La Responsabilite Civile Dissertation

July 25, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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^rê`gduka Ka mrfjt ma k` raspfes`djkjtê k` raspfes`djkjtêrahfuvra rahfuvra k'aesagdka mas râokas ma raspfes`djkjtê quj pauvaet ìtra ìtram ma e`tura hjvjka, e`tura  hjvjka, pêe`ka pêe`kafu fu `mgjejstr`tjva.  `mgjejstr`tjva. Ka mrfjt ma k` raspfes`djkjtê k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjkai`jt hjvjka i`jt p`rtja mu mrfjt mu mrfjt mas fdkjo`tjfesat fdkjo`tjfesat rahfuvra rahfuvra k'aesa k'aesagdk gdkaa masrâo masrâoka kass rak`tjvas `ux fdkjo`tjfes `ux fdkjo`tjfesquj quj e`jssaet s`es k` vfkfetê k` vfkfetêmas mas p`rtjas, î k` mjiiêraeha mu mrfjt mu mrfjt mas hfetr`ts.   K` mjstjehtjfe aetra k` raspfes`djkjtê r aspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka at k` raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakka aemrfjt g`rfh`je  Pu`em ue mfgg`oa h`usê î uea vjhtjga rêsukta ma k‚jeaxêhutjfe m‚ue hfetr`t, k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka ast mjta « hfetr`htuakka ³, at qu`em jk ast h`usê ³ ae mabfrs ma tfut hfetr`t, k` raspfes`djkjtêast mjta « mêkjhtuakka ³.Jk e‚ast p`s quastjfe jhj uejquagaet ma hfetr`t êhrjt hfgga fe k‚aetaem sfuvaet, g`js m‚ue  aeo`oagaet pkus jgg`têrjak, pfuv`et ìtra axprâs fu t`hjta, feêraux fu or`tujt.  @ tjtra m‚axagpka, k‚`mbêsjfe î uea uea `ssfhj`tjfe êqujv`ut î ue hfetr`t p`ssê aetra uea `Xsfhj`tjfe at ue `mbêraet. Hfetr`t qua k‚`ssfhj`tjfe sa  mfjt m‚bfefrar. Ha i`js`et, kas mfgg`oas mfet pfurr`jt ìtra vjhtjga k‚`mbêraet aeo`oar`jt k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjkahfetr`htuakka ma k‚`ssfhj`tjfe.  Ae rav`ehba, ue vjsjtaur jgprêvu m`es kas kfh`ux m‚uea `ssfhj`tjfe at quj sudjr`jt mas mfgg`oasêo`kagaet jgprêvjsjdkas ea pfurr`jt ìtra jemagejsê qu‚`u tjtra ma k` raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakkama k‚`ssfhj`tjfe, sfjt « axtr`hfetr`htuakka ³ ae mabfrs ma tfuta raspfes`djkjtê pêe`ka. ^fur `ut`et, hatta mjstjehtjfe ast p`rifjs djae mjiijhjka î êt`dkjr p`r kas trjdue`ux aux-gìgas, ue gìga êvêeagaet pfuv`et aeo`oar k` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka m‚uea `ssfhj`tjfe aevarshart`jeas parsfeeas at s` raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakka aevars m‚`utras.  Aetra k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka at pêe`ka jk axjsta uea mu`kjtêmas ifehtjfeeakka, k` raspfes`djkjtê pêe`ka`y`et pfur fdlahtjis ma eautr`kjsar jemjvjmus eujsjdkas î k` sfhjêtê at ma kas rê`m`ptar at k`raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka êt`et tfureêa vars k` rêp`r`tjfe mu prêlumjha h`usê, gìga s‚jk ast vr`j qua,m`es uea hart`jea gasura, k` s`ehtjfe pêe`ka at k` s`ehtjfe hjvjka rêpfemaet `ussj k‚uea at k‚`utraî ue mfudka mêsjr ma puejtjfe at m‚jetjgjm`tjfe, fu ma mjssu`sjfe.   Jk ea s‚`ojr` pfur efus ma tr`jtar qua mas raspfes`djkjtês hfetr`htuakka at mêkjhtuakka î k‚axhkusjfe ma k` raspfes`djkjtê pêe`ka.K` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka mêkjhtuakka ast prêvua p`r kas `rtjhkas ?? î 0>9 mu M`bjr mas Fdkjo`tjfesat mas Hfetr`ts (hj-`prâs MFH). K` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka s‚aeo`oa`et p`r k‚jeaxêhutjfe m‚uea fdkjo`tjfe hfetr`htuakka.

 

  ^`r `jkkaurs, k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka trfuva s` sfurha m`es ka qu`mrjoa rfg`je `uquak s‚`lfuta k` kfj. K‚jetêrìt ma hatta mjstjehtjfe sa hfeijea m`es uea mfudka `kkura, h‚ast uea `rga î mfudka mêtaeta < m‚uea p`rt, k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka pargat ` prjfrj k` prêvaetjfe mu mfgg`oa , at m‚`utra p`rt  akka ` pfur fdlahtji ` pfstarjfrj k` rêp`r`tjfe .Ma ha quj prêhâma sa pfsa k` prfdkêg`tjqua ma s`vfjr qujm î prfpfs mas tr`jts t`et mjstjehtjis quahfggues `ux maux typas ma raspfes`djkjtê ra spfes`djkjtê 6 ^fur pfuvfjr rêpfemra î hatta prfdkêg`tjqua, k‚`pprfhba k` pkus prfd`eta pfur axbjdar k`pbjkfsfpbja oêeêr`ka mu sulat sar`jt ma tr`jtar m‚uea p`rt kas spêhjijhjtês mas maux raspfes`djkjtêshfetr`htuakka at mêkjhtuakka (J) at m‚`utrap`rt êt`kar kas hrjtjquas sur hatta mjstjehtjfe (JJ). J X^ÊHJIJHJ]Ê MAX MAQR TAX^FEX@DJKJ]ÊX ‘  @. k` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka.  .

   

0. k` e`tura mas fdkjo`tjfes. 4. kas kjgjt`tjfes hfevaetjfeeakkas

 D. k` raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakka.   0.k` raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt parsfeeak. 4.kas raspfes`djkjtês hfgpkaxas ‘ JJ. HTJ]JPQAX XQT K@ MJX]JEH]JFE ‘  @.jetariêraeha mas maux raspfes`djkjtês   0. k` gjsa ae Řuvra mas maux raspfes`djkjtês   4. kas pfssjdjkjtês m‚axfeêr`tjfe  

 

 D prjehjpa mu efe huguk ma raspfes`djkjtê   0. Hfesêhr`tjfe mu prjehjpa jemagejt`jra   4. prêêgjeaeha ma k` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka .

J.

X^ÊHJIJHJ]Ê MAX MAQR TAX^FEX@DJKJ]ÊX

K` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka e‚ast p`s rêoja p`r kas gìgas mjspfsjtjfes sakfe qu‚jk s‚`ojssa m‚uea raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka hfetr`htuakka (@ ) fu uea raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakka (D).  @. k` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka

 

Ka qu`etug mas mfgg`oas jetêrìts at k‚`pprêhj`tjfe ma k` i`uta ast mjiiêraeta sakfe k` e`tura ma k‚fdkjo`tjfe (0) at sakfe k‚axjstaeha fu ka mêi`ut ma kjgjt`tjfes (4). 0. k` e`tura mas fdkjo`tjfes fdkjo`tj fes H‚ast MAGFOQA, ae 0:42, quj ae vfuk`et hfehjkjar aetra kas `rtjhkas 008= at 00=? ` mjstjeouê aetra kas fdkjo`tjfes ma rêsukt`t at kas fdkjo`tjfes ma gfyae. Ka rêojga lurjmjqua mjiiâra sakfe qua k‚fe sa trfuva ae prêsaeha m‚uea fdkjo`tjfe ma gfyae fu m‚uea fdkjo`tjfe ma rêsukt`t.   Ae g`tjâra m‚fdkjo`tjfe ma rêsukt`t, k‚jeaxêhutjfe ma hakka-hj mfjt hfemujra î k` rêp`r`tjfe. Ha prjehjpa sudjt mas axhaptjfes hb`qua ifjs qua k‚jeaxêhutjfe sar` lustjijêa p`r k` ifrha g`laura.  Jk s‚`ojt m‚ue êvêeagaet jgprêvjsjdka, jrrêsjstjdka at jevjehjdka sakfe k` mêijejtjfe mfeeêa p`r k`  lurjsprumaeha.  lurjsprumaeha. @jesj ae ast jk mu hfetr`t ifrgê aetra ka p`tjaet at sfe gêmahje quj gat î k` hb`roa ma ha marejar,s`es prêlumjha ma sfe rahfurs ae o`r`etja, uea fdkjo`tjfe ma sêhurjtê ma rêsukt`t ae ha quj hfeharea kas g`têrjaks qu‚jk utjkjsa pfur k‚axêhutjfe m‚ue `hta gêmjh`k m‚jevastjo`tjfe fu ma  sfjes. ^`r hfetra, ae g`tjâra m‚fdkjo`tjfe ma gfyae, fe paut `mgattra qu‚jk ea paut y `vfjr qua quakquas h`s m`es kasquaks k` rêp`r`tjfe mu prêlumjha sar` pfssjdka. Ae r`jsfe mu i`jt qua ka  hrê`ehjar `hhapta mês ka mêp`rt k‚êvaetu`kjtê ma k‚jeaxêhutjfe ma k‚fdkjo`tjfe, Ka mêdjtaur sar` axfeêrê hb`qua ifjs qu‚jk `ur` i`jt sfe pfssjdka pfur s‚`hqujttar ma sfe fdkjo`tjfe. Jk rasta `u hrê`ehjar ma prfuvar ka hfetr`jra fu pkus sfuvaet ma prfuvar uea i`uta mu mêdjtaur pfur fdtaejr k` rêp`r`tjfe. M`es ka mfg`jea mu hfetr`t gêmjh`k, ka gêmahje ast taeu m‚uea fdkjo`tjfe ma gfyae. K‚fdkjo`tjfe pas`et sur ue gêmahje ast ma mfeear mas sfjes hfeifrgas mfeeêas `hqujsasarrfeêa, ma k` shjaeha î k` m`ta ma sas sfjes 3 ka gfyae quj `ux sa rêiâra î k` eftjfe, ma mfeeêas `htuakkas, ast mfeh jefpêr`et. Ma gìga, k` i`uta ea paut sa mêmujra ma k` sauka `dsaeha ma rêussjta ma k‚`hta gêmjh`k at ma k‚`pp`rjtjfe m‚ue prêlumjha, kaquak paut ìtra ae rak`tjfe `vah k‚`hta gêmjh`k pr`tjquê s`es k‚ìtra pfur `ut`et `vah uea i`uta. K‚axjstaeha m‚uea i`uta ea paut sa mêmujra ma k` sauka `efrg`kjtê m‚ue mfgg`oa at s` or`vjtê.  Jk hfevjaet ma sjoe`kar qua hart`jeas fdkjo`tjfes sfet `ulfurm‚buj `ppakêas fdkjo`tjfes ma gfyae raeifrhêas fu `oor`vêas. Fe `ssjsta sfuvaet, ae aiiat, î mas hfetr`ts gêmjh`ux quj sa r`pprfhbaet ma haux hfgprae`et mas fdkjo`tjfes ma rêsukt`t ae g`tjâra ma hbjruroja astbêtjqua.

 

^kus ma k` sjgpka i`uta prfiassjfeeakka, fe s‚`pprfhba ma k‚êv`ku`tjfe mu rêsukt`t sakfe kas gêh`ejsgas utjkjsês pfur kas fdkjo`tjfes ma gfyae. Fe hfest`ta mês kfrs qua k‚fdkjo`tjfe ma gfyae e‚ast pkus ue gfma m‚aeo`oagaet î k‚`drj ma k` sêvêrjtê ma k‚`pprêhj`tjfe at ma k‚êv`ku`tjfe fdlahtjva ma k` mêi`jkk`eha.  4. kas rag`ejag rag`e jagaets aets hfevaet hfe vaet jfe jfeeak eakss H‚ast ka hfetaeu ma k‚fdkjo`tjfe qu‚jk i`ut praemra ae hfesjmêr`tjfe.  @utragaet mjt, pkus jk y ` m‚fdkjo`tjfes m‚fdkjo`tjfes î k` hb`roa mu mêdjtaur, pkus k` pfssjdjkjtê  ma vfjr s` raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka aeo`oêa ast or`ema. H‚ast kas p`rtjas `u hfetr`t, ma p`r k‚`utfefgja at k` kjdartê hfetr`htuakka mfet jks lfujssaet, quj pauvaet t`et `oor`var fu mêor`var kaur sjtu`tjfe. Jk axjsta mfeh mas < - Hk`usa `oor`v`eta ma raspfes`djkjtê < H‚ast ka h`s mas o`r`etjas hfevaetjfeeakkas `lfutêas `ux o`r`etjas kêo`kas. - Hk`usa rastrjhtjva ma raspfes`djkjtê (Hk`usa kjgjt`tjva ma raspfes`djkjtê, Hk`usa axfeêr`tfjra ma raspfes`djkjtê). Kas hk`usas kjgjt`tjvas fu axfeêr`tfjras ma raspfes`djkjtê sfet eukkas kfrsqu‚jk s‚`ojt m‚uea i`uta mfkfsjva fu jetaetjfeeakka. Hatta jmêa trfuva s` sfurha m`es ka prjehjpa rfg`je HQK^@ K@]@MFKF @APQJ^@T@]QT. Ae oêeêr`k, kas hk`usas kjgjt`tjvas ea lfuaet pkus kfrsqu‚jk s‚`ojt ma <   • ]r`espfrt 3   • Mrfjt ma rêp`r`tjfe mu hfesfgg`taur 3   • ^rfmujt mêiahtuaux 3    • Taspfes`djkjtê mu hfestruhtaur jggfdjkjar 3 • Mfk   • I`uta or`va ma eêokjoaeha.  ^`r `jkkaurs, kas p`rtjas pauvaet jesêrar uea hk`usa pêe`ka, quj ast uea hk`usa p`r k`quakka ka  mêdjtaur s‚aeo`oa ae h`s m‚jeaxêhutjfe fu m‚axêhutjfe î varsar `u hrê`ehjar uea sfgga ifri`jt`jra mêijeja î k‚`v`eha. Hatta hk`usa pêe`ka sa prêsaeta pkus hfgga ue gfyae ma pr pras assj sjfe fe parg pargatt` att`et et m‚êvjt m‚êvjtar ar kas trjd trjdue`u ue`ux. x.  Hart`jeas hk`usas pêe`kas sfet prfbjdêas p`r k` kfj  kfrsqu‚jk s‚`ojt ma<  *D`jk *Mrfjt3 mu tr`v`jk 3

 

*Hrêmjt. Jk i`ut eftar `ussj qua ka luoa, s‚jk astjga qua ka gfet`et ma k` hk`usa pêe`ka ast mêrjsfjra fu trfp  êkavê pfurr` ka gfmjijar. ]futaifjs jk ea pfurr` p`s d`jssar ka gfet`et î ue gfet`et jeiêrjaur `u  prêlumjha sudj. Jk e‚ast p`s taeu p`r k` qu`kjijh`tjfe mfeeêa p`r kas p`rtjas.  Jk ea i`ut p`s parmra ma vua êo`kagaet k` prfbjdjtjfe mas hk`usas `dusjvas (quj ea sagdka pkus  prftêoar, mêsfrg`js, qua kas hfesfgg`taurs ae t`et qu‚jks sfet mas parsfeeas pbysjquas, î k‚axhkusjfe mas parsfeeas gfr`kas) at quj pargattr`jt ma rêputar efe êhrjtas ma takkas hk`usas m‚axhkusjfe ma raspfes`djkjtê.  D  k` raspfes`djkjtê mêkjhtuakka K‚`pprêhj`tjfe ma k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka mêkjhtuakka ast mjiiêraeta sakfe qu‚jk s‚`ojssa m‚uea raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt parsfeeak (0) fu m‚uea raspfes`djkjtê hfgpkaxa (4). .

0. k` raspfes`djk raspfes`djkjtê jtê mu i`jt parsfeeak K` raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt parsfeeak hfestjtua ue i`jt hfggjs p`r uea parsfeea quj ` `jesj h`usê ue mfgg`oa î `utruj. Jk y ` ae i`jt trfjs hfemjtjfes pfur aeo`oar k` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka mêkjhtuakka mu i`jt parsfeeak ma quakqu'ue, has hfemjtjfes sfet `ssaz "oêeêr`kas" m`es ka saes fú k'fe ratrfuvar` k` eftjfe ma i`uta at hakka ma mfgg`oa `jkkaurs qua m`es k` raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt parsfeeak, has trfjs  hfemjtjfes sfet m‚`dfrm k` i`uta, aesujta ka mfgg`oa at aeije ka kjae ma h`us`kjtê.  Pu'ast ha qu'uea i`uta 6 K` lurjsprumaeha v` pfsar qua k` i`uta ast k'arraur fu k` mêi`jkk`eha ma hfemujta. Jk e'y ` p`s ma rêakka mêijejtjfe ma k` i`uta. ]ak hfgpfrtagaet e'ast p`s `ssjgjkê ifrhêgaet î uea i`uta mâs ka mêp`rt. H'ast uea eftjfe "st`em`rm", ha quj sjoejija qua sfe hfetaeu   mêpaem mas hjrhfest`ehas. K` lurjsprumaeha ` `ppkjquê k‚`kjeê` 4 ma k‚`rtjhka ?2 mu MFH sur kas qu`sj-mêkjts pfur k` mêijejtjfe ma k` i`uta jetaetjfeeakka. K` i`uta ast uea eftjfe aetjâragaet fdlahtjva. Hak` sjoejija qua sj h'ast `pprêhjê ae ifehtjfe mas hjrhfest`ehas ha e'ast p`s `pprêhjê ae ifehtjfe mu sulat "i`utji". K` râoka êmjhtêa p`r k‚`rtjhka ?? mu MFH ea sfuiira m‚`uhuea axhaptjfe p`rha qua ka kêojsk`taur k` hfesjmâra hfgga êt`et m‚frmra pudkjh, hat `rtjhka mjspfsa je ijea < * tfuta stjpuk`tjfe hfetr`jra  ast s`es aiiat *. Hatta raspfes`djkjtê `jesj axprjgêa hfgpfrta m`es s` râoka mas êkêgaets quj gattaet ae v`kaur < Ka h`r`htâra hfetr`jra î k` kfj h'ast-î-mjra jkkêo`k < ka mfgg`oa quj sar`jt h`usê m`es ue hfetaxta kêo`k ea sar`jt p`s gjs î k` hb`roa, ej jehkus m`es k` raspfes`djkjtê ma sfe `utaur 3

 

K‚jetaetjfe at k` vfkfetê ma h`usar ue mfgg`oa < tfutaifjs k‚`rtjhka ?2 mu MFH vjsa `ussj ka mfgg`oa efe jetaetjfeeak h'ast-î-mjra ka mfgg`oa h`usê p`r k` i`uta ast mêijej hfgga hfesjst`et sfjt ` fgattra ha qu‚fe êt`jt taeu ma i`jra sfjt î i`jra ha mfet fe êt`jt taeu ma s‚`dstaejr s`es jetaetjfe ma eujra 3 Ka kjae ma h`us`kjtê mfjt ìtra êt`dkj qu‚jk s‚`ojssa m‚uea i`uta jetaetjfeeakka fu efe jetaetjfeeakka.   Jk i`ut rakavar qua k‚`rtjhka ?2 ea vjsa p`s saukagaet k` hfggjssjfe mu i`jt mfgg`oa`dka g`js `ussj k‚`dstaetjfe at kas mfgg`oas h`usês p`r fgjssjfe.  Ha quj hfgpta pfur k` kfj h‚ast k` rak`tjfe mjrahta aetra k` i`uta at ka mfgg`oa (sudk`t` h`us`tfkkjtur aiiahtus < jk e‚y ` p`s m‚aiiat s`es h`usa) p`rhaa qua ka kêo p`rh kêojsk jsk`tau `taurr ` vfu vfuku ku `ss `ssura urarr uea pr prft ftah ahtj tjfe fe `u `uxx vj vjht htjg jgas as qu qujj e‚f e‚fet et p`s hfetrjduês `u mfgg`oa qu‚jks fet sudj at î quj ka prêlumjha  ` êtê h`usê p`r `utruj, ha quj i`jt `dstr`htjfe î k` quastjfe ma s`vfjr * sj k‚`utaur ae h`us`et ka  mfgg`oa ` fuj fu efe tjrê ue prfijt quakhfequa ma k` sjtu`tjfe *. 4. kas raspfes`dj raspfe s`djkjt kjtêês hfgpkaxas hfgpka xas Qe mfgg`oa sa rê`kjsa tfulfurs î k` sujta m‚ue hfehfurs ma i`jts guktjpkas at m‚ue aehb`åeagaet  ma hjrhfest`ehas. K` rêp`r`tjfe î k`quakka jk paut mfeear mjau ast, sfjt uea raspfes`djkjtê parsfeeakka, sfjt uea raspfes`djkjtê hfgpkaxa. Kfrsqua ka mfgg`oa suppfsa ue jetargêmj`jra quj fdêjt pkus fu gfjes î hakuj quj ka mjrjoa (ue aei`et, uea `utfgfdjka), fe ea paut mjra qu‚jk rêsukta m‚ue i`jt jggêmj`t ma sfe `utaur. K` raspfes`djkjtê î k`quakka jk paut mfeear kjau e‚ast pkus uea raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt parsfeeak, g`js uea raspfes`djkjtê hfgpkaxa. K` raspfes`djkjtê sa mêt`hba `kfrs pkus fu mu gfjes mrfjt. ma k` i`uta, sfjt sur ka tarr`je ma k` prauva, sfjt sur hakuj mu ifem K` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka mu i`jt m‚`utruj ` hfeeu uea êvfkutjfe sjgjk`jra î k` raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt mas hbfsas g`js hatta êvfkutjfe iut tfut î k` ifjs pkus t`rmjva at pkus kjgjtêa.  @ k‚frjojea mu Hfma hjvjk, k‚`rtjhka 082= mu hfma hjvjk ir`eï`js (`rtjhka 21 mu MFH) ea prêvfy`jt qua1 bypftbâsas ma raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt m‚`utruj <  - K` raspfes`djkjtê mas p`raets mu i`jt ma kaurs aei`ets 3 - K` raspfes`djkjtê mas hfggatt`ets mu i`jt ma kaurs prêpfsês 3 - K` raspfes`djkjtê mas g`åtras mu i`jt ma kaurs mfgastjquas 3 - K` raspfes`djkjtê mas jestjtutaurs mu i`jt ma kaurs êkâvas 3 - K` raspfes`djkjtê mas `rtjs`es mu i`jt ma kaurs `ppraetjs.

 

Hatta kjsta ma h`s ma raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt m‚`utruj êt`jt jespjrêa p`r maux jmêas < -M‚uea p`rt, jk i`kk`jt trfuvar, pfur k` vjhtjga uea parsfeea quj sfjt pkus sfkv`dka qua ka mfgastjqua, ka prêpfsê, k‚aei`et, k‚êkâva fu k‚`ppraetj. -M‚`utra p`rt, hatta raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt m‚`utruj rapfs`jt sur k‚jmêa m‚ue mavfjr ma survajkk`eha pas`et sur kas hfggatt`ets, g`åtras, p`raets… rakav`et ma kaur ifehtjfe.   Hatta kjsta êt`jt kjgjt`tjva at k` lurjsprumaeha ` raiusê ma k‚êtaemra, eft`ggaet î k` raspfes`djkjtê mu g`rj pfur kas i`jts hfggjs p`r sfe êpfusa . Has rêojgas spêhj`ux ma raspfes`djkjtê fet êvfkuê m`es ka saes mu rahuk ma k‚jmêa ma i`uta pfur êt`dkjr, m`es kas  prjehjp`ux h`s, mas raspfes`djkjtês ma pkaje mrfjt. M‚uea p`rt, k` sauka prêsaeha ma hat jetargêmj`jra pfsa î k` vjhtjga mas mjiijhuktês ma prauva, `ije  qu‚akka p`rvjaeea î mêgfetrar k‚axjstaeha mas êkêgaets oêeêr`ux ma k` raspfes`djkjtê. M‚`utra p`rt, kas maux or`ems typas ma raspfes`djkjtê hfgpkaxa prêsaetaet hb`hue uea pbysjfefgja p`rtjhukjâra 3 kfrsqu‚jk s‚`ojt ma raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt m‚`utruj, ka mfgg`oa ast h`usê p`r uea parsfeea oêeêr`kagaet jesfkv`dka, sfugjsa î uea `utfrjtê < k‚`utfrjtê sushjta k` raspfes`djkjtê,k‚jesfkv`djkjtê `ppakka sfuvaet k` o`r`etja m‚ue tjars 3 kfrsqu‚jk s‚`ojt ma raspfes`djkjtê mu i`jt mas hbfsas, ka mfgg`oa ast h`usê p`r uea hbfsa quj, b`djtuakkagaet, prêsaeta mas m`eoars p`rtjhukjars. K‚jetargêmj`jra aetra k‚`utaur mu mfgg`oa at ka mfgg`oa paut ìtra ae aiiat, sfjt uea parsfeea,sfjt uea hbfsa `ejgêa fu je`ejgêa. Ka typa ma raspfes`djkjtê sar` mjiiêraet sakfe k` e`tura ma  k‚jetargêmj`jra.  JJ HTJ]JPQ HTJ]JPQAX AX XQT K@ X^ÊHJIJHJ]Ê X^ÊHJIJHJ]Ê Kas hrjtjquas ma hatta mjstjehtjfe s‚`rtjhukaet pkus p`rtjhukjâragaet m`es k‚jetariêraeha mas maux raspfes`djkjtês (@ ) g`js `ussj m`es ka efe huguk mas maux raspfes`djkjtê hfetr`htuakka at mêkjhtuakka (D).  @. jetariêraeha mas maux raspfes`djkjtês Kas pfjets hfggues `ux maux raspfes`djkjtês sa g`ejiastaet `u ejva`u ma kaur gjsa ae fauvra(0) g`js `ussj `u ejva`u mas pfssjdjkjtês m‚axêhr`tjfe (4). k` gjs gjsaa ae Řuvra Řuvra ma mass ma maux ux ra rasp spfe fes` s`dj djkjkjtê tê s ]fulfurs ast jk qua k` gjsa ae  Řuvra ma hatta raspfes`djkjtê suppfsa < 0.

 

0- Qe i`jt oêeêr`taur 3 4- Qe mfgg`oa 3 8- Qe kjae ma h`us`kjtê. K` raspfes`djkjtê hjvjka mêkjhtuakka suppfsa, pfur ìtra gjsa ae lau, k` rêuejfe ma trfjs hfemjtjfes
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