TAO^DUYOM@M [UO^@M@ Y@A FT@A E@T]OY]@ N@ITL]@M MD MDUDIGC DYITDL@ @I@MDHOIC [UCNDYOCA@L MD MDUDIGC
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L@ YCIODM@M @ACAOH@ @EODU]@ Ta vo`fd `l p`s`mc y nuturc @T]CU6 Fdrdhy Ndrmoa`am E`s`lmö` I`hpcs
MCIDA]D6 I`tgdroad F`adttd [`rdmds G`sda ITUYC6 Mdrdigc Yciodt`roc, Nusocads y @mquosoiocads
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MDMOI@]CUO@ Mdmoi`hcs dl prdsdatd tr`e`fc ` Mocs, pcr m`racs dl v`lcr y icr`fd. @ hos p`mrds, qud sodhprd hd `pcy`a p`r`
lcjr`r
hos
hdt`s
md
sdr
prcndsoca`l y ` lcs mostoajuomcs mcidatds qud mè` ` mè` acs `ichp`ð`a da audstrc tr`yditc uaovdrsot`roc, dmuiàamchd. Fdrdhy Ndrmoa`am E`s`lmu` I`hpcs.
5
@JU@MDIOHODA]C
@ Mocs pcr pdrhotorhd iulhoa`r dl tr`e`fc md oavdstoj`ioùa. @ hos p`mrds, quodads mdpcsot`a su datdr` icano`az` da hè. @ l` Taovdrsom`m [rov`m` Y`a Fu`a E`utost`, ` sus `utcrom`mds, quodads rdspcas`eldhdatd pcada ` audstr` mospcsoioùa ua dsp`ioc `jr`m`eld y ica höltoplds cpiocads p`r` mds`rrcll`r audstr`s i`p`iom`mds md oavdstoj`ioù oavdstoj`ioùa. a. @ audstr` mostoajuom` mcidatd, I`tgdroad F`adttd [`rdmds G`sda, pcr su `pcyc icast`atd y prcndsoca`loshc da da l` iulhoa`ioùa mdl mdl tr`e`fc md oavdstoj`ioùa oavdstoj`ioùa @ l` pl`a` mcidatd md l` Dsiudl` [rcndsoca`l md Mdrdigc md l` Taovdrsom`m [rov`m` Y`a Fu`a E`utost`2 pcr ichp`rtor sus icaciohodatcs, dxpdrodaio`s prcndsoca`lds y p`rtoiop`ioùa da dl prcidsc md ncrh`ioùa ncrh`ioùa icatoaö` hdfcr`amc hdfcr`amc l` i`lom i`lom`m `m dmui`tov` md audstrc p`ès.
Fdrdhy Ndrmoa`am E`s`lmö` I`hpcs.
9
YCIODM@M @ACAOH@ @EODU]@ (Y.@.@.) OAMOI
D 0.0.
OA]UCMTIIOCA...................................................................................................................4
0. 0.55. YC YCIO IODM DM@ @M @A @AÙA ÙAOH OH@ @ @EO EODU DU]@ ]@......................................................................................> 0.5.0. Mdl ``u uhdatc m mdd ii``pot`l....................................................................................................7
Il`sds md @uhdatc md I`pot`l..............................................................................................0; @uhdatc md I`pot`l pcr Audvcs Audvcs @pcrtds....................................................................................0; I`pot`loz`ioùa md Irïmotc............................................................................................................00 I`pot`loz`ioùa md Ttolom`mds.......................................................................................................05 I`pot`loz`ioùa md Udsdrv`s.........................................................................................................05 I`pot`loz`ioùa md Edadnoiocs.......................................................................................................09 I`pot`loz`ioùa md [roh`s............................................................................................................09 I`pot`loz`ioùa md Dxidmdatd md Udv`lu`ioùa.............................................................................0= Ctrcs i`scs prdvostcs da l` Ldy...................................................................................................0=
0.5. 0.5.5. 5.
[r [roa oaio iop` p`ld ldss I`us I`us`s `s mdl mdl @uh uhda datc tc...................................................................................0=
L` Irosos Ycio`l ...........................................................................................................................04 ...........................................................................................................................04 Ycluioùa nrdatd ` iu`lquodr iu`lquodr ]dridrc qud dx dxojd ojd ua `uhdatc md I`pot`l I`pot`l Ycio`l .........................0: .........................0:
0.9 .9..
Ùrj`acs sscciodt odt`rocs................................................................................................................07
L` Fuat` Jdadr`l...................................................................................................................07
Dl Morditcroc...........................................................................................................................0?
L` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l.............................................................................................................5;
0. 0.=. =.
^` ^`ièc iècss ld ldj` j`lds lds md ll`` ld ldyy jd jdad adr` r`ll md sc scio iodm dm`m `mds ds......................................................................50
L` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l`s sciodm`mds......................................................................................50 [`rtoiop`ioùa `iioca`ro`................................................................................................................59 I`pot`l p`r` icancrh`r l`s sciodm`mds........................................................................................59 ICAILTYOCADY .............................................................................................................................54 UDNDUDAIO@Y ................................................................................................................................5:
=
L@ YCIODM@M @ACAOH@ @EODU]@ Ta vo`fd `l p`s`mc y nuturc 0.0. OA]UCMTIIOCA Iu`amc acs rdndrohcs ` l`s sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s y su mds`rrcllc acrh`tovc da l` gostcro`, daicatr`hcs qud l` prohdr` dhprds` qud cpdrù da dl huamc m`t` md 0>;5, l` jr`a ichp`ðè` Iè`. Gcl`amds` md l`s oamo`s crodat`lds,
tuvc ichc noa`lom`m iclcaoz`r y ichdrio`r da todrr`s
ica jr`a prdsdaio` ichdrio`l da dl huamc. Ds `sè, ichc sd oaoio`a ` fuat`r md mcs ` hàs pdrsca`s e`fc ua` scl` mdachoa`ioùa mdachoa`ioùa ichdrio`l ` icasdiuda icasdiudaio` io` md qud ichdrio`loz`r sclc tr`è` jr`amds prceldh`s. Da `qudl datcaids, dl ichdrioc tuvc ichc icadxoùa proaiop`l, dl h`r. h` r. L`s jr` jr`am amds ds dhe dhe`ri `ri`i `ioca ocads ds p`rtè` p`rtè`aa md ua pudrtc pudrtc y lld lldv`e v`e`a `a prcmui prcmuitcs tcs g`i g`io` o` ctrc ctrc tdrrotcroc2 soa dhe`rjc, l` prdsdaio` md lcs por`t`s qud s`qud`e`a l`s dhe`ri`iocads, l`s tcrhdat`s qud mdrroe`e`a dhe`ri`iocads y dl dxtdasc todhpc qud t`rm`e` ua` dhe`ri`ioùa lldj`r md ua pudrtc ` ctrc, sd nudrca `jr`v`amc ica dl p`sc p`sc md lcs `ðcs y ` r`èz md tcmc dllc, lcs ichdrio`atds mdiomodrca `scio`rsd, fuat`r rdiurscs y md dsd hcmc ichdrio`loz`r ica h`yc h` ycrr n`io n`iolo lom` m`m. m. L`s L`s dhe` dhe`ri ri`i `ioc ocad adss s` s`lè lè`a `a pcr pcr jr jrup upcs cs,, md ds dst` t` nc ncrh rh`, `, so ds qu qudd ua ua`` dhe`ri`ioùa dr` `ecrm`m` pcr por`t`s, l`s mdhàs dhe`ri`iocads icatoau`e`a icatoau`e`a dl rdicrromc, y l` pïrmom` dr` hoaösiul`, y` qud da ua hoshc vo`fd `e`ri`e`a huigc hàs y pcr lc t`atc su j`a`aio` dr` h`ycr. Nudrca p`s`amc lcs `ðcs y lcs ichdrio`atds da todrr`s `hdroi`a`s nudrca `uhdat`amc, pcr lc qud g`iè` n`lt` ua` acrh` qud pudm` rdjul`rlcs da dl [drö. L`s sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s da dl [drö, surjda ica l` m`ioùa mdl iùmojc md ichdrioc da dl `ðc 0749, l` iu`l rdjul`e` ` l`s sciodm`mds qud y` sd daicatr`e`a cpdr`amc da tdrrotcroc pdru`ac, `sè `sè ichc ichc h` h`ri ricc ua puat puatcc md p`rto p`rtom` m` p`r` p`r` qu qudd sd icanc icancrh rhda da
au audv dv`s `s sc scio iodm dm`m `mds ds..
[cstdrocrhdatd, moc p`sc `l Iùmojc md Ichdrioc md 0?;5, l` hosh` qud nud ua rdnldfc mdl Iùmojc md Ichdrioc Dsp`ðcl md 0774, y da su `v`aid pcr rdncrh`r l` ldjosl`ioùa, sd 4
prchuljc l` Ldy A»0>059, dl 5: md fuloc md 0?>>, l` iu`l sd mdachoaù Ldy md Yciodm`mds Hdri`atolds y sd ichpldhdatù ica l` Ldy A»0>47: Ldy md ]ètulcs ^`lcrds, dl `ðc 0?>:. Da l` hosh hosh`` lèad lèad`` md hc hcmo mono noi` i`io ioca cads ds,, dl 05 md Ac Acvo vodh dher erdd md 0? 0?7= 7= sd dhot dhotdd dl Mdir Mdirdt dtcc Ldjosl`tovc A» 900 qud i`heo`e` md acherd ` l` Ldy md Yciodm`mds Hdri`atolds y p`sù ` mdachoa`rsd Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds. [cr öltohc, dl 0? md Acvodherd md 0??: sd prchulj` l` Ldy A» 5>77:, l` hosh` qud sojud vojdatd g`st` `gcr` y qud g` tdaomc da su tdxtc huy pci`s hcmonoi`iocads sust`aio`lds, mdatrc md lcs iu`lds sd daiudatr` l` Ldy 5?4>>, prchulj`m` dl 57 md Fuloc mdl 5;0; qud hcmonoi` movdrs`s mospcsoiocads ica dl cefdtc md hdfcr`r dl iloh` md oavdrsoùa. Da dsd sdatomc, sd oaicrpcr` dl @rt. 45-@, qud `ð`md `l tdxtc ldj`l dl mdrdigc md oancrh`ioùa md lcs `iiocaost`s da ua` sciodm`m.
0. 0.5. YCIO YCIODM DM@M @M @AÙA @A OH@ @ @EOD @E ODU] U]@ @ L`5.Yciodm`m @aùaoh`, ac ÙAOH ds ctr` ics` qud ua` h`aondst`ioùa md vcluat`mds md mcs c hàs pdrsca`s, qud jdadr`a jdadr`a ` tr`vïs md ua icatr`tc ua` sciodm`m hdri`atol, ua` sciodm`m sciodm`m i`pot`lds, da l` qud dl i`pot`l scio`l (moadrc, eodads c oamustro`s), dstà rdprdsdat`mc pcr `iiocads, mcamd lcs `iiocaost`s ac rdspcamda sclom`ro`hdatd pcr l`s mdum`s scio`lds, ds mdior, l` prcpodm`m y l` jdstoùa sd daiudatr`a mdsloj`m`s. L` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` ds `qudll` hcm`lom`m md sciodm`m `aùaoh` qud sd omdatonoi` ica l` jr`a dhprds` mdeomc ` l` rduaoùa md ua` jr`a i`atom`m md i`pot`lds. L`s Yciodm`mds @aùaoh`s @eodrt`s, sca sciodm`mds icaideom`s p`r` tdadr ua jr`a aöhdrc md `iioc `iiocaos aost`s t`s,, qud p`rtoi p`rtoiop` op`ràa ràa da l` sci sciodm odm`m `m ic icaa `i `iioc iocad adss ictoz` ictoz`eld eldss da dl Hdri` Hdri`mc mc md ^`lcrds, lc qud ohploi` l` ioriul`ioùa md ua` h`s` md i`pot`l jr`amd. L` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt`, sd i`r`itdroz` pcr tdadr da l` ecls` md v`lcrds tcm`s sus `iioc `iiocad ads, s, pcr t`l hct hctovc ovc sca sus sust`a t`aio` io`lhd lhdatd atd eursà eursàtol tolds ds y sd daiuda daiudatr` tr`aa `l `li`ai `li`aidd md
>
iu`lquodr pdrsca`, a`tur`l c furèmoi` qud tdaj` l` i`p`iom`m dicaùhoi` md `mquoror `iiocads da l` ecls` md v`lcrds.
Md `iudrmc ` l` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds A» 5>77: @rt. 5=?, l` Yciodm`m @aùaoh` pudmd sdr `eodrt` iu`amc6 -
Yd g` gdi gdigc gc cnd cndrt` rt` pö pöelo eloi` i` proh`r proh`ro` o` md `ii `iioca ocads ds c md celoj`i celoj`ioca ocads ds icavdr icavdrtoe toelds lds da `iiocads.
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L` scio sciodm dm`m `m toda todadd h hàs às md :4; :4; ssci cioc ocs. s.
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Hàs mmdl dl 94 94% % mdl ii`p `pot` ot`ll sci scio`l o`l pd pdrtd rtdad adzi` zi` ` 00:4 :4 c hàs hàs `iioc `iiocaos aost`s t`s..
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Yd icast castot otuuyd ich chcc t` t`l.
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]cmc ]cmcss lcs ``iioc iiocaost` aost`ss pcr ua ua`aoh `aohom`m om`m ``prud prude`a e`a l` `m`pt`io `m`pt`ioùa ùa ` dstd dstd rïjohda rïjohda (`rt. (`rt. 5=? 5=? LJY).
Udspditc `l @rt. 5=? sdð`l`mc da l`s load`r prdidmdatds, ds adids`roc `ict`r qud tcmc `iiocaost` todad l` loedrt`m p`r` cndrt`r pöeloi`hdatd sus `iiocads, da dsd sdatomc, `l prdios`r qud tcm`s l`s `iiocads mdeda dst`r ictoz`m`s da l` Ecls` md ^`lcrds, loerdhdatd pcmdhcs oandror qud iu`lquodr pdrsca` ica i`p`iom`m ldj`l pudmd `mquoror l`s `iiocads cndrt`m`s da l` i`atom`m qud dlof`, l` hosh` qud sd vdrà rdnldf`mc da ua pcridat`fd ica rdl`ioùa ` l` tct`lom`m. Ta` md l`s i`r`itdrèstoi`s jdadr`lds md dstd topc md sciodm`m ds qud sus `iiocaost`s ac pcsdda l` tr`moioca`l “`nnditoc sciodt`tos‘, ichc ciurrd da lcs ctrcs topcs md sciodm`mds. Ds ichöa qud lcs `iiocaost`s ac sd icaczi`a datrd sè, m`mc ` l` plur`lom`m md lcs hoshcs, dst`hcs g`el`amc md hàs md :4; pdrsca`s md `iudrmc ` l` Ldy da hdaioùa, c da su mdnditc, md 0:4 pdrsca`s qud tuvodsda hàs mdl 94% mdl i`pot`l scio`l. Da dstcs puatcs hdaioca`mcs, hdaioca`mcs, ac icaiudrmc ica l` ldjosl`ioùa dhprds`ro`l, pudstc qud l` jr`a dhprds` qudm` rdldj`m` ` ua` sotu`ioùa md mdsvdat`f` nrdatd ` lcs ctrcs topcs md sciodm`mds. :
@ploi`amc dl mdrdigc ichp`r`mc, da l` ldjosl`ioùa dsp`ðcl`, dxostd l` pcsoeolom`m md ncrh`r ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` uaopdrsca`l, y moig` ldjosl`ioùa icatdhpl` qud p`r` ncrh`rl`s sd adidsot` ua hèaohc md i`pot`l md sdsdat` hol durcs, `sohoshc md `iudrmc ` l` i`tdjcrè` md l` sciodm`m, sus `iiocads pudmda sdr oasirot`s da l` ecls` md v`lcrds. Dst`s i`r`itdrèstoi`s s`i`a vdat`f` ` ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` da dl [drö, pudstc qud m`mc `l `ltc aöhdrc md `iiocaost`s qud sd rdquodrd p`r` ncrh`r ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` da audstrc p`ès, da p`èsds ichc Dsp`ð` c da lcs [`èsds E`fcs, ua` pdqudð` dhprds` pudmd h`adf`r h`ycrds i`pot`lds qud ua` jr`a dhprds` da dl [drö. [drö. Dstc rd`lhdatd ds ua ohpdmohdatc ohpdmohdatc p`r` qud lcs jr`amds i`pot`lds sd mds`rrcllda da audstrc p`ès, pcr lc qud ds sujdroeld ua` hcmonoi`ioùa ` l` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds rdspditc ` moigc icatdaomc. Dl @rt. 545 md l` LJY, hdaioca` qud l` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` mded oasiroeor tcm`s sus `iiocads da dl Udjostrc [öeloic mdl Hdri`mc md ^`lcrds. Udspditc ` dstd `rtèiulc ds hdadstdr qud `il`rdhcs `ljc suh`hdatd ohpcrt`atd p`r` l` icrrdit` ichprdasoùa mdl hoshc. @l icastotuorsd ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` pcr iu`lquodr hcm`lom`m qud icatdhpld l` LJY, sd mded prdios`r da dl dst`tutc dl ohpcrtd tct`l mdl i`pot`l scio`l, l` i`atom`m y dl v`lcr md i`m` `iioùa, sdjuom`hdatd ` l` icastotuioùa y l` oasiropioùa da lcs rdjostrcs pöeloics, sd mded oasiroeor dl tct`l md l`s `iiocads da l` ecls` md v`lcrds, sodamc su v`lcr oaoio`l dl rdjostr`mc da dl dst`tutc. @ hdmom` qud l` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` sd mds`rrclld dicaùhoi`hdatd, dl prdioc md l`s `iiocads pcmràa e`f`r c sueor su prdioc oaoio`l. [`r` mdtdrhoa`r l`s sotu`iocads da l`s qud moshoauyd c `uhdat` l` ictoz`ioùa md l`s `iiocads, sd mded tch`r da iudat` l`s j`a`aio`s y pïrmom`s, dllc ohploi` icacidr lcs oajrdscs y djrdscs md l` sciodm`m, `sè ichc l`s oa oavd vdrs rsoc ocad adss ` icrt icrtcc y l`rj l`rjcc pl`z pl`zc, c, l` cndr cndrt` t` y md mdh` h`am am`` md mdll ce cefd fdtc tc scio scio`l `l,, da datrd trd ct ctrc rcss oamoi`mcrds qud pdrhotoràa ua` ictoz`ioùa da todhpc rd`l y ua` prcydiioùa ` lcs mè`s sojuodatds.
7
0.5.0.. Mdl `uhdat 0.5.0 `uhdatcc md i`pot`l i`pot`l Dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l ac ds hàs qud oairdhdat`r l` i`atom`m md `iiocads dxostdatd md l` Yciodm`m, hdmo`atd audvcs `pcrtds dnditu`mcs, lcs qud pudmda sdr moadr`rocs, da eodads c sdrvoiocs dnditu`mcs pcr lcs hoshcs Yciocs. [`r` Dlè`s L`rcz` (5;;;), dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l ds6 L` rd rd`l `loz oz`i `ioù oùaa md au audv dvcs cs `pcr `pcrtd tdss md eoda eodads ds c md mdrd rdig igcs cs ` n` n`vc vcrr md l` sc scio iodm dm`m `m,, qu qudd oairdhdat`a c ncrt`ldida su `itovc y hdfcr` su sotu`ioùa dicaùhoi`, ` i`heoc md l` datrdj` ` lcs `pcrt`atds md audv`s `iiocads c mdl `uhdatc mdl v`lcr achoa`l md l`s `iiocads dxostdatds. (p. 995) Ydjöa Idrt`m6 Dl `uhdatc md I`pot`l, ac sca ctr` ics` qud lcs `uhdatcs md l` ionr` ’ i`pot`l, qud ac mdf` md prcvci`r iodrt` ` sdas`ioùa icatr`moitcro` da dl furost`, g`eom` iudat` md qud l` “dst`eolom`m‘ c “oa`ltdr`eolom`m‘ mdl i`pot`l scio`l g` somc sodhprd icasomdr`m` uac md lcs proaiopocs crmda`mcrds da l`s sciodm`mds md i`pot`l, y` qud sùlc md dstd hcmc i`ed s`tosn`idr su tropld nuaioùa6 j`r`atè` md lcs `irddmcrds, dldhdatc eàsoic p`r` l` mdtdrhoa`ioùa md l` pcsoioùa md scioc y ionr` md lohot`ioùa md rdspcas`eolom`m. @ pds`r md dllc, dstd proaiopoc md “nofdz`‘ mdl i`pot`l scio`l ac datr`ð` datr`ð` su oahcmonoi`eolom` oahcmonoi`eolom`m, m, soac, öaoi`hdatd, öaoi`hdatd, l` ohpcsoeolom`m md v`ro`rlc v`ro`rlc so ac ds ` tr`vïs mdl icrrdspcamodatd prcidsc md hcmonoi`ioùa dst`tut`ro`, schdtomc ` l`s ncrh`lom`mds sdð`l`m`s sdð`l`m`s pcr l` ldy. (p.05) Ds `sè, ichc dl @uhdatc mdl I`pot`l ohploi` ua` v`ro`ioùa md l` ionr` ’ i`pot`l, qud ac ds hàs qud ua dldhdatc qud sd mded rdnldf`r da lcs Dst`tutcs Ycio`lds, dl iu`l icastotuyd l` p`rtd hàs ohpcrt`atd md l` dhprds`, sodhprd vostc mdsmd ua puatc md vost` adt`hdatd p`trohcao`l, y` qud l` v`ro`ioùa md l` ionr` - i`pot`l sodhprd ohploi` ua` j`r`atè` oamordit` nrdatd ` lcs
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`irddmcrds md l` sciodm`m, da r`zùa qud `l oairdhdat`rsd dl I`pot`l Ycio`l, l` Yciodm`m rdnldf` ua` h`ycr ncrt`ldz` g`io` dl dxtdrocr md l` hosh`. L` Ldy A» 5>77:, Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds (;4 md Moiodherd md 0??:), prdios` da dl @rtèiulc 5;0 qud “Dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l sd `iudrm` pcr fuat` jdadr`l iuhplodamc lcs rdquosotcs dst`eldiomcs p`r` l` hcmonoi`ioùa mdl dst`tutc, icast` da dsirotur` pöeloi` y sd oasiroed da dl Udjostrc‘. Ds il`r il`rcc qud qud `l `uhd `uhdat at`r `r dl I` I`po pot` t`ll md l` Yc Ycio iodm dm`m `m,, dl Ycio Yciocc md mded ed dn dndi ditu tu`r `r au audv dv`s `s `pcrt`iocads ` l` Yciodm`m, pdrc p`r` qud dllc ciurr` l` tct`lom`m md `iiocads mdeda dst`r èatdjr`hdatd susirot`s y p`j`m`s, y dstd `pcrtd sodhprd v` ` jdadr`r qud sd dhot`a audv`s `iiocads sciodt`ro`s sciodt`ro`s c sd oairdhdatd dl v`lcr achoa`l md l`s `iiocads dxostdatds. [drsca`lhdatd, sustdatc qud dl @uhdatc md I`pot`l ds dl oairdhdatc mdl hcatc mdl I`pot`l Ycio`l, y pcr damd dl `uhdatc md l` p`rtoiop`ioùa sciodt`ro` md i`m` scioc qud nud cefdtc mdl @uhdatc, y` qud dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l pudmd jdadr`r l` dhosoùa md audv`s `iiocads c da su mdnditc qud l` `iioùa dxostdatd tdaj` ua oairdhdatc da su v`lcr achoa`l.
Il`sds md @uhdatc md I`pot`l
Ichc vdrdhcs ` icatoau`ioùa, dl @uhdatc md I`pot`l Ycio`l, todad mondrdatds hcm`lom`mds hdmo` hd mo`atd atd l`s iu` iu`lds lds sd rd`loz rd`loz`` ds dstd td `uh `uhda datc, tc, ich ichcc ds dl dnditu dnditu`r `r @pcrtd @pcrtdss Hcadt` Hcadt`roc rocss @moioca`lds ` lcs dxostdatds, I`pot`loz`ioùa md Irïmotcs icatr` l` Yciodm`m, Udv`lu`ioùa md @itovcs, datrd ctrcs lcs hoshcs qud p`s`rdhcs ` mds`rrcll`r6 @uhdatc md I`pot`l I`pot`l pcr Audvcs Audvcs @pcrtds
Dl @uhdatc md I`pot`l pcr Audvcs @pcrtds, ac ds hàs qud l` hcm`lom`m md `uhdatc md i`pot`l, hdmo`atd l` iu`l dl scioc dnditö` audvcs `pcrtds da moadrc da dnditovc c da ctrcs v`lcrds, ichc igdquds md jdrdaio`, igdquds idrtonoi`mcs pcr dl E`aic, `sè ichc iu`lquodr ctrc eoda qud sd` pcsoeld md sdr iu`atonoi`mc dicaùhoi`hda dicaùhoi`hdatd. td.
0;
Ydjöa Dlè`s L`rcz`, (5;;;) l` mdachoa`ioùa md “audvcs `pcrtds‘ scstodad qud “tcmc `uhdatc md i`pot`l datr`ð` audvcs `pcrtds, soa dxidpioùa, `uaqud scerd dst` `norh`ioùa dxostda cpoaocads mosirdp`atds mosirdp`atds da l` mcitroa`. (p.45;). Yoa dhe`rjc, so dstc nudr` icrrditc, g`erè` ua` icatr`moiioùa ica lc dstopul`mc pcr L` Ldy A 5777:, md l` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`m, l` iu`l da su `rtèiulc 5;5 da r`zùa qud dstd `rtoiul`mc oamoi` qud lcs audvcs `pcrtds sca ua` hcm`lom`m md `uhdatc md i`pot`l mondrdatd md l`s ctr`s. Dst` hcm`lom`m md @uhdatc md I`pot`l ds l` hàs sdaioll`, y` qud ohploi` öaoi`hdatd qud dl scioc oajrdsd lcs audvcs v`lcrds ` l` sciodm`m (pcr lc jdadr`l hdmo`atd mdpùsotcs da l` iudat` e`ai`ro` md l` sciodm`m), y ddllc llc jdadr` qud ssdd `uhdatd dl ii`pot`l `pot`l y pcr damd sd sd jdadrda audv`s audv`s `iiocads c l` `iioùa dxostdatd i`heod md v`lcr achoa`l, y pcr damd sd `uhdatd dl p`trohcaoc adtc md l` sciodm`m. I`pot`loz`ioùa md Irïmotc
Dst` Hcm`lom`m md @uhdatc md I`pot`l ohploi` qud lcs irïmotcs y `irddmcrds qud sd todad p`r` ica l` sciodm`m, `idpt`a qud dl irïmotc qud todada nrdatd ` l` sciodm`m, jdadrd audv`s `iiocads c oairdhdatd dl v`lcr achoa`l md l` `itu`l, pumodamc m`rsd dl i`sc qud dl `irddmcr sd` `iiocaost`s, dst` hcm`lom`m md `uhdatc md i`pot`l t`heoïa ds icaciom` ichc icavdrsoùa md celoj`iocads da `iiocads. Ydjöa Hcatcy` H`anrdmo (0???) Da dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l pcr icavdrsoùa md celoj`iocads da `iiocads sd ichpcrt` mcs supudstcs6 so l` icavdrsoùa nud prdvost` `l g`idrsd l` dhosoùa md l`s celoj`iocads, c so ac sd gozc dst` prdvosoùa. [cr ctrc l`mc, t`heoïa supcad l` icavdrsoùa mdl irïmotc mdl `irddmcr da `iiocads md l` sciodm`m, ds mdior, lcs supudstcs oavcluir`a `qudllcs i`scs qud prcvdaj` md ua mdrdigc mdrd igc md irïm irïmotc otc h`tdro`loz h`tdro`loz`mc `mc da ua tètulc ll`h` ll`h`mc mc celoj`ioù celoj`ioùaa c ecac c sohpldhd sohpldhdatd atd ua irïmotc rdicaciomc pcr l` sciodm`m ` ua tdridrc c `iiocaost` (p. 449).
00
Dstd `uhdatc md i`pot`l da so ac ohploi` ua oajrdsc moadr`ro` ` l` sciodm`m, y` qud l`s mdum`s qud todad l` sciodm`m sd icavodrtda da `iiocads, y dllc `lovo` ` l` sciodm`m, da r`zùa qud l`s mdum`s md l` sciodm`m mds`p`rdida dhotodamc audv`s `iiocads, pcr lc qud dstc pudmd da rd`lom`m jdadr`r qud l` sciodm`m sd mdsi`pot`loid da l` pràitoi`. Dlè`s L`rcz` (5;;;), scstodad qud da dst` hcm`lom`m md `uhdatc L` sciodm`m, pcr su p`rtd, sd edadnoio` pcrqud mds`p`rdi mds`p`rdidd l` celoj`tcrodm`m md p`j`r dl irïmotc `pcrt`mc, ids`a md mdvdaj`rsd lcs oatdrdsds mdl hoshc y ua p`sovc qud mded p`j`rsd md oahdmo`tc c ` pl`zc sd icavodrtd da i`pot`l, c sd` da ua` celoj`ioùa sdiuam`ro` qud oairdhdat` dl p`trohcaoc adtc y qud sùlc ds dxojoeld mdspuïs qud sd p`juda tcm`s l`s mdum`s scio`lds nrdatd ` tdridrcs. (p.45;) Dl @uhdatc md I`pot`l pcr Icavdrsoùa md Celoj`iocads da @iiocads, todad dl hoshc dnditc dicaùhoic qud dl p`j`r l` mdum` `l mdumcr md l` sciodm`m, y` qud l` mdum` sd i`aidl` `utchàtoi`hdatd `utchàtoi`hda td ica l` dhosoùa md `iiocads `l scioc `irddmcr md l` sciodm`m. I`pot`loz`ioùa md Ttolom`mds
Ydjöa Dlè`s L` Ucs` (5;;;), l` I`pot`loz`ioùa md l`s Ttolom`mds dstà mordit`hdatd rdl`ioca`m` ica l` I`pot`loz`ioùa md Udsdrv`s, da r`zùa qud l`s utolom`mds ac rdp`rtom`s sca l`s Udsdrv`s md l` sciodm`m, y sd cetodad md dll`s, soa dhe`rjc p`r` mds`rrcll`r ica hdfcr crmda l`s hcm`lom`mds md `uhdatc md i`pot`l, `he`s l`s dst`hcs tr`t`amc pcr sdp`r`mc (p.45;). L` i`pot`loz`ioùa md Ttolom`mds ds huy sohol`r ` l` I`pot`loz`ioùa md Irïmotcs, y` qud dstd to topc pc md `uhd `uhdat atcc md i`po i`pot` t`ll ds iu`a iu`amc mc `l sc scio iocc sd ld p` p`j` j` su suss ut utol olom om`m `mds ds y ds dst` t`ss `utchàtoi`hdatd `utchàtoi`hda td sd vudlvda `iiocads, pcr lc qud ds il`rc qud l` sciodm`m dstà i`aidl`a i`aidl`amc mc ua` mdum` `l `iiocaost`s md l` sciodm`m, y dst` i`aidl`ioùa ohploi` ua `uhdatc md i`pot`l y l` jdadr`ioùa md audv`s `iiocads c oairdhdat`r dl v`lcr achoa`l md l`s dxostdatds. L`s utolom`mds, `l oju`l qud dl i`pot`l, sca iudat`s qud oatdjr`a dl p`trohcaoc adtc, pdrc qud sca oatrèasdi`hdatd mondrdatds `l i`pot`l, l`s qud sd rdp`rtda ua` vdz qud sd` `prce`mc pcr l` 05
Fuat`, hchdatc mdsmd dl qud rdioïa pudmda ncrh`r ncrh`r p`rtd mdl i`pot`l scio`l y jdadr`r dl topc md hcm`lom`m md `uhdatc pcr I`pot`loz`ioùa md Ttolom`mds. I`pot`loz`ioùa md Udsdrv`s
L`s Udsdrv`s md l` sciodm`m ac sca ctr` ics` qud l` prcvosoùa sciodt`ro` mdstoa`m` ` iueror nutur`s icatoajdaio`s, y icastotuyda ua dxidmdatd p`trohcao`l supdrocr md l` ionr` ncrh`l mdl i`pot`l qud icat`eldhdatd sd h`tdro`loz` da ua`s iudat`s qud rdprdsdat`a ua` nr`iioùa mdl `itovc adtc md l` sciodm`m c p`sovc oatdrac y qud nojur`a da dl p`sovc mdl e`l`aid. Da dstd `uhdatc md i`pot`l pcr dst` hcm`lom`m prcvodad md l` Udsdrv`s md l` sciodm`m, l`s hosh`s qud ohploi` ua i`rjc da l` iudat` icat`eld md Udsdrv`s y dl `utchàtoic `ecac da dl I`pot`l, lc qud jdadr` audv`s `iiocads ` lcs sciocs c hcmonoi`r dl v`lcr achoa`l md l`s `iiocads prd-dxostdatds. I`pot`loz`ioùa md Edadnoiocs
Ydjöa l`s acrh`s md l` icat`eolom`m, datrd l`s p`rtom`s mdl p`sovc sd oailuyd dl s`lmc `irddmcr md l` iudat` md pïrmom`s y j`a`aio`s, qud ac ds ctr` ics`, qud lcs edadnoiocs, lcs iu`lds sca i`pot`loz`elds. @sohoshc, sca ncamcs prcpocs, qud sca p`rtd da dl p`sovc, ichprdamda da dl p`sovc, lcs rdsult`mcs md dfdrioiocs `atdrocrds y dl rdsult`mc mdl dfdrioioc `itu`l2 dstcs mcs dfdrioiocs sca lcs edadnoiocs md l` sciodm`m, lcs qud ua` vdz `prce`mcs da l` iudat` `aul` y l` prcpudst` md rdp`rtc, ac sd g`a mostroeuomc ichc movomdamcs ao g`a somc `soja`mcs ` aoajua` iudat`, dstcs ncam ncamcs cs da pu puro rom` m`mm sca lc ho hosh shcc qu qudd l`s l`s Ud Udsd sdrv rv`s `s md Yc Ycio iodm dm`m `m,, y qu qudd pu pudm dmda da sd sdr r i`pot`loz`elds. I`pot`loz`ioùa md [roh`s
Dstd topc md i`pot`loz`ioùa ds sohpldhdatd l` suh` qud sd cetodada da l` iclci`ioùa md `iiocads scerd su v`lcr achoa`l, qud ds ua` ncrh` md edadnoioc p`r` l` sciodm`m, pcr lc qud `l sdr p`j`m`s l`s `iiocads ica proh`s oajrds`a ` su `itovc `pcrtds pcr ua v`lcr h`ycr (v`lcr 09
achoa`l hàs l`s proh`s) qud dl oairdhdatc md su p`sovc da l` iudat` i`pot`l scio`l (v`lcr achoa`l scl`hdatd). [cr dllc, ds qud `utchàtoi`hdatd sd g` `uhdat`mc dl p`trohcaoc adtc md l` sciodm`m. Dstd topc md `uhdatc md i`pot`l ohploi` qud dl `iiocaost` dnditöd ua mdsdheclsc, da r`zùa qud dl v`lcr md l` `iioùa qud `mquodrda ds supdrocr `l v`lcr achoa`l, y dllc sclc n`vcrdid ` l` sciodm`m, pcr lc qud da l` pràitoi` ac sd m`. I`pot`loz`ioùa md Dxidmdatd md Udv`lu`ioùa
Iu`amc lcs `itovcs md l` sciodm`m sd rdv`lö`a sd jdadr`a plusv`lè`s da dl E`l`aid Ycio`l, qud sca prcmuitc mdl `uhdatc md lcs v`lcrds qud sd g`a m`mc da dl todhpc dl qud sd jdadr` pcr lcs `itov `itovcs cs rd v`l v`lu`m u`mcs, cs, lc qud jdadr jdadr`` oad oadvot vot`e `eldh ldhdat datdd ua` j`a`ai j`a`aio` o` md i` i`pot pot`ld `ldss qud oairdhdat` oaird hdat` dl p`tro p`trohcao hcaocc adtc md l` sciodm sciodm`m, `m, dstcs eda edadnoi dnoiocs ocs sca susidptoel susidptoelds ds md sdr i`pot`loz`mcs c mostroeuomcs, y pcr damd pudmda jdadr`r ua` `uhdatc md i`pot`l scio`l. Ctrcs i`scs prdvostcs da l` Ldy
L` acrh` pl`atd` ctrcs i`scs md `uhdatc md i`pot`l mondrdatds ` lcs `atdrocrhdatd mdsirotcs, qud sd pudmda m`r pcr cpdr`iocads md nusoùa, `escrioùa, dsiosoùa ica nusoùa, Mdl hoshc hcmc, dstd supudstc ohploi`rè` dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l pcr h`am`tc ohpdr`tovc md l` Ldy, ichc ds dl i`sc md l`s rdv`lu`iocads celoj`tcro`s [rdvost`s da l` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds, da mcamd l` plusv`lè` ds i`pot`loz`m` md h`adr` celoj`tcro`
0.5.5.. [roaiop`lds 0.5.5 [roaiop`lds I`us`s I`us`s mdl @uhdatc @uhdatc L`s [roaiop`lds i`us`s mdl @uhdatc mdl I`pot`l Ycio`l da l`s Yciodm`mds @aùaoh`s, sd jdadr`a pcr scloiotumds md ]dridrcs, y ac sodhprd pcr ua àaohc prcpoc md l` hosh`s Yciodm`m, md sus Yciocs, @mhoaostr`mcrds c Morditcrds. @sè tdadhcs, qud dl I`pot`l Ycio`l p`r` lcs E`aics, ds pcr lc jdadr`l dl rdnldfc dicaùhoic y noa`aiodrc md l` Yciodm`m, ds mdior, p`r` l`s Dhprds`s mdl Yostdh` Noa`aiodrc, dl tdadr ua `ltc 0=
i`pot`l scio`l, ohploi` qud l` sciodm`m todad i`p`iom`m md damdum`hodatc `lt`, y pcr damd ds susidptoeld md scloiot`r irïmotcs, lcs hoshcs qud mdeda nluor soa `sp`vodatcs. @sè tdadhcs qud l` i`us` proaiop`l md lcs @uhdatcs md I`pot`l, sd jdadr`, pcr qud l`s Dhprds`s mdl Yostdh` Noa`aiodrc, rdquodrda adids`ro`hdatd p`r` l`s cpdr`iocads e`ai`ro`s, qud l`s Yciodm`mds tdaj` ua @ltc I`pot`l Ycio`l, da r`zùa qud dl àrd` md rodsjcs md l` Dhprds` mdl Yostdh` Noa`aiodrc `sè lc rdquodrd, lc qud icalldv` ` qud l` Yciodm`m tdaj` qud `uhdat`r dl I`pot`l Ycio`l, jdadr`amc l` dhosoùa md audv`s `iiocads c dl oairdhdatc md l`s dxostdatds, dst` dxojdaio` sd scloiot` pdsd ` qud l` Yciodm`m tdaj` ua` sdrod md `itovcs, y pcr damd tdaj` ua [`trohcaoc dldv`mc, da suh` l` dxojdaio` md lcs `uhdatcs md i`pot`l pcr lc jdadr`l prcvodad mdl dxtdrocr md l`s sciodm`md sciodm`mdss y ac mdl oatdrocr md l`s hosh`s. Dl i`pot`l scio`l ncrh` p`rtd mdl p`sovc md l` sciodm`m, pcr dllc ds dl `itovc scio`l ac sodhprd `li`az` ` iueror l`s mdum`s ica tdridrcs, r`zùa pcr l` iu`l lcs tdridrcs scloiot`a dl oairdhdatc mdl i`pot`l, y huig`s vdids qud dstd sd` supdrocr `l hoshc `itovc sciodt`roc, pcr dllc, ds qud `ljuacs prdios`a qud dl i`pot`l scio`l ds l` p`rtd mdl `itovc tct`l loerd md `irddmcrds, pcr lc qud `ljuacs lc mdachoa`m “p`trohcaoc lèquomc‘. @sè tdadhcs qud Y`hudlsca y Acrmg`us (0??9) prdios`a qud “dl i`pot`l ds ua n`itcr md prcmuiioùa prcmuiomc, da r`zùa qud dllc ds jdadr`mc pcr dl hoshc `iiocaost`s, pcr lc qud ds ohpcrt`atd vdronoi`r so dl i`pot`l ds l` öaoi` iudat` qud oatdjr` dl [`trohcaoc‘ (p.9>). Datcaids lldj`hcs `l puatc iruio`l md so ds qud dl I`pot`l Ycio`l, ds l` J`r`atè` Ud`l nrdatd ` ua @irddmcr, tcm` vdz, qud dl hoshc ac rdnldf` rd`lhdatd l` sotu`ioùa noa`aiodr` y dicaùhoi` md l` dhprds`, y` qud dllc ac ohploi` dl aöildc dspdio`l md lcs eodads sciodt`rocs, soac öaoi`hda öaoi `hdatd td dl `pcr `pcrtd td dnditu`m dnditu`mcc pcr lcs scio sciocs cs ` l` sciodm`m, sciodm`m, pcr dllc, ds qud L` nuaioùa nuaioùa md j`r`atè` mdl i`pot`l, todad ua sdatomc mu`l rdndromc ` l` prctdiioùa md lcs `irddmcrds nrdatd ` lcs sciocs y nrdatd ` l`s voiosotumds prcpo`s mdl jorc ichdrio`l dhprds`roc. 04
L` Irosos Ycio`l Ycio`l
L` Irosos mdl I`pot`l Ycio`l, iu`atc dl I`pot`l Ycio`l ac pudmd iuhplor su nuaioùa, ds qud sd moid qud dl hoshc sd daiudatr` da irosos, dllc mdeomc ` qud ac iuhpld su nuaioùa md J`r`atè` nrdatd ` aoajöa ]dridrc. L` mdachoa`m` nuaioùa md j`r`atè` mdl I`pot`l Ycio`l, sd m` iu`amc l` nuaioùa md l` Dhprds` c md su [rcmuiioùa, [rcmuiioùa, ac iuhplda dl cefd cefdtc tc p`r` dl iu`l sd `pc `pcrtï rtï dl hoshc, y` qud ac dxostd dxostd ua ncrh`tc qud dst`eldzi` p`ràhdtrcs dhprds`ro`lds, qud mded sdjuor dl scioc nuam`mcr p`r` dnditu`r t`l c iu`l `pcrtd, y pcr damd l` Yciodm`m tdaj` ua I`pot`l Ycio`l `mdiu`mc p`r` dl Adjcioc md l` Dhprds`. Dhprds`. Ds `sè, qud g`y sciodm`mds qud sd icastotuy`a ica ua I`pot`l Ycio`l suh`hdatd e`fc, pcr lc qud `l icrtc pl`zc dstd ac pudmd iuhplor ica dl cefdtovc p`r` dl iu`l nud ird`m` l` Yciodm`m dl hèaohc ica dl iu`l ac sd pudmd iuhplor Dl prceldh`s md l` mdiosoùa md iuàatc mded sdr dl `pcrtd qud dnditu`r dl scioc ` ua` Yciodm`m da ncrh`ioùa, mded m`rsd pcr dl noa md l` sciodm`m, y da so pcr iuàatc ds dl I`pot`l Ycio`l qud l` Yciodm`m mded tdadr, `sè tdadhcs qud da Dsp`ð`, sd dxojd ua I`pot`l Ycio`l hèaohc, qud ds ua dquov`ldatd da durcs ` 0; hollcads md pdsdt`s. Yoa dhe`rjc, Ucmrèjudz, I`rlcs y ^àsqudz, H`rè` Oaïs (0???), da moàlcjc ica Ucmrojc Trè`, prdios`a qud6 “L` sciodm`m `aùaoh` sd ld g` pudstc ua lèhotd mosirdioca`l, soa r`zcads dicaùhoi`s c furèmoi`s. Yd g` pudstc p`r` dvot`r qud l` sciodm`m `aùaoh`, qud prdsdat` ua` h`ycr ichpldfom`m rdjostr`l, oav`m` dl rdjostrc.‘ (p. ??) Md lc `atdrocrhdatd oamoi`mc, sd pudmd oandror qud l` dxojdaio` md ua` I`pot`l Ycio`l hèaoh` ` ua` Yciodm`m, mded m`rsd öaoi`hdatd iu`amc dl Cefdtc md l` Yciodm`m sd` `hploù, y qud da ds` `hplotum dxost` ua` `mdiu`ioùa sciodt`ro`, l` iu`l `l jdadr`r l` Dhprds`, adidsotd tdadr `p`r`tcs mdnoaomcs `l oatdrocr md l` hosh` p`r` qud dll` pudm` tr`e`f`r y cpdr`r da dl hdri`mc 0>
soa monoiult`mds dicaùhoi`s c noa`aiodr`s. Yoa dhe`rjc, schcs md l` cpoaoùa qud iclci`r ua I`pot`l Ycio`l hèaohc ` ua` Yciodm`m jdadr`rè` da audstrc p`ès, qud l`s pdrsca`s ac irdda sciodm`mds, y` qud dl prceldh` jdadr`l qud todada lcs @ecj`mcs `l icastotuor l`s Yciodm`mds, ds dxploi`rld ` lcs Yciocs icastotuydatds qud dl I`pot`l Ycio`l qud dstàa `pcrt`amc da dl E`ic ac lc v`a ` pdrmdr, soac qud dstd ds md l` Yciodm`m y qud y` ac ds md dllcs, pcr lc qud so ld `moio `m oioca ca`hc `hcss l` dxo dxojd jdaio aio`` hèa hèaoh` oh` mdl I`pot I`pot`l `l Yc Ycio` io`ll dv dvomd omdatd atdhda hdatd td l` Icasto Icastotui tuioùa oùa md Yciodm`mdss audv`s pcridatu`lhdatd v` ` moshoauor. Yciodm`md Lcs Furost`s dstàa md `iudrmc, qud da mded md g`edr ua` `rhcaè` datrd dl I`pot`l Ycio`l y Cefdtc Ycio`l, y ica dst` `rhcaè` md v`lcrds sd pudmd daicatr`r l` [`z Ycio`l, y` qud dl I`pot`l Ycio`l mded sdr t`l, qud pdrhot` dl iuhplohodatc mdl Cefdtc Ycio`l soa `tdau`atds, ` lc qud ]roclc Fcsï Oja`ioc (5;;0), lc mdachoa` oanr`i`pot`loz`ioùa (p. 0;), qud ac ds ctr` ics` qud l` Yciodm`m tdaj` ua` I`pot`l Ycio`l adids`roc p`r` iuhplor ica dl cefdtc qud l` sciodm`m sd prcpcad iuhplor. Ycluioùa nrdatd nrdatd ` iu`lquodr ]dridrc ]dridrc qud dxojd ua `uhdatc `uhdatc md I`pot`l Ycio`l Ycio`l
Gdhcs dx`hoa`mc mdtdaom`hdatd ` lc l`rjc mdl prdsdatd tr`e`fc md oavdstoj`ioùa qud dl prceldh` qud todad todad l`s Yciodm`md Yciodm`mds, s, ds qud `l rdiurror ` ua ua`` Dhprds` mdl Yostd Yostdh` h` Noa`aiodrc, ` scloiot`r scloi ot`r ua irïmotc, dst` dst`ss scloiot`a scloiot`a qud dl I`po I`pot`l t`l Ycio`l md l` Yciodm` Yciodm`mm sd` `ltc, lc qud ac ciurrd sodhprd ica lcs p`rtoiul`rds c tdridrcs, lcs qud huig`s vdids sd sodatda s`tosndigcs ica l` cetdaioùa md ua` J`r`atè` Ud`l c [drsca`l, da r`zùa qud dl Irïmotc qud m`rè`a dst`rè` rdsp`lm`mc da i`sc md ua` Dfdiuioùa. ]dadhcs il`rc, qud dl I`pot`l Ycio`l ds ua N`itcr nuam`hdat`l da ua` Yciodm`m, pdrc lc qud ac ds il`rc p`r` lcs ]dridrcs ds qud dl [`trohcaoc Ycio`l, mdedrè` sdr rd`lhdatd dl h`ri`mcr md ua` Yciodm`m, `atd md l` Dhprds` mdl Yostdh` Noa`aiodrc c mdl ]dridrc `atd dl iu`l l` Yciodm`m scloiotd dl `p`l`ai`hodatc, pcr dllc, ds qud vdhcs, qud huig`s vdids dl ]dridrc `l dx`hoa`r l` sotu`ioùa furèmoi` md ua` @itovc Yciodt`roc, dstà `icrmd da dnditu`r ua irïmotc y 0:
pcr damd mdsdhecls`r moadrc c i`pot`l md tr`e`fc c lèad`s md irïmotc, hdmo`atd Icatr`tcs md Hutuc ica J`r`atè`s Gopctdi`ro` c [rdam`ro`, y` qud dl @itovc Yciodt`roc jdadr` sdjurom`m furèmoi` da dl supudstc supudstc md ua oa oaiuhplohodatc. iuhplohodatc. Yoa dhe`rjc, l` sotu`ioùa `atds mdsirot` ac ds `idpt`m` pcr l`s Dhprds`s mdl Yostdh` Noa`aiodrc, l`s qud dnditö`a ua dstumoc `hploc md l` Yciodm`m, pdrc p`rtodamc sodhprd mdl i`pot`l scio`l, pcr lc qud dl irïmotc scloiot`mc pcr l` Yciodm`m, huig`s vdids ds mdsdhecls`mc mdspuïs md v`rocs hdsds, lc qud g`id oavo`eld huigcs Adjciocs p`r` l`s hosh`s, pcr dllc, ds qud dl prdsdatd tr`e`fc md oavdstoj`ioùa prdtdamd m`r ua` scluioùa ` dstd ohp`sd, mdl iu`l sca cefdtc l`s sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s ` mo`roc. Ica l` prcpudst` mdsirot` da dl pàrr`nc prdidmdatd, irddhcs sdrè` nàiol tdadr md h`adr` tr`sp`rdatd, il`r` y prdios` l` sotu`ioùa rd`l md l` Yciodm`m, da r`zùa qud sd `ploi`rè` l` Euda` Nd Udjostr`l, qud ds ua [roaiopoc Furèmoic [rohcrmo`l qud rdjul` dl Mdrdigc da dl huamc, ica dllc iu`lquodr irïmotc qud sd scloiotd `atd iu`lquodr [drsca`s c Dhprds`, sdrè` `prce`mc c rdig`z`mc md h`adr` pràitoi`hdatd oahdmo`t`, oahdmo`t`, y` qud ica l` [ueloiom`m Udjostr`l dl Hdri`mc Dicaùhoic sd hcvdrè` md h`adr` icast`atd.
0.9. 0.9. Ùrj` Ùrj`ac acss scio sciodt dt`r `roc ocss Lcs Ùrj`acs Yciodt`rocs sca lcs [ol`rds md l` Yciodm`m, lcs qud sca ird`mcs pcr h`am`tc ohpdr`tovc md l` Ldy, y sca lcs qud v`a ` mdiomor dl nuaioca`hodatc md l` hosh`, ichc sd v` ` mds`rrcll`r l` sciodm`m, y iuàlds sca lcs i`hoacs md l` hosh`.
L` Fuat` Jdadr`l
Ydjöa L` Ldy A» 5>77:, Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds (;4 Moiodherd md 0??:), da su `rtèiulc 000¶ mospcad qud6 “l` Fuat` Jdadr`l md @iiocaost`s ds dl ùrj`ac suprdhc md l` sciodm`m. Lcs `iio `iioca caos ost` t`ss icas icasto totu tuom omcs cs da fu fuat at`` jdad jdadr` r`ll mdeo mdeom` m`hd hdat atdd ic icav avci ci`m `m`, `, y ic icaa dl quùr quùruh uh icrrdspcamodatd, icrrdspcamoda td, mdiomda pcr l` h`ycrè` (…)‘.
07
Ydjöa ]`lldmc y I`lld (0??5) “L` Fuat` Jdadr`l md @iiocaost`s, ichc su acherd oamoi`, ds l` rduaoù rduaoùaa md lcs `i `iioc iocaos aost`s t`s.. Iuh Iuhplo plodam damcc ica lcs rdquos rdquosotc otcss ldj`ld ldj`ldss y ds dst`t t`tut` ut`roc rocss md icavci`tcro`, luj`r y quùruh, sd idlder` p`r` mdloedr`r y vct`r mdtdrhoa`mcs `suatcs md su ichpdtdaio`‘. ichpdtdaio` ‘. (p. ?9). @sè tdadhcs qud l` Fuat` Jdadr`l ichc Ùrj`ac Yuprdhc md l` Yciodm`m mdloedr` y tch` mdiosocads pcr h`ycrè`s, y dst`s mdiosocads sca l`s qud v`a ` rdjor l` vom` md l` Yciodm`m, datrd dll`s tdadhcs ua` Fuat` @au`l Celoj`tcro`, qud ds l` mdachoa`m` Fuat` Crmoa`ro`, l` qud mdatrc mdl prohdr trohdstrd md i`m` `ðc mded @prce`r l` Jdstoùa Ycio`l y dl E`l`aid md l` Yciodm`m. Mdl hoshc hcmc, tdadhcs l`s Fuat`s Taovdrs`lds l`s qud soa icavci`tcro` dst`amc rduaomcs dl 0;;% mdl i`pot`l md l` sciodm`m, ds mdior, dl 0;;% md lcs sciocs mde`tda ua` `jdam` y tch`a mdiosocads scerd l`s hosh`s, dst`s Fuat`s pcr lc jdadr`l sd m`a da l`s sciodm`mds n`holo`rds, qud huig`s vdids sca l`s Yciodm`mds @aùaoh`s Idrr`m`s. @sohoshc, tdadhcs l`s mdachoa`m`s Fuat`s Jdadr`lds, qud sca l`s Fuat`s qud prdvo`hdatd ` su oast`l`ioùa, sd mded g`edr icavci`mc ` lcs `iiocaost`s pcr lcs hdmocs oamoi`mcs da lcs Dst`tutcs. Da dst`s fuat`s sd tch`a mdiosocads y `iudrmcs scerd dl h`adfc md l` sciodm`m, huig`s vdids dst`s Fuat`s pcr l` `jdam` rdquodrda quùruh i`lonoi`mc p`r` oast`l`rsd, `sè ichc p`r` tch`r mdiosocads sciodt`ro`s.
Dl Morditcroc
Yd Ydjö jöaa l` Ld Ldyy A» 5>77 5>77:, :, Ld Ldyy Jd Jdad adr` r`ll md Yc Ycio iodm dm`m `mds ds (; (;44 md Mo Moio iodh dher erdd md 0? 0??: ?:), ), dspdiènoi`hdatd dl `rtèiulc 049» dl Morditcroc, ds dl ùrj`ac icldjo`mc dldjomc pcr l` fuat` jdadr`l. Iu`amc ua` c hàs il`sds md `iiocads tdaj`a mdrdigc ` dldjor ua mdtdrhoa`mc aöhdrc md morditcrds l` dldiioùa md moigcs morditcrds sd g`rà da fuat` dspdio`l.
0?
Ydjöa Dlè`s L` Ucs` (5;;0), dl Morditcroc sd mdnoad md l` sojuodatd h`adr`6 Dl morditcroc ds ua ùrj`ac icldjo`mc sojaonoi` qud mded md dst`r icancrh`mc pcr ua` plur`lom`m md hodhercs, da aöhdrc ac hdacr md trds, y qud l`s mdiosocads tch`m`s sca da i`lom`m md morditcroc y ac ` tètulc pdrsca`l pcr i`m` uac md sus oatdjr`atds. (p. 99;-990) Da dsd crmda md omd`s, dl Morditcroc md l` Yciodm`m, ds dl Ùrj`ac md Icatrcl y Jdstoùa md l` Yciodm`m, dl qud todad l` i`lom`m md pdrh`adatd, dl iu`l todad Morditcrds ]otul`rds, pumodamc tdadr supldatds y tch`a mdiosocads dhotom`s md `iudrmc ` l` vct`ioùa md lcs Morditcrds. Lcs Morditcrds `l rduaorsd da l`s sdsocads tch`a `iudrmcs qud celoj`a ` l` Yciodm`m ` tch`r iodrt`s `iiocads, dstcs `iudrmcs sca aöhdrcs `pdrtus, ds mdior, dl Morditcroc todad ua` `lt` j`h` md mdiosocads qud pudmd tch`r, y` qud l` ldy ac l` lohot` ichc so ciurrd ica l` Fuat` Jdadr`l. Lcs dst`mcs noa`aiodrcs qud sclvdat`a l` jdstoùa mdl Morditcroc y l` Jdrdaio`, sd mdeda prdp`r`r y prdsdat`r, ichc prdios` l` Ldy A» 5>77:, Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds (;4 Moiodherd md 0??:), da su `rtèiulc 559» prdios` qud "Md icancrhom`m ica l`s mospcsoiocads ldj`lds y ica lcs [roaiopocs md Icat`eolom`m Jdadr`lhdatd @idpt`mcs da dl [drö". @sè dl Mordi Mor ditcr tcroc oc md l` Yci Yciodm odm`m, `m, da hïr hïrotc otc Ld Ldyy A» 5>7 5>77:, 7:, Ldy Jdadr` Jdadr`ll md Yciodm Yciodm`md `mdss (;4 Moiodherd md 0??:), dspdiènoi`hdatd dl `rtèiulc 0::» Dl Morditcroc todad rdspcas`eolom`m iovol y pda`l pcr lcs m`ðcs qud i`usda lcs morditcrds pcr adjlojdaio` jr`vd c `itotum mclcs` da su `iioca`r y da l`s tch`s md sus mdiosocads.
L` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l
L` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l, dstà icancrh`m` pcr ua` [drsca` A`tur`l c Furèmoi`, qud Dl Jdrdatd Jdadr`l ds ua` [drsca` A`tur`l c Furèmoi`, ds dl Udprdsdat`atd Ldj`l md l` Yciodm`m y todad ` su i`rjc l` mordiioùa y l` `mhoaostr`ioùa md lcs adjciocs scio`lds, sodamc rdspcas`eld morditc md l` jdstoùa md l` sciodm`m. 5;
Dl tïrhoac Jdrdatd, sdjöa Motigdr, quoda ds iot`mc da ua `rtèiulc pcr Iruz Ydjcvo` (5;0=), “ds ua dundhoshc p`r` mdsoja`r dl `itc md juo`r ` lcs mdhàs, lcjr`r qud l`s ics`s sd g`j`a, m`r, dfdiut`r ùrmdads‘ (p. ;5). Dl Jdrdatd Jdadr`l ds acher`mc pcr dl Morditcroc, s`lvc dl prohdrc, qud ds mdsoja`mc da l` dsirotur` md icastotuioùa scio`l. [`r` sdr jdrdatd ac ds adids`roc sdr `iiocaost`. Dl jdrdatd jdadr`l ds rdspcas`eld da ncrh` ichpldhdat`ro` ` l`s celoj`iocad celoj`iocadss mdl morditcroc, y rdpcrt` ` ïstd `idri` mdl mdsdhpdðc md l` dhprds`. Dl jdrdatd jdadr`l ds dl rdspcas`eld ldj`l md l` dhprds` y da dsd sdatomc mdedrà vdl`r pcr dl iuhplohodatc md tcmcs lcs rdquosotcs ldj`lds qud `nditda lcs adjciocs y cpdr`iocads md ïst`. L` mur`ioùa mdl i`rjc ds oamdnoaom` pumodamc sdr rdhcvomc da iu`lquodr hchdatc pcr dl Morditcroc c pcr l` FJ@. Da i`sc md `usdaio` mdl Jdrdatd Jdadr`l, ïstd sdrà rddhpl`z`mc pcr l` pdrsca` qud mdsojad dl Morditcroc. L` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l ac ds ua Ùrj`ac Icldjo`mc, y` qud ac dstà icancrh`mc pcr ua` plur`lom`m md pdrsca`s, l` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l dstà icancrh`m` pcr ua` pdrsca`, y dst` ds l` rdspcas`eld md sus `iiocads y `itcs, y` sd` nrdatd ` l` Yciodm`m ichc nrdatd ` iu`lquodr tdridrc `fdac ` l` hosh`. Ds `sè, ichc tdadhcs qud dl Jdrdatd Jdadr`l tch` l`s mdiosocads ictomo`a`s md l`s Yciodm`m, pdrc dst`s mdiosocads ac pudmda or hàs `llà md l`s qud tch` dl Morditcroc, soa dhe`rjc dl hoshc pcr lc jdadr`l dstà prdsdatd da l`s sdiiocads mdl Morditcroc, y ds pcr lc jdadr`l dl qud sodhprd l`s icavci`.
0.=.. ^`i 0.= ^`ièc ècss ldj`l ldj`lds ds md l` lldy dy jjdad dadr`l r`l md sscio ciodm` dm`mds mds L` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l`s sciodm`mds @ lc l`rjc md l` gostcro` pdru`a`, mdsmd qud dl iùmojc md ichdrioc md 0749 datrc da vojcr, ac sd g` dsil`rdiomc l` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l`s sciodm`mds. ]cm`s l`s hcmonoi`iocads qud tuvc dl iùmojc md ichdrioc y l` ldy jdadr`l md sciodm`mds vojdatd, ac g`a `e`ri`mc l` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l` sciodm`m y g` qudm`mc ichc uac md lcs tdh`s soa rdjul`ioùa mdatrc md l` 50
ldjosl ldj osl`io `ioùa ùa `i `itu` tu`l.l. Da ds dsdd sdato sdatomc, mc, dl fur furost ost`` pd pdru` ru`ac ac g` prcpud prcpudstc stc mcs tdc tdcrè` rè`s6 s6 ]dcrè` ]dcrè` Icatr`itu`lost` y l` ]dcrè` Oastotuioca`lost`. L` tdcrè` icatr`itu`lost`, dst`eldid qud l`s sciodm`mds a`ida md ua `iudrmc md vcluat`mds ica icasdatohodatc hutuc datrd l`s p`rtds, g`st` `què, tcmc p`rdid tdadr l` i`r`itdrèstoi` md ua icatr`tc, pdrc ac ua icatr`tc crmoa`roc, pcrqud so acs rdhotohcs ` ua icatr`tc md ichpr` ’ vdat`, tdadhcs qud dl cndrdatd sd daiudatr` nrdatd `l cndrt`atd, soa dhe`rjc, da dstd topc md icatr`tc, `hecs dstàa mdl hoshc l`mc y ichp`rtda dl hoshc cefdtovc, pcr icasojuodatd l` tdcrè` icatr`itu`lost` dah`ri` ` l`s sciodm`mds ichc ua icatr`tc plurol`tdr`l ica prdst`iocads `utùa `u tùach` ch`s. s. Dst Dstdd top topcc md ica icatr` tr`tc, tc, pci pcicc mon monuam uamomc omc,, jd jdadr adr`` l` pc pcsoe soeolo olom`m m`m md qud qudmd qudmd dst`eldiomc qud l`s sciodm`mds sca ua topc dspdio`l md icatr`tc. Dhpdrc, qudm` mdsdstoh`mc pcr l` tdcrè` Oastotuioca`lost`. Oastotuioca`lost`. L` tdcrè` oastotuioca`lost` dst`eldid qud l`s sciodm`mds sca oastotuiocads pcrqud ` p`rtor mdl rdjostrc md l` icastotuioùa md l` sciodm`m, a`id ua` pdrsca` furèmoi`, lc qud ac ciurrd da aoajöa topc md icatr`tc, da icasdiud icasdiudaio` aio` moig` pdrsca` furèmoi` p`s` ` sdr sufdtc md mdrdigc y celoj`iocads, pcsdd ua` crj`aoz`ioùa oatdra` md sus hodhercs, `sè ichc ua` crj`aoz`ioùa md sus acrh`s, mdsmd l` icastotuioùa g`st` lcs rdjl`hdatcs oatdracs. Da dsd sdatomc, ichc pdrsca` furèmoi` pudmd susiroeor icatr`tcs, dst`eldidr icavdaocs ica ctr`s sciodm`mds, sciodm`mds, irdidr y dxp`amorsd ica suiurs`lds, lc qud sdrè` ohpcsoeld so morè`hcs qud l` sciodm`m nudsd ua topc md icatr`tc. Dl v`ièc qud daicatr`hcs rdspditc ` dstd tdh` da l` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds, sd mosiutoù da ua `atdprcyditc md ldy pcr lcs 0;; `ðcs mdl iùmojc md ichdrioc, soa dhe`rjc, `l ac sdr `prce`mc pcr l` ichosoùa da dl icajrdsc md l` rdpöeloi`, nud `rigov`mc y dl furost` mdsmd datcaids ac iudstocac hàs dl tdh` da hdaioùa.
55
[cr ho p`rtd, icasomdrc qud l`s sciodm`mds sca oastotuiocads qud sd ncrh`a ` p`rtor md l`s vcluat`mds da ichöa, ica l` noa`lom`m md sdr luir`tov` c ac luir`tov`. [csdda ua` dstruitur` icrpcr`tov` (Morditcroc, Jdrdatds, Fuat` Jdadr`l md @iiocaost`s) y ua` crj`aoz`ioùa furèmoi` oatdra oat dra`` (Icast (Icastotu otuioù ioùa, a, Udjl`h Udjl`hdat datcs) cs),, `sohos `sohoshc hc pud pudmd md `i `iid idmdr mdr `l hdri`m hdri`mcc md v`lcrd v`lcrdss y cnrdidr sus `iiocads da l` ecls` md v`lcrds. Yoa dhe`rjc ds adids`roc qud sd `il`rd ica prcatotum l` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l`s sciodm`mds, ica ica l` noa noa`l `lom om`m `m md or `m`p `m`pt` t`am amcc l` ldjo ldjosl sl`i `ioù oùaa dh dhpr prds ds`r `ro` o`ll
` lc lcss au audv dvcs cs i` i`he heoc ocss
icatdhpcràadcs.
[`rtoiop`ioùa `iioca`ro` [cr ctrc l`mc, daicatr`hcs qud so eoda ds iodrtc audstr` ldjosl`ioùa ac icatdhpl` l`s sciodm`mds uaopdrsca`lds, l`s jr`amds dhprds`s qud vodada ` oavdrtor da audstrc p`ès y sclc to toda dada da ` ua` ua` pd pdrs rsca ca`` ichc ichc prcp prcpod odt` t`ro ro`` md tc tcmc mc dl i` i`po pot` t`l, l, md mded edaa `m `m`p `pt` t`rs rsdd ` au auds dstr tr`` ldjosl`ioùa y plur`loz`r ` lcs sciocs, y gd `què uac md lcs v`iècs rdspditc ` l` sciodm`m `aùaoh` qud ds cpcrtuac dxprds`rlc6 ac dxostd ua hèaohc md i`pot`l p`r` i`m` `iiocaost`, pdrc so ua hèaohc md sciocs, qud sdrè`a mcs, pcr lc qud da dst`s sotu`iocads, ds `idpt`eld qud dl prcpodt`roc md l` dhprds` sd `mfumoqud dl ??.??% md l`s `iiocads y mdfd `l ctrc `iiocaost` dl ;.;0% md l`s `iiocads, md dst` ncrh`, dstà iuhplodamc ica l` plur`lom`m md sciocs qud dst`eldid audstr` ldjosl`ioùa y pcr lc jdadr`l ` quoda sd ld ctcrj` dsd ;.;0% md l`s `iiocads, ds `l jdrdatd c `l `ecj`mc.
I`pot`l p`r` icancrh`r l`s sciodm`mds Ds adids`roc `il`r`r qud l` ldy jdadr`l md sciodm`mds, t`hpcic dst`eldid ua hèaohc md i`pot`l p`r` ncrh`r ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` c ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt`, ichc sè suidmd da l` ldjosl`ioùa dsp`ðcl`, dsp`ðcl`, hdxoi`a` c `rjda `rjdatoa`. toa`. Udspditc ` dstd puatc, puatc, iudstocac jr`vdhdatd jr`vdhdatd `l ldjosl`mcr pdru`ac, pdru`ac, pcrqud chotoù `ljc suh`hdatd suh`hdatd ohpcrt`atd da l` h`tdro` y qud t`heoïa v` md l` h`ac ica lc qud `atdrocrhdatd dfdhplonoi`e` scerd l` sciodm`m uaopdrsca`l da l` 59
ldjosl`ioùa dsp`ðcl`. Hd rdnodrc ` qud so ac dxostd ua lèhotd md i`pot`l qud pudmd `e`ri`r ua` sciodm`m, l`s sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s `eodrt`s da dl [drö, v`a ` sdjuor sodamc huy pci`s y dl hdri`mc md v`lcrds sdjuorà soa tdadr ua jr`a prct`jcaoshc da audstrc p`ès. L` prceldhàtoi prceldhàtoi`` sd sotö` da qud hodat hodatr`s r`s g`y` hdac hdacss sciodm` sciodm`mds mds `aùaoh`s `aùaoh`s c `aùaoh`s `aùaoh`s `eodrt`s, dl hdri`mc md v`lcrds oatdrac tdamrà pci` oavdrsoùa da i`pot`lds pdru`acs, hodatr`s qud l`s hosh`s pdrsca`s `atd l` n`lt` md oavdrsoùa a`ioca`l da l` ecls` md v`lcrds dlof`a oavdrtor i`pot`lds da dhprds`s dxtr`afdr`s, dstc moshoauyd dl nlufc dicaùhoic da dl hdri`mc md v`lcrds, pcr lc qud ds icasdiudatd mdior qud hodatr`s hàs sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s c `aùaoh`s `eodrt`s g`y` da dl [drö, dl nlufc dicaùhoic sdrà h`ycr, g`erà hàs oavdrsoùa da i`pot`lds a`ioca`lds a`ioca`lds.. L` sotu`ioùa `itu`l ds qud `atd l` n`lt` md ua` mdlohot`ioùa rdspditc ` l` i`atom`m md i`pot`l qud pudmd hcvdr ua` dhprds`, y `ð`moïamcld l` prdhos` md qud l` i`atom`m md `iiocaost`s p`r` ncrh`r ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` c `aùaoh` `eodrt` da l` pràitoi` sd tcra` ua ohpdmohdatc p`r` qud sd ncrhda hàs md dst`s sciodm`mds, ds icasdiudatd icasdiudatd `norh`r qud dst`s mcs sciodm`mds sd vda rdldj`m`s `l clvomc. [udstc qud dxostda sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s idrr`m`s qud pcsdda ua jr`a i`pot`l, y pcr su icamoioùa ldj`l ac pudmda sdr sciodm`mds `aùaoh`s `eodrt`s, pcrqud ac iuhplda ica tdadr dl aöhdrc md `iiocaost`s qud dxojd l` ldy. Yoa dhe`rjc, so sd hcmonoi`sd l` ldy jdadr`l md sciodm`mds da lcs puatcs hdaioca`mcs, l` oavdrsoùa md i`pot`lds da dl [drö `uhdat`rè` sojaonoi`tov`hdatd. sojaonoi`tov`hdatd. Da icailusoùa, gdhcs tci`mc iu`trc puatcs nuam`hdat`lds soa rdjul`ioùa da l` ldy jdadr`l md sciodm`mds, l` prohdr` ds qud ac sd g` dst`eldiomc l` a`tur`ldz` furèmoi` md l`s sciodm`mds, sdjuamc, t`hpcic sd g` rdjul`mc l` nojur` md sciodm`mds uaopdrsca`lds, tdridrc, ac dxostd ua lèhotd hèaohc md i`pot`l p`r` icancrh`r l`s sciodm`mds, y noa`lhdatd, ac g`y ua hèaohc md p`rtoiop`ioùa `iioca`ro` `iioca`ro` da l` ldy jdadr`l jdadr`l md sciodm`mds. sciodm`mds. 5=
ICAILTYOCADY
L` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt`, sd i`r`itdroz` pcr tdadr da l` ecls` md v`lcrds tcm`s sus `iiocads, pcr t`l hctovc sca sust`aio`lhdatd eursàtolds y sd daiudatr`a `l `li`aid md iu`lquodr pdrsca`, a`tur`l c furèmoi` qud tdaj` l` i`p`iom`m dicaùhoi` md `mquoror `iiocads da l` ecls` md v`lcrds.
@l icastotuorsd ua` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` pcr iu`lquodr hcm`lom`m qud icatdhpld l` LJY, sd mded prdios`r da dl dst`tutc dl ohpcrtd tct`l mdl i`pot`l scio`l, l` i`atom`m y dl v`lcr md i`m` `iioùa, sdjuom`hdatd ` l` icastotuioùa y l` oasiropioùa da lcs rdjostrcs pöeloics, sd mded oasiroeor dl tct`l md l`s `iiocads da l` ecls` md v`lcrds, sodamc su v`lcr oaoio`l dl rdjostr`mc da dl dst`tutc. @ hdmom` qud l` sciodm`m `aùaoh` `eodrt` sd mds`rrclld dicaùhoi`hdatd, dl prdioc md l`s `iiocads pcmràa e`f`r c sueor su prdioc oaoio`l.
Dl @uhdatc md I`pot`l ds dl oairdhdatc mdl hcatc mdl I`pot`l Ycio`l, y pcr damd dl `uhdatc md l` p`rtoiop`ioùa sciodt`ro` md i`m` scioc qud nud cefdtc mdl @uhdatc, y` qud dl `uhdatc md i`pot`l pudmd jdadr`r l` dhosoùa md audv`s `iiocads c da su mdnditc qud l` `iioùa dxostdatd tdaj` ua oairdhdatc da su v`lcr achoa`l.
L` omd` prcpudst` da dl das`yc, ds qud l` Yciodm`m qud mdsdd, pudm` oasiroeor su [`trohcaoc md h`adr` n`iult`tov`, da l` hosh` [`rtom` md Udjostrcs [öeloics mcamd sd 54
daiudatr` oasirot` l` Yciodm`m, ird`amc p`r` dllc ua` `sodatc dspdiènoic p`r` t`l noa, dl hoshc qud mded sdr `itu`loz`mc pcr l` Yciodm`m md h`adr` Ydhdstr`l, sodhprd qud `sè lc mdsdd, ica dllc iu`lquodr tdridrc `fdac ` l` Yciodm`m c lcs hoshcs Yciocs tdamrè`a ichc icacidr dl dst`mc rd`l md l` Yciodm`m, pcr quï huig`s vdids Yciodm`mds ica `ltc [`trohcaoc ac sca sufdt`s md irïmotc `l tdadr ua e`fc i`pot`l scio`l, y t`heoïa ` vdids sciodm`mds ica ua` `ltc I`pot`l Ycio`l y ica huigc damdum`hodatc sca sufdt`s md irïmotcs qud ac v`a ` pcmdr p`j`r, `l tdadr ua` i`p`iom`m md damdum`hodatc supdrocr ` l` qud pudmda tdadr.
Noa`lhdatd, p`r` iulhoa`r dl prdsdatd tr`e`fc md oavdstoj`ioùa mdec prdios`r qud `l icatoau`r jlce`loz`amc dl huamc, i`m` vdz ds hàs nàiol cetdadr oancrh`ioùa md iu`lquodr pdrsca`, y pcr damd md l`s sciodm`mds, pdrc l` oancrh`ioùa qud sd cetodad mded sdr nomdmoja`, da r`zùa qud dl cetdadr oancrh`ioùa ac rd`l y/c n`ls` md ua` Yciodm`m ds ua gdigc qud ciurrd da dl huamc, pdrc ica l` prcpudst` md oasiroeor dl p`trohcaoc md ua` Yciodm`m da dl rdjostrc [öeloic, dst`hcs sdjurcs qud dllc v` ` moshoauor, da r`zùa qud dxostorè`a olèiotcs pda`lds da dllc, y` qud `l sdr l` oancrh`ioùa md Udjostrcs [öeloi` y sdr us` p`r` ua Edadnoioc Dicaùhoic y [drfuoioc md ua ]dridrc, dl mdlotc md N`lsonoi`ioùa tdamrè` `jr`v`atds qud pcmrè`a ohploi`r pda`s
prov`tov`s y dnditov`s dnditov`s md Loedrt`m. Lcs Ùrj`acs Yciodt`rocs sca lcs [ol`rds md l` Yciodm`m, lcs qud sca ird`mcs pcr h`am`tc ohpdr`tovc md l` Ldy, y sca lcs qud v`a ` mdiomor dl nuaioca`hodatc md l` hosh`, ichc sd v` ` mds`rrcll`r l` sciodm`m, y iuàlds sca lcs i`hoacs md l` hosh`. Yca6 l` Fuat` Jdadr`l md @iiocaost`s, dl Morditcroc y l` Jdrdaio` Jdadr`l.
5>
UDNDUDAIO@Y
M`aodl Dig`oz H. (5;;?). @aàlosos irètoic md l` Ldy Jdadr`l Md Yciodm`mds ` caid `ðcs md su vojdaio` (]dsoa`
p`r` cpt`r dl ]ètulc md H`jostdr). [catonoio` Taovdrsom`m
I`tùloi` mdl [drö, Loh`.
U`hcss [`moll`, I. (5;;=). Mdrdigcs Icrpcr`tovcs Oamovomu`lds mdl @iiocaost` y dl U`hc Noa`aio`hodatc mdl Cefdtc Ycio`l md l` Yciodm`m @aùaoh`. (]dsos p`r` cpt`r dl Jr`mc
md H`jostdr). Taovdrsom`m A`ioca`l H`ycr md Y`a H`rics, Loh`.
Idrt Id rt`m `m,, J. (0?? (0??7) 7).. Dl `uhdatc mdl i`pot`l scio`l da l` Yciodm`m @aùaoh`, @it` @i`mïhoi`. (55 dm.).
Taovdrsom`m @utùach` md Idatrc @hïroi`6 Hïxoic MN.
Iruz Iruz Yd Ydjc jcvo vom` m`,, N. (5;0 (5;0=) =).. Nuaiocads y Udspcas`eolom`mds mdl Jdrdatd Jdadr`l, Udiupdr`mc md6 gttp6/www.`i`md gttp6/www.`i`mdho`.dmu/:57=77 ho`.dmu/:57=77;. ;.
Dlè`s L`rcz`, D. (5;;;). Mdrdigc Yciodt`roc [dru`ac L` Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds mdl [drö. ]chc OO (5.` dm.), ]rufollc6
Dmotcro`l Acrh`s ldj`lds Y@I.
Ldy 5>77:, Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds [dru`a`, ;4 Moiodherd md 0??:.
Ldy Jdadr`l md Yciodm`mds, ]dxtc md l` Ldy Yuholl`s, Icaicrm`aio`s y Act`s Dxploi`tov`s (5;;5), @sdscr`hodatc y @aàlosos L`ecr`lds
[email protected]., Loh`, [drö.
Hcatcy Hca tcy`` H` H`anr anrdmo dmo,, T. (0? (0???) ??),, Mdr Mdrdig digcc Ich Ichdri drio`l o`l,, ]chc ]chc O, (Mïioh (Mïioh`` dm dmoio oioùa) ùa) Dmoioùa, `uhdat`m` y `itu`loz`m` ica Gdra`amc Hcatcy` H`anrdmo, Loh`6 Jrofldy.
5:
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