La Toma de Decisiones Gerenciales
September 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Im tkem ao aofdsdkcos `orocfdmios
Iks `oroctos oc tkaks iks cdvoios jorírqudfks aogoc tkemr aofdsdkcos y osto prkfosk dcvkiufrm m tkams ims hucfdkcos maedcdstrmtdvms gísdfms. Oi nofnk ao quo im osocfdm aoi trmgmjk aoi maedcdstrmakr oc ucm kr`mcdzmfdöc rosdao oc tkemr aofdsdkcos ck depidfm quo oiik iiovo eufnk tdoepk, quo som fkepiojk k rosuito ovdaocto pmrm qudoc ik kgsorvm (Wkggdcs y Fkuitor, 72=?). Qkemroeks fkek gmso ao ostuadk oi fmsk Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak quo ios hmfdidtmrí im fkeprocsdöc ao iks fkcfoptks roimfdkcmaks fkc osto eöauik.
Im tkem ao aofdsdkcos `orocfdmios
Wohorocfdms
IOFFDÖC IOFF DÖC = ao 7
Im tkem ao a o aofdsd aof dsdkcos kcos `orocfdmios
Fmsk ao ostuadk
NKVRDQMI NKVRDQ MI AOI RWMAK
Vu ndstkrdm Oi Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak huo hucamak oc =418 pkr oi Ar. Jumc Wmúi Nmcsoe fkc oi kgjotdvk ao khrofor oc Wksmrdk, uc sorvdfdk eäadfk ao mitm jormrquåm prkhosdkcmi aoctrk ao ucm eíxdem prostmfdöc ao sorvdfdk.
Oc oi mýk 72=? iks auoýks aoi nkspdtmi dcdfdmrkc fkc uc suoýk, y orm pkaor mgrdr uc cuovk foctrk ao mitm fkepiojdama oc im zkcm ckrto ao im fduama, fkc oi c ao pkaor smtdshmfor oso softkr quo vdoco fkc ucm aoemcam frofdocto. Oc oi mýk 72=4 pmrto ao osto suoýk so fkcfrotö< maqudrdorkc uc torrock ao ? noftíroms oc akcao so fkcstrudrí oi cuovk foctrk eäadfk quo so provä ostmrí toredcmak oc oi mýk 7276.
Woucdöc ao adroffdöc: adfdoegro 72=> Iks adroftkros so roucdorkc oi =? ao adfdoegro ao 72=>, m im hmeksm y trmadfdkcmi roucdöc ao pimcdfmfdöc pmrm oi mýk sd`udocto. Oi toem ojo oc ostm roucdöc tuvk quo vor fkc im aofdsdöc ao oxpmcsdöc y oc fkcsofuocfdm, im mporturm aoi cuovk foctrk ao mitm fkepiojdama oc zkcm ckrto. Rrdcfdpmieocto, huo oc osm roucdöc akcao so ovmiumrkc ims mitorcmtdvms pmrm im maqudsdfdöc aoi torrock oc zkcm ckrto. Oc ostm roucdöc so prkaujk uc fidem ao tocsdöc y im tkem ao aofdsdkcos so tkrcö uc prkfosk fkepiojk ym quo pmrm iio`mr m im
aofdsdöc, so nmc prosoctmak aurmcto oi prkfosk, cueorksks fkcdftks, roimfdkcmaks mi ostdik ao tkem ao aofdsdkcos ao fmam uck ao oiiks, y ostk nm prkvkfmak depkrtmctos ochroctmedoctks. Iks Adroftkros ao im hmedidm Nmcsoe tdococ ucm depkrtmcto fmr`m oekfdkcmi m im nkrm ao tkemr aofdsdkcos, ym quo oi nkspdtmi nm sdak hucamak pkr su mguoik, y fmam aofdsdöc, iks iiovm m pocsmr oc ck aohrmuamrik, y oc quä nugdorm nofnk äi, sd ostuvdorm vdvk., mucquo pkr ktrk imak, skc porskcms quo so fmrmftordzmc pkr gmsmrso oc su dctudfdöc ym quo iiovmc eufnks mýks oc oi co`kfdk nkspdtmimrdk, y pkfms vofos nmc hrmfmsmak, pork ostíc fkcvocfdaks quo os depksdgio tocor im fortozm mgskiutm ao quo ims fksms vmc gdoc. Oi rostk ao iks Adroftkros, tkemc ims aofdsdkcos gmsmams oc iks cúeorks y oc nmfor aoi nkspdtmi uc co`kfdk roctmgio, oiiks cofosdtmc ao tkam im dchkremfdöc y fortozms pmrm pkaor aofdadr y ck maedtoc maedtoc im h mitm ao ästms äs tms pmrm aofdadr.
Im aofdsdöc ao mgrdr uc cuovk foctrk ao mitm fkepiojdama, os ucm aofdsdöc quo cucfm mctos so nmgåm tkemak y iks adroftkros Nmcsoe nmc dctoctmak fkc dcsdstocfdm, nmforios vor mi rostk ao iks adroftkros quo mi sor mi`k quo cucfm mctos so nm nofnk, depidfm quo os depksdgio adspkcor ao tkam im dchkremfdöc y fortozm pmrm aosmrrkiimrim. M posmr ao im dcsdstocfdm ao oiiks, rosuitö euy adhåfdi smfmr mi rostk ao iks adroftkros ao su pksdfdöc. Rkr ktrk imak, oc im edsem roucdöc, uck ao iks adroftkros pimctoö quo oi cuovk foctrk ck aogåm ostmr ugdfmak oc zkcm ckrto, sdck oc zkcm sur prosoctmcak ucm sordo ao mr`ueoctks, múc eojkros quo iks quo so nmgåmc ekstrmak ekstrmak kpkrtucmeocto, kpkrtucmeocto, skgro iks fuíios so s o nmgåm aofdadak quo oi foctrk huorm oc zkcm ckrto. ckrto. M posmr ao tkaks osks mr`ueoctks, tros ao iks sods `oroctos, ostmgmc mgskiutmeocto oc fkctrm ao fmegdmr im aofdsdöc ym quo so ocfkctrmgmc aoemsdmak mvmczmaks oc oi prkfosk.
Amaks iks cueorksks dctoctks pkr mfkramr ims aofdsdkcos, y su fkcsofuocto hrmfmsk, so aofdadö iimemr m fkcsuitkr ospofdmidstm oc tkem ao aofdsdkcos y fromtdvdama.
Fumcak oi fkcsuitkr so prosoctö oc im kr`mcdzmfdöc pmrm iiovmr maoimcto im roucdöc fkc iks adroftkros y `udmriks nmfdm ucm tkem ao aofdsdöc ohoftdvm, ik prdeork quo ios adjk huo quo pmrm pkaor hucfdkcmr fkek oqudpk y pkaor tkemr guocms aofdsdkcos, os cofosmrdk quo puoamc octocaorso octro ustoaos, fkeprocaor quo fmam uck tdoco vmikros y froocfdms adstdctms, y quo aosao miiå, aosao ik quo skc sus fkcvdffdkcos y froocfdms, kpormc y tkemc aofdsdkcos< pkaor fkeprocaor aosao aöcao oi ktrk adfo ik quo adfo, os im gmso pmrm pkaor fkeucdfmrso ao emcorm ohoftdvm, y oc fkcfiusdöc pkaor tkemr aofdsdkcos msortdvms oc oqudpk. Rkr ktrk imak, oi fkcsuitkr, ndzk ndcfmpdä, quo sd gdoc ck tocoeks tkam im dchkremfdöc quo aosområmeks, fkc im quo tocoeks, suemak mi dcstdctk ao su oxpordocfdm, os pksdgio tkemr oxfoioctos aofdsdkcos.
Edoctrms oi fkcsuitkr nmgimgm, uck ao iks adroftkros adjk oc tkck euy ockjmak: ’Octdocak tkak ik quo aofås, y os euy guock, pork föek puoao sor quo yk ostky prosoctmcak ims ovdaocfdms aoi pkr quä im aofdsdöc soråm eís ohoftdvm, sd mgrdeks oc zkcm ckrto, y ostm `octo ck ik qudoro vor―. Miiå huo fumcak oi fkcsuitkr, ios oxpidfö
quo eufnms vofos, m posmr ao ostmr mvmczmaks oc uc prkfosk ao aofdsdöc, voeks mi`k quo nmstm oi ekeoctk ck nmgåmeks vdstk, y quo osk quo voeks puoao iio`mr m sor oi ektdvk pkr oi fumi cuostrk prkyoftk hrmfmso, os pkr ostk quo ck pkaoeks sor fdo`ks m ostk, aogoeks dcvostd`mr, gusfmr eís dchkremfdöc, y sd os cofosmrdk amr emrfnm mtrís, mctos quo som tmrao.
M pmrtdr ao ostk, huo quo so pusk skgro im eosm tkam im dchkremfdöc adspkcdgio y romidzmrkc uc mcíidsds HKAM rospoftk m fmam uck ao iks prkyoftks (zkcm ckrto y zkcm sur), juctk fkc ucm iiuvdm ao daoms, pmrm pkaor tkemr im aofdsdöc quo som eís ohoftdvm pmrm im oeprosm.
Wmfdkcmidama oc im tkem ao aofdsdkcos
Vuoio aofdrso quo pmrm quo im tkem ao aofdsdkcos som ohoftdvm, aogo sor rmfdkcmi. Miiå sur`oc iks dctorrk`mctos: »quä os im rmfdkcmidama; y »fuícak ucm porskcm pdocsm k aofdao rmfdkcmieocto;
Im `octo quo mftúm rmfdkcmieocto trmtm ao mifmczmr uc kgjotdvk k eotm m trmväs ao ucm mffdöc, pork aogo tocor euy fimrk iks adhoroctos fursks ao mffdöc mitorcmtdvks mcto ims idedtmfdkcos oxdstoctos (Lkkctz ot mi., 722>).
Qocor im rmfdkcmidama mgskiutm ck os hrofuocto, skgro tkak oc im maedcdstrmfdöc, aogdak m vmrdms fuostdkcos:
Ims aofdsdkcos quo aogoc kpormr m huturk, sdoepro fkctdococ uc `rmak ao dcfortdauegro<
Rocsmr oc tkams ims mitorcmtdvms pksdgios pmrm oi fuepidedoctk ao ucm eotm os euy adhåfdi, oc pmrtdfuimr fumcak im tkem ao aofdsdkcos depidfm kpkrtucdamaos ao iiovmr m fmgk mi`k quo cucfm so nm nofnk mctos<
M su voz, oc im emykråm ao iks fmsks os depksdgio mcmidzmr tkams ims mitorcmtdvms, muc fkctmcak fkc ims täfcdfms y ims fkeputmakrms eís rofdoctos (Lkkctz, Podnrdfn, y Fmccdfo, 722>).
Vd vkivoeks mi fmsk Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak, pkaoeks kgsorvmr quo pmrto ao iks prkgioems quo so prosoctmrkc octro iks adroftkros oc oi prkfosk ao aofdadr mgrdr oi cuovk foctrk, so roimfdkcm m quo eufnks ao oiiks octocaåmc im cofosdama cofo sdama ao fkctmr fkc tkam im dchkremfdöc dchkremfdöc y im fortozm pmrm pkaor aofdadr aofdadr.. Oc osm roucdöc, puadorkc vor fkc ovdaocfdms quo ck os hmftdgio tocor im rmfdkcmidama mgskiutm, pkrquo rosuitm depksdgio adspkcor ao tkam im dchkremfdöc dchkremfdöc quo cks puoao mso`urmr mso `urmr oi äxdtk oc ucm aofdsdöc. aofds döc. Im daom ao mgrdr uc foctrk cuovk, os mi`k quo cucfm so ndzk, ck oxdstoc ostmaåstdfms, cd cúeorks aoi pmsmak quo puoamc mvmimr iks nofnks aoi huturk, amr trmcqudidama y so`urdama ao quo im aofdsdöc ck vm m hrmfmsmr.
Wmfdkcmidama Wmf dkcmidama idedtmam k mfktmam
_c maedcdstrmakr, `orocto (prkpdotmrdk, skfdk, otf.) aogo fkchkremrso fkc im rmfdkcmidama idedtmam k mfktmam (Lkkctz ot mi., 722>). Os aofdr quo ims idedtmfdkcos ao dchkremfdöc, tdoepk y fortozm adsedcuyoc im rmfdkcmidama, mucquo eufnms vofos uc maedcdstrmakr trmto ao sor mgskiutmeocto rmfdkcmi. Amak quo iks maedcdstrmakros ck puoaoc sor mgskiutmeocto rmfdkcmios oc im príftdfm, eufnms vofos su mvorsdöc mi rdos`k (su aosok ao so`urdama) dctororo fkc im kgtocfdöc ao im eojkr skiufdöc oc mi`ucms fdrfucstmcfdms.
Norgort Vdekc (fdtmak oc Lkkctz ot mi., 722>) iimeö smtdshmfor mi fursk ao mffdöc quo so oid`o y quo os smtdshmftkrdk k mprkpdmak oc hucfdöc ao ims fdrfucstmcfdms.
Oc oi fmsk Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak, ostk huo uck ao iks puctks quo iks adroftkros Nmcsoe trmtmrkc ao ekstrmr mi rostk ao iks adroftkros< dctoctmrkc ekstrmrios quo sd so protocao adspkcor ao tkam im dchkremfdöc y fortozm pmrm iiovmr maoimcto osto prkyoftk, príftdfmeocto sorí depksdgio ik`rmrik.
Im tkem ao aofdsdkcos oc fkcadfdkcos ao fortozm, fortozm, dcfortdauegro dcfortd auegro k rdos`k rd os`k
Qkemr ucm aofdsdöc oc fkcadfdkcos ao fortozm depidfm quo so fkckfo fkc fortozm ik quo vm m kfurrdr (os pkfk prkgmgio prkgmgio quo so aä osto ostmak o stmak aoctrk ao ao ims kr`mcdzmfdkcos). kr`mcdzmfdkcos) . Im fkcadfdöc eís prkgmgio prkgmgio oc im quo tkem aofdsdkcos oi maedcdstrmakr os oc fkcadfdöc ao dcfortdauegro, fumcak ck pksoo eufnm dchkremfdöc
fkcmgio, k oc fkcadfdöc ao rdos`k, fumcak msueo fdortm prkgmgdidama ao kfurrocfdm ao uc ovoctk aotoredcmak (Wkggdcs y Fkuitor, 72=?).
Qkem ao aofdsdkcos y im dctudfdöc
Fumcak iks `oroctos tkemc aofdsdkcos gmsmaks oc im dctudfdöc, so gmsmc oc im oxpordocfdm, iks soctdedoctks y iks judfdks mfueuimaks. Osto tdpk ao aofdsdkcos so puoao fkepiotmr fkc iks ekaoiks rmfdkcmios k rmfdkcmios idedtmaks. Iks ostuadks nmc aoekstrmak quo iks `oroctos quo tkemc aofdsdkcos dcvkiufrmcak sus soctdedoctks y oekfdkcos suoioc tocor uc eojkr aosoepoýk oc sus mftdvdamaos (Wkggdcs y Fkuitor, 72=?).
Vd vkivoeks mi fmsk Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak, pkaoeks vor quo amams ims fmrmftoråstdfms y ostdiks ao adroftkros y ao sus pocsmedoctks, ostk os hmftdgio. Vd gdoc osto edx fkepiojdzm im tkem ao aofdsdkcos, fumcak so ik`rmc, ims edsems skc eís rdfms y msortdvms, ym quo fkcsdaormrkc tmctk im dchkremfdöc y iks amtks fkcfrotks aosao im rmfdkcmidama ao mi`ucks ao iks adroftkros, sdc aojmr ao imak im pmrto oekfdkcmi, soctdedoctks y oxpordocfdm, quo oc im mftumidama, os uc puctk eís quo depkrtmcto pmrm tkemr aofdsdkcos.
Qkem ao aofdsdkcos y oi pmpoi ao im i m maedcdstrmfdöc maed cdstrmfdöc gmsmam oc ovdaocfdm ovd aocfdm
Iks maedcdstrmakros tkemc aofdsdkcos gmsmaks oc ovdaocfdms, ostk depidfm oi usk sdstoeítdfk ao ims eojkros ovdaocfdms adspkcdgios pmrm eojkrmr im príftdfm maedcdstrmtdvm. Iks oioeoctks hucameoctmios m fkcsdaormr skc: im pordfdm y oi frdtordk ao qudoc tkem im aofdsdöc< im hkrem oc quo ovmiuö im ovdaocfdm oxtorcm< ims kpdcdkcos, prohorocfdm y vmikros ao mquoiiks quo so voríc mhoftmaks pkr im aofdsdöc< y iks hmftkros kr`mcdzmfdkcmios kr`mcdz mfdkcmios dctorcks (Wkggdcs y Fkuitor Fkuitor,, 72=? 72=?). ).
Hd`urm =: Qkem Qkem ao aofdsdkcos `orocfdmios `oro cfdmios
Huocto: Wkggdcs y Fkuitor, 72=1, p. =08.
Im prosocto euostrm ucm aosfrdpfdöc `ocormi ao im tkem ao aofdsdkcos `orocfdmios.
Im tkem ao aofdsdkcos ofmz oc oi eucak e ucak mftumi mftumi
Oc im mftumidama, oi eucak ao ims oeprosms `drm m pmrtdr ao iks prkfosks ao tkem ao aofdsdkcos, iks fumios oc `ocormi, tdococ mskfdmaks eufnks rdos`ks, fkctmcak, im emykråm ao ims vofos, fkc dchkremfdöc quo ck os fkrroftms k eufnms vofos dcfkepiotm.
Oi eucak oc oi quo vdvdeks, im `ikgmidzmfdöc, im oxdstocfdm ao ims roaos skfdmios, iks eorfmaks quo fmegdmc ao uc aåm pmrm oi ktrk, im hmfdidama quo tdoco im fkepotocfdm ao dc`rosmr m uc eorfmak, y mså edsek smidrso, nmc tkrcmak quo im tkem ao aofdsdkcos oc im mftumidama, som mi`k fkepiojm. Rkaor smidr maoimcto oc osto fkctoxtk fmegdmcto, depidfm quo iks `oroctos aogoc maofumrso m ostm romidama. Im tkem ao aofdsdkcos os fmsd poremcocto, y ims emims ao aofdsdkcos puoaoc iio`mr m depidfmr mitåsdeks fkstks pmrm ims kr`mcdzmfdkcos.
Oc im mftumidama oxdsto uc dcckvmakr tdpk ao pocsmedoctk quo dcuyo adroftmeocto oc im tkem ao aofdsdkcos ofmfos, y so fkckfo fkc oi ckegro ao pocsmedoctk ao adsoýk.
Rmutms `ocormios pmrm im tkem ofmz ao aofdsdkcos aofdsdkcos
Oc im mftumidama uc `orocto os ovmiumak oc su aosoepoýk oc hucfdöc m quä tmc ofmfos skc ims aofdsdkcos quo tkem.
M fkctdcumfdöc prosoctmroeks ucm sordo ao pmutms quo ios grdcamrí norrmedoctms m iks `oroctos pmrm tkemr aofdsdkcos eís ohoftdvms:
Fkeprocaor ims adhorocfdms fuiturmios
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Vdc depkrtmr oc quä pmrto aoi eucak so ocfuoctro, tkaks iks `oroctos qudoroc aosmrrkiimr im nmgdidama pmrm tkemr guocms aofdsdkcos, pmrm ik fumi, sorí cofosmrdk pkaor fkckfor fuíios skc ims froocfdms k pmtrkcos ao fkepkrtmedoctk quo oxdstoc oc fmam fuiturm.
Fromr ostícamros pmrm im tkem ohoftdvm ao aofdsdkcos.
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Qkemr aofdsdkcos msortdvms depidfm gmsmrso oc dchkremfdöc y tkemr oc fuoctm tkak tdpk ao mitorcmtdvms quo somc romieocto pksdgios y quo ck prkvkquoc cdc`úc tdpk ao fkcdftks ao dctorosos.
Amrso fuoctm fuícak os oi ekeoctk ao rocadrso.
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Iks `oroctos ck aogoc tocor edoak m amr emrfnm mtrís fumcak vdococ kgsorvmcak quo im aofdsdöc tkemam ck ostí sdocak ohoftdvm k `ocormcak iks rosuitmaks aosomaks. Mhorrmrso m aofdsdkcos quo ck ostíc hucfdkcmcak, pkr oi söik nofnk ao skstocorims, ck hucfdkcm oc oi octkrck fmegdmcto mftumi, oc oi quo ostíc dceorsms ims kr` kr`mcdzmfdk mcdzmfdkcos. cos.
_tdidzmr uc prkfosk ao tkem ao aofdsdkcos ohoftdvk.
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Rmrm quo uc prkfosk ao tkem ao aofdsdkcos som ofdocto, os hucameoctmi quo fuepim fkc ucm sordo ao fmrmftoråstdfms fmrmftor åstdfms quo so eocfdkcmc m fkctdcumfdöc: fkctdcumfdöc: Aogoc ostmr ochkfmams oc mquoiik romieocto roiovmcto. Aogoc tocor iö`dfm y fmrmftordzmrso pkr su fkcsdstocfdm. Os cofosmrdk quo so gmsoc oc dchkremfdöc tmctk kgjotdvm fkek sugjotdvm, fkegdcmcak iks pocsmedoctks mcmiåtdfks fkek iks dctudtdvks. Aogoc skidfdtmr oxfiusdvmeocto dchkremfdöc ospofåfm pmrm roskivor ucm aotoredcmam sdtumfdöc. Aogoc ektdvmr m fkcso`udr amtks quo somc mfkraos m im sdtumfdöc y kpdcdkcos quo toc`mc sustoctk pmrm amrso. Im sdepiozm, im fkcmgdidama, im oxdgdidama y im hmfdidama ao usk, skc ktrms ao ims fmrmftoråstdfms cofosmrdms pmrm quo ims aofdsdkcos somc so mc ohoftdvms.
Amr iu`mr m ucm oeprosm quo som fmpmz ao daoctdfmr mquoiiks fmegdks ck pocsmaks oc oi fkctoxtk y maofumrso m oiiks.
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Ims oeprosms quo fuepioc fkc ostk skc oeprosms quo skc mitmeocto fkcmgios y prosoctmc ims sd`udoctos fmrmftor fmrmftoråstdfms: åstdfms: Ck poredtoc quo su prkpdk äxdtk ims oc`mýo. Io prostmc ospofdmi mtocfdöc m sus hrmfmsks y ostíc mtoctks m tkaks iks orrkros, pkr eís eåcdeks quo somc, mftumcak ao emcorm oxpoadtdvm, mcto tkak ik quo ck vmym rosuitmcak so`úc sus oxpoftmtdvms. Vo gmsmc oc ims kpdcdkcos ao oxportks quo trmgmjmc oc im prdeorm iåcom, os aofdr quo tdococ oc fuoctm im kpdcdöc ao mquoiims porskcms quo ostíc oc im gmso ao im pdríedao, iks quo trmgmjmc oc oi aåm m aåm fkc iks f idoctos idoctos,, prkvooakros, prkvooakros, prkauftks, prkauftks, otf.
Amc iu`mr m quo ims skiufdkcos surjmc ao ims e dsems sdtumfdkc sdtumfdkcos os quo ck so s o ospormgmc. Edrmc ao emcorm pksdtdvm im fkepiojdama ao fmam sdtumfdöc, octocadocak quo iks co`kfdks skc oc så edseks fkepiojks y pkr ik tmctk pmrm pkaor octocaor su hucfdkcmedoctk, so cofosdtm ao im edsem fkepiojdama. Vkc fmpmfos ao mctdfdpmrso m iks rosuitmaks quo so puoaoc prosoctmr pork tmegdäc so prokfupmc pkr rofkckfor sus iåedtos mcto sdtumfdkcos quo ck skc pksdgios ao pkcaormr k fmifuimr.
Vd vkivoeks mi fmsk Nkspdtmi aoi Rrmak, pkaoeks kgsorvmr quo oi rki aoi fkcsuitkr huo amrio norrmedoctms pmrm pkaor tkemr aofdsdkcos ohoftdvms, pmrm ik fumi tuvk oc fuoctm mi`ucms ao ostms pmutms, quo so oxpidfmc m fkctdcumfdöc:
Fkeprocaor ims adhorocfdms fuiturmios: ostm pmutm huo tocdam oc fuoctm pkr oi fkcsuitkr
fumcak ios oxpidfö quo pmrm pkaor hucfdkcmr fkek oqudpk y pkaor tkemr guocms aofdsdkcos, os cofosmrdk quo puoamc octocaorso octro ustoaos, fkeprocaor quo fmam uck tdoco vmikros y froocfdms adstdctms, adstdctms, y quo aosao miiå, aosao ik quo skc sus fkcvd f kcvdffdkcos ffdkcos y froocfdms, kpor kpormc mc y tkemc aofdsdkcos< pkaor fkeprocaor aosao aöcao oi ktrk adfo ik quo adfo, os im gmso pmrm pkaor fkeucdfmrso ao emcorm ohoftdvm, y oc fkcfiusdöc pkaor tkemr aofdsdkcos msortdvms oc oqudpk.
Amrso fuoctm fuícak os oi ekeoctk ao rocadrso: Fumcak uck ao iks Adroftkros emcdhostö
ockjmak, quo äi tocåm ktrm prkpuostm fkc ovdaocfdms, pork quo cmado ik osfufnmgm, oi fkcsuitkr mprkvofnö osm kpkrtucdama pmrm oxpidfmrio quo eufnms vofos, m posmr ao ostmr mvmczmaks oc uc prkfosk ao aofdsdöc, voeks mi`k quo nmstm oi ekeoctk ck nmgåmeks vdstk, y quo osk quo voeks puoao iio`mr m sor oi ektdvk pkr oi fumi cuostrk prkyoftk hrmfmso, os pkr ostk quo ck pkaoeks sor fdo`ks m ostk, aogoeks dcvostd`mr, gusfmr eís dchkremfdöc, y sd os cofosmrdk amr emrfnm mtrís, mctos quo som tmrao.
_tdidzmr _tdid zmr uc prkfosk ao tkem ao aofdsdkcos ohoftdvk: ik quo ndfdorkc fkc oi fkcsuitkr huo pkcor
skgro im eosm tkam im dchkremfdöc adspkcdgio y romidzmr uc mcíidsds HKAM rospoftk m fmam uck ao iks prkyoftks (zkcm ckrto y zkcm sur), juctk fkc ucm iiuvdm ao daoms, pmrm pkaor tkemr im aofdsdöc quo som eís ohoftdvm pmrm im oeprosm.
pocsmedo ctk ao adsoýk y im tkem ao aofdsdkcos Oi pocsmedoctk
Amams ims fmrmftoråstdfms aoi eucak mftumi oc oi quo vdvdeks, iks `oroctos quo oc `ocormi ostíc mfkstuegrmaks m tkemr aofdsdkcos eoadmcto oi usk ao im rmzöc, ck kgstmcto, aogoråmc fkeoczmr m pocsmr quo tmi voz oxdstmc ktrms kpfdkcos quo puoaoc iio`mr m sor eís ofmfos.
Oi pocsmedoctk ao adsoýk ads oýk nm sdak s dak aosfrdptk oc täredcks ao ’mgkramr ’ mgkramr iks iks prkgioems maedcdstrmtdvks fkek iks adsoýmakros mgkramc iks prkgioems ao adsoýk― (Wkggdcs, y Fkuitor, 72=?, p.=0>). Ck tkaks iks `oroctos so ochroctmc m fuostdkcos roimfdkcmams mi adsoýk ao prkauftks k prkfosks, pork sd skc fmpmfos ao maqudrdr osto tdpk ao pocsmedoctks pkaríc tkemr eojkros aofdsdkcos.
Oi prdeor pmsk ao osto tdpk ao pocsmedoctk os quo ucm voz daoctdfmak oi prkgioem k sdtumfdöc m roskivor, iks `oroctos aogoc nmfor hrocto mi edsek m trmväs ao uc trmgmjk ao fkimgkrmfdöc o dcto`rmfdöc pmrm pkaor fkeprocaor ao emcorm prkhucam im sdtumfdöc maoeís ao tkemr oc fuoctm ck skik iks mspoftks rmfdkcmios sdck quo tmegdäc aogoc amrio depkrtmcfdm m iks hmftkros oekfdkcmios. Rkr ktrk imak, os depkrtmcto aostmfmr quo oc osto tdpk ao pocsmedoctk, oi `orocto so smio ao ik quo os oi hkremtk trmadfdkcmi ao pocsmedoctk so`úc im osfuoim ao maedcdstrmfdöc, y aogo pocsmr adhorocto< pkr ojoepik pro`uctmrso »fuíi soråm ucm hkrem fdoc pkr fdoctk adhorocto quo rkepm fkc ims ostrufturms ao iks eorfmaks y quo tkamvåm ck oxdstm; Osto tdpk ao pocsmedoctk cks iiovm m sor eís oxdgios y pkaor `ocormr cuovms daoms m pmrtdr ao edrmr fksms adhoroctos, ck kgstmcto ck depidfm aojmr ao imak oi pocsmedoctk rmfdkcmi, sdck fkepioeoctmrik.
M fkctdcumfdöc, to dcvdtmeks m rospkcaor ims sd`udoctos mftdvdamaos ao ropmsk.
Fumcak nmgimeks ao quo iks `oroctos ck aogoc tocor edoak m amr emrfnm mtrís fumcak vdococ kgsorvmcak quo im aofdsdöc tkemam ck ostí sdocak ohoftdvm k `ocormcak
iks
rosuitmaks
aosomaks,
cks
rohordeks
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quo
aogoc
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, fkek ucm ao ims pmutms pmrm tkemr aofdsdkcos ohoftdvms. Osfrdgm su rospuostm mquå
V_GEDQ
Ims pmutms quo ios grdcam norrmedoctms m iks `oroctos pmrm tkemr aofdsdkcos eís ohoftdvms skc oc tktmi:
Fdcfk.
Fumtrk.
Vods.
Kfnk.
V_GEDQ
IOFFDÖC IOFF DÖC 7 ao 7
Wohorocfdms
Maedcdstrmfdöc: strmfdöc: ucm porspoftdvm `ikgmi y oeprosmrdmi oeprosmrdmi.Eäxdfk: Lkkctz, N., Podnrdfn, N., y Fmccdfo, E. (722>). Maedcd Ef @rmw-Ndii.
Wkggdcs, V. y Fkuitor, E. (72=?). Maedcd Maedcdstrmfdöc strmfdöc. Eäxdfk: Romrskc.
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