuvilrdj `ujaobljtd rlfinidsd d pdfâkd. Lj lf priblr kosd sl supdjâoj dmfinotdrios pdrqul koao portl, of osubir sus kdbprdbisds, pdjâo pdr tlsnd alf kubpfibiljtd al fo `l alf bisbd o sus prdpids aidsls, rozûj pdr fo kuof, si jd cokâo cdjdr o su pofomro, lstds, sijéjadsl onrovioads fls kosnorâoj pdr comlr tdboad su jdbmrl lj vojd. Lj lf slnujad kosd fo dmfinotdrilaoa rlsuftomo al fo kdjkiljkio qul sl oaquirâo lj fo prïkko al fo kdjvljiljkio al aor kilrtds trotobiljtds vljtoedsds o fo dtro portl, pdrqul ljtdjkls lffo rlspdjalrâo lj inuof `drbo8 d slo al fos vljtoeos al fo rlkiprdkiaoa. Lf `ujaobljtd al fo dmfinotdrilaoa al lstos jdrbos rlkiéj oaquilrl joturoflzo eurâaiko o porr alf sinfd SP of rlnuforsl fos rlfokidjls ljtrl fos kiuaoals al okulrad itofiojos y ofnujds pdalrls `luaofls, lsplkiofbljtl lsplkiofbljtl fds rlijds bïs ibpdrtojtls y sl situorï aljivobljtl lj uj sistlbo eurâaikd o porr al blaioads alf [infd SPII of rlnufor fos rlfokidjls jlklsorios poro lf `ujkidjobiljtd alf sistlbo alf lquifimrid al pdalr qul rlsuftorï al fds trotoads al ^lsofio. Jd dmstojtl, su joturoflzo eurâaiko, aurojtl bukcd lbpd, `ulrdj pdkds fds lsplkiofistos al lsto kiljkio sl dkupordj alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor y bukcds bljds fds qul ijtljtordj aljirfd y alsorrdfforfd, fd kuof ijaiko ujo almifiaoa kdjklptuof y dplrovo. Lf lstuaid al lsto robo alf alrlkcd, qulaû aurojtl fornds plrâdads lj bojds al prlsnidsds `ujkidjorids aipfdbïkds y al pdfâkds vijkufoads o fos rlfokidjls ijtlrjokidjofls. Lsto kirkujstojkio prdpdrkidjû o fo botlrio uj lj`dqul lsplkiof, buy vljtoedsd rlsplktd o altlrbijoaos jlklsiaoals, jlklsiaoals, plrd sij fo visiûj prdpio al fds euristos. Lsto plrsplkvo ls `ujaobljtofbljtl fûnikd fûnikd `drbof y sl airinl o fo vofdrokiûj al fo jdrbo lj si bisbo kdjsialroao, lj tojtd qul lf ijtlrés aipfdbïkd ljal o aor pridriaoa o fds osplktds prïkkds y of lstuaid al fos `ulrzos qul rlspofaoj fo jdrbo. Lstd co ijkiaiad tobmiéj lj fos aljikidjls alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, siljad buy pdkds fds euristos qul sl coj dkupoad al lffos. Ljtrl lstos aljikidjls aljikidjls pulalj kitorsl fos al W]OAIL]-@DAL]L (?399,I,=), NLJLQ (?9;?), AL L]I[KL Y D±[CLO (?9 o 17. ?< Plr O]M\LQ-PINJOFI y dtrds, ?99;, I, 3< o 9< y LI[LBML]N, ?9>>, I, 1? o 19. ?0 Plr lj O]M\LQ-PINJOFI y dtrds, ?99;, I5 O]M\LQ y dtrds, WODFIFFD y CLQKC, C LQKC, Fds trotoads lj fo Laoa Blaio, 9>

o ?=7, ?=? o ?17 y ?1? o?07 y LI[LBML]N,?9>>, I, 73) lf julvd sistlbo pdfâkd mosoad lj lf Wrijkipid alf Lquifimrid al  al  Wdalr ljtrl fds Lstoads jokidjofls qul sdj fds julvds prdtondjistos al fos  fos rlfokidjls ijtlrjokidjofls, ijtlrjokidjofls, lxinl ujo kdjstojtl jlndkiokiûj y uj borkd eurâaikd  eurâaikd ijtlrjokidjof qul aé klrtlzo y slnuriaoa o lsos rlfokidjls. Fo jlklsiaoa al jlndkiokidjls ijtljsos prdviljl al fo bisbo mosl alf sistlbo qul rlsial lj lf otrimutd al fo sdmlrojâo al fds Lstoads, otrimutd qul lstï âjbobljtl finoad of Wrijkipid al fo Inuofaoa Eurâaiko al fds bisbds. Lf otrimutd al fo sdmlrojâo prdpdjl ujo lxpfikokiûj eurâaiko, foiko, pdpufor y kiljko al fo flnibokiûj alf lelrkikid al uj pdalr draljoadr suprlbd aljtrd al fos `rdjtlros al koao Lstoad y al fo flnibokiûj alf rlfokidjobiljtd ijalpljailjtl, ijalpljailjtl, lj kdjaikidjls al inuofaoa, al tdads lffds `ulro al tofls `rdjtlros. Fo boji`lstokiûj pdfâko al lsto situokiûj  eurâaiko altlrbijo altlrbijo qul fds Lstoads almoj almoj rlkurrir of Wrijkipid a alf lf Lquifimrid al Wda Wdalr lr poro lstrukturor al sus rlfokidjls butuos. Fo pulsto lj prïkko alf eulnd kdjaukljtl o bojtljlr lf lquifimrid altlrbijo ujo jlndkiokiûj kdjstojtl poro prdbdvlr okulrads, rlnufor dpdsikidjls, orrlnfor ai`lrljads, kdbprdbltlr kdjvljkidjls, klflmror ofiojzos y kdjtro ofiojzos, ufizor fo `ulrzo y rlofizor dtros okviaoals sibiforls. Lj lsto `drbo sl alsorrdffo fo aipfdbokio y lstd rlquilrl rlnfos. Oporlkl y sl orbo lf sistlbo alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd y lj su borkd sl situorïj fos rlnfos alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor qul sl dkuporï prijkipofbljtl, kdj ijslnuriaoals y kilrto tdrtudsiaoa, al ofnujds tlbos5 lf rlspltd o fds cdjdrls al fds Lstoads y fo prlklaljkio ljtrl lffds, sus ndmlrjojtls y rlprlsljtojtls. Al oquâ lj bïs lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor vo ijkrlbljtojad su ibpdrtojkio, orbojad su joturoflzo eurâaikd ijtlrjokidjof y aljiljad kdj kforiaoa sus plrfls o trovés al uj ovojkl prdnrlsivd lj lf kuof sl pulalj slÿofor ofnujds citds ibpdrtojtls. Qobmiéj kdrrlspdjalj o lstl plrâdad fos priblros lxonlrokidjls lxtrovonojtls y fos prltljsidjls omsuraos al trotobiljtds lsplkiofls lj botlrio aipfdbïko. [l vijkufû fo ainjiaoa al fds Lstoads y fo nrojalzo al fo Koso ]lijojtl kdj fo aistrimukiûj `drbof al fds funorls lj fos klrlbdjios y lstd kdjaued o ljdedsos y plreuaikiofls situokidjls. situokidjls. Aurojtl fds sinfds SPII, SPIII y prijkipids alf SIS, fos rlnfos alf prdtdkdfd y lf klrlbdjiof sl ufizordj kdj jls pdfâkds prdkurojad priviflnior o fos bdjorquâos, o fds bdjorkos y o fo jdmflzo kdrtlsojo d pofojo (Plr C.O]M\LQ-PINJOFI, ?90>). Lsto situokiûj altlrbijû uj nroj alsprlsnid al lsto robo alf alrlkcd y al fo okviaoa aipfdbïko lj nljlrof, ofnujds al kuyds l`lktds sl kdjjõoj sijljad. Costo lf Kdjnrlsd al Piljo al ?3?7 lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor slo kdaikoad y alsorrdffoad kumriljad prïkkobljtl prïkkobljtl tdads sus kobpds5 ?90? lf al fos bisidjls aipfdbïkos plrbojljtls8 ?90; lf al fos dkijos kdjsuforls8 ?909 lf al fos bisidjls lsplkiofls8 ?9>< lf al fos bisidjls okrlaitoaos lj Drnojizokidjls Ijtlrjokidjofls al ofkojkl bujaiof. Wdr dtro portl, aivlrsds Kdjvljids Nljlrofls y Kdjvljids al [lal rlnufoj fo okviaoa aipfdbïko o jivlf al Drnojizokidjls Ijtlrjokidjofls al ofkojkl nldnrïkd fibitoad. O porr al ljtdjkls, prïkkobljtl, sûfd ofnujds osplktds lsplkiofls al fo okviaoa aipfdbïko al oftd jivlf qulaordj rlnufoads pdr lf alrlkcd kdjsultuaijorid. kdjsultuaijorid. Lstd prdpdrkidjo of Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor oktuof buy lsplkiofls koroktlrâskos aljtrd alf borkd alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd of kuof plrtljlkl. Koml slÿofor ujo õfbo ltopo lj lsto lvdfukiûj fo qul lstorâo aoao pdr fo lvljtuof ijkialjkio alf Alrlkcd  Alrlkcd Kdbujitorid sdmrl ofnujds ijstutds alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor. Fds trotoads al fo \jiûj \ jiûj Lurdplo krloj fo kiuaoaojâo lurdplo qul sl suplrpdjl o fo jokidjof y plrbitl o quiljls fo pdsllj plair lj kilrtos kirkujstojkios fo prdtlkkiûj aipfdbïko d kdjsufor?> al kuofquilr Lstoad al fo kdbujiaoa. Lsto sdfukiûj bdaiko roaikofbljtl fos prïkkos ojtlridrls?3. Kdbd lf okulrad poro lf kobmid sl ao lj uj sistlbo eurâaikd porkufor, lf Alrlkcd Kdbujitorid lurdpld, pdarâo pljsorsl qul jd o`lkto o fds albïs Lstoads rlnfoads pdr lf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd nljlrof, plrd fds prdklaibiljtds o trovés al fds kuofls sl `drboj fos rlnfos kdjsultuaijorios?9 kdjsultuaijorios ?9 lj lstl pulalj altlrbijor dtro kdso. Lsto lvdfukiûj alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor alml slnuirsl al klrko y kdj otljkiûj. Wdr dtro portl, fo jlklsiaoa al jlndkiokidjl jlndkiokidjlss plrbojljtls qul ibpfiko uj sistlbo kdbujitorid, bufpfiko fos rlfokidjls y rlsufto prdpikid poro fo oporikiûj al julvos jdrbos alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, qul sloj bïs omorkovos y kdj sljad bïs sdfiaorid. Lsto situokiûj oõj jd sl co rlleoad lj okulrads `drbofls, plrd fo rlplkiûj al fo prïkko pdarï kdjaukir o lffds. Fos lxplriljkios cistûrikos al blaioads alf [infd SPII y al blaioads alf [infd SS, pdjlj lj lvialjkio fo ibpdrtojkio al fos rlnfos alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor lj fds bdbljtds lj qul sl prdkuro ljkousor uj sistlbo ijtlrjokidjof?>. Ls ujo `ujkiûj, tojtd al fos bisidjls aipfdbïkos kdbd al fds kdjsufoads prdtlnlr lj lf Lstoad rlklptdr fds ijtlrlsls al su Lstoad y fds al sus

 

jokidjofls, aljtrd al fds fâbitls alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof. Fo prdtlkkiûj aipfdbïko oktuofizo lf alrlkcd alf Lstoad o qul sus jokidjofls lj lf lxtrojelrd sloj rlspltoads, sl lelrkl al Lstoad o Lstoad, sl oktõo õjikobljtl `rljtl of Bijistlrid al ]lfokidjls Lxtlridrls blaiojtl jlndkiokidjls y prdtlstos. Fo prdtlkkiûj kdjsufor ls uj alrlkcd alf jokidjof o qul su Lstoad fl osisto poro prdtlnlr sus alrlkcds privoads y fl alljao lj lf borkd alf alrlkcd ijtlrjd alf Lstoad rlklptdr, oktuojad ojtl kuofquilr outdriaoa fdkof qul kdrrlspdjao blaiojtl lf bïs vorioad coz al nlsdjls qul pulao ibonijorsl (O]M\LQ-PINJOFI,?99=/9;,Q.I,>1 (O]M\LQ-PINJOFI,?99=/9;,Q.I,>1 o >0). Plr bïs oalfojtl IP,;, ?3 Jd sl lxinl qul fo jokidjofiaoa alf prdtlniad slo fo alf Lstoad qul fd prdtlnl. Qobpdkd rlsufto al inuof plsd y nrovitokiûj lf pfojtld qul pulao coklr ujo plqulÿo pdtljkio, d ujo blaiojo d ujo nroj pdtljkio. Lstos bdai`kokidjls of sistlbo jd sdj al pdko ibpdrtojkio. ?9 Plr O]M\LQ-PINJOFI, ?99< ,IP,  .

Fos Drnojizokidjls Ijtlrjokidjofls al rlfokidjls pokâkos, qul rlquilrlj al ujo ijtljso pulsto lj prïkko al fos nlsdjls ijtlrlstotofls. Jd lj vojd lj obmds plridads sl rlvitofizû lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor y, lj fds lbpds rlkiljtls, lj fo aékoao al ?907, kuojad sl kdjsdfiao fo ijalpljaljkio ijalpljaljk io al fds pulmfds sdblads o adbijid kdfdjiof, kuojad ljtro o `ujkidjor kdj boydr lkokio lf sistlbo al fos Jokidjls \jiaos, kuojad sl alsorrdffo fo kddplrokiûj y fds sistlbos al ijtlnrokiûj prdfi`lroj, kuojad sl coklj cdjlstds ls`ulrzds poro sustuir lf usd al fo `ulrzo pdr fo sdfukiûj pokâko al fos kdjtrdvlrsios, ls kuojad sl prdaukl lf ibpufsd bïs vindrdsd alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, kdjkrltïjadsl lj ujo slril al nrojals Kdjvljkidjls (vlr ij`ro Jublrof 1). =. Fo umikokiûj pdfâko alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor. Woro oprlkior fo ufiaoa alf sistlbo, alml tljlrsl lj kuljto fo ljdrbl ibpdrtojkio pdfâko qul ljl lf pdalr aispdjlr al uj kdjeujtd al rlnfos `drbofls oklptoaos pdr tdads fds Lstoads poro ljkousor sus nlsdjls jlndkioadros. Alsal lf kdbiljzd al fo cubojiaoa kdjskiljtl sûfd sl coj prlsljtoad ads nrojals vâos poro lf rlfokidjobiljtd al fds Kljtrds al Wdalr ijalpljailjtls, fos kuofls, kdjklptuofbljtl, kdjklptuofbljtl, porlklrâoj slr fos õjikos ads dpkidjls pdsimfls poro lffd. Fo rlfokiûj vidfljto o trovés alf usd al fo `ulrzo, prl`lrljtlbljtl orboao, plrd tobmiéj fo alf plsd qul mrijao fo sdfialz lkdjûbiko, lf adbijid al fo tlkjdfdnâo, fo lxtljsiûj tlrritdriof u dtrds lflbljtds8 aûjal quiéj ljl pdalr sl ibpdjl sij kdjsuftor fo flnibiaoa al su prltljsiûj ji fos jlklsiaoals d alslds al fds albïs. Y fo vâo pokâko qul prdkuro finor fos rlfokidjls o trovés al fos jlndkiokidjls y lf okulrad qul ibpdjl kdjklsidjls rlkâprdkos rlkâprdkos poro otljalr o ujo situokiûj bïs lquifimroao y kdjtljtor, lj fo blaiao al fd pdsimfl, o tdads fds ijtlrlsls lj eulnd. Woro lstl õfbd pd al kdjaukto, poro okdraor pdfâkos, sl rlquilrl al slrls cubojds qul sl ljkornulj al fflvor oalfojtl jlndkiokidjls y lstds jdrbofbljtl sl almlrïj rlujir kdj fds rlprlsljtojtls al fos dtros portls, lj funorls y kirkujstojkios qul pulal pulalj j lxpdjlr su ijtlnriaoa plrsdjof. [ij rlnfos qul plrbitoj kdjaukir fos jlndkiokidjls lj `drbo butuobljtl oklptomfls y qul lstomflzkoj fds obpords of jlndkioadr, sij fo kdjvikkiûj al qul lstos rlnfos slrïj kubpfiaos pdrqul sdj dmfinotdrios, ls buy aikif qul ofnuilj sl prlstl o jlndkior, o ir o trotor kdj lf ljlbind, lf rivof d lf nrupd alskdjdkiad. Lstd jd sl corï si jd sl ljl kilrto slnuriaoa al qul sl

 

irï, sl trotorï al fflnor o uj okulrad y, sl fdnrl lstl d jd, sl rltdrjorï lj fo bisbo `drbo lj qul sl `ul lj rlsublj, sij prdklaibiljtds slnurds, jd coy jlndkioadrls, sij jlndkioadrls jd coy jlndkiokiûj, sij jlndkiokiûj jd coy vâo pokâko y sij lsto, fo õjiko dpkiûj ls fo fukco ljtrl fds nrupds costo fo almlffod. ;. Fo umikokiûj eurâaiko alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd y Kdjsufor, su joturoflzo. Fo ijbljso boydrâo al fds outdrls kdjsialro qul sl troto al ujo robo alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd, oujqul tobmiéj sl aoj ofnujos dpijidjls ai`lrljtls. AL L]I[KL Y D’[CLO (?9;,> y ss.) quiéj sdsljl qul lf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd kdjstuyl uj sistlbo eurâaikd outûjdbd, kdj `uljtls prdpios (fos alf Alrlkcd ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd y fo al fds sistlbos eurâaikds ijtlrjds), sueltds prdpids (fds alf Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof Wõmfikd, fds onljtls aipfdbïkds, fds onljtls kdjsuforls, sus `obifiorls), qul ljl outdjdbâo kiljko y sus prdpids bétdads al ijtlrprltokiûj y opfikokiûj. Kito lj su `ovdr, o julstrd ljtljalr lrrûjlobljtl, fos pdsikidj pdsikidjls ls al BO]L[KO (?9. 90>. Qobmiéj lstl Kdjvljid lj muljo blaiao kdaiko lf alrlkcd kdjsultuaijorid vinljtl o fo `lkco al su lfomdrokiûj, plrd tobmiéj lj `drbo bïs lquifimroao qul lf ojtlridr rlkdnl sdfukidjls al alsorrdffd prdnrlsivd ijjdvoadr. Lj nljlrof sdj al alsorrdffd prdnrlsivd fos aispdsikidjls opfikomfls o fds kûjsufls cdjdrorids, qul jd sdj `ujkidjorids alf Lstoad okrlaitojtl y, pdr fd rlnufor, sdj jokidjofls d rlsialjtls plrbojljtls alf Lstoad rlklptdr. Qobmiéj sl ijkfuylj aispdsikidjls qul kdjsdfiaoj jdrbos kdjsultuaijorios "ij stotu joskljai‒, joskljai‒, kdbd ls lf kosd al fo lxklpkiûj o fo ijbujiaoa al  eurisaikkiûj kivif kivif trotïjadsl al okkidjls okkidjls alrivoaos a all okkialjtl al trïkd. trïkd. Lf pïrro`d 0 al su prlïbmufd cokl inuof sofvlaoa rlsplktd o qul lf alrlkcd kdjsultuaijorid kdjjuorï riniljad fos botlrios jd trotoaos y kosi 17 oÿds al prïkkos kdijkialjtls altlrbijoj qul fos qul lroj ljtdjkls sdfukidjls al alsorrdffd prdnrlsivd ocdro sloj rlnfos kdjsultuaijorios vinljtls. Lf Kdjvljid al Julvo Ydrh al ?909  rlnufo fos okviaoals al fos bisidjls =? Plr C.O]M\LQ-

PINJOFI, ?99=/9;,I,;9 y ss.. lsplkiofls ljvioaos al Lstoad o Lstoad kdj korïktlr tlbpdrof y uj kdblad altlrbijoad, y lf alf plrsdjof qul fos kdbpdjl, kdj lxklpkiûj al fos plrsdjofiaoals al oftd jivlf. Ljtrû lj vindr lf =? al omrif al ?93< ==. Lj éf sl kdjkrlto ujo alkiaiao fomdr al alsorrdffd prdnrlsivd yo qul prïkkobljtl jd lxiso jdrbo kdjsultuaijorio lj fo botlrio, oujqul tobmiéj lj lf prlïbmufd sl cokl fo bisbo okforokiûj rlsplktd o lsto `uljtl y, lf trojskursd alf lbpd y fo opfikokiûj jdrbof al fos prdpulstos alf Kdjvljid coj trojs`drboad sus aispdsikidjls,, o julstrd ljtljalr, lj sdfukidjls kdjsultuaijorios poro fds Lstoads jd vijkufoads. aispdsikidjls Fos õjikos rlnfos kdjsultuaijorios qul lxisoj ojtls al fos prdpulstos alf Kdjvljid al Julvo

 

Ydrh lroj qul fds Lstoads, pdr butud kdjsljbiljtd, pdaâoj ljvior y rlkimir bisidjls lsplkiofls lsplkiofls y qul lstos y sus bilbmrds ndzomoj al uj kilrtd lstotutd al obpord, lf kuof lro ibprlkisd. Fo Kdjvljkiûj al Piljo al ?9>< sl vijkufo kdj fos Kdjvljkidjls Kdjvljkidjls [dmrl fds Wriviflnids l Ijbujiaoals al fos Jokidjls \jiaos al ?910 y [dmrl fds Wriviflnids l Ijbujiaoals al fds Drnojisbds Lsplkiofizoads al ?91>, osâ kdbd kdj dtrds okulrads lj vindr (Worïnro`d >, qul sl rlorbo lj lf ort. 1 alf Qrotoad). Lstds ads õfbds kdjvljids tobmiéj almlj kdjsialrorsl ijtlnrojtls al fo rl`lriao ujiaoa jdrbovo. Fds Okulrads Nljlrofls klflmroads pdr fo Drnojizokiûj al fos Jokidjls \jiaos y fos Drnojizokidjls al su sistlbo kdbd fo Drnojizokiûj Ijtlrjokidjof alf Qromoed, fo @OD, fo DB[, ltk., kdj fds Lstoads bilbmrds al fos bisbos coj kdjtrimuiad of alsorrdffd y lxtljsiûj alf Alrlkcd Aipfdbïkd opfikomfl o fo rlnufokiûj al fos rlfokidjls ljtrl sus portls y o fo altlrbijokiûj al fo situokiûj al fos alpljaljkios y alflnokidjls al fos Drnojizokidjls situoaos lj fds Lstoads

 

bilbmrds al fo bisbo. Lstds kdjvljids alsorrdffoj lf kdbprdbisd al mosl qul rlsufto alf ort. ?7< al fo Korto al fos Jokidjls \jiaos y qul lstomflkl qul ‖Fo Drnojizokiûj ndzorï lj lf tlrritdrid al koao ujd al sus Bilbmrds, al fds priviflnids l ijbujiaoals jlklsori jlklsorids ds poro fo rlofizokiûj al sus prdpûsitds. Fds rlprlsljtojtls al fds Bilbmrds al fo Drnojizokiûj y fds `ujkidjorids al ésto, ndzorïj osibisbd al fds priviflnids l ijbujiaoals jlklsorids poro alslbplÿor kdj ijalpljaljkio ijalpljaljk io sus `ujkidjls kdj rlfokiûj o fo Drnojizokiûj‒. Lsto bisbo situokiûj sl ao pdr fo vâo al aivlrsds trotoads al ofkojkl porkiof, fibitoads of jõblrd al Lstoads bilbmrds al ujo Drnojizokiûj rlnidjof, fds tobmiéj ffoboads Okulrads Nljlrofls, fds qul rlnufordj fos rlfokidjls ljtrl sus sueltds rlpiljad lj sus jdrbos kosi silbprl fos bisbos sdfukidjls. Fo ijtlrprltokiûj al fos kuotrd Kdjvljkidjls nljlroaos o trovés al fo okviaoa al fo Kdbisiûj al Alrlkcd Ijtlrjokidjof al fos Jokidjls \jiaos alml slr kdjtlxtuof y kuojad lj ujo al lffos sl ufiklj ai`lrljtls lxprlsidjls alml ojofizorsl kuiaoadsobljtl kuiaoadsobljtl si lffd sl alml sûfd o rozdjls al iaidbo, sijtoxis u dpdrtujiaoa, fd qul pulal dkurrir, d si rlspdjalj of lstomflkibiljtd al ai`lrljtls kritlrids pdr rozdjls al `djad otljailjad o fos aisjtos koroktlrâskos ijtrâjslkos qul pdsllj fds kdjsufoads rlsplktd o fos bisidjls aipfdbïkos y lstos ljtrl sâ slnõj su pd =< y qul sdj kdjkdraojtls ljtrl sâ, fd kuof altlrbijo fo lxistljkio al ujo lsplkil al sistlbo al clkcd y tobmiéj co nljlroad fo oporikiûj al jdrbos kdjsultuaijorios. Fo korljkio bïs jdtdrio sl ao rlsplktd o fos bisidjls lsplkiofls al oftd jivlf, oujqul lj rlofiaoa fo `ofto al rlnufokiûj jd sl rllrl o fo situokiûj al fos bisidjls lj sâ, o fos kuofls plr`lktobljtl

 

sl fls pulal opfikor lf Kdjvljid al Julvo Ydrh al ?909, sijd of lstotutd al fos plrsdjofiaoals qul fos ijtlnroj, kuyo situokiûj sûfd lstï kdjsialroao pdr fos jdrbos kdjsultuaijorios opfikomfls o fds El`ls al Lstoad, El`ls al Ndmilrjd, Bijistrds al ]lfokidjls Lxtlridrls u dtros plrsdjofiaoals al oftd rojnd (Plr O]M\LQ-PINJOFI,?99=/9;,I,II,IP,. =; Fds prlïbmufds kdjstuylj ujo portl ijtlnrojtl al fds trotoads y lj fds Kdjvljids al Piljo al ?909 y ?930 rlfovds o fo klflmrokiûj al fds bisbds, sl rlkdjdkl fo ibpdrtojkio alf prlïbmufd lj botlrio al ijtlrprltokiûj i jtlrprltokiûj y opfikokiûj al fds bisbds. Lsto pdsikiûj co siad rlkdniao y oklptoad pokâ`kobljtl pdr fo adktrijo y fo eurisprualjkio. =1 K.Piljo ?90?, pïrrod > rlsplktd of K.J.Ydrh al ?909. =0 Wdr lelbpfd5 Kdjvljkiûj sdmrl fo Wrlvisiûj y ]lprlsiûj al fds Alfitds kdjtro fos plrsdjos qul ndzoj al prdtlkkiûj Ijtlrjokidjof, ijkfuiads fds Onljtls Aipfdbïkds, al ?9>; qul sl ljkuljtro lj vindr alsal ?9>>. Plr bïs oalfojtl IP, 1. => Plr ijro PII,?, fo lxklpkiûj bïs jdtdrio o lsto tljaljkio kdjstuiad pdr lf kosd LL.\\. kdj Irïj vljfoad ojtl fo Kdrtl Ijtlrjokidjof al Euskio.