LN S@LQCKÓB DA C@BTX@WAXSKNS DA LNS YXÎCTKCNS DASLANLAS @rdabnekabt`s kbtarbnck`bnlas Dark Da rkvn vnd` d` da ln lnss ba baf`c f`ckn knck ck`b `bas as da ln X` X`bd bdn n T` T`ok ok` ` gu gua a axp axpad adkd kd` ` ub Có Códk dkf` f` Nbtkduepkbf, kbtarprató baf`cknd` y aballncunl X`bdn Oabbady.al nrtåcul` WK dal FNTT y sustktuyó al skeklnr N pnrtkr da ln X`bdn T`ok`, guar`b c`bcratndns lns baf`cknck`bas da vnrk`s ncuard`s quë trntnhnb dkvarsns entarkns, ekse`s qua nl b` sar ncaptnd`s p`r ln t`tnlkdnd t`tnl kdnd da l`s ekaehr`s dal FNTT, c`eúbeabta c`eúbeabta arnb c`b`ck c`b`ckd`s d`s c`e` códkf`s códkf`s.. Durnbta ln X`bdn Qrufuny, dkcm`s códkf`s ndqukarab al cnrîctar da ncuard`s eultklntarnlas. Y`stark`reabta, durnbta lns baf`cknck`bas da ln X`bdn Qrufuny sa axpkda al ncuar nc uard` d` ral ralnt ntkv kv` ` n ln nplk nplkcn cnck ckób ób da dall nr nrtå tåcul cul` ` WK da dall Nc Ncua uard rd` ` Faba Fabarn rnll s` s`hra hra Nrnbcalas y C`earck` da >;;4. Dahae`s t`enr ab cuabtn qua l`s sujat`s qua puadab kbcurrkr ab ubn c`bductn da duep du epkkbf s` s`b b lns lns ae aepr pras asns ns,, p` p`rr l` qu qua a ln raf aful ulnc nckó kób b nb nbtk tkd due uepk pkbf bf da ln `rfnbkznckób eubdknl dal c`earck`, p`r sus skflns @EC, sa lkektn n saþnlnr l`s lkbanekabt`s qua dahab astnhlacar l`s f`hkarb`s da l`s astnd`s ekaehr`s ab su ra ralnc lnckó kób b kb kbta tarb rbn, n, y ngact ngactn n úb úbkc kcn n y axcl axclus uskv kvne neab abta ta ln lnss ea eadk dkdn dnss qua qua dkcm dkcm`s `s f`hkarb`s nd`ptab c`btrn al duepkbf. Y`r `trn pnrta, al ncuard` da suhvabck`bas y eadkdns c`epabsnt`rkns, hnsnd` ab al Códkf` da Suhvabck`bas baf`cknd` ab ln X`bdn da T`ok`, n dkgarabckn da su pradacas`r, pradacas `r, c`btkaba ubn dagkbkckób da suhvabckób suhvabckób aspacågkcn, dóbda ln c`bductn c`bductn as prnctkcndn p`r f`hkarb`s y aeprasns. Asta códkf` astnhlaca tras clnsas da suhvabck`bas: suhvabck`bas pr`mkhkdns, suhvabck`bas racurrkhlas y suspabsk`bas b` racurrkhlas. Qb ekaehr` da ln @EC puada rastrkbfkr taep`rnleabta lns kep`rtnck`bas da ub pr`duct` pr`duct ` (astnh (astnhlacar lacar ` nd`ptn nd`ptnrr eadkd eadkdns ns da snlvnfunrdkn) snlvnfunrdkn) sk lns kep`r kep`rtnck`b tnck`bas as da asa pr`duct` mnb nueabtnd` ab tnl cnbtkd cnbtkdnd nd qua cnusn ` neabnz neabnznb nb cnusnr dnþ` frnva n ubn rnen da ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl. Ln `hlkfnck`bas skb aehnrf`, ubn c`epabsnckób p`r pnrta dal pnås qua rastrkbfa lns kep`rtnck`bas entarkn da ln snlvnfunrdn. Ln g`ren qua NSQEA ln snlvnfunrdn puada sar vnrkndn: s`hra tnsn nrnbcalnrkn, lkcabckn ` pareks` da kep`rtnckób, nrnbcal-cup`. Su asabckn as ln taep`rnlkdnd c`yubturnl qua rkfa pnrn avktnr dnþ`s ` neabnzn da dnþ` sark`.
Ln rafulnckób ab entarkn da prîctkcns daslanlas ab Eëxkc` Lns prîc Lns prîctktkcn cnss da dasl slan anla lass da c`ea c`earc rck` k` kbta kbtarb rbnc nck` k`bn bnll s`b s`b c`ep c`ep`r `rtn tnek ekab abt` t`ss aepr ae pras asnr nrkn knla lass y fu fuha harb rbne neab abtn tnla lass da dast stkb kbnd nd`s `s n da dapr prad adnr nr,, dksc dkscrk rkek ekbn bnrr y suhva su hvabc bck` k`bn bnrr pr prac ack` k`ss pnr pnrn n `h `hta taba barr va vabt btnj njns ns c` c`ea earc rckn knla lass nrt nrtkgkgkc kckn knla lass ab l` l`ss earcnd`s earc nd`s axt axtarb` arb`s, s, dnþ dnþnbd nbd` ` y par parjud judkcn kcnbd` bd` n pr` pr`duct duct`ras `ras c`epat c`epatkd` kd`ras ras da hkabas ` sarvkck`s kdëbtkc`s ` skeklnras. Cunbd` ubn aeprasn axtrnbjarn axp`rtn n Eëxkc` ub pr`duct` n ub prack` kbgark`r nl qua l` c`earcknlkzn ab su pr`pk` earcnd` da `rkfab, as dackr, dkscrkekbn sus prack`s c`b ln kbtabckób da dasplnznr n pr`duct`ras d`eëstkc`s y fnbnrsa p`r asn vån ubn pnrtkckpnckób eny`r ab dkcm` earcnd`, astne`s ab prasabckn da ubn prîctkcn nbtkc`epatktkvn qua ngactn y dnþn nl pnås muëspad da lns earcnbcåns ` pr`duct`s. Y`r `trn pnrta, cunbd` ub f`hkarb` nbubckn y `t`rfn ub pr`frnen da suhskdk`s y np`y np `y`s `s n sus sus pr pr`d `duc uct` t`ss bn bnck ck`b `bnl nlas as c`bs c`bsks ksta tabt bta a ab pr prac ack` k`ss da fn fnrn rnbt btån ån ` gkbnbcknekabt`s hlnbd`s y dkcm`s pr`duct`ras axp`rtnb tnlas pr`duct`s, astne`s ab pras prasab abck ckn n da `trn `trn pr prîc îctktkcn cn nb nbtktkc` c`ep epat atktktkv kvn n ajac ajacut utnd ndn n p` p`rr f` f`hk hkar arb` b`ss ` dapabdabckns `gkcknlas. Ab nehns sktunck`bas, prkvndns ` púhlkcns, al skstaen eultklntarnl da c`earck` gncultn nl pnås ngactnd` pnrn pravabkr y snbck`bnr n l`s rasp`bsnhlas da dkcmns prîctkcns nbtkc`epatktkvns. Lns prîctkcns daslanlas da c`earck` kbtarbnck`bnl sa clnskgkcnb ab: duepkbf y suhvabck`bas.
n) Duepkbf: as ln prîctkcn nbtkc`epatktkvn qua c`bsksta ab vabdar ab al earcnd` axtarb` ub pr`duct` n ub prack` kbgark`r n su vnl`r b`renl (prack` pnås da `rkfab)) dnþnbd `rkfab dnþnbd` ` ` neabnz neabnznbd` nbd` dnþnr n ubn rnen da pr`ducc pr`ducckób kób bnck`bnl da earcnbcåns kdëbtkcns ` skeklnras. h) Su Suhv hvab abck ck`b `bas: as: as t`dn nyudn fuharbneabtnl qua `t`rfn ub abta púhlkc` n ub sact`r pr`ductkv` c`e` praek` p`r axp`rtnck`bas da hkabas ` sarvkck`s. Tkabab l`s skfukabtas alaeabt`s:
Duepkbf
>. Dks Dkscrk crkekb ekbnck nckób ób da pra prack`s ck`s?? 8. Dnþ` ` neabnz neabnzn n da d dnþ` nþ` n ln pr pr`ducckó `ducckób b bnc bnck`bnl k`bnl y 3. Xa Xaln lnck ckób ób ccnu nusn snl.l.
>. Suh Suhskd skdk`s k`s ` nyu nyudn dn fu fuharb harbnea neabtn btnl?l? 8. Dnþ Dnþ` ` ` neabnzn neabnzn d da a dnþ` n lln n pr`d pr`ducck ucckób ób bnc bnck`b k`bnl nl y 3. Xa Xaln lnck ckób ób ccnu nusn snl.l.
Suhvabck`bas
Kdabtkgkcndn Kdabtkgkcnd n ëstn ` ëstns sa nplkcn nplkcnrî rî ubn cu`tn c`epabsn c`epabsnt`rkn t`rkn n l`s kep`rtnd` kep`rtnd`ras ras qua kbtr`duzcnb nl pnås lns earcnbcåns kbvastkfndns. Sa abtkabda p`r cu`tn c`epabsnt`rkn, c`bg`rea nl nrtåcul` 3¹ grncckób KKK da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r (LCA), c`e` nquallns qua sa nplkcnb n lns earcnbcåns kep`rtndns ab c`bdkck`bas da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabckób ab su pnås da `rkfab. Nså ekse`, al nrtåcul` 8; da ln LCA, astnhlaca qua ln pruahn da dnþ` sa `t`rfnrî skaepra y cunbd` ab al pnås da `rkfab ` pr`cadabckn da lns earcnbcåns da qua sa trnta axkstn rackpr`ckdnd. Ab cns` c`btrnrk`, ln Sacratnrån da Ac`b`eån p`drî kep`bar cu`tns c`epabsnt`rkns skb bacaskdnd da datarekbnr ln axkstabckn da dnþ`. Astn últken dksp`skckób daha kbtarpratnrsa ab al sabtkd` da qua l`s pnåsas da qua sa trnta dahab sar skfbntnrk`s dal Ncuard` Nbtkduepkbf, ` hkab dahab gkrenr ncuard`s c`b Eëxkc` pnrn qua axkstn rackpr`ckdnd. Xackabtaeabta ln eny`r pnrta da l`s pnåsas c`b l`s cunlas c`earcknlkzne`s s`b skfbntnrk`s dal Ncuard` da ln @rfnbkznckób Eubdknl dal C`earck` (@EC).
DQEYKBF Ab buastr` skstaen jurådkc`, ln prîctkcn daslanl da duepkbf gua rafulndn n pnrtkr da ln Lay Xaflneabtnrkn dal Nrtåcul` >3> da ln C`bstktuckób Y`låtkcn da l`s Astnd`s Qbkd`s Eaxkcnb`s ab Entarkn da C`earck` Axtark`r. Y`stark Y`sta rk`re `reabt abta, a, gu gua a np npr` r`hnd hndn n p` p`rr al C`bf C`bfra ras` s` ln nctu nctunl nl “L “Lay ay da C` C`ea earc rck` k` Axtark`r―, puhlkcndn ab al Dknrk` @gkcknl da ln Gadarnckób, 86 da julk` da >;;3, y qua ab abtr tró ó ab vkf` vkf`r r nl då n skfu skfuka kabt bta alnda su pu puhl hlkc kcnc nckó kób, b, ek ekse sen nC`earck` qu qua a nske nskekl kln n l`s l`ys c`epr`eks`s da l`s dån ncuard`s da @rfnbkznckób Eubdknl dal (@EC) al Trntnd` da Lkhra C`earck` da Neërkcn dal B`rta (TLCNB, nm`rn T-EAC). Nctunleabta, ab Eëxkc` sa rafulnb astns prîctkcns klåcktns earcnbtklas c`b lns skfukabtas b`rens jurådkcns:
Nrtåcul` >3> da ln C`bstktuckób Y`låtkcn Y`låtkcn da l`s Astnd`s Qbkd`s Eaxkcnb`s. Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r Xaflneabt` da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r Ncuard` ralntkv` n ln nplkcnckób dal nrtåcul` WK dal FNTT (Al Ncuard` Fabarnl s`hra Nrnbcalas Ndunbar`s y C`earck`, tnehkëb llnend` Ncuard` Nbtkduepkbf) y al Ncuard` s`hra Suhvabck`bas y Daracm`s C`epabsnt`rk`s da ln @rfnbkznckób da ln @EC.
Cnpåtul` >9 dal T-EAC. Nbax` >9-N dal T-EAC.
Al Duepkbf as ubn prîctkcn daslanl qua ajacutnb lns aeprasns, c`bskstabta ab kbtr`duckr earcnbcåns `rkfkbnrkns ` pr`cadabtas da cunlqukar pnås ab al earcnd` da `tr` n ub prack` kbgark`r n su vnl`r b`renl (prack` ax w`ro-gîhrkcn) y qua dnþn ` neabnzn dnþnr n l`s pr`duct`ras bnck`bnlas da nrtåcul`s kdëbtkc`s ` skeklnras. Ab prkbckpk`, dahae`s eabck`bnr qua al nrtåcul` WK dal FNTT, dagkabda n ln pr`du pr `ducc cckó kób b bnc bnck` k`bn bnll da ln lnss prî prîct ctkc kcns ns da dasl slan anla lass cn cnlklkgkgkcn cndns dns c` c`e` e` duep duepkb kbf f lktarnleabta astnhlaca: >. Lns Lns pnrt pnrtas as c` c`bt btrn rntn tnbt btas as ra rac` c`b` b`ca cab b qua qua al duep duepkb kbf, f, qua qua pare parekt kta a ln kbtr`ducckób da l`s pr`duct`s da ub pnås ab al earcnd` da `tr` pnås n ub prack` kbgark`r n su vnl`r b`renl, as c`bdabnhla cunbd` cnusn ` neabnzn cnusnr ub dnþ` kep`rtnbta n ubn rnen da pr`ducckób axkstabta da ubn pnrta c`btrntnbta ` sk ratrnsn da enbarn kep`rtnbta ln cranckób da ubn rnen da pr`ducckób bnck`bnl.
Y`r su pnrta, al nrtåcul` KK dal Ncuard` ralntkv` n ln Nplkcnckób dal Nrtåcul` WK dal FNTT, saþnln: 8.>. N l`s agact`s dal prasabta Ncuard`, sa c`bskdarnrî qua ub pr`duct` as `hjat` da duepkbf, as dackr, qua sa kbtr`duca ab al earcnd` da `tr` pnås n ub prack` kbgark`r n su vnl`r b`renl, cunbd` su prack` da axp`rtnckób nl axp`rtnrsa da ub pnås n `tr` san eab`r qua al prack` c`epnrnhla, ab al curs` cur s` da `par `parnck nck`ba `bas s c`earc c`earckn knla las s b`re b`renl nlas, as, da ub pr`d pr`duct uct` ` sk skek eklnr lnr dastkbnd` nl c`bsue` ab al pnås axp`rtnd`r.
C`e` p`dae`s `hsarvnr, al Códkf` vn eîs nllî dal FNTT, nl kbc`rp`rnr raqukskt`s buav`s n ln c`bgkfurnckób dal duepkbf, tnlas c`e` al “prack` c`epnrnhla―, lns “`parnck`bas c`earcknlas b`renlas― y ln c`epnrnckób c`b ub “pr`duct` skeklnr―. Ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r b` utklkzn al tërekb` duepkbf, skb` sa lkektn n dasc da scrk rkhk hkrr astn astn pr prîc îctktkcn cn da dasl slan anll c`e` c`e` “k “kep ep`r `rtn tnck ck`b `bas as ab c`bd c`bdkc kck` k`ba bass da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s―, b` `hstnbta, al tërekb` duepkbf mn skd` nd`ptnd` ab pr`pkneabta t`dns lns labfuns pnrn skfbkgkcnr ln kep`rtnckób da ub pr`duct` n ub prac prack` k` eab` eab`rr qu qua a al pr prav avnl nlac acka kabt bta a ab al ek ekse se` ` tkae tkaep` p` y hn hnj` j` kdëb kdëbtktkcn cnss c`bdkck`bas, ab al pnås da `rkfab. Ab al daracm` eaxkcnb`, al safubd` cnpåtul` dal tåtul` W da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark Axt ark`r `r kbtafr kbtafrnd` nd` c`b ska skata ta nrt nrtåcu åcul`s l`s ast astnhl nhlaca aca lns b`re b`rens ns fabarnl fabarnlas as s`hra s`hra duepkbf, tnlas c`e` su dagkbkckób, al cîlcul` dal e`bt` da ln dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s,, lns hnsas pnrn mncar c`epnrnhlas prack`s c`epnrnhlas al prack` da axp`rtnck axp`rtnckób ób n Eëxkc Eëxkc` ` y al prack` da ubn earcnbcån kdëbtkcn ` skeklnr nl earcnd` kbtarb` dal pnås da `rkfab, y lns hnsas cabtrnleabta aspacknlas pnrn al cns`(ab dalnkep`rtnck`bas `rkfkbnrkns da pnåsas c`b ac`b`eån plnbkgkcndn nctunlkdnd, sól` Cmkbn y Cuhn).
C`e` sa eabck`bó c`b nbtark`rkdnd, pnrn qua sa ranlkca ubn prîctkcn daslanl da duepkbf, dahab c`bcurrkr skeultîbaneabta tras alaeabt`s: n) Dks Dkscrke crkekbn kbnckó ckób bd da ap prac rack`s. k`s. h) Dn Dnþ` þ` ` n nea eabnz bnzn n da dn dnþ`. þ`. c) Xa Xaln lnck ckób ób ccnu nusn snl.l.
N. Dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s Al nrtåcul` 39 da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r astnhlaca qua: “Ln kep`rtnckób ab c`bd c`bdkc kck` k`ba bas s da dk dksc scrk rkek ekbn bnck ckób ób da pr prac ack` k`s s c`bs c`bsks ksta ta ab ln kbtr kbtr`d `duc ucck ckób ób da earcnbcåns nl tarrkt`rk` bnck`bnl n ub prack` kbgark`r n su vnl`r b`renl.―.
Xac`rdae`s ln góreuln DY 5 WB – YA, d`bda: DY 5 Dkscrkekbnckób da Yrack`s WB 5 Wnl`r b`renl YA 5 Yrack` da Axp`rtnckób N agact` da pracksnr al c`btabkd` y nlcnbca da astn dksp`skckób, al nrtåcul` 3> da ln eksen Lay b`s dagkba qua mn da abtabdarsa p`r “vnl`r b`renl―: “Al vnl`r b`renl da lns earcnbcåns axp`rtndns n Eëxkc` as al prack` c`epnrnhla da ubn earcnbcån kdëbtkcn ` skeklnr qua sa dastkba nl earcnd` kbtarb` dal pnås da `rkfab ab al curs` da `parnck`bas c`earcknlas b`renlas. Skb aehnrf`, cunbd` b` sa ranlkcab vabtns da ubn earcnbcån kdëbtkcn ` skeklnr ab al pnås da `rkfab, ` cunbd` tnlas vabtns b` parektnb ubn c`epnrnckób vîlkdn, sa c`bskdarnrî c`e` vnl`r b`renl: K. Al prack` c`epnrnhla da ubn earcnbcån kdëbtkcn ` skeklnr axp`rtndn dal pnås da `rkfab n ub tarcar pnås ab al curs` da `parnck`bas c`earcknlas b`renlas. Asta prack` daharî sar al eîs nlt`, skaepra qua san ub prack` raprasabtntkv`, ` KK. Al vnl`r rac`bstrukd` ab al pnås da `rkfab qua sa `htabdrî da ln suen dal c`st` da pr`ducckób, fnst`s fabarnlas y ubn utklkdnd rnz`bnhla, l`s cunlas daharîb c`rrasp`bdar n `parnck`bas c`earcknlas b`renlas ab al pnås da `rkfab.―.
Y`r `trn pnrta, cunbd` ln earcnbcån san axp`rtndn n Eëxkc` dasda ub pnås kbtareadknrk` kbtare adknrk`,, y b` dkractneabta dkractneabta dal pnås da `rkfab, al vnl`r b`renl sarî al prack` c`epnrnhla da earcnbcåns kdëbtkcns ` skeklnras ab al pnås da pr`cadabckn. Ln dkgarabckn abtra al “vnl`r b`renl― y al “prack` da axp`rtnckób―, ralntkvn n asta últke` prack` c`bstktuya al enrfab da dkscrkekbnckób al cunl sarî astkend` y cnlculnd` c`bg`rea n l`s pr`cadkekabt`s astnhlackd`s p`r l`s nrtåcul`s 3; n 4> dal raflneabt` da ln LCA.
B` rasultn gîckl dackdkr ln utklkznckób da tnl ` cunl eat`d`l`fån n nplkcnr n ub cns` ab c`b c`bcr crat at`. `. Y`drå Y`dråne ne`s `s rav ravks ksnr nr l` l`ss eî eîss da 81 819 9 cns cns`s `s prasa prasabt btnd nd`s `s nbta nbta ln nut`rkdnd eaxkcnbn ab ub park`d` da >9 nþ`s a kdabtkgkcnr quë tkp` da eat`d`l`fån sa mn utklkznd` eîs, ab quë sact`r, atc. Y`r ajaepl`, quë tnbt` sa puada pr`hnr ln raprasabtntkvkdnd da lns vabtns dabtr` da ln eat`d`l`fån dal prack` da axp`rtnckób n tarcar pnås. Xac`rdae`s qua dahkarn dar al >1% da lns vabtns t`tnlas (nrtåcul` 48 dal Xaflneabt` da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r). Qb nspact` da suen trnscabdabckn as ln datarekbnckób da l` qua sa daha abtabdar c`e` earcnbcån kdëbtkcn ` skeklnr, b` `hstnbta l` cunl b` as trntnd` p`r ln Lay, skb` p`r al nrtåcul` 36 da su raflneabt`.
H. Dnþ` ` neabnzn da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl Ynrn nbnlkznr asta alaeabt` as kep`rtnbta snhar quë sa abtkabda p`r pr`ducckób bnck`bnl. Ln lay vkfabta, ab su nrtåcul` 49, astnhlaca: “Ynrn ln datare “Ynrn datarekb kbnc nckó kób b da ln ax axks ksta tabck bckn n da dnþ`, dnþ`, sa abta abtabd bdar arî î p`r p`r rnen rnen da pr`ducckób bnck`bnl al t`tnl da l`s pr`duct`ras bnck`bnlas da lns earcnbcåns kdëb kdëbtk tkcn cns s ` sk skek ekln lnra ras, s, ` nquël nquëll` l`s s cuyn cuyn pr pr`d `ducc ucckó kób b c`bj c`bjub ubtn tn c`bst c`bstkt ktuy uyn n ubn ubn pr`p`rckób kep`rtnbta da ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl t`tnl. Skb aehnrf`, cunbd` ub`s pr`duct`ras astëb vkbculnd`s n l`s axp`rtnd`ras ` n l`s kep`rtnd`ras ` sanb all`s ekse`s kep`rtnd`ras da ln earcnbcån `hjat` da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas, ln axpraskób rnen da pr`ducckób bnck`bnl p`drî kbtarpratnrsa ab al sabtkd` da ragarkrsa nl rast` da l`s pr`duct`ras. Cunbd` ln t`tnlkdnd da l`s pr`duct`ras astëb vkbculnd`s n l`s axp`rtnd`ras ` n l`s ke kep`r p`rtn tnd` d`ra ras s ` sanb sanb al all` l`s s ekse ekse`s `s ke kep` p`rt rtnd nd`ra `ras s da ln earcn earcnbc bcån ån `h `hjat jat` ` da dkscrkekbnck dkscrk ekbnckób ób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas, suhvabck`bas, sa p`drî c`bsk c`bskdarnr darnr c`e` rnen da pr`ducckób bnck`bnl nl c`bjubt` da l`s gnhrkcnbtas da ln earcnbcån pr`duckdn ab ln atnpn kbeadkntn nbtark`r da ln eksen låban c`btkbun da pr`ducckób.― .
Dabtr` Dabt r` da asta asta dksp dksp`s `sktktkv kv`, `, sa `h `hsa sarv rvnb nb tr tras as supu supuas ast` t`ss ab l`s l`s cunl cunlas as l`s l`s pr`duct`ras puadab nccadar n ast`s pr`cadkekabt`s. Astn dagkbkckób sa usn tnbt` pnrn datarekbnr ab quë ckrcubstnbckn puada axkstkr dnþ` ` neabnzn da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl, cunbt` pnrn datarekbnr l`s cns`s ab qua l`s pr`duct`ras bnck`bnlas puadnb prasabtnr nbta ln Sacratnrån su s`lkcktud pnrn kbkcknr ln kbvastkfnckób c`rrasp`bdkabta. Al últke` cnpåtul` dal tåtul` s`hra prîctkcns daslanlas da c`earck` kbtarbnck`bnl trntn s`hra al dnþ` y neabnzn da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl, dagkbkabd` neh` ne h`ss c` c`bca bcapt pt`s: `s: al dnþ`, c`e` ln përdkdn ` al eab`scnh` pntrke`bknl ` ln prkvnckób da cunlqukar låcktn y b`renl quasa sugrn ` puadn sugrkr lnn rnen da ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnlfnbnbckn da lns earcnbcåns da qua trnta, y ln neabnz neabnzn da dnþ`
c`e` al palkfr` kbekbabta y clnrneabta pravkst` da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl. Kfunleabta, sa c`bskdarn c`e` dnþ` (daharån sar, ab t`d` cns`, c`e` neabnzn da dnþ`) al `hstîcul` nl astnhlackekabt` da buavns kbdustrkns ab al pnås. Ln Lay y al Xafl Xaflne neab abt` t` as astn tnhl hlaca acab b ln lnss b` b`re rens ns pnrn pnrn ln data datare rekb kbnck nckób ób da dall dnþ dnþ` ` y ln neabnzn da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl. C`rrasp`bda n ln Sacratnrån da Ac`b`eån datarekbnr cunbd` lns kep`rtnck`bas da earcnbcåns earcnbc åns cnusnb dnþ` n ln pr`ducck pr`ducckób ób bnck`bnl, nså c`e` ln axkstabckn axkstabckn da ubn neabnzn da dnþ`. Ab ln datarekbnckób da qua ln kep`rtnckób da earcnbcåns cnusn dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl, ln sacratnrån t`enrë ab cuabtn (nrtåcul` 4> LCA): K.
Al v`lueab da kep`rtnckób da lns earcnbcåns `hjat` da dksc dk scrk rkek ekbnc bnckó kób b da pra prack ck`s `s ` da suh suhva vabc bck`b k`bas. as. Nl ra rasp spact act` ` c`bskdarnrî sk mn mnhkd` ub nueabt` skfbkgkcntkv` da lns eksens, ab tërekb tërekb`s `s nhs`lu nhs`lut`s t`s ` ab ral ralnck nckób ób c`b ln pr` pr`ducc ducckób kób ` al c`bsue` kbtarb` dal pnås?
KK.
Al agac actt` qua s`hr hra a l`s pra racck`s da e ea arc rcn nbc bcååns kdëbtkcn cnss ` skekln skek lnra rass ab al ea earcn rcnd` d` kb kbta tarb` rb` cn cnus usn n ` pu puadn adn cn cnusn usnrr ln kep`rtnckób da lns earcnbcåns `hjat` da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas. Ynrn all`, ln Sacratnrån daharî c`bskdarnr sk ln earcnbcån kep`rtndn sa vabda ab al earcnd` kbtarb` n ub prack` skfbkg skf bkgkcn kcntkv tkvnea neabta bta kbgark kbgark`r `r nl da lns ear earcnbc cnbcåns åns kdë kdëbtk btkcns cns ` skeklnras, skekl nras, ` hkab, sk al agact` da tnlas kep`r kep`rtnck`b tnck`bas as as mncar hnjnr, da `tr` e`d`, l`s prack`s ab eadkdn skfbkgkcntkvn ` kepadkr ab ln ek ekse sen n ea eadk dkdn dn ln su suhk hkdn dn qu qua a ab `t `tr` r` cns cns` ` sa mu muhk hkarn arn pr`duckd`? Al a aga gact ct` ` cn cnusn usnd` d` ` qu qua a pu puad adnb nb ccnu nusnr snr tn tnla lass ke kep` p`rt rtnck nck`b `bas as ss`h `hra ra ln rnen da ln pr`ducc pr`ducckób kób bnck`bnl bnck`bnl da qua sa trnta, c`bskdar c`bskdarnbd` nbd` l`s gnct`ras a åbdkcas ac`bóekc`s partkbabtas qua kbgluynb ab al astnd` da asn rnen da pr`ducckób bnck`bnl, tnlas c`e` ln dksekb dks ekbuck uckób ób ranl ranl ` p`t p`tabc abcknl knl da lns vab vabtns tns,, l`s hab habagk agkck` ck`s, s, al v`lueab da pr`ducckób, ln pnrtkckpnckób ab al earcnd`, ln pr`ductkvkdnd, al rabdkekabt` da lns kbvarsk`bas ` ln utklkznckób da ln cnpnckdnd kbstnlndn? l`s gnct`ras qua raparcutab ab l`s prack`s kbtarb`s? ab su cns`, ln enfbktud dal enrfab da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s?? l`s agact prack`s agact`s `s bafnt bafntkv`s kv`s ranlas ` p`tabc p`tabcknlas knlas ab al gluj gluj` ` da cnjn, lns axkstabckns, al aepla`, l`s snlnrk`s, al crackekabt`, ln cnpnckdnd da raubkr cnpktnl ` ln kbvar kbvarskób. skób. Astn abuearnc abuearnckób kób b` as axmnustkvn axmnust kvn y bkbfub bkbfub` ` da ast`s gnct` gnct`ras ras nksln nkslndneabt dneabta a hnstnr hnstnrîb îb bacasnrkneabta pnrn `htabar ubn `rkabtnckób dackskvn? y
KK KKK. K.
KW KW..
L` L`ss da daeî eîss al alae aeabt abt`s `s q qua ua cc`bs `bskd kdara ara c` c`bva bvabka bkabt bta a ln S Sac acrat ratnrå nrån, n, ` ab su cns` pr`p`rck`ba ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl.
Ln datarekbnckób da ln axkstabckn da ubn neabnzn da dnþ` n ln rnen da pr`ducckób pr`ducc kób bnck`bnl, bnck`bnl, ln mnrî mnrî ln ln Sa Sacratnrå cratnrån n t`enbd t`enbd` ` ab ccuabtn, uabtn, abtra `tr`s, l`s skfukabtas gnct`ras (nrtåcul` 48 da ln LCA): K. Qbn tnsn skfbk bkggkcnt cntkvn da kb kbccraeabt` da ln kep`r p`rtnckób da earcnbcåns `hjat` da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas ab al earcnd` bnck`bnl qua kbdkqua ln pr`hnhklkdnd da qua sa pr`duckrî ub nueabt` sustnbcknl da lns eksens? KK KK.. Qb Qbn n ssug ugkc kcka kabt bta a ccnpn npnck ckdn dnd d llkh khrae raeab abta ta dksp dksp`b `bkh khla la dal axp` axp`rt rtnd` nd`rr ` ub nueabt nue abt` ` kbe kbekba kbabta bta y sust sustnbck nbcknl nl da ln eks eksen en qua kbd kbdkqu kqua a ln pr`hnhklkdnd da ub nueabt` sustnbcknl da lns axp`rtnck`bas `hjat` da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas nl earcnd` eaxkcnb`, tabkabd` ab cuabtn ln axkstabckn da `tr`s earcnd`s da axp`rtnckób axp`rt nckób qua puadnb nhs`rhar al p`skhl p`skhla a nueabt nueabt` ` da dkcmns axp`rtnck`bas? KK KKK. K. Sk llns ns kkep ep`rt `rtnck nck`b `bas as ssa a ra ranl nlkz kznb nb n p pra rack ck`s `s q qua ua ttab abdrî drîb b al aga agact ct` ` da mnc mncar ar hnj hnjnr nr ` c`bt c`btabar abar al nlz nlzn n da l`s pra prack` ck`ss kbtarb` kbtarb`ss da enbarn skfbkgkcntkvn, y qua pr`hnhlaeabta mnrîb nueabtnr ln daenbdn da buavns kep`rtnck`bas? KW KW.. Ln ax axks ksta tabc bckn kn d da a ln ea earcn rcnbc bcån ån ` `hj hjat at` ` da kkbv bvas astktkfnc fnckób kób?? W. Ab su ccns ns`, `, ln bn bntu turn rnla lazn zn da lln n ssuh uhva vabc bckó kób b d da a qu qua a ssa a ttrn rnta ta y ll`s `s agact`s qua as pr`hnhla tabfn ab al c`earck`, y WK. WK. L` L`ss da daeî eîss al alae aeabt abt`s `s q qua ua cc`bs `bskd kdara ara c` c`bva bvabka bkabt bta a ln S Sac acrat ratnrå nrån, n, ` ab su cns`, pr`p`rck`ba ln pr`ducckób bnck`bnl. Bkbfub` da ast`s gnct`ras p`r så s`l` hnstnrî bacasnrkneabta pnrn ln datarekbnckó datare kbnckób b da ubn neabnzn da dnþ`, par` t`d`s all`s jubt`s mnb da llavnr n ln c`bclu c`bcluskób skób da ln kbek kbekbabckn babckn da buavns axp`rtnck` axp`rtnck`bas bas `hjat` `hjat` da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas y da qua, da b` nplkcnrsa cu`tns c`epabsnt`rkns, sa pr`duckrån ub dnþ` ab l`s tërekb`s da astn Lay. Ln datarekbnckób da ln axkstabckn da neabnzn da dnþ` sa hnsnrî ab macm`s y b` skeplaeabta ab nlafnt`s, c`bjaturns ` p`skhklkdndas rae`tns. Ln Sacratnrån axnekbnrî `tr`s gnct`ras da l`s qua tabfn c`b`ckekabt`, dkstkbt`s da lns kep`rtnck`bas `hjat` da kbvastkfnckób, qua nl ekse` tkaep` ngactab ngacta b n ln rnen da pr`ducc pr`ducckób kób bnck`bnl, bnck`bnl, pnrn datare datarekbnr kbnr sk al dnþ` nlafnd` as cnusnd` p`r dkcmns kep`rtnck`bas. Abtra l`s gnct`ras qua ln Sacratnrån p`drî avnlunr astnrîb l`s skfukabtas (nrtåcul` 7; dal raflneabt` da ln LCA):
K. KK. KK KKK. K. KW KW..
Al v`lu v`luea eab b y l`s l`s p pra rack ck`s `s da lns lns kep kep`r `rtn tnck ck`b `bas as qu qua a b b` ` ssa a rran anlklkzn znb b ab c`bdkck`bas da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s ` da suhvabck`bas? Ln c` c`bt btrn rncc cckó kób b da ln dae daenbdn nbdn ` vn vnrk rknc nckk`b `bas as ab ln as asttru ruct ctur urn n da c`bsue`? Ln Lnss prî prîct ctkc kcns ns c` c`ea earck rcknl nlas as rast rastrk rkct ctkv kvns ns da ll`s `s pr pr`d `duc uct` t`ras ras a axt xtrn rnbj bjar ar`s `s y bnck`bnlas, nså c`e` ln c`epatabckn abtra all`s, y Ln av`l av `luck uckób ób axp`rtnd`rn. da ln ta tacb` cb`l` l`få fån, n, ln pr`d pr`duc uctktkvkd vkdnd nd y l` l`ss rasu rasultltnd nd`s `s da ln nctkvkdnd
C. Xalnckób cnusnl Daha ax Daha axks kstktkrr ub ubn n ral ralnc nckó kób b cnu cnusn snll abt abtra ra ln lnss ke kep`r p`rtn tnck ck`b `bas as da pr`du pr`duct ct`s `s ab c`bdkck`bas da dkscrkekbnckób da prack`s y ln axkstabckn da ub dnþ` ` neabnzn da dnþ` n ln pr`ducckób bnck`bn bnck`bnl,l, pnrn qua puadn sar c`bgkf c`bgkfurnd` urnd` al duepk duepkbf, bf, puas da l` c` c`bt btrnr rnrk` k` b` sa sarå rån n p`s p`skhl khla a dae dae`st `strnr rnr qua qua al dn dnþ` þ` sa san n cnu cnusn snd` d` c` c`e` e` c`bsacuabckn da ln kbtr`ducckób da earcnbcåns ab tnlas ckrcubstnbckns.
SQHWABCK@BAS Ab cunbt` n ln suhvabckób ` suhskdk` sa ragkara, astne`s nbta ubn prîctkcn daslanl agactundn p`r l`s f`hkarb`s, c`bskstabta ab np`ynr n pr`duct`ras bnck`bnlas qua axp`rtnb pr`duct`s n earcnd`s axtarb`s, n prack`s nrtkgkcknlas c`epatktkv`s qua dnþnb n pr`duct`ras d`eëstkc`s da hkabas kdëbtkc`s y skeklnras. Ynrn abgrabtnr astns prîctkcns daslanlas earcnbtklas, Eëxkc` mn dahkd` nctunlkznr ln La Layy da C` C`e ear arck ck` ` Ax Axttar ark` k`r, r, su ra rafl flne neab abt` t`,, y su susc scrrkhkr khkr al Ncu Ncuar ard` d` da Suhv Su hvabc abck` k`bas bas y Darac Daracm` m`ss C` C`ep epabs absnt nt`r `rk`s k`s da ln @r @rfn fnbk bkzn znck ckób ób Eu Eubd bdkn knll da C`earck`. Ynrn dae`strnr ` c`epr`hnr ubn prîctkcn daslanl da suhvabckób sa raqukara ln c`bcurrabckn skeultîban da: n) Su p pabs abskób kób ` su suhskd hskdk` k` pr`h pr`hnd`. nd`. h) Dn Dnþ` þ` ` n nea eabnz bnzn n da dn dnþ`. þ`. c) Xa Xaln lnck ckób ób ccnu nusn snl.l. Ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r, sa ragkara n lns suhvabck`bas, dagkbkabd` lns c`e`: Nrtåcul` 36.- Ynrn l`s agact`s da astn Lay, sa abtkabda p`r suhvabckób: K.
Ln cc`b `btr trkh khuc uckó kób b ggkb kbnb nbck ckar arn n qua qua ` `t` t`rf rfua ua u ub b f` f`hk hkar arb` b` a axt xtrn rnbj bjar ar`, `, sus sus `rfnbkse`s púhlkc`s ` ekxt`s, sus abtkdndas, ` cunlqukar `rfnbkse` rafk`bnl, púhlkc` ` ekxt` c`bstktukd` p`r vnrk`s pnåsas, dkractn ` kbdkractneabta, n ubn aeprasn ` rnen da pr`ducckób ` n ub
KK. KK.
frup` da aep frup` aeprasn rasnss ` rne rnens ns da pr` pr`ducc ducckób kób y qua c`b all` all` sa `t`rfua ub habagkck`? Nlfu Nlfubn bn gg`r `ren en da da s` s`st stab abke keka kabt bt` ` da l`s l`s kb kbfr fras as`s `s ` d da a l` l`ss p pra rack ck`s `s y qua c`b all` sa `t`rfua ub habagkck`.
Sa c`bskdarnb suhvabck`bas, n tåtul` da ajaepl`, lns ragarkdns ab al nbax` K dal Ncuard` s`hra Suhvabck`bas y Eadkdns C`epabsnt`rkns. Gkbnleabta, ln LCA saþnln qua nl cnlculnrsa al e`bt` da ln suhvabckób rackhkdn p`r ln earcnbcån axtrnbjarn axp`rtndn n Eëxkc`, sa daduckrî al t`tnl da l`s kepuast`s kepuas t`s da axp`rt axp`rtnckób, nckób, daracm daracm`s `s u `tr`s frnvîe frnvîeabas abas n qua sa mnlln s`eatk s`eatkd` d` n ln axp`rtnckób da ln earcnbcån ab al pnås da `rkfab, dastkbnd`s n bautrnlkznr ln suhvabckób. Xaspact` n l`s d`s últke`s alaeabt Xaspact` alaeabt`s, `s, sa nplkc nplkcnb nb kfunl qua ab ln prîctk prîctkcn cn daslanl da duepkbf. Mnstn nm`rn, ab Eëxkc` sa mnb prasabtnd` euy p`c`s cns`s da dabubckns p`r suhvabck`bas.
EACNBKSE@S NLTAXBNTKW@S DA S@LQCKÓB DA C@BTX@WAXSKNS C@BTABKD@S AB TXNTND@S C@EAXCKNLAS KBTAXBNCK@BNLAS Ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r, ab su nrtåcul` ;6, astnhlaca l`s cns`s ab qua cunlqu cun lqukar kar pars`bn pars`bn kbtaras kbtarasndn ndn pua puada da ncudkr ncudkr n l`s eac eacnbk nbkse`s se`s nltarb nltarbntk ntkv`s v`s da s`lu s` luck ckób ób da c`b c`btr tr`v `vars arskns kns ab enta entark rkn n da pr prîc îctktkcn cnss da dasl slan anla lass c` c`bt btab abkd kdns ns ab trntnd`s kbtarbnck`bnlas da l`s qua Eëxkc` san pnrta. L`s supuast`s s`b lns grncck`bas KW, W, WK y WKKK dal nrtåcul` ;4: KW. ^ua daclnrab c`bclukdn ln kbvastkfnckób skb kep`bar cu`tn c`epabsnt`rkn n qua sa ragkarab ln grncckób KKK dal nrtåcul` 16 y ln grncckób KKK dal nrtåcul` 1;? W. ^ua datarekbab cu`tns c`epabsnt`rkns dagkbktkvns ` l`s nct`s qua lns nplkquab? WK. Y`r lns qua sa rasp`bdn n lns s`lkcktudas da l`s kbtarasnd`s n qua sa ragkara al Nrtåcul` =; N Ab cns` da `ptnrsa p`r dkcm`s eacnbkse`s: >. B` pr`ca pr`cadar darî î al racu racurs` rs` da rav`cnck rav`cnckób ób prav pravkst kst` ` ab al nrtå nrtåcul` cul` ;4 bk al jukc jukck` k` nbta ln Snln Supark`r dal Trkhubnl da Justkckn Gkscnl y Ndekbkstrntkvn c`btrn dkcmns ras`luck`bas. 8. Só Sól` l` sa c`bs c`bskd kdar arnr nrî î c`e` c`e` da dagkgkbk bktktkvn vn ln ra ras` s`lu luck ckób ób da ln Sa Sacr crat atnr nrån ån da Ac`b`eån dkctndn c`e` c`bsacuabckn da ln dackskób qua aenba da l`s eacnbkse`s nltarbntkv`s. 3. Sa `hsarv `hsarvnrî nrî l` astn astnhlackd hlackd` ` ab al nrtå nrtåcul` cul` 83= da dall CGG raspa raspact` ct` n ln klklafnlk afnlkdnd dnd da lns ras`luck`bas.
Tnehkëb axkstab `trns nltarbntkvns ab al c`btaxt` kbtarbnck`bnl ab ralnckób n ln s`luckób da c`btr`varskns, c`e` al Ncuard` Fabarnl s`hra Nrnbcalas Ndunbar`s y C`earck` (FNTT) ab al nrtåcul` WK c`b`ckd` c`e` al Códkf` Nbtkduepkbf. Asta ncuard` astnhlaca astnhlaca “pr`cadkekab “pr`cadkekabt`s t`s da s`luck s`luckób ób da c`btr` c`btr`varskns varskns abtra l`s pnåsas skfbntnrk`s skfbnt nrk`s y sa cran ub c`ektë nbtkduepk nbtkduepkbf bf qua tkaba p`r `hjat` kbtarvabk kbtarvabkrr ab l`s pr`ca pr `cadk dkek ekabt abt`s `s da c` c`bsu bsultltn, n, c` c`bc bcklklkn knck ckób ób y s`l s`luc uckó kób b da dkga dkgarab rabck ckns ns qua qua sa prasabtab skfbntnrk`s―,c`earcknlas. al cunl gubck`bn c`e` ubn aspacka da g`r` pnrn dnr s`luckóbabtra n lnsl`s c`btr`varskns @trn `pckób pnrn kepufbnr ubn ras`luckób gkbnl sa abcuabtrn ab al Trntnd` da Lkhra C`earck` da Neërkcn dal B`rta kbtafrnd` p`r Astnd`s Qbkd`s, Cnbndî y Eëxkc` (Nm`rn T-EAC). Lns pnrtas kbtarasndns p`drîb racurrkr nl cnpåtul` ]K] da “X “Xavk avksk skób ób y s` s`lu luck ckób ób da c` c`bt btr`v r`vars arskn knss ab en enta tark rkn n da nb nbtktkdu duep epkb kbf f y cu` cu`tn tnss c`epabsnt`rkns― pnrn llavnr n cnh` ln ravkskób eadknbta ub pnbal hkbnck`bnl. Cunbd` ln kbvastkfnckób ab entarkn da prîctkcns daslanlas kbcluyn pr`duct`s da `rkfab astnd`ubkdabsa ` cnbndkabsa, p`r l` fabarnl l`s axp`rtnd`ras qua b` sa abcuabtrab sntksgacm`s c`b ln ras`luckób dkctndn p`r ln Sacratnrkn da Ac`b`eån, pragarkrîb al eacnbkse` nltarbntkv` da s`luckób da c`btr`varskns pravkst` p`r al trntnd`, yn qua ësta las pr`p`rck`bn eny`r p`skhklkdnd da rasultnr habagkcknd`s. Ab al îehkt` jurådkc` kbtarb`, lns ras`luck`bas dagkbktkvns aektkdns p`r ln Sacratnrån da Ac` Ac`b`eå b`eån, n, puadab puadab sar kep kepufb ufbndns ndns p`r cunlqu cunlqukar kar pnrta pnrta kbtaras kbtarasndn ndn.. Ast Astns ns prasabtnb ub racurs` ndekbkstrntkv` da rav`cnckób nbta asn abtkdnd ndekbkstrntkvn ab ub plnz` b` eny`r n 41 dåns, skfukabtas n ln gacmn ab qua mnyn surtkd` agact` ln ras`luckób dagkbktkvn da duepkbf ` suhskdk`. Ln axkstabckn y trnektnckób dal racurs` da rav`cnckób astî c`btaeplndn ab l`s nrtåcul`s ;4, ;1, ;7, ;6 y ;= da ln Lay da C`earck` Axtark`r.
S@LQCKÓB DA C@BTX@WAXSKNS AB ENTAXKN DA KBWAXSKÓB A]TXNBJAXN Al cnpåtul` ]K dal TLCNB (Nm`rn T-EAC), ralntkv` n ln kbvarskób y t`dnvån vkfabta, c`btkaba c`btka ba d`s npnrtnd npnrtnd`s: `s: >) al “N―, ragarabt ragarabta a n l`s daracm`s da l`s kbvars kbvarsk`bkst k`bkstns ns y da lns kbvarsk`bas ab tarrkt`rk`s da lns pnrtas dal trntnd`, y 8) al “H―, ncarcn da ln s`luckób da c`btr`varskns p`r vk`lnck`bas n daracm`s da kbvarskób. Al nctunl T-EAC rafuln ast`s taens ab al cnpåtul` >4, safúb ln varskób ab kbflës, quë as ln qua sa mn dkstrkhukd` rackabtaeabta, nubqua c`b dkvars`s nbax`s y npëbdkcas qua l` c`eplaeabtnb. Da ncuard` c`b ln p`sturn kbstktuck`bnl dal f`hkarb` eaxkcnb`, ab cns` da qua astë ncuard` abtra ab vkf`r, c`b asta cnpåtul` >4 prîc prîctktkcn cnea eabt bta a sa “p “pra rasa sarv rvn n al cnpå cnpåtu tul` l` ]K ]K,, qu quë ë pa pare rektktkr krî î da daga gabd bdar ar lns lns kbvarsk`bas eîs kep`rtnbtas ab lns c`btr`varskns kbvarsk`bkstn-Astnd`―.
Ln kep`rtnbckn da qua ln pr`tacckób da kbvarsk`bas asta c`btabkdn ab ub trntnd` as gubdneabtnl pnrn al huab gubck`bnekabt` dal ekse`. Y`r ub lnd`, al eabsnja c`bstn c`b stnbta bta da l`s f`h f`harbn arbnbta btass rndkcn rndkcn ab ln ke kep`rt p`rtnbc nbckn kn da ntrnar ntrnar kbv kbvars arsk`b k`bas as axtrnbjarns qua c`btrkhuynb nl g`rtnlackekabt` da rafk`bas y da îrans ac`bóekcns bnck`bnlas eadknbta pr`yact`s da kbgrnastructurn y dasnrr`ll`. Y`r `tr` lnd`, al fabarnr c`bgknbzn c`e` pnås pnrn qua l`s frnbdas kbvarsk`bkstns axtrnbjar`s ab abcua cuabt btra rab b ab bk bkcm cm` ` da `p `p`rt `rtub ubkd kdnd nd pn pnrn rn al g` g`rt rtnl nlac acke keka kabt bt` ` da su suss pr` pr`pk pk`s `s kbtarasas rasultn kfunleabta ralavnbta. L`s eacnbkse`s da s`luckób da c`btr`varskns kbvarsk`bkstn-Astnd` (c`b`ckd`s ab kbflës kbf lës c`e c`e` ` KSD KSDS) S) s`b l`s qua faba fabarnb rnb cart cartkdu kduehra ehra pnrn kbv kbvars arsk`b k`bkst kstns ns qua pnrtkckpnb c`b sus pr`yact`s ab pnåsas njab`s n all`s, yn qua skaepra sarî pragarkhla c`btnr c`b pr`cadkekabt`s nltarbntkv`s da s`luckób da c`bglkct`s nbtas da lktkfnr ab lns kbstnbckns bnck`bnlas. Al nctunl cnpåtul` s`hra kbvarskób dal T-EAC kbcluya nlfubns b`vadndas qua vnb ab ln ekse eksen n sk skbt bt`b `bån ån da tr trnt ntnd nd`s `s ra rack ckab abta tass s` s`hra hra pr pr`t `tacc acckó kób b ra racå cåpr` pr`cn cn da kbvarsk kbv arsk`bas `bas y tne tnehkë hkëb b c`b c`btka tkaba ba cne cnehk` hk`ss kbglua kbgluabck bcknd` nd`s, s, ab frnb ead eadkdn kdn,, p`r dacksk`bas rackabtas qua mnb dnd` ub fkr` rndkcnl ab habagkck` da lns gncultndas rafulnt`rkns astntnlas. L` prkear` qua mny qua dackr da astn rackabta baf`cknckób as qua, astî sarî ln prkearn `cnskób ab ln qua sa astnhlacab c`epr`eks`s dkgarabcknd`s pnrn l`s tras s`ck`s c`earcknlas, puas Cnbndî mn quadnd` axclukdn dal pr`cadkekabt` nrhktrnl? as dac dackr kr,, l` l`ss kb kbvar varsk sk`b `bks kstn tnss cn cnbn bndk dkab absas sas p` p`drî drîb b kb kbkc kckn knrr pr` pr`ca cadk dkek ekab abt` t`ss da kepufbnckób nbta trkhubnlas bnck`bnlas eaxkcnb`s y astnd`ubkdabsas, eîs b` nrhktrnjas KSDS, nså c`e` tnep`c` kbvarsk`bkstns eaxkcnb`s y astnd`ubkdabsas p`drîb kbkcknr nrhktrnjas c`btrn vk`lnck`bas cnbndkabsas n daracm`s da kbvarskób. Ln pnrta eîs dëhkl dal ncuard` nlcnbznd` qua c`rrasp`bda n ln ralnckób abtra Astn As tnd` d`ss Qb Qbkd kd`s `s y Cn Cnbn bndî dî,, pu puas ast` t` qua qua Eë Eëxk xkc` c` y Cn Cnbn bndî dî cuab cuabtn tnb b c`b c`b al eacn ea cnbk bkse se` ` nr nrhk hktr trnl nl ab al Tr Trnt ntnd nd` ` Kbta Kbtafr frnl nl y Yr Yr`f `fra rask skst stn n da Ns Ns`c `ckn knck ckób ób Trnbspncågkc`.
Nf`tnekabt` da ln kbstnbckn bnck`bnl Al T-EAC raqukara qua l`s kbvarsk`bkstns nf`tab lns kbstnbckns bnck`bnlas y, ubn vaz macm` ast`, daharîb asparnr 39 easas pravkn s`lkcktnr al kbkck` dal nrhktrnja, ` hkab tabdrîb qua asparnr ln dackskób dal trkhubnl da eny`r jarnrquån bnck`bnl pnrn s`lkcktnr al nrhktrnja, axcapt` cunbd` al racurs` nbta kbstnbckns bnck`bnlas san enbkgkastneabta kbútkl ` b` agactkv`, da ncuard` c`b ln kbtarpratnckób da l`s pr`pk`s trkhubnlas bnck`bnlas. Ynrn ln rafln nbtark`r axksta ubn axcapckób, ln cunl ragkara n c`btr`varskns qua muhkarab rasultnd` da c`btrnt`s fuharbneabtnlas ralnck`bndns axcluskvneabta datarekbnd`s sact`ras dascrkt`s ab al nrtåcul` 7º dal nbax` >4-A, qua s`b:
>. 8. 3. 4. 1.
Ya Yatr tról óla` a` y fns bnt bnturn urnl.l. Sar Sarvkc vkck`s k`s d da a fabarnc fabarnckób kób da da aba abarfå rfån. n. Ta Tala lac`e c`eub ubkc kcnck nck`b `bas. as. Trnbs rnbsp` p`rt rta. a. Kb Kbgr grnas nastr truct ucturn urn..
lns vk`lnck`bas qua sa puadab raclnenr sarîb s`hra axpr`pknckób dkractn, nså c`e` s`hra vk`lnckób dal trnt` bnck`bnl y dal trnt` da bnckób eîs gnv`rackdn, axcapt` axcapt ` nquall nquallns ns qua tabfnb qua var c`b al astnh astnhlacke lackekabt` kabt` ` ndquks ndqukskckób kckób da ubn kbvarskób, l` qua astî axprasneabta axclukd` dal trntnd`.
Dksp`skck`bas G`ro-kb-tma-r`nd Sa abtkabda p`r g`ro-kb-tma-r`nd lns dksp`skck`bas p`r lns qua sa pr`måha qua ubn eksen c`btr`varskn sa plnbtanb nbta d`s g`r`s dkstkbt`s, l` qua pr`v`cnrån ln p`skhklkdnd da d`s dacksk`bas c`btrndkct`rkns, p`r l` cunl l`s trntnd`s kbgluyab dksp`skck`bas qua lkektnb dkcmn p`skhklkdnd. Al npëbdkca 3 dal T-EAC c`btkaba ubn dksp`s dksp`skckób kckób qua lkektn al plnbt plnbtanekab anekabt` t` da ubn eksen c`btr`varskn nbta d`s g`r`s, y nl ekse` tkaep` as ubn npnrabta c`btrndkcckób raspact` da nc`tnr ln kbstnbckn bnck`bnl, p`rqua dksp`ba qua l`s kbvarsk`bkstns astnd`ubkdabsas b` s`eatarîb lns dksputns nrhktrnja cunbd` Eëxkc` muhk mu hkar arn n qu quahr ahrnbt nbtnd nd` ` ub ubn n `h `hlklkfn fnck ckób ób da asta asta cn cnpå påtu tul` l` sk al kb kbva varsk rsk`b `bks kstn tn ` ln aeprasn, raspactkvneabta, muhkarn llafnd` nlfubn vk`lnckób da asta cnpåtul` nbta trkhubnlas ` kbstnbckns ndekbkstrntkvns da Eëxkc`. Ln kbtarpratnckób c`bjubtn dal npëbdkca 3 y dal nrtåcul` 1º dal nbax` >4-D pnraca ubn ub n tn tnran ran c` c`ep eplklkcnd cndn. n. Ast Astî î dksp dksp`s `skc kckó kób, b, p` p`rr `t `trn rn pnrt pnrta, a, as ub ubklklnt ntarn arnll c` c`bt btrn rn vk`lnc vk` lnck`b k`bas as eaxk eaxkcnb cnbns, ns, par par` ` b` axprasn axprasn bnd bndn n rasp raspact act` ` da raclnenc raclnenck`b k`bas as da kbvarsk`bkstns eaxkcnb`s nbta vk`lnck`bas dal f`hkarb` astnd`ubkdabsa, l` qua safúb Hadr`synb>, skfbkgkcn ubn clîusuln g`ro-kb-tma-r`nd nskeëtrkcn, skabd` ln prkearn ab su tkp` pnrn ast`s ncuard`s c`earcknlas. Da ncuard` c`b asta nut`r, dkcmn g`rtuktn, skb` qua sa mkz` Al c`b al eîs nhs`lut` c`b`ckekabt` da lns radncckób dkgarabcknsb`daasneh`s skstaens jurådkc`s: eaxkcnb` y al astnd`ubkdabsa.
Ylnz` pnrn kbkcknr c`btr`varskns Al nrhktrnja dal cnpåtul` >4 dal T-EAC tkaba ub plnz` fabërkc` pnrn s`lkcktnr sa (nrtåcul` 1º dal nbax` >4-D) da 4= easas (cuntr` nþ`s), da l`s cunlas sa tkabab qua qu a ra rast stnr nr l` l`ss 39 ea easas sas qua da daha hab b da tr trnbs nbscur currk rkrr pnrn pnrn qua qua l` l`ss tr trkh khub ubnl nlas as bnck`bnlas dackdnb ab últken kbstnbckn, sup`bkabd` qua sk muhkarn kepufbnd` kbeadkntneabta daspuës da ln vk`lnckób jurådkcn, ` hkab qua b` muhkarnb dackdkd` l`s trkhubnlas pnsnd` asta park`d`.
>
Hadr`synb, Nlaxnbdar, “Tma Nsyeeatrkcnl g`ro-kb-tma-r`nd g`ro-kb-tma-r`nd clnusa kb Tma QSEC: Malpgul nbd Qbkqua―, oluwar nrhktrk`b hl`f, 8; da `ctuhra da 89>=.
Så rastne`s ast`s 39 easas da raqukskt` pravk` ab kbstnbckns bnck`bnlas, al tkaep` agactkv` qua la rastn n l`s kbvarsk`bkstns pnrn s`lkcktnr al nrhktrnja s`b >= easas ` nþ` y eadk`, quë raprasabtn ln ektnd dal plnz` qua sa tkaba nctunleabta ab al enrc` dal cnpåtul` ]K dal TLCNB pnrn kbkcknr al pr`cadkekabt` nrhktrnl. Astî rafln da l`s 39 easas b` sa nplkcnrån pnrn al cns` da c`btr`varskns qua racnab ab al îehkt` da lns axcapck`bas dal nrtåcul` 7º nbax` >4-A, yn qua ast`s sact`ras aspacknlas s`b dkractneabta nrhktrnlas, p`r l` qua b` as bacasnrk` nc`tnr ln kbstnbckn bnck`bnl y, ab c`bsacuabckn, tnep`c` asparnr l`s 39 easas ragarkd`s ab al pîrrng` nbtark`r.
C`bcapt` da kbvarskób Y`r l` qua sa ragkara nl c`bcapt` da kbvarskób, al T-EAC nd`ptn ub` da l`s crktark`s eîs ncaptnd`s ab astn clnsa da nrhktrnjas: al crktark` Snlkbk. Asta crktark`, nubqua b` as pr`pkneabta ub pracadabta, tnbt` p`r ln gnltn da nut`rkdnd da lns dacksk`bas nrhktrnlas c`e` p`rqua b` tkaba t`tnl ncaptnckób p`r ln c`eubkdnd kbtarbnck`bnl, kbclus` mn skd` `hjat` da cråtkcns, astnhlaca alaeabt`s euy pracks`s pnrn datarekbnr qua ubn nctkvkdnd c`bcratn racna ab al îehkt` da ln kbvarskób y b` da ubn c`earcknl c`eúb. Da ncuard` c`b al crktark` Snlkbk, ubn kbvarskób as nqualln qua sup`ba:
Qb c`epr`eks` sustnbcknl (np`rtnck`bas da cnpktnl). Ckartn durnckób ab ln ajacuckób dal c`btrnt`. Kbfras`s y habagkck`s rafulnras. Qb alaeabt` da rkasf` (pnrtkckpnckób ab l`s rkasf`s da ln trnbsncckób) C`btrkhuckób kep`rtnbta nl dasnrr`ll` dal Astnd` racapt`r.
Al taxt` dal cnpåtul` cnpåtul` >4 dal T-EAC (nrtåcul` (nrtåcul` >4.>) mnca nlusk nluskób ób n asta c`bcapt`, par` skb ragarkrl` da enbarn axprasn, nl astnhlacar qua “kbvarskób skfbkgkcn t`d` nctkv` qua ub kbvarsk`bkstn p`saa ` c`btr`ln, dkractn ` kbdkractneabta, qua tkaba ln lnssepr` cn cnrnc rncta tarå råst stkc kcns nscnpk datnll ub ubn kbvar varsk ób, , rs`s kb kbcl cluk dnssaxpa cnrnct nctarå aråst kcns ns fn tn tnla lassbckn c`e c`e` al c`ep c` r`ek eks` s` da cnpktn un `tr` `tkb r`s s skób ra racu curs `s, ,ukdn ln axcnr pact ctnt ntkv kvn nstkc da fnbn bnbc kn,, `` ln sup`skckób da rkasf`―. Asta c`bcapt`, rac`b`ckd` nså p`rqua kbtabtn astnhlacar ub astîbdnr eåbke` c`bg`rea c`bg`r ea nl daracm` kbtarb kbtarbnck`bn nck`bnl,l, dkgarabta dal trnt` bnck`bnl y al da bnckób eîs gnv`rackdn, yn l` kbcluya al TLCNB ab su nrtåcul` >>91, pîrrng` >, da ln skfukabta g`ren: “>. Cndn ubn da lns pnrtas `t`rfnrî lns kbvarsk`bas da l`s kbvarsk`bkstns da `trn `t rn pnrta pnrta,, tr trnt nt` ` nc` nc`rd rda a c` c`b b al da darac racm` m` kb kbta tarb rbnc nck` k`bn bnl,l, kb kbcl cluk ukd` d` tr trnt nt` ` ju just st` ` y aquktntkv` nså c`e` pr`tacckób y safurkdnd plabns―. Al T-EAC kbc`rp`rn, cóe` taen b` rafulnd` ab al TLCNB, al astîbdnr da trnt` ab cns` da c`bglkct` nrend` s`cknl, (nrtåcul` >4.6) pnrn al cns` da qua lns kbvarsk`bas sugrnb dnþ`s ` parjukck`s. C`b ln fnrnbtån da pr`tacckób y safurkdnd qua daha pr`p`rck`bnr al astnd` dabtr` da ub enrfab rnz`bnhla, al kbvarsk`bkstn p`drî
raclnen racln enrr ln ra rast stktktuc uckó kób b da ln sktu sktunc nckó kób b nl astn astnd` d` pr prav avk` k`,, ub ubn n c` c`ep epab absnc snckó kób b ac`bó ac `bóek ekcn cn ` ne nehn hns, s, sa safúb fúb c`r c`rra rasp` sp`bd bda a y ras raspa pact ct` ` dal e` e`bt bt` ` da dall dnþ dnþ` ` ` parjukck`, tnl y c`e` sa astnhlaca ab al pîrrng` 8 da asta nrtåcul`. HKHLK@FXNGÅN: VKTOAX Lnr VKTOAX Lnrn n Marbîbd Marbîbdaz, az, J`rfa, J`rfa, Xëfkea Xëfkeab b Jur Jurådk ådkc` c` da C`e C`earck arck` ` Axt Axtark ark`r `r ab Eëxkc`, Qbkvarskdnd Bnck`bnl Nutób`en da Eëxkc`, Kbstktut` da Kbvastkfnck`bas Jurådkcns, Eëxkc`, 8998, pîf. 4;4 – 196: gkla:///C:/Qsars/MY/@baDrkva/D`cueabt`s/8.%89Lkhr`s%89QBNE/;.SKSTAEN %89BNCK@BNL%89DA%89DAGABSN%89C@BTXN%89YXNCTKCNS %89DASLANLAS%89DAL%89C@EAXCK@%
[email protected] CXQZ Hnrbay, Óscnr, Xayas Dånz, Cnrl`s M. Al T-EAC/QSECN: s`luckób da c`btr`varskns, raeadk`s c`earcknlas a kbvarsk`bas. Sarka `pkbk`bas tëcbkcns s`hra taens da ralavnbckn bnck`bnl, búe. >, Qbkvarskdnd Bnck`bnl Nutób`en da Eëxkc`, Kbstktut` da Kbvast stkkfnck`bas Jur uråådkcns, Eëxk xkc` c`,, 89>= >=,, pîf. 43 – 14: mttps://nrcmkv`s.jurkdkcns.ubne.ex/www/hjv/lkhr`s/>>/14;;/=.pdg Vktoar Walîsquaz, J`rfa Nlhart`, Wnraln, Nbfëlkcn, Daracm` da ln c`epatabckn ac`bóekcn ab Eëxkc`, Qbkvarskdnd Bnck`bnl Nutób`en da Eëxkc`, Kbstktut` da Kbvastkfnck`bas Jurådkcns, Sarka D`ctrkbn Jurådkcn búe. >16, Eëxkc`, 8993, pîf. >=6 – >;1: mttps://nrcmkv`s.jurkdkcns.ubne.ex/www/hjv/lkhr`s/3/>>1>/>.pdg
