La Puntuacion y La Escritura

 

"Añb iho Emghlthlarmb iho Vhrû; 566 añbs ih Mlihphlihlgma"  

DAGXOYAI IH AIJMLMWYUAGM×L

OA VXLYXAGMBL ] OA HWGUMYXUA-CAEMOMIAIHW VAUA GBLWYUXMU BUAGMBLHW

AWMNLAYXUA; CAEMOMIAIHW GBJXLMGAYMTAW AWMNLAYXUA; IBGHLYH; WBYB VAUHKA, Jaxmjb IBGHLYH; MLYHNUALYHW; MLYHNUALYHW;     

GAEUHUA XUVH,Ouz Kuomssa Alaeho GCATH[ WBUMA, `athrmlh GUX[ VHÑA, Nmalhooa Ouz IXHÑAW GCBQQXH, Eoahr  UAJBW QXMWVH, Vaeob

AealgayApurmjag 5651

 

IHIMGAYBUMA

 A Imbs pbr ermliarlbs saoui para pbihr shnumr  aihoalth iêa a iêa y obnrar luhstrbs bekhtmvbs.  A luhstrbs pairhs pbr ho apbyb mlgblimgmblao hl luhstra dbrjagm÷l phrsblao y ulmvhrsmtarma para obnrar  shr nralihs prbdhsmblaohs.  A luhstrb prbdhsbr pbr oa hlshñalza bethlmia iuralth ho ih ihsa sarr rrbo boob ob ih ihoo gurs gursb b y a lb lbsb sbtr trbs bs pb pbrr ho nral nral hsduhrzb y gbjprbjmsb para obnrar juhstras jhtas.

 

MLYUBIXGMBL Ho gbrrhgtb usb ih obs smnlbs smnlbs ih  ih pultuagm÷l ashnura oa aihguaia artmguoagm÷l ih oas ulmiaihs ih smnlmdmgaib mlthnral párradb ih pult pultua uagm gm÷l ÷l rh rhqu qumh mhrh rhl l quh ul hjpohb  hjpohb  jula uy pdrash rhgmsbb0ulsmpárradb. sh p.bVbr lhl hsb hl obs ho smnlbs ounar  hqumvbgaib, oas paoaeras y oas drashs ihkal ih ihgmr ob quh ho autbr quhrêa ihgmr. Gualtb jás rhsaothl obs smnlbs oa hstrugturagm÷l iho gblthlmib (thja ghltrao, suethja, miha, ihtaooh), shrá jás gbchrhlth y prhgmsb ho thxtb. thxtb. A gbltmluagm÷l, sh ihtaooará ul pbgb jás sberh hsth thja. Hl ho prhshlth traeakb thlirí oa bpbrtulmiai ih prbdulimzar sberh obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l, ob quh oohvara a qumhl ob oha a hsgrmemr emhl y a gbjprhlihr jhkbr obs thxtbs thx tbs.. Vbr tal taltb, tb, ch gbjhlz gbjhlzaib aib ihd ihdmlm mlmhl hlib ib prhgms prhgmsajh ajhlth lth,, asê gbj gbjb b taj tajemí emíl l aebrialib sus dulgmblhs nhlhraohs, y rhoagmbláliboas gbl oas imstmltas imsgmpomlas omlnÿêstmgas. Obs smnlbs smnlbs ih pultu pultuagm agm÷l, ÷l, hst hstál ál gaia gaia ulb iht ihtaoo aooaia aiajhl jhlth th hxp hxpomg omgai aib b par para a ula jhkbr gbjprhlsm÷l. Ouhnb gbjb hshlgma chjbs hxpomgaib ulb a ulb gaia smnlb ih pultuagm÷l, obs gasbs hl obs guaohs sh iheh utmomzar ih aguhrib a oas rhnoas, obs gasbs hl quh lb y aonulbs gasbs hxghpgmblaohs ih hstbs bgcb smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l. Hl hsth traeakb ch gblsmihraib oas rhnoas y hkhjpobs para gaia smnlb ih pultuagm÷l quh sh prhshlta hl gaia gasb.

 

MLIMGH Wmnlbs ih pultuagm÷l……………………………………… pultuagm÷l………………………………………………………………….....8 ………………………….....8 1. Cmstbrma Cmstbrma ih obs smnlb smnlbss ih pultuagm÷ pultuagm÷l l 8 1.1 ²Quí dulgm÷l dulgm÷l gujpohl  gujpohl obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l2.........................................8 5. Oa pultuagm÷l………………………………………… pultuagm÷l……………………………………………………………………….……4 …………………………….……4 5.1 Ho pultb (.)………………………………………………………………………….4  

5.5 Oa gbja (,)…………………………………………………………………………4

 

5.7 Ho pultb y oa gbja (0)……………………………………………………………..>

 

5.9 Obs ibs pultbs (;)…………………………………………………………………>

 

5.8 Obs parílthsms ()…………………………………………………………………..>

 

5.4 Obs pultbs susphlsmvbs (…)…………………………………………………….>

 

5.> Oas gbjmooas (‟‚)……………………………………………………………………3

 

5.3 Wmnlbs ih aijmragm÷l (¡!)…………………………………………………………=

 

5.= Wmnlbs ih mlthrrbnagm÷l (²2)……………………………………………………..=

 

5.16 Numbl b raya (-)…………………………………………………………………..16

 

5.11 Oa imírhsms (¨)………………………………………………………………….....16

 

5.17 Ho apbstrbdh (¹)……………………………………………………………………16

7. Oa hsgrmtura……………………………………………………………………………….11 7.1 Lhurbembpsmgbobnma ih oa hsgrmtura………………………………………………11  

7.1.1 Eashs lhurbdmsmbo÷nmgas ih oa hsgrmtura……………………………….11

 

7.1.5 Eashs lhurbpsmgbo÷nmgas ih oa hsgrmtura………………………………15

9. Gblgousm÷l………………………………………… Gblgousm÷l…………………………………………………………………………………17 ………………………………………17

 

CMWYBU YBUMA MA IH IH OBW OBW WMNLB WMNLBW W IH VXLY VXLYXAG XAGMBL MBL 1. CMW  

Hl obs mlmgmbs ih oagbjpuhstbs hsgrmtura aodaeítmga obsquh thxtbs hral juy ih obs agtuaohs0 hstaeal pbr ohtras dbrjaeal ulaimdhrhlths anobjhragm÷l gblshgutmva y gbjpagta, hl oa guao lb caeêa lmlnula pultuagm÷l. Hstb cagêa tal imdêgmo su ohgtura ohgtura quh  quh hra mlimsphlsaeoh ohhrobs hl vbz aota, para mr ihjargalib gbl ho tblb ih oa vbz oas paoaeras y oas drashs.

 

Duhrbl lhghsarmbs pbr ob jhlbs qumlgh smnobs para quh sh prbiukhra oa shparagm÷l nraiuao ih oas ohtras ih obs thxtbs hl paoaeras y drashs. Hl obs gbjmhlzbs ih oa Hiai Jhima sh Jhima sh aibpt÷ oa gbstujerh ih pblhr oas drashs hl oêlhas shparaias0 ouhnb aparhgmhrbl oa gbja y ho pultb0 pbsthrmbrjhlth sh aibptarbl oas jayûsguoas mlmgmaohs, obs parílthsms, oa o a shparagm÷l hltrh párradbs, casta oohnar a oa imvhrsmiai ih smnlbs quh thlhjbs cby. Hsth ihsarrboob ihsarrboob ih  ih oa pultuagm÷l cmzb pbsmeoh oa aparmgm÷l ih oa ohgtura smohlgmbsa a oa quh acbra hstajbs caemtuaibs.

 

Oa cmstbrma ih oa hsgrmtura hl Bggmihlth sueraya ul chgcb goavh; ho ohgtbr hs qumhl sh ehlhdmgma iho euhl usb ih obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l. Gualib ul autbr, ao hsgrmemr ul thxtb, gumia oa pultuagm÷l, lb ob cagh pbr ul vagêb aoarih ih saemiurêa smlb pbrquh tmhlh mlthrís mlthrís hl  hl quh sus ohgtbrhs hltmhlial ob quh imgh. Ho jao usb ih oa o a pultuagm÷l mlimga, pbr gbltrasth, quh pbsmeohjhlth ho autbr lb tmhlh goarb ob quh qumhrh ihgmr.

 

1.1 ²Quí dulgm÷l dulgm÷l gujpohl  gujpohl obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l2

  Oa hsgrmtura hs ula dbrja ih gbjulmgagm÷l gbjulmgagm÷l quh  quh mjpomga ula gblstruggm÷l gblstruggm÷l omlhao0  omlhao0 iaib quh hs mjpbsmeoh hsgrmemrob tbib ao jmsjb tmhjpb tmhjpb,, hs lhghsarmb shparar oas mihas, khrarqumzaroas y pblhroas hl brihl0 smrvhl para;

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Hstrugturar ho thxtb

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Ihomjmtar oas drashs y obs párradbs

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Caghr íldasms hl oas mihas prmlgmpaohs

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Brihlar oas mihas shguliarmas

 

5. Oa pultuagm÷l 5.1 Ho pultb (.) Ho pultb sh hjpoha para mlimgar ho dmlao ih ula bragm÷l, shñaoa quh ob hsgrmtb alths tmhlh shltmib gbjpohtb. Wh hsgrmeh sml ihkar hspagmb ih shparagm÷l gbl ho garágthr quh prhghih, phrb ihkalib ul hspagmb gbl ho gar garágth ágthrr quh smnuh a gbltmluagm÷l gbltmluagm÷l a lb shr quh imgcb gará garágthr gthr sha ih gmhrrh. Hxmsthl trhs tmpbs ih pultb; 

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V ul u l tb t b y s hn u m i b , s h p a r a h l u l g m a i b s i hl h l tr tr b i h u l párradb. Vul tb y aparth, shpara ibs párradbs párradbs gbl gblthlmib imdhrhlth ihlt rb iho thxt thxtb. b. Vultb ih aerhvmagm÷l, smrvh para aerhvmar gbrrhgtajhlth ula pao ae ra nra lih b ih gbstbsa gbstbsa brtb brtbnrad nradêa. êa.

 Agoaragmblhs; 

Obs têtuobs y suetêtuobs suetêtuobs rhdhrhlt rhdhrhlths hs a art artêg êguo uobs, bs, ga gapêt pêtuob uobs, s, lbje lb jerh rhss ih omomer erb bs, ih be beras ras ih arth, htg., htg., smhjprh smhjprh quh aparhzgal apar hzgal amsoa amsoaibs, ibs, val sml pult b y s÷o s÷ob b oa prmj prmjhr hra a oht ohtra ra gbl jayûsg jayûsguoa, uoa, a jhlbs quh sh ushl lbjerh s prb pmbs .

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Oêlhas ih mlvhstmnag Oêlhas mlvhstmnagm÷l m÷l Jaluao ih o usuarmb

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I h s p u í s i h o b s s m n l b s i h m l t h r r b n a g m ÷ l ( ²2 ) y hxgoajagm÷ hxgo ajagm÷l l (¡!) (¡!), lb sh pb lh pult b. Hst Hstbs bs smnlbs smnlbs hqumvaohl hqumvaohl ao pultb.

5.5 Oa gb gbja (, (,) Jarga ula pausa Jar pausa erhv erhvhh hl ul hlulgma ib. Wh utmomza hl obs smnumhlt hs gasbs; gasbs; 

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Vara shparar obs hohjhltbs ih ula hlujhragm÷l; Hk.; Tmhlh a rhgbnhr ho rhstb ih sus gbsas; oa rbpa, oa phobta ih Dûtebo, oa gájara,, oa gaña ih phsgar y oa raquh gájara raquhta. ta. Hl obs mlgmsbs quh mlthrrujphl ula bragm÷l, para agoarar b ajpomar ob quh sh imgh, imgh, b para para jhlgmbla ho autbr u bera gmtaibs; Ybibs obs vhgmlbs, mlgoumib ho iho O-161, hstaeal pbr  ula ul a vhz ih aguhrib.

 

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Vara shparar shparar hohjhltbs nrajatmgaojhlth hqumvaohlths hqumvaohlths hl ul hlulgmaib; Ybi bia a Hurbpa hstaea prhshlth; dral dralghs ghshs, hs, hspañbohs, mtaomalbs, mtaomalbs, aohjalhs, pbrtunuhshs, pb rtunuhshs, htg. Hl oas gaehghras ih oas gartas sh hsgrmeh gbja hltrh ho ounar  y oa dhgca; dhgca; Jíxmgb, Jíxmgb, 59 ih lbvmhjerh lbvmhjer h ih 1=4 8.

5.77 Ho pu 5. pult ltb b y gbj gbjaa (0) (0) Bgupa ula pbsmgm÷ l mlthrjhim a hltrh oa gbja y ho pultb. Mjpomg Mjpomga a ula pausa aonb jaybr jaybr quh oa ih oa gbja. Xsarhjbs pul tb y gbja gbja;; 

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 Alt hs ih oas gbl  Alths g blku kulg lgmb mblh lhss aivhr a ivhrsatm satmvas; vas; ph phrb rb,, hjp h jphr hrb, b, sml smlb, b, aulquh, pbr taltb, pbrquh, pbr gblsmnumhlt gblsmnumhlth, h, jas (hqumvaohlth a phrb), phr b), htg. Wh gbobgará ho pultb pul tb y gbja sm oh althghih ula hxprhs hxprhsm÷l m÷l oarna. oarna. Vara shparar oas bragmblhs yuxtapuhstas. Wbl aquhooas qu quh h val ula ao oaib ih oa btra, sml lmlnu la gblkulgm÷l quh oas ula. Vara shparar oas parths gbjpuhstas pbr ula hlujhragm÷l gbjpohka, oas guaohs prhshltal ula b varmas gbjas.

5.99 Ob 5. Obss ib ibss pu pult ltbs bs ( ; )  Lulga sh ihka ul hspagmb hltrh obs ibs pultbs, sh usal obs ibs pultbs

hl obs smnumhlths gasbs.   

Ihoalth ih ula hlujhragm÷l alulgmaia gbl ul vhreb. Hl gmtas thxtuaohs. Ihspuís ih oas d÷rjuoas ih saouib hl oas gartas y ibgujhltbs.

5.88 Ob 5. Obss pa parí rílt lths hsms ms ( ) Obs pa  paríl ríl th thsm sms s sbl smnlbs brtbnrádmgbs rhprhshltaibs pbr ibs oêlhas hl dbrja i h gurva ().Ymhlhl ().Ymhlhl oa dulgm÷l ih mlshrtar hl oa brag bragm÷ m÷l l u l a ml dbr dbrja ja gm÷ l ih gar ágt hr ai aimg mgmb mbla laoo b ag agoa oara ratb tbrm rmb. b.

5.44 Ob 5. Obss pult pultbs bs sus susphl phlsmv smvbs bs (…) (…) Wh usa l pu lt bs sus susphls phlsmvbs mvbs gua lib quhr hjb s ihkar oa br brag agm÷ m÷l l mlgbjp mlg bjpohta ohta y ho shl tm ib susphlsb. Ao oh ohhr hr,, oa hl tb la gm gm÷l ÷l hs mlihgmsa. Wh Wh hx hxp p rhsa mlghrtmiujerh, hxphgtagm÷l, i ui a, thjbr, mrblêa, mlihgmsm÷l, htg.

 

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Wh hxprhsal pbr trhs pultbs gblshgutmvbs. Wmnlmdmga, puhs, quh ho ohgtbr i heh aimv aimvmlar mlar quí paoaera b paoae paoaeras ras sh c al ihkaib ih añaimr. Lb sh sh ia hspagmb hltr h oa paoaera y obs trhs p ul tb s sus susphl phlsmv smvbs. bs. Wm bragm÷l ihspuí s ih pul tb s susphlsmvbs, shoagbobga ul smnuh hspagmb alths ih obs oa pr÷xmja paoaera, oa guao sh hsgrme hsgrmemrá mrá hl jm lû sg uo a. Wm oa bragm÷l thr jmla gbl pu ltb s sus susphl phlsm smvbs vbs,, sh ial ib s hspagmbs hspagmbs y oa pr÷xmja bragm÷l gbjmhlza gbl jayûsguoa. jayûsguoa.

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  Hl aonulbs gasbs obs pultbs susphlsmvbs sustmtuyhl a oa aerhvmatura ih oa paoaera htgíthra htgít hra (htg.)  Obs pultbs susphlsmvbs puhihl mr hltrh gbrgchths gualib sh gbpma gbpma aonûl thxtb y sh sup rmjhl aonulas paoaeras paoaeras b pasakhs pasak hs mllhghsarmbs. mllhghsarmbs. Ob Obss pu lt ltbs bs susphlsmvbs susphlsmvbs hltrh hltrh gbrgchths mlimgal oa suprhsm÷l. Obs pultbs susphlsmvbs puhihl hjphzar ul párradb, mr hl ho jhimb ih ihoo th thxtb xtb b ao dm dmla lao. o. Oa pbsmg pbsmgm÷ m÷l l ih ob obss jms jmsjbs jbs i h p h l i h i h o o u n a r i b l i h ho q u h h s g r m e h h d h g t û a o a suprhsm÷l.  A obs o bs p u l t b s su susph sphls lsmv mvbs bs ohs p u h i h l sh shnu numrmr bt r bs sm smnlb nlbss i h pultuagm÷l gbjb oa gbja, ho pultb y gbja, ho smnlb ih parílthsms, parílth sms, ho smnlb ih hxg hxgoaj oajagm agm÷l, ÷l, ho smnl smnlb b ih mlthrrbnagm÷l0 shn ûl sha ho gasb. gasb.

5.> Oas gb gbjmooas (‟)  aothrlal C ay ims imstml tmltbs tbs tmpbs ihusarsh gbjmoo gbj mooas, as, quhthxtb sh ya hjpoh hjpohal al mlimstml mlimstmltaj tajhlt hlth, h, phr phrb b sh sh gualib ihehl hl ul hltrhgbjmooaib. Oas gbjmooas hjpohal; 

Vara rhprb iugmr gmtas gmtas thxtuaoh thxtuaohs. s.

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Vara Var a lb rhphtmr u l th thxt xtb. b.

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Vara mlimgar quh ul a paoaera b hxprhs hxprhsm÷l m÷l hs mjprbpma b ih btra ohlnua, b quh sh usa ûlmgaj hlth b gbl ul shltm ib hsphgmao. Vara gmtar têtuobs ih artêguobs artêguobs,, pbhjas, guairbs, htg.

5.3 Wm Wmnl nlbs bs ih aij aijmra mragm÷ gm÷l l (¡! (¡!))

 

Wmrvhl para rhprhshltar hl oa hsgrmtura, rhsphgtmvajhlth, oa hltblagm÷l hxgoajatmva ih ul hlulgmaib. Wbl smnlbs ibeoh ibeohs, s, puhs puhs hx hxms msth th u l smnlb ih i h a ph rt ur a y bt btrb rb ih gmhrrh ihehl gbobgarsh ih dbrja beomnatbrma ao gbjmhlzb y ao dmlao iho gbjmhlzb gbrrhspblimhlth. 

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Yras obs smnlbs Yras smnlbs ih gmhrrh puhih gbobgarsh guaoqumhr guaoqum hr sm nlb ih pu ltu agm ÷l, saovb saovb ho pult pultb b y oa bragm÷l smnumhlth ca ih gbjhlzar gbl jayûsguoa. Gua lib sh hsgrm ehl shn shnum umia iass var varmas mas hx hxgo goajagm ajagmblhs blhs erhvh s, s h p u h i h l gb gb l s m i h r a r g b j b b ra g m b lh s mlihphlimhlths, mlihph limhlths, b emhl gbjb parths ih ul ûlmgb hlulgmaib. Asê oa hxgoajagm÷l sh mlmgmará gbl jayûsguoa.

5.= Wmnl Wmnlbs bs ih mlth mlthrrbnag rrbnagm÷l m÷l (²2) Obs smnlbs smnlbs ih mlthr mlthrrbna rbnagm÷l gm÷l sbl ibs; ulb ih aphrtura (²) y btrb ih goausura (2). Wh usal ístbs hl obs smnumhlths gasbs; 

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Wh gbobgal gbobgal ao prmlgmpmb y ao dmlao dmlao ih oas bragmblhs mlthrrbnatmvas imrhgtas. Wh gbobgal ao prmlgmpmb y ao ao dmlao ih oas bragmblhs mlthrrbnatmvas mlthrrbn atmvas imrhgtas imrhgtas,, aul quh lb hjpmhgh lm thrjmlh oa bragm÷l nrajatmgao. Wh gbobgal ao prmlgmpmb prmlgmpm b y ao dmlao ih oas bragmblhs mlthrrbnatmvas hl shrmh, oas guaohs sh shparal pbr gbjas.  Aonu las vhghs sh  Aonulas s h utm u tmomomza za hl tr h pa parí rílt lths hsms ms ho smn smnlb lb ih mlthrrbnagm÷l mlthrrbnagm÷ l ih gmhrrh b ajebs smnlbs smnlbs para sunhrmr iuia b mlshnurmiai mlshnurmia i hl u l iatb, chgcb, lbjerh, htg. Obs smnlbs Obs smnlbs ih mlthrrbnagm÷l mlthrrbnagm÷l lb sh ihehl usar hl prhnultas pr hnultas mlimrhgtas b h l phtmgmblhs nhltmohs.

5.16 Nu Numbl b raya

(-)

Ho numbl numbl sh puhih utmomzar hl ul imsgursb.

 

Hkhjpobs; larratmvb y para shñaoar imáobnbs. Imáobnbs hl ho rhoatb, ih gajemb ih mlthrobgutbr. Hl hsth gasb sh hsgrmeh ula raya ihoalth ih oas paoaeras quh gblstmtuyhl oa mlthrvhlgm÷l. Gualib ho lar larrai raibr br rhtbja su imsgursb para agoarar agoarar b prhgm prhgmsar sar ob imgcb pbr  ho ph phrs rsbla blakkh, taje tajemí míl l sh sh us usa a ula ra raya, qu quh, h, sm ho ph phrs rsbl blak akh h lb gbltmlûa caeoalib, lb iheh ghrrarsh.

5.11 Oa imírh rhssms ( ¨ )

Oa imírhsms b grhja (¨) hs ul smn lb quh s h gbobga hlgmja ih oas vbga vbgaohs ohs hl oas smnumhlths bgasmblhs; bgasmblhs;

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Vara mlimgar quh ca ih prblulgm arsh oa vbg Vara vbgao ao u hl oas oas gbjemlagmblhs; nuh y num . Hl hst hsth h gas asb, b, ho usb ih oa imírh imírhsm smss hs pr prhg hghp hptm tmvb vb (‟ob quh smnlmd smn lmdmga mga qu quh h hs ul jali atb , br ihl b rhnoa ‚) ‚).. Hl thxtbs thxt bs pbítmgbs p bítmgbs,, oas imír imírhs hsms ms pu puhi hihl hl usarsh usa rsh gbobgaia sberh oa prmjh prmjhra ra vb vbga gaoo ih u l pbsmeoh imptblnb, para mlimgarr quh lb hxm sth . Ih hsa dbrja oa paoaer mlimga paoaera a a oa quh adhgta adhgt a y ho vhrs vhrsb b hl quh sh mlgouyh mlgouyh guhl ta gbl u la sêoae sêoaea a jás.

5.15 Ho apbstrbdh (¹) Wu lbje rh gbrrh gbrrhgtb gtb hs apbstrbdb. Hs Hs ul s mnl b brtbnrádmgb auxmoma auxmomar  r  h l db dbrj rja a i h g b j a aota ao ta (”), quh aph aphla lass sh us usa hl ho hspa hspañbo ñbo agtu agtuao. ao. Gbjb usbs prbpmbs ih oa ohlnua hspañboa, sh imstmlnuhl prmlgmpaojhlth ibs; 

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Var ara a mlimgar, hl hi himg mgmb mbl lhs ag agtu tuao aohs hs lb jb jbih ihrl rlmz mzai aias as ih thxt th xtbs bs alt altmnu mnubs, bs, sbe sberh rh tb tbib ib pb pbít ítmgb mgbs, s, oa ho homs msm÷ m÷l l ih oa vb vbggao dmla dm laoo ih ihth ihthrjmla rjmlaias ias pa paoa oaer eras as (p (prh rhpb pbsm smgm gmbl blhs hs,, ar artê têgu guob obs, s, gblkulgmblhs) gualib oa quh smnuh hjpmhza pbr vbgao. Vara rhdohkar, hl oa hsgrmtura, oa suprhsm÷l ih sblmibs quh sh prbiugh hl gmh gmhrtbs rtbs lm lmvvho hohs hs ih oa ohlnu ohlnua a bra brao.o. Ap Apar arhg hgh h gbl d r h g u h l g m a h l t h x t b s o m th r a r m b s g u a l i b ho a u t b r i h s h a rhprbiugmr ho caeoa ih phrsblakh phrsblakhss ih hsg hsgasa asa guotura. Wh gbls gblshrv hrva a hl oa rhprbiugg rhprbiuggm÷l m÷l ih lbjerhs b hx hxprh prhsm smbl blhs hs phrthl phrt hlhg hgmh mhlt lths hs a oh ohln lnua uass hl oas quh sh jal jaltmh tmhlh lh ho us usb b jbi hrl b iho ap÷strbdb, gbjb ho gataoál, ho mlnoís mlnoís,, ho dralgís dralgís b ho mtaomalb.

 

HWGUMYXUA YXUA 7. OA HWGUM Cagh 86.666 añbs, aprbxmjaiajhlth, aprbxmjaiajhlth, quh aparhgmhrbl sberh oa daz ih oa tmhrra obs prmjhrbsih "cbjb sapmhls", y tal sbob 76.666 sh tmhlh mlimgmb ih ih oa aparmgm÷l oa prmjhra jalmdhstagm÷l quh sh añbs pbirêaihspuís ihlbjmlar prhgursbra oa hsgrmtura Yaltb hl Hurbpa gbjb hl Ádrmga sh cal hlgbltraib hl guhvas y rbgas oas pruheas ih hsas jalmdhstagmblhs cujalas, quh cal smib gataobnaias gbjb beras artêstmgas, puhs, hl aonulbs gasbs, hral rhaomzaias gbl hspohlibrbsbs gbobrhs Ho pasb iho imeukb a oa hsgrmtura prbpmajhlth imgca, sh imb 18.666 añbs ihspuís, hl ho Asêa bggmihltao, gualib aparhgm÷ pbr prmjhra vhz ul tmpb ih hsgrmtura quh, aulquh gblshrvaea gblshrvaea obs vhstmnmbs dmnuratmvbs iho imeukb, imb ul saotb ao ihthrjmlaroh ul smnlb nrádmgb a gaia paoaera, ialib asê brmnhl a oa hsgrmtura mihbnrádmga. Wh saeh quh oa prmjhra guotura quh oohnb a hsth mjpbrtalth ihsguermjmhltb duh oa Wujhrma, aulquh obs hnmpgmbs lb oh oohvaeal nral imstalgma. Obs prmjhrbs 1.866 añbs ih oa hsgrmtura gblstmtuyhl, gbjb ca jbstraib Kag` Nbbiy, ul goarb hkhjpob ih oa rhoagm÷l quh hxmsth hltrh obs usbs sbgmaohs ih oa hsgrmtura y ho ihsarrboob ih ulas caemomiaihs gbnlmtmvas ihthrjmlaias. Oa hlshñalza ih oa hsgrmtura hra rhstrmlnmia a ul phquhñb nrupb nrupb ih  ih phrsblas quh oa hkhrgêal gbjb ula prbdhsm÷l. Aihjás, duh utmomzaia gbl dmlhs hstrmgtajhlth utmomtarmbs, ih êliboh hgbl÷jmga, gbjhrgmao y dmsgao dmsgao..

7.11 LHX 7. LHXUBE UBEMBV MBVWMG WMGBOB BOBNMA NMA IH OA HWGU HWGUMYX MYXUA UA 7.1.1 EAWHW LHXUBDMWMBO×NMGAW IH OA HWGUMYXUA

Hsgrmemr hs, hl ihdmlmtmva, ula hkhgugm÷l mlimvmiuao y smlnuoar ih oa phrsblaomiai. Vrbeaeohjhlth hsth gbjpblhlth hstá rhprhshltaib pbr  oas hstrugturas shpuotaias hl oas prbdulimiaihs ih oas gmrgulvbougmblhs ghrheraohs, y pbsmeohjhlth hl oas jás argamgas, iblih laghl oas hjbgmblhs, jbtmvagmblhs, aohnrêas, adomggmblhs y tajemíl lhurbsms Hsth ihsnobsh hl dashs sughsmvas lb iheh caghrlbs bovmiar ibs gblghptbs; ula hxtrhja rapmihz, hl aonulas iígmjas ih shnulib, iuralth oas guaohs gblvhrnhl agtmvmiaihs prbghihlths ih oas rhnmblhs jás aohkaias iho ghrherb y oa mlthrvhlgm÷l sughsmva y erhvh ih nrupbs ih jmooblhs ih lhurblas hl gblhxm÷l rhgêprbga, guyb hstaib dulgmblao sh jbimdmga sûemtajhlth.

7.1.5 EAWHW LHXUBVWMGBO×NMGAW IH OA HWGUMYXUA

 

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Gbltrbo vmsb jaluao ih oa hsgrmtura ; Iuralth jugcb tmhjpb sh gblsmihr÷ quh ho gbltrbo vmsuao hra ul rhtrbgbltrbo ih ihthggm÷l ih obs hrrbrhs. Hl oa agtuaomiai, sh gblsmihra quh hs ul gbltrbo prbagtmvb quh prhpara ho jbvmjmhltb y hvmta obs hrrbrhs alths quh gbrrhnmrobs. Hl rhaomiai, ul rhtrbgbltrbo quh mldouyhra hl oa hkhgugm÷l iho jbvmjmhltb rhprhshltarêa ula iuragm÷l ihjasmaib prboblnaia quh mlthrvhlirêa ihjasmaib tarih. Ho gbltrbo vmsuao mlthragtûa gbl oa mldbrjagm÷l prbpmbghptmva quh, hl sê jmsja, hs mlsudmgmhlth para gbimdmgagm÷l gbrrhgta ih oa pbsmgm÷l ih oa jalb. Vara shr jás prhgmsbs, ho tmhjpb mlmgmao, rápmib, ih oa trayhgtbrma ih oa jalb hstá gbltrboaib pbr ho gajpb vmsuao phrmdírmgb, jmhltras quh oa dash thrjmlao, ohlta, ihphlih iho gajpb ghltrao, dbvhao.

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Hsgrmtura y jhjbrma; ibs agtmvmiaihs mlimsbgmaeohs;  A phsar iho rhgcazb iho gblghptb ih jhjbrma ih obs jbvmjmhltbs ih oa jalb quh hsgrmeh oas paoaeras b ih ul ghltrb vmsuao quh rhguhria oa mjanhl ih oa paoaera, parhgh hvmihlth oa hxmsthlgma ih rhoagmblhs hltrh hsgrmtura y jhjbrma.

 

GBLGOXWMBL . Ho gbrrhgtb usb ih obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l ashnura oa aihguaia artmguoagm÷l ih

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oas ulmiaihs ih smnlmdmgaib quh mlthnral ula drash b ul párradb. Vbr hsb obs smnlbs ih pu pult ltua uagm gm÷l ÷l rhqu rhqumh mhrh rhl l ul hj hjpo pohb hb ju juyy pr prhg hgms msb0 b0 sm sh pb pblh lhl l hl ho ou ouna nar  r  hqumvbgaib, oas paoaeras y oas drashs ihkal ih ihgmr ob quh ho autbr quhrêa ihgmr. 5.  Xla euh euhla la pultua pultuagm÷ gm÷l l ashnu ashnura ra oa aih aihgua guaia ia artmgu artmguoag oagm÷l m÷l ih oas ul ulmia miaih ihss ih smnlmdmgaib quh mlthnral ula drash b ul párradb. Vbr hsb obs smnlbs ih pultuagm÷l rhqumhrhl ul hjpohb juy prhgmsb0 sm sh pblhl hl ho ounar hqumvbgaib, oas paoaeras y oas drashs ihkal ih ihgmr ob quh ho autbr quhrêa ihgmr. 7.  Oas ohtras jayûsguoas sbl oas quh hl rhoagm÷l a oas ohtras jmlûsguoas, tmhlh ul jaybr tajañb y nhlhraojhlth sh hsgrmehl ih dbrja imdhrhlth. 9.  Oa dmlaomiai ih hsgrmemr hl jayûsguoas hs para rhsaotar ihthrjmlaias paoaeras u bragmblhs quh ihshajbs quh ooajh oa athlgm÷l iho ohgtbr. 8.  Oa hxprhsm÷l brao hs ho gblkultb ih tíglmgas quh ihthrjmlal oas pautas nhlhraohs quh ih quh iheh ehl l shnu shnumrs mrsh h pa para ra gbju gbjulm lmga gars rsh h br brao aojh jhlt lth h gb gbl l hd hdhg hgtmtmvm vmia iai. i. Waeh Waehr  r  hxprhsarsh braojhlth ca smib ihsih oa altmnÿhiai ula ih oas agtmvmiaihs ghltraohs ih oa vmi vmia a hl sbg sbgmhi mhiai ai.. Vbr hsb hsb,, ihehj ihehjbs bs apr aprhli hlihr hr g÷j g÷jb b hx hxprh prhsar sarlb lbss gb gbl l prbpmhiai hl pûeomgb. 4.  Wh iheh thlhr hl guhlta quh oa hxprhsm÷l brao hl ihthrjmlaias gmrgulstalgmas hs jás ajpoma quh ho caeoa, ya quh rhqumhrh ih hohjhltbs paraomlnÿêstmgbs para gbjpohtar su smnlmdmgagm÷l dmlao