La Rubrica Como Instrumento de Evaluación

 

[lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa LUUA> 8855-=9=7

 

r`vlsthplx`ogltKus.`s Palv`rslihi i` U`vlooh @sphøh

Ycrr`s Fcrilooc, Nuha N`sþs2 [`r`rh Wciräfu`z, Zäetcr Mufc OH WÞGWLEH ECDC LAUYWPD@AYC [@IHFÕFLEC [HWH OH YPYCWL^HELÕA \ @ZHOPHELÕA I@ OCU H[W@AIL^HN@U @A @O JCWC CAOLA@ @A @IPEHELÕA UP[@WLCW [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa, aþd. 5:, `a`rc, 7;8;, pp. 898-89< Palv`rslihi i` U`vlooh U`vlooh, @sphøh

Ilspcalgo` `a> mttp>//www. mttp>//www.r`ihoye.crf/hrtleuoc r`ihoye.crf/hrtleuoc.ch3li45:=8087=;88 .ch3li45:=8087=;88

  Eõdc elthr `o hrtäeuoc   Aþd`rc ecdpo`tc   Dès lajcrdhelõa i`o hrtäeuoc   [èflah i` oh r`vlsth `a r`ihoye.crf r`ihoye.crf

Ulst`dh i` Lajcrdhelõa El`atäjleh W`i i` W`vlsths El`atäjlehs i` Hdìrleh Ohtlah, `o Ehrlg`, @sphøh y [crtufho [rcy`etc hehiìdlec sla jla`s i` ouerc, i`shrrcoohic ghnc oh lalelhtlvh i` hee`sc hgl`rtc

 

 A¾ 5: @a`rc 7;8; pp.898 - 89<

 [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa

OH WÞGWLEH ECDC LAUYWPD@AYC [@IHFÕFLEC [@IH FÕFLEC [HWH OH YPYCWL^HELÕA YPYCWL^HELÕ A \ @ZHOPHELÕA @ZHOPHELÕA I I@ @ OCU H[W@AIL^HN@U @A @O JCWC CAOLA@ @A @IPEHELÕA UP[@WLCW  Nuha N`sþs Ycrr`s Fcrilooc  nuhanKus.`s Zäetcr Mufc [`r`rh Wciräfu`z vmp`r`rhKus.`s Palv`rslihi i` U`vlooh (@sphøh)  [r`s`athdcs uah m`rrhdl`ath phrh tutcrlzhr y `vhouhr `o trh ghnc `a oc s jcrcs caola` (c m`rr m`rrhdl`aths hdl`aths hslaerõalehs) `a oh jcrdhelõa ualv`rslthrlh. Hat` oh jhoth i` lastrud`atcs ilièetlecs phrh tho jla, au`strh  prcpu`sth `s uah rþgrleh, i`acdlahih W@YHJ W@YHJ,, qu` pu`i` s`r hpolehih h euhoqul`r èr`h èr`h el`atäjleh. @st` lastrud`atc pu`i` hpcrthr uah d`ncrh i` oh eholihi i`o prce`sc pr ce`sc i` `as`øhazh-hpr`ailzhn`> hyuihaic ho  `stuilhat` h ecdpr`ai`r euèo`s sca ohs `xp`ethtlvhs i`o prcj`scr r`sp`etc h oh hetlvlihi jcrdhtlvh  prcpu`sth2 y jhelolthaic `o ocfrc i` sus hpr`ailzhn`s tcdhaic oh W@YHJ ecdc fuäh i` prce`ildl`atc.  [hohgrhs eohv`> jcrcs caola`, rþgrleh, tutcrlzhelõa ualv`rslthrlh, `vhouhelõa hutìatleh `a `iuehelõa  sup`rlcr. V` cjj`r h tcco jcr tutcrlaf hai hss`sslaf wcrb ca mlfm`r `iuehtlca caol caola` a` jcruds. Hs w` eurr`atoy oheb  ilihetle lastrud`ats jcr j cr tmls purpcs`, w` prcpcs` h rugrle, i`acdlaht`i WHYOJ WHYOJ,, wmlem eha g` hppol`i ttc c hay sel`atljle hr`h. Ym` dhla ecaeouslca ls tmht tm` rugrle eha ldprcv` tm` quholty cj tm` t`hemlaf-o`hralaf   prce`ss. Ymls rugrle eha m`op stui`ats uai`rsthai tm` prcj`sscr's `xp`ethtlcas r`fhrilaf tm` i`slfa`i   jcrdhtlv` hetlvlty. hetlvlty. Hosc, stui`ats' o`hralaf heml`v`d`at eha g` g` jhe jheloltht`i loltht`i gy uslaf uslaf WH WHYOJ YOJ hs h prce`iurho   fuli`.  B`ywcris> caola` ilseusslca gchri, rug rugrle, rle, ualv`rslty tutcrlaf, hutm`atle hss`ssd`at la mlfm` mlfm`rr `iue `iuehtlca. htlca.

8. Latrciueelõa

`vhouhelõa y tutcrlzhelõa  su ehdpc i`

@a ocs þotldcs høcs, `o usc i` ohs YLE mh supu`stc ehdglcs ldpcrthat`s `a ohs  prèetlehs `iuehtlvhs. @sthdcs i`nhaic htrès oh `thph i` r`slst`aelh pslecoõfleh  pslecoõfleh `a oh qu` ocs ice`at`s ecaslfu`a sup`rhr ohs ghrr`rhs

r`spu`sths> ³euèaic i`g`dcs ecasli`rhr qu` uah prèetleh `iuehtlvh `s `xltcsh3, ³eõdc  pci`dcs d`ncrhr oh hetlvlihi i` hpr`ailzhn` i`o houdahic3, ³i` quì r`eurscs ilspca`dcs  phrh `vhouhr oh hetlvlihi jcrdhtlvh3 Ìsths y ctrhs eu`stlca`s mha fulhic au`strc

 prcp õsltc pcr d`ncrhr d`nchslaerõaleh rhr oh jcrdhelõa jcrdhelõa `a `atcracs `atcracs tìealehs p`ihfõflehs phrh hi`atrhracs i` ecdualehelõa `a `-O`hralaf. hmcrh `a ohy`thph i`o ecdprcdlsc pcr d`ncrhr   prcpõsltc Oh r`vlslõa i` oh olt`rhturh olt`rhtur h `a `st` ehdpc i` ohs prèetlehs , y eca `ooc oh hetlvlihi i` `as`øhazh `a `stcs ecat`xtcs `d`rf`at`s i` `stuilc acs prcv`` i` laaud`rhgo`s y ilv`rshs `xp`rl`aelhs i` trhghnc. I`o dlsdc jcrdhelõa. @sth au`vh `thph trh` ecaslfc hofuacs dcic, ecdprcghdcs qu` sca `sehshs ohs lat`rrcfhat`s qu` acs pr`ceupha y qu` lalelhtlvhs qu` mha lat`athic ecdpr`ai`r y  ph r` e` a `a ec at rh r `a oh hetlvlihi i` vhocrhr ohs prèetlehs qu` s` i`shrrcooha. @atr`

- 898 -

 

Ycrr`s, N. N. y [ [`r`rh, `r`rh, Z. M.

ohs pr`ceuphelca`s qu` sl`at` `o ice`at`, `s acthgo` `o lat`rìs pcr cptldlzhr ohs sltuhelca`s i` hpr`ailzhn`. Ac cgsthat`, ocs r`eurscs `xlst`at`s phrh `vhouhr ohs prèetlehs

@a `o lajcrd` jlaho i`o `stuilc @-O`hralaf  @-O`hralaf>> d`thhaèolsls i` lav`stlfhelca`s y r`suothics hoehazhics, ilrlflic pcr Ehg`rc (7;;=), s` r`ecf`a ilv`rshs vhrlhgo`s erätlehs i` `-

O`hralaf h phrtlr i`scgr` oh r`vlslõa i` r`vlsthsU`y `iuehtlvhs `sp`eäjlehs sca iljäelod`at` hihpthgo`s h t`sls icetcrho`s oh t`dètleh. sltuhelca`s i` jcrdhelõa. Hetuhod`at`, oh jcrdhelõa h trhvìs i` ecasli`rh qu` oh `vhouhelõa i`g` ecdglahr  Lat`ra`t `stè a`e`slthaic lastrud`atcs qu` ocs hsp`etcs euhatlthtlvcs (pcr `n`dpoc, `o hyui`a h `vhouhr y d`ncrhr ohs prèetlehs `a aþd`rc i` lat`rv`aelca`s qu` r`holzh oh `st` èdgltc. I`atrc i`o he`rvc i` utlolthrlcs  p`rscah `a ua jcrc, oh ehatlihi i` trhghncs  phrh `st` jla, oh rþgrleh s` `stè ecavlrtl`aic r`holzhics, y ehatlihi i` ocs trhghncs qu` `a `a uah i` ohs r`spu`sths h `sth jhoth i` su dcd`atc vh r`holzhaic, `o tl`dpc i` r`eurscs, pcr su jèelo ils`øc y dha`nc, y pcr  r`spu`sth, `te.) y euholthtlvcs (pcr `n`dpoc, oh ocs `j`etcs qu` tl`a` scgr` oh eholihi i` ocs eholihi i` ocs trhghncs r`holzhics, oh  prcjuailzhelõa,  prcjuail zhelõa, oh `xpcslelõa `xpcslel õa i` li`hs, oh  prce`scs `iuehtlvcs. @a `st` hrtäeuoc prcpca`dcs uah rþgrleh, `strueturh y crfhalzhelõa i` oh lajcrdhelõa, i`acdlahih W@YHJ ( Wþ gr le h ph rh oh oh t`dètleh i` sus phrtlelphelca`s, `te.)2 y s`  @vhouhelõa y Yutcrlzhelõa i`o Hpr`ailzhn` r`shoth oh ldpcrthaelh i` qu` ocs cgn`tlvcs i` hpr`ailzhn` h ocfrhr pcr `o houdahic s`ha `a `o Jcrc), qu` s`rvlrè phrh `vhouhr ilstlaths thr`hs h i`shrrcoohr `a ocs jcrcs i` ilseuslõa `xpoäeltcs y ecacelics eca hat`ohelõa h oh utlolzhics `a `-O`hralaf y go`ai`i-O`hralaf. heelõa jcrdhtlvh. Ilv`rscs hutcr`s (D`rto`r, 7;;82 Wcgoy`r y [hrh su prce`sc i` `ohgcrhelõa, acs m`dcs  gh sh ic `a `o dì tc ic ec ac el ic ec dc Vl`aeb`, 7;;5) eclaeli`a `a i`jlalr oh rþgrleh ecdc uah m`rrhdl`ath v`rsètlo qu` pu`i` hutm`atle hss`ssd`at . @a au`strc ehsc, `st` dìtcic mh supu`stc qu` ecasli`r`dcs utlolzhrs` i` jcrdh duy ilj`r`at` phrh `vhouhr  au`strhs `xp`rl`aelhs r`ho`s scgr` ocs y tutcrlzhr ocs trhghncs i` ocs `stuilhat`s. [cr   prce`scs  prce`s cs i` trhghnc `a `o ehdpc qu` qu`r`dcs qu`r`dcs uah phrt`, prcv`` ho houdac i` ua r`j`r`at` qu` prcpcrelcah ua j``igheb r`ohtlvc h eõdc `vhouhr. d`ncrhr su trhghnc. [cr ctrh, prcpcrelcah ho  prcj`scr  prcj `scr oh pcslglol pcsl glolihi ihi i` dhalj`st dhal j`sthr hr sus 7. Dhrec t`õrlec `xp`ethtlvhs scgr` ocs cgn`tlvcs i` hpr`ailzhn` n` jlnhics. Oh rþgrleh `s ua lastrud`atc l astrud`atc i` `vhouhelõa hpr`ailzh [cr su phrt`, Dcsbho (7;;;) `xpr`sh su  gh sh ic `a ua h `s eh oh eu ha tl th tl vh y/ c euholthtlvh hscelhih h uacs erlt`rlcs  pr `c eu ph el õa pc r ec ac e` r oh s èr `h s y  pr``sthgo`elics qu` dli`a ohs heelca`s i`o hetlvlihi`s scgr` ohs qu` s` mh `dpo`hic oh houdahicqu` scgr` ocs`vhouhics. hsp`etcs Gèslehd`at`, i` oh thr`h c hetlvlihi s`rèa `xlst`a ics frupcs> ohs mcoästlehs, qu` trhtha i` `vhouhr `o hpr`ailzhn` c ecdp`t`aelh i`si` uah vlslõa dès focgho, y ohs hahoätlehs, qu` s` e`atrha `a hofþa èr`h ecaer`th i` hpr`ailzhn`. Hi`dès, acs p`rdlt` ils`øhroh phrh thr`hs hdpolhs c `sp`eäjlehs.

rþgrleh. Eca `st` ilv`rscs `a ocs qu` trhthjla, i`r`vlsh uglehr `o usctrhghncs i` oh `vhouhelõa eca `sth m`rrhdl`ath. Ecaeouy` qu` `o `dpo`c i` oh rþgrleh ac i`p`ai` i`o t`dh slac i`o prcpõsltc i` oh `vhouhelõa. Wcgoy`r y Vl`aeb` (7;;9) mha `vhouhic `o frhic y eholihi i` oh lat`rheelõa `a eurscs caola` `dpo`haic uah rþgrleh. Li`atljlehrca

- 897 -

 

 [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa

elaec `o`d`atcs qu` ecatrlguy`a h oh lat`rheelõa> ils`øc i` ecastrueelõa scelho  phrh oh lat`rheelõa, ils`øc lastrueelcaho phrh oh lat`rheelõa, lat`rhetlvlihi i` ocs r`eurscs

scgr` oh pu`sth `a dhremh i` sus hslfahturhs `a `atcracs vlrtuho`s, acs du`strh qu` hþa acs qu`ih duemc pcr trhghnhr phrh qu` `sths  prèe  pr èetl tlehs ehs `vh ouht ou htlv lvhs hs s` s`ha ha ua uahh r` r`ho holi lihi hi

t`eacoõflecs,i`o ecdprcdlsc i`o `stuilhat` lastltuelcaholzhih. U` vh h trhilelcahod`at` a`e`slthr tl`dpc ecdprcdlsc prcj`scr. @atl`ai`a qu` ohy  phrh qu` ohs ualv`rslihi`s rþgrleh `s ua lastrud`atc vèolic y jlhgo` phrh  pr`  pr`s`a s`aelh elho`s o`s oo` oo`v`a v`a hi` hi`oha ohat` t` prc prce`s e`scs cs `d`ilr `stcs hsp`etcs i` oh lat`rheelõa lat`rheel õa y pu`i` O`hralaf c go`ai`i-o`hralaf i` eholihi qu` s`r utlolzhih phrh haldhr oh lat`rheelõa `atr` ecascoli`a `o ehdglc mhelh ctrh jcrdh i`  prcj`scr`s y houdacs. Uu `stuilc ecaeouy` `as`øhr y hpr`ai`r `a oh Palv`rslihi. Ohs qu` oh lat`rheelõa eca oh t`eacocfäh `s d`acs r`spu`sths i`o prcj`scrhic i`o `stuilc houiäha ldpcrthat` qu` `o ecdprcdlsc i` prcj`scr`s h oh jhoth i` `xp`rl`aelh pr`vlh, h oh lasujlel`at` y houdacs.  pr `v ls lõ a la st lt ue lc ah o, ho pc ec I` ctrh phrt`, oh lat`rheelõa hslaerõaleh `s r`ecaceldl`atc h oh ohgcr ice`at` `a `atcracs ua jhetcr qu` jhelolth ocs prce`scs i` vlrtuho`s c h oh iljleuothi phrh ecdphtlglolzhr  hpr`ailzhn`. Ecdc dhatl`a`a Dhrtäa`z y ice`aelh ` lav`stlfhelõa pr`s`aelho`s eca oh Grlca`s (7;;6), `o jcrc `s ua `sphelc eca `as`øhazh caola`, ecdc hofuacs jhetcr`s dþotlpo`s pcslglolihi`s qu` jhvcr`e` oh ldpcrthat`s qu` `stèa lajouy`aic `a `o d`acr  ecastrueelõa scelho i` slfaljlehics h trhvìs c o`atc i`shrrcooc i` prce`scs caola` `a oh i` jcrdhs i` lat`rheelõa y ecohgcrhelõa. hetuholihi. Ehthoil y Ehg`rc (7;;:) thdglìa cgtuvl`rca r`suothics pcsltlvcs ho `stuilhr `o hpr`ailzhn` 5. Oh rþgrleh ecdc m`rrhdl`ath i` eccp`rhtlvc y oh r`scouelõa i` prcgo`dhs `a tutcrlzhelõa y `vhouhelõa i`o hpr`ailzhn`> frupcs d`ilhat` jcrcs y emhts eca ecastrueelõa i` oh W@YHJ `stuilhat`s hrf`atlacs i` Laf`al`räh, i`si` ocs pr`supu`stcs i`o hpr`ailzhn` ghshic `a Oh rþgrleh qu` prcpca`dcs oh i`acdlahdcs  pr cg o` dh s (H G[ ). @a ec at rh rc a qu qu`` oh W@YHJ ( Wþgr  Wþ grleh leh ph phrh rh oh @vhou @v hou he helõa lõa y ecohgcrhelõa eca `o usc i` oh t`eacocfäh `stè Yutcrlzhelõa i`o Hpr`ailzhn` `a `o Jcrc ). jhelolthaic `o ecaceldl`atc ecdphrtlic, y `o [hrh su `ohgcrhelõa y ils`øc, s` mha s`fulic i`shrrcooc i` i`str`zhs `a oh r`scouelõa frupho ilv`rshs jhs`s. @a prld`r oufhr, s` phrt` i` oh i` prcgo`dhs. Hi`dès, s` mh ecdprcghic qu` li`atljlehelõa i` hqu`oohs ecdp`t`aelhs qu` uah dhycr ehatlihi i` phrtlelphelõa `a `o jcrc s` `sp`rha qu` `o houdahic trhghn`. Ilemhs ac slfaljleh qu` `xlsth uah dhycr lat`rheelõa ecdp`t`aelhs vha hscelhihs h ilstlatcs ([`r`rh, 7;;6) y, `a ecas`eu`aelh, ua d`ncr  `o`d`atcs qu` lat`frha oh thr`h scgr` oh qu` hpr`ailzhn`. @stc i`g`dcs haholzhroc i`si` trhghnhrè. Ucgr` `stcs `o`d`atcs s` ctrhs p`rsp`etlvhs ilstlaths h oh euhatljlehelõa, qu` pu`ih oo`vhracs h au`vhs ecaeouslca`s. @a `st` s`atlic, oh rþgrleh pu`i` hrrcnhr ouz  phrh `at`ai`r eõdc hpr`ai` `o `stuilhat` y quì d`ehalsdcs s` i`shrrcooha iurhat` oh tutcrlzhelõa. @o `stuilc i` [ìr`z Ocrlic (7;;6) eca  prcj`scrhic i` oh Palv`rslihi` ih Ecruøh

i`t`rdlaha ocs ohs erlt`rlcs i` `vhouhelõa qu` eca`ethrèa eca ecdp`t`aelhs qu` i`g`a hiqulrlr ocs `stuilhat`s phrh ohs hetlvlihi`s  prcpu`sths. [cr þotldc, s` tcdh uah `sehoh acdlaho, h oh qu` s` hinuileha vhocr`s ilj`r`at`s, qu` s` utlolzha phrh eohsljlehr y d`ilr ocs erlt`rlcs. Ycic `stc p`rdlt` i`jlalr y ecdpr`ai`r ocs ecae`ptcs qu` vha h s`r 

- 895 -

 

Ycrr`s, N. N. y [ [`r`rh, `r`rh, Z. M.

`vhouhics. Oh rþgrleh prcpu`sth s` ecdpca` i` euhtrc eht`fcrähs> hsp`etcs jcrdho`s, phrtlelphelõa `a `o jcrc, haèolsls i` ohs hpcrthelca`s y

r`sp`etlvhd`at`. Oh o`trh y/c puatuhelõa ecrr`spcail`at` s` `serlglrè `a oh ecoudah ”Acth“ i` oh rþgrleh. H ehih ät`d o` ecrr`spcai` uah acth dèxldh prcpcrelcaho

scgr` `o tctho i`o hphrthic (eht`fcräh). (eht`fcräh) . Ho jlaho `vli`aelhs i` hpr`ailzhn`. Ehih uahqu` i`s`rèa `sths s` r`holzh `o sudhtcrlc tctho. Ecdc `xe`pelõa eht`fcrähs ecasth i` vhrlcs erlt`rlcs vhocrhics i`si` uah `sehoh acdlaho (H 4 duy h t`a`r `a eu`ath, hofuacs erlt`rlcs sõoc sca  gl`a, G 4 gl`a, gl`a, E 4 hptc y I 4 ac hptc), qu`, qu`, h  puatuhgo`s `a uah `sehoh glpcohr i` H (mhy su v`z, pu`i` s`r euhatljlehih scgr` uah  pr`s`aelh i`o erlt`rlc) c I (ac mhy pr`s`aelh `sehoh i` 8; puatcs. [hrh cgt`a`r oh i`o erlt`rlc). H ecatlauhelõa s` pr`s`ath oh rþgrleh tho y  puatuhelõa  puatuhe lõa s` i`g` duotlpoleh duotl polehrr ehih o`trh hslfahih (H, G, E c I) h ehih erlt`rlc pcr oh ecdc i`g`räh s`r utlolzhih `a au`strh prèetleh slful`at` `sehoh audìrleh> 8, ;“60, ;“0; y ;, `iuehtlvh> W@YHJ Wþgrleh phrh oh @vhouhelõa y Yutcrlzhelõa i`o Hpr`ailzhn` `a `o Jcrc

[rcj`scr/Iptc.>SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS  @stuilhat`/Frupc>SSSSSSSSSSSSSS  Eholjlehelõa> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS   SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 

- 899 -

 

 [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa

- 890 -

 

Ycrr`s, N. N. y [ [`r`rh, `r`rh, Z. M.

- 89: -

 

 [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa

- 896 -

 

Ycrr`s, N. N. y [ [`r`rh, `r`rh, Z. M.

Ht`ail`aic ho dcd`atc i` su hpolehelõa, `o vhocr i` oh rþgrleh ecgrh ua s`atlic ilstlatc. ilstl atc. U` pr`s`ath h ocs `stuilhat`s `a `o lalelc lalel c i` oh hetlvlihi jcrdhtlvh c eursc ecdc fuäh i`

Oh rþgrleh tl`a` ua icgo` vhocr `a `o usc qu` o` ihdcs euhaic trhghnhdcs eca `ooh `a au`strh prèetleh `iuehtlvh. I` uah phrt`, `s uah m`rrhdl`ath i` `vhouhelõa qu` i`g`

`a ua ecat`xtcOh ilj`r`at` oh  prce`ildl`atc phrh ocfrhr cgn`tlvcs i` `at`ai`rs` `vhouhelõa ecav`aelcaho. rþgrleh ho aci` sõoc utlolzhelõa ilièetleh i`oocsjcrc y ecdc  pr `t`ai `ai ` `vh ouhr ou hr ocs oc s eca cel dl`at dl `at cs i` i`oo m`rrhdl`ath i` hpcyc h oh tutcrlzhelõa  pr`t ice`at`. Dl`atrhs qu` su usc ho jlaho i`o houdahic, slac qu`, hi`dès, i`g` s`rvlr ecdc  prce`sc  prce `sc s` `dpo `h ecdc ecd c lastru las trud`at d`at c i` m`rrhdl`ath i` r`jo`xlõa qu` o` p`rdlth tcdhr  `vhouhelõa i`o ecat`xtc p`ihfõflec i`o jcrc. ecael`aelh i` oc hpr`ailic. I` ctrh phrt`, Hdgcs dcd`atcs acs hpcrtha lajcrdhelõa thdglìa slrv` ho houdahic ecdc fuäh phrh r`o`vhat`, h oh v`z qu` ictha i` uah dhycr  eudpold`athr ohs phrt`s `a ohs qu` s` ecm`r`aelh h oh hetlvlihi i` `vhouhelõa `strueturh uah hetlvlihi. [r`elshd`at`, `sth r`holzhih scgr` `o trhghnc i`o houdahic `a þotldh juaelõa hpcyh oh heelõa tutcrlho i`o `stcs `atcracs i` ecdualehelõa hsäaercah. ice`at`. @a ecas`eu`aelh, oh rþgrleh supca` ―phrh 9. Ilseuslõa y ecaeouslca`s `o ice`at` qu` oh utlolzh― uah au`vh jcrdh i` `at`ai`r y i` oo`vhr h ehgc ocs prce`scs i` Mhy tcih uah ecrrl`at` i` lav`stlfhelca`s `vhouhelõa, h oh v`z qu` ua dhycr  `a `o ehdpc i` oh `vhouhelõa i` ohs prèetlehs he`rehdl`atc pcr phrt` i`o `stuilhat` h oh `a `-O`hralaf qu` trhth i` pr`s`athracs sus juaelõa tutcrlho qu` ìst` i`s`dp`øh. I`g` lastrud`atcs ecdc r`eurscs la`quävcecs phrh `at`ai`rs`, pcr `ai`, qu` oh `vhouhelõa d`ilr `o alv`o i` `xe`o`aelh `a `o i`s`dp`øc hiqul`r` ua s`atlic dès r`ho, eca`ethaic eca i` uah hetlvlihi. Duemhs i` `sths oh hetlvlihi lad`ilhth i`o houdahic scgr` `o m`rrhdl`aths s` ghsha `a ecacelics dìtcics trhghnc qu` r`holzh y ocs hpr`ailzhn`s qu` `sthiästlecs qu` sca utlolzhics phrh icthrohs hiqul`r`. [cr su phrt`, `o `stuilhat` `aeu`atrh i` ua `o`vhic frhic i` vholi`z y jlhglolihi. `a oh rþgrleh uah dha`rh eohrh i` ecace`r ohs Oh eholihi `a ocs prce`scs `iuehtlvcs s` acs `xp`ethtlvhs i`o ice`at` r`sp`etc h oc qu`  pr`s`ath, pcr thatc, sup`ilthih ho ils`øc i` ìst` `sp`rh qu` mhfh `a uah i`t`rdlahih `stcs lastrud`atcs, p`rc thdglìa ocs sltuhelõa i` hpr`ailzhn`. hpr`ail zhn`. Yhdglìa, s` slrv` i` r`suothics cgt`alics i` ìstcs i`p`ai`a h su ocs erlt`rlcs `sthgo`elics phrh `vhouhr, v`z i` ocs erlt`rlcs sugn`tlvcs `sthgo`elics tcdèaicocs h dcic i` phuths qu` o` fuä`a ecdc dci`oc lalelho pcr ocs `vhouhicr`s. Oh  phrh hoehazhr dès jèelod`at` jèelod`at` sus cgn`tlvcs cgn`tlvcs i` rþgrleh qu` prcpca`dcs s` `aeu`atrh `a jhs` hpr`ailzhn`. Ehg` i`sthehr qu` ilemh i` `xp`rld`athelõa, sl`aic utlolzhih `a m`rrhdl`ath hyuih h ocs `stuilhat`s h sltuhr  ilstlaths prèetlehs duy i` jcrdhelõa eca r`suothics `iuehtlvcs vhrlhics. Ycics `stcs ihtcs r`ehghics s`rèa tcdhics  pcst`rlcrd`  pcst` rlcrd`at` at` phrh lalelhr lalelhr ocs prce`ildl`a prce`ildl`atcs tcs jcrdho`s qu` acs p`rdltha ecascolihr au`strh m`rrhdl`ath `a oh gþsqu`ih i` ecths slfaljlehtlvhs i` vholi`z y jlhglolihi.

eca pr`elslõa iuihs y prcgo`dhs qu` s` o`s pohat`h `a ohs `o trhaseursc i` su hetlvlihi i` hpr`ailzhn`. [cr þotldc, `a oh hetuholihi acs `aecatrhdcs eca aud`rcshs rþgrlehs qu` dli`a i` ua dcic ilstlatc oh dlsdh ecdp`t`aelh. Er``dcs a`e`shrlc laihfhr `a

- 89= -

 

 [lx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa

au`vcs `stuilcs qu` hpcy`a oh er`helõa i` dci`ocs t`õrlecs e`atrhics `a prce`scs scelho`s, ilièetlecs y ecfaltlvcs, qu` acs hyui`a h `vhouhr `o hpr`ailzhn` i` ocs

[HW@caola`.a`t/f`tva.hsp3v46&a45). (70-;87;;=). [`r`rh, Z.M. (7;;6). @ st ui lc i` oh lat`rheelõa ilièetleh `a `-O`hralaf .

`stuilhat`s `a oh i`g`räha ecdualehelõa Ilemcs dci`ocs cjr`e`rhslaerõaleh. uah vlslõa dès ualv`rsho i` ocs erlt`rlcs i` `vhouhelõa utlolzhics pcr ilstlatc prcj`scrhic `a ohs ilj`r`at`s èr`hs ecdp`t`aelho`s.

Palv`rslihi U`vlooh> Y`sls icetcrho laìilth. [`r`z , D. i` (7;;6). Hslfahturhs vlrtuho`s `a ualv`rslihi`s pr`s`aelho`s> p`rsp`etlvhs y  prcgo`dhs.  [äx`o-Glt. W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y  @iuehelõa,  @iuehel õa, 5;, 65-=9. (mttp>//www.shv.us.`s/  plx`oglt/h  plx`o glt/hrtleuo rtleuocs/a5 cs/a5;/a5 ;/a5;hrt/h ;hrt/hrt5;< rt5; D`thhaèolsls i` lav`stlfhelca`s y r`suothics hoehazhics. Lajcrd` jlaho i` lav`stlfhelõa. [rcy`etc @H7;;6-;57: (W`scouelõa (W`scouel õa i` 80 i` acvl`dgr` i` 7;;:), [rcfrhdh i` @stuilcs y Haèolsls, U`er`thräh i` @sthic i` Palv`rslihi`s `  La  Lav` v`st st lf lfhe helõ lõa. a.   (mttp>//www.haf`oplc.`s/

iceud`atcs/wp-ecat`at/upochis/7;;=/; iceud`atcs/wp-ecat`at/up ochis/7;;=/;7/ 7/  prcy`etc  prcy `etc-`h-7 -`h-7;;6. ;;6.pij pij ). (79-;7-7 (79-;7-7;;=) ;;=).. Ehthoil, ^. & Ehg`rc, N. (7;;:). Ocs hpcrt`s i` oh Y`eacocfäh Lajcrdètleh ho hpr`ailzhn` frupho lat`rhetlvc> oh r`scouelõa i` prcgo`dhs h trhvìs i`o jcrc i` ilseuslõa y i` emht. [äx`o Glt. W`vls W`vlsth th i` D`ilc D`ilcss y @iueh @iuehelõa, elõa, 76 . (mttp>/ /www.shv.us.`s/plx`oglt/hrtleuocs/a76/a76hrt/ hrt76; oh prèetleh tutcrlho `a `atcracs jcrdhtlvcs vlrtuho`s.  [äx  [äx`o`o-Glt. Glt.  W`vlsth i` D`ilcs y @iuehelõa, 7// www.shv.us.`s/plx`oglt/hrtleuocs/a7//[HW@caola`.a`t/ f`tva.hsp3v46&a470). f`tva.hsp3v46&a 470). (70-;8-7;;=). Dcsbho, G.D. (7;;;). Uecrlaf rugrles> wmht, wm`a hai mcw3  [r he tl eh o Hs s` ss d` at ,  W` s` hr em & @v ho uh tl ca , 6 (5 ). (mttp>//

J`emh i` r`e`pelõa> ;6-;5-7;;= J`emh i` r`vlslõa> 70-88-7;;< J`emh i` he`pthelõa> 75-87-7;;<

- 89< -