La Psicoterapia (Ensayo)

 

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HEQ HE Q ZQGALPKTEZGEQ ZQGALPKTEZGEQ (Kiseyl)

 Eutl  Eu tl res ? Zçrkz Temírkz Temírkz Bki` g Hkas gd gdktf ktf AG. ^- 43. 43.>3; >3;.46; .46; Temírkz Afeañi Gveiie Ei` rkgi rkgie e AG. AG. ^- 43.6 43.65;.6 5;.6:5 :5 Zsgalhlcíe ‘P5” GV Prgmkstrk 

Qei Qe i Args Argstñd tñd eh, meyl ` k 4:4 4:45. 5.

 

@ks`k kh gigagl `k hls tgkmpls he psgaltkrepge fe kste`l prkskitk ki he vg`e he `k hls skrks fumeils, euiquk gigagehmkitk il sk `kserrlhhñ y plpuhergzl alml eatuehmkitk sk alilak. Il ldsteitk, lrgui`emkitk fe kmphke`l he pehedre y `ktkrmgie`ls mçtl`ls `k kstu`gls, alml sus prgiagpehks pgherks pere he dÿsquk`e `k he sehu` mkiteh. He psgaltkrepge `k meikre ckikreh, almprki`k uie skrgk `k prlak`gmgkitls quk kh kspkagehgste hk ephgae eh peagkitk dese`ls ki mçtl`ls psgalhñcgals. E ngi `k ml`gngaer su almplrtemgkitl, pkisemgkitls, kmlagliks, rkheagliks gitkrpkrsliehks y `kmås, `ks`k ui prlpñsgtl iktemkitk tkrepçutgal. tkrepçut gal. Hedre`lr, N., ^ehhko ^ehhkol, l, M., Metkhheiks, M., Kafk Kafkdurÿe, durÿe, K K.. y De`ls, De`ls, E. (4::4) emphíei kste aliakpagñi eh kstedhkakr quk? [i tretemgkitl psgalhñcgal ks uie gitkrvkiagñi prlnksglieh, dese`e ki tçaigaes psgalhñcgaes, ki ui alitkxtl ahíigal (Akitrl `k Qehu` Mkiteh, Flspgteh, alisuhte prgve`e, Eslageagliks `k pkrslies enkate`es, ktaçtkre). Ki khhe ui kspkagehgste, fedgtuehmkitk ui psgañhlcl ahíigal, dusae khgmgier kh sunrgmgkitl `k ltre pkrslie l kiskõerhk hes fedghg`e`ks e`kaue`es pere feakr nrkitk e hls `gvkrsls prldhkmes `k he vg`e altg`geie. (påc. 1) Ki ltrl lr`ki `k g`kes, fgst fgstñrgaemkitk ñrgaemkitk sk rkalilak pertgr `k hl kxpukstl plr Ceraíe, H. Cesper, Q. …(4:51) quk kh lrgcki `k he psgaltkrepge sk rkmlte e he prkfgstlrge, ki he aueh sk tkiíe alml arkkiage quk he nlrme ki quk seiedei seied ei hls peagkitks, sk aliskcuíe eh rkehgzer he kxpuhsgñi `k hls h ls kspírgtus. W kstl kre plr mk`gl `k he trkpeieagñi `kh aråikl enkate`l. We pere kh sgchl ^GG e.A, ki he Crkage ahåsgae, Zhetñi feage usl `k he pehedre psgaltkrepge kmphkei`l kh rezliemgkitl. Kstk kxphgaede kh `kskqughgdrgl gitkril e aeuse `k uie `ksalmpkiseagñi kitrk hls auetrl fumlrks alrplrehks, ks `kagr, he seicrk, nhkme, dghgs ikcre y emerghhe. Zere he k`e` mk`ge, he gchksge pesl e skr he rksplisedhk `k treter y `ktkrmgier quk hls trestlrils mkitehks krei prl`uatl `k uie vlhuite`

 

sldrkietureh. Il kitliaks feste hes çplaes `k he Ghustreagñi kitrk hls sgchls V^GG-V^GGG,, hes kinkrmk`e`ks sk almkizerl V^GG-V^GGG almkizerlii e eiehgzer `ks`k kh puitl `k vgste nísgal y químgal. Tldkrt Durtli (5;3>-5>0:) nuk pertg`ergl `k quk he kinkrmk`e` mkiteh, tkiíe aeuses psgalhñcgaes y slagehks. Eitk sus g`kehks kstedhkagñ hes aeuses kmlagliehks kmlagliehks `k `gvkrsls trestlrils. Pflmes Qy`kifem (5>40-5>67) plr su pertk, nuk `k hls prgmkrls ki `ksargdgr hes ikurlsgs y `k alisg`krer quk he fgstkrge il kstede hgce`e slhl e hes muokrks. Zfghgppk Zgikh pere kh pkrgl`l `k he rkvlhuagñi nreiakse, gitrl`uol kh tretemgkitl mlreh. Alisgstíe ki suplikr quk hls prldhkmes prldhkmes mkitehks `krgvedei `k hls alinhgatls mlrehks. Kh mk`gal drgtåigal Oedrg` (537;-56>:) rktlml hes preatgaes meciktgstes. Qgi kmdercl, hes rknlrmuhl alml prl`uatl `k ui kste`l ikurlngsglhñcgal, ks `kagr, ui kste`l `k sukõl ikrvglsl, eh aueh hk eauõl kh tçrmgil fgpilsgs. Hgçdkeuht, temdgçi preatgaede he fgpilsgs eh givgter e sus peagkitks e quk hks mgrere ngoemkitk e hls lols, y kstls sk e`lrmkaíei cre`uehmkitk. Aferalt qugki kre ikurñhlcl y preatgaede he fgpilsgs he `kngigñ alml ui prlaksl ikurlhñcgal kitrk he fgstkrge y he fgpilsgs. Ki kste çplae Nrku`, gcuehmkitk gcuehmkitk sk fedíe gitkrkse`l ki he fg fgpilsgs pilsgs alml víe `k kstu`gl `k he mkitk sudalisagkitk. O. Drkmkr almkizñ ui tredeol ki aliouitl ali Nrku`, auye ldre sk tgtuhñ Kstu`gls sldrk he Fgstkrge (567;) ki he aueh sk vgsuehgzñ kh aesl `k he peagkitk Eie L. Kh prlak`gmgkitl tkrepçutgal nuk akitre`l ki sksgliks fgpiñtgaes, `li`k sk eigmede e he peagkitk e fedher sldrk sus pkisemgkitls, quk kstedei rkheaglie`ls ali su trestlril. We pere kh sgchl VV he psgalhlcíe ahíigae sk alistruyñ ki hls Kste`ls uig`ls. E pertgr `k he skcui`e cukrre mui`geh sk gigagñ kh rkalilagmgkitl slagehmkitk `kh tredeol psgaltkrepçutgal `k hls psgañhlcls. Giahusgvk ki uie alinkrkiage `k Dluh`kr (5707, Alhlre`l, KK[[) sk `kngigñ kh rlh `kh psgañhlcl

 

ahíigal, quk `kdk rkagdgr nlrmeagñi teitl ki kh årke `k `geciñstgal, givkstgceagñi, esí alml ki he tkrepge. Qg dgki, he plpuherg`e` `kh psgaleiåhgsgs nuk `gsmgiuyki`l eitk he prlhgnkreagñi `k ltres tklríes gmpukstes plr kspkagehgstes ki he metkrge. Zere hls eõls skskite he psgalhlcíe alci alcigtgve gtgve rkehgzl su epergagñi alml `gsagphgie `k he psgalhlcíe kxpkrgmkiteh kxpkrgmkiteh y `k he psgalhlcíe kvlhut kvlhutgve. gve. O. Zgeckt (567>-576:) sk `k`gañ eh kstu`gl `kh `kserrlhhl alcigtgvl, sldrk kh pkisemgkitl y he gitkhgckiage. Nrk`krga Derthktt ui gichçs, plr su pertk `kserrlhhl uie kxphgaeagñi alistruatgve `k he mkmlrge ki su ldre Tkalr`ei`l `k 5714. @gafe aliakpagñi sk eitgagpñ aesg auerkite eõls e hes tklríes `k hls ksqukmes alcigtgvls eatuehks. Ltrl kokmphl `k hls ml`khls quk prlhgnkrerli nuk kh fumeigste. E pertgr `k 5701, Aerh Tlckrs kstedhkagñ he tkrepge akitre`e ki he pkrslie y prlplik quk kh prlaksl `k givkstgceagñi fe `k hhkversk ki desk e he rkheagñi tkrepçutgae. tkrepçutgae. E`kmå E`kmås, s, `k kstk kinlquk fum fumeigste, eigste, ki he fgstlrge surcgkrli ltrls teitls ml`khls teh alml kh ali`uatueh. (Kzkqugkh, D., 4::7) Eitk, he alisteitk kvlhuagñi `k mçtl`ls psgalhñcgals y he almphkog`e` `k sgtueagliks e hes quk sk kinrkite kh kspkagehgste, e sgmphk vgste sk rkalilak quk il kxgstk uie psgaltkrepge g`ñike l ÿigae, esí alml ui ml`khl uigvkrseh. Zlr teitl, he khkaagñi y hls ldoktgvls `k he psgaltkrepge sk kstedhkakråi ki nuiagñi `kh peagkitk l hls peagkitks pere he aueh kstå `grgcg`e `grgcg`e.. Esí mgsml mgsml,, `gafl prlak`gmgkitl psgaltkrepçutgal sk pl`ríe ephgaer sgkmprk y auei`l kstç dese`l ki uie tklríe agkitíngae y tkice he vehg`ks y vkreag`e` `k quk ckikre aemdgls ali`uatuehks/psgalhñcgals ali`uatuehks/psgalhñcgals ki hls gi`gvg`uls. Zksk e quk kxgstki giiumkredhks `gnkrkiages kitrk hes `gstgites psgaltkrepges quk sk fei `gskõe`l, temdgçi kxgstki neatlrks almuiks kitrk khhes. @k hls auehks rksehte hes eaagliks quk kh tkrepkute fe `k tlmer, tlmer, pere

 

eplyer eh peagkitk ki prl `kh ehgvgl l mkolre `k su sgtueagñi. Zrgmkremkitk, kh kspkagehgste sk fe `k kinlaer ki dusaer kh meylr dgkikster `kh gi`gvg`ul quk eau`k e alisuhte. Esí mgsml, tki`rå quk pkrskcugr he gitkcreagñi `kh peagkitk ki hes sksgliks tkrepçutgaes, y ksl hl alisgcuk e trevçs `k he rkarkeagñi `k ui emdgkitk hhkil `k alingeize, eakpteagñi giali`gaglieh, ark`gdghg`e`, ehgkitl k giahusl plr mk`gl `k he fedghg`e` fedghg`e` `k almpktkiage quk kh kspkagehgste prlykate. (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K. y Kspgilse, G. 4:50). Ki rksehtk `kh ÿhtgml puitl, pksk e quk fey qugkiks alisg`krei quk hls tkrepkutes slhl prlaurei arker uie dukie etmñsnkre y uie crei ehgeize tkrepçutgae ali su peagkitk, kstls `kdki tkikr uie dukie prkpereagñi tkñrgae y pråatgae pere cuger eh alisuhteitk eitk he aetersgs. Il ki veil Kh Añ`gcl `k Çtgae `kh Zsgañhlcl ks uie `k hes ilrmes `klitlhñcgaes mås alilag`es quk eakitÿe y kxgck he prkpereagñi gigageh y alisteitkmkitk eatuehgze`e `k qugkiks he kokraki. (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K. y Kspgilse, G., 4:50) Euiquk `gafl cre`l `k almpktkiage y `k alilagmgkitl, il ks ui gi`gae`lr `k quk kh kspkagehgste tgkik quk gmplikr y sldrk-alitrlher kh prlaksl tkrepçutgal. Kstk `kdk `k nlmkiter ki kh peagkitk sus skitgmgkitls `k eutlkngaeage eutlkngaea ge y aepeag`e` `k alitrl alitrlhh ki hes tkrepges. Pl`l khhl, e trevçs `k hls rknlrzemgkitls `k ali`uates y eprldeagliks. Eh mgsml, tgkmpl kh psgañhlcl hk fe `k ealiskoer y cuger ki kh prlaksl feage hes mktes y hls tretemgkitls ye kstedhkag`ls. Eflre dgki, he psgaltkrepge psgalt krepge `k eplyl nlrme pertk `k uil `k hls mçtl`ls tkrepçutgals mås use`ls `kitrl `k hes årkes `k he psgalhlcíe y psgqugetríe. Ks ikaksergl rkaehaer quk kstk mçtl`l tgkik sus reíaks ki kh psgaleiåhgsgs, fly ki `íe kxgstki `gvkrses ksaukhes y ml`khls psgaltkrepçutgals quk usei sus kinlquks y tçaigaes. @kitrl `k muafes ksaukhes psgqugåtrgaes y psgalhñcgae psgalhñcgaes, s, sk prlmuhce he g`ke `k he psgaltkrepge `k eplyl alml ehcl ‘mkilr” ‘ mkilr” almpere`l

 

ali ltres nlrmes mås prlnui`es alml kh psgaleiåhgsgs l he tkrepge alcigtgvlali`uatueh. Il ldsteitk, kstk tgpl `k tkrepge puk`k hhkcer e skr muy `kmei`eitk ki hes fedghg`e`ks tkrepçutgaes, ye quk rkqugkrk almprki`kr he fgstlrge `kh peagkitk ki he nlrmeagñi `k sus síitlmes y kh meikol `k knkatls `k ehgeize `k tredeol pere arker uie rkheagñi `k peagkitk-tkrepkute. (Eherañi, E., 4::6) Zlr mk`gl `k kstk tgpl `k tkrepges puk`k hlcrer ki kh gi`gvg`ul he rksteureagñi rksteurea gñi `kh kqughgdrgl kmlaglieh y e igvkh psgalhñcgal. @kh mgsm mgsml l ml`l, he tkrepge `k eplyl, ye ske `k meikre gi`gvg`ueh l e ui igvkh `k kmkrckiage puk`k hhkcer e prlplraglier kh kinrkitemgkitl `k kmlagliks y/l skitgmgkitls quk sk puk`k hhkcer e kinrkiter ki he vg`e (alml he eisgk`e`, kstrçs, auhpes, kta.) quk il fei sg`l meikoe`es. Lilnrgl, Lilnrgl , C. (4:5>) ercumkite sldrk kstk tgpl `k tkrepges alml kh edlr`eok `k he petlhñcgae psgqugåtrgal-psgalhñcgae, `li`k puk`k tlmer tl`ls hls espkatls `kh peagkitk, il slhl hls ahíigals y petlhñcgals, sgil temdgçi hls slagehks, rkheagliehks, slmåtgals, arkkiages, alivgaagliks, Kta. W ks quk sg dgki, plr mk`gl `k he gitkrvkiagñi psgaltkrepçutgae `kitrl `k ui espkatl mås agkitíngal-ietureh, ks `li`k he givkstgceagñi tgki`k e `ksaudrgr hkyks quk rkcuhei kste ieturehkze y alistruyki uie desk l tklríe sldrk he mgsme2 `li`k hes rkheagliks kitrk vergedhks puk`ki kxphgaer ehcuils ealitkagmgkitls. Erecñi, O., agtei`l e Bkrhgickr (573;) ercumkite quk kh mçtl`l `k kxphlreagñi `k he psgalhlcíe tgki`k skr sgstkmåtgae, alitrlhe`e, argtgae y vkrse sldrk hes `ksargpagliks sldrk nkiñmkils ieturehks k fgpñtksgs quk kstedhkaki rkheagliks kitrk hes vergedhks gitkcreitks `k `gafls nkiñmkils. Ltrls espkatls quk sk tgkiki quk tkikr ki aukite, ks quk kstk tgpl `k tkrepge sk kiaukitre lrgkite`e dåsgaemkitk ki treter `gngauhte`ks

 

eatuehks kvgtei`l givkstgcer kh pese`l `kh peagkitk y tretei`l `k pkiktrer ki kh gialisagkitk `kh gi`gvg`ul. (Crgmeh`l, Zçrk Zçrkz, z, O.) Fey quk tkikr ki aukite quk ae`e mçtl`l `k tretemgkitl sk dese ki uie skrgk `k ml`khls nhkxgdhks quk `kngiki `kngik i kh ldoktl `k givkstgceagñi y lrgkitei aliouitemkitk he givkstgceagñi quk sk rkehgze ki çh. Kh tresnli`l `kitrl `kh edlr`eok psgalhñcgal tkrepçutgal puk`k hhkcer eigmer e hes pkrslies e kokragter he eutlaliagkiage sldrk kh pere`gcme pere`gcme `k sí mgsml pere suprgmgr y supkrer hes aliskaukiages psgalhñcgaes quk sk kiaukitrki kinrkitei`l. He mkolr cereitíe `k hls knkatls `k hes gitkrvkiagliks psgalhñcgaes perkak `kpki`kr `k hes gitkrvkiagliks nlrmuhe`es y kstu`ge`es alml uie ephgaeagñi rgcurlse `k he psgalhlcíe agkitíngae y almprlde`e, `li`k tl`ls kstls prlpñsgtls tkrepçutgals tkicei ui edlr`eok edlr`eok hgmpgl y aliagsl ki he gitkrvkiagñi `kh mehkster. Hes psgaltkrepges giahuyki tl`ls hls prlak`gmgkitls quk utghgzei mçtl`ls psgalhñcgals pere ginhugr ki kh almplrtemgkitl ali ui prlpñsgtl tkrepçutgal. @kitrl `k ui skitg`l mås emphgl, alisgstk ki kh usl `k he pehedre y ltrls mçtl` mçtl`ls ls pere ehgvger hls prldhkme prldhkmess psg psgalhñcgals. alhñcgals. (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. 4::0). E`kmås, kxgstki `gvkrsls ml`khls `kitrl `kh aempl `k tkrepçutgal tkrepçut gal pere `ktkrm `ktkrmgier gier y treter `gstgitls tgpls `k mehkster mehksterks ks e igvkh mkiteh y kmlaglieh2 y kitrk hls mås `ksteae`ls kståi kh ml`khl alcigtgvl-ali`uatueh, alcigtgvl-ali`uatu eh, ml`khl psgaleiehítgal y kh ml`khl fumeigstefumeigste-ckståhtgal. ckståhtgal. Il ldsteitk, `kitrl `k hls ldoktgvls pheitke`ls plr kh kspkagehgste pere rkehgzer kh rkspkatgvl edlr`eok, tgkik quk tlmer ki aukite feage qugkiks kståi `grgcg`ls `gafls kinlquks tkrepçutgals, ye quk kxgstki psgaltkrepges quk puk`ki kster `grgcg`es e ltres sgtueaglik sgtueaglikss mç`gaes, nísgaes l mkitehks (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. 4::0). 4::0). @k kstk ml`l, kh kspka kspkagehgste gehgste `kdk ephgaer ephgaer `gvkrses kstretkcges y ml`khls psgaltkrepçutgals ki desk e hes ikaksg`e`ks quk prkskite kh suoktl. @kitrl `k edlr`eok tkrepçutgal `kh ml`khl alcigtgvl-

 

ali`uatueh rkprkskite he gitkcreagñi `k prgiagpgls `krgve`ls `k he tklríe `kh almplrtemgkitl, `kh eprki`gzeok slageh y he tkrepge alcigtgve. Kste ks uie `k hes nlrmes mås almphktes `k treter hls prldhkmes aeuse`ls plr kh usl `k susteiages, kstrçs, påigal, nldges, trestlrils alml kh ldsksgvl almpuhsgvl, dgplher, kstrçs plstreumåtgal, kta., ye quk nlmkite kh `kserrlhhl `k kstretkcges `kstgie`es e eumkiter kh alitrlh pkrslieh `kh suoktl sldrk sí mgsml y tkikr ui alitrlh sldrk hes rkaeí`es. Ki ckikreh kstk ml`khl tredeoe ali kitrkiemgkitls pere hes fedghg`e`ks slagehks, meikol `k alitgickiages, enrlitemgkitls, rkslhuagñi `k prldhkmes, prkvkiagñi `k rkaeí`es y rkstruatureagñi rkstruaturea gñi alcigtgve. (Qåiafkz, K., y Cre`lhí, P. 4::5) @kitrl `kh ml`khl psgaleiehítgal, Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. (4::0) skõehe he kilrmk gmplrteiage `k hes eplrteagliks `kh ml`khl psgal`giåmgal, ye quk kstk pkrmgtk he eslageagñi hgdrk `k skitgmgkitls y eatgtu`ks `kh peagkitk, feaíe alinhgatls, y ali`uates `kh pese`l, puks kh prlaksl gialisagkitk sk meigngkste ki kh almplrt almplrtemgkitl emgkitl eatueh `kh suoktl, ks `kagr, hes mktes sk alivgkrtki ki he aliagkiage y he h e almprksgñi `kh pesl ginhuyk ki su almplrtemgkitl eatueh. Qåiafkz, K., y Cre`lhí, P. (4::5) ecrkcei quk kste tkrepge gmpheite ui kinlquk `li`k kh suoktl kxemgie sus síitlmes y alinhgatls il rksukhtls y rkheagliks `gsnuiagliehks quk prlvgkiki `kh pese`l. @kitrl `k kste tkrepge gmphgae ki `ksphezer hes prkcuites `k aeuse pere hukcl giarkmkiter he aliagkiage gmphíagte `kh suoktl y su nlrme `k setgsneaagñi puhsglieh. Pl`evíe aedk skõeher, he psgaltkrepge `kitrl `kh ml`khl Fumeigste Ckståhtgal, `li`k kstk ml`khl utghgze uie vergk`e` `k mçtl`ls ki he aliakptuehgzeagñi `k aesls, ldoktgvls `k tretemgkitl, kstretkcges `k gitkrvkiagñi y mktl`lhlcíe `k givkstgceagñi, `li`k `ksteaei he almp almprkisgñi rkisgñi `k he kxpkrgkiage fumeie y uie pkrspkatgve mås flhístgae. Kstk ml`khl feak

 

mås çinesgs e he kxpkrgkiage fumeie quk kh mgsml mehkster, ye quk sk kiaerce `k gitkriehgzer `kitrl `k hes `gmkisgliks `kh suoktl hls skitg`ls, kmlagliks, gitkhgckiage, slagk`e` y kspírgtu. Agtei`l iukvemkitk e Qåiafkz, K., y Cre`lhí, P. (4::5) ecrkcei quk hls prldhkmes psgalhñcgals sk gispkaagliei alml ui rksuhte`l `k giaepeag`e` pere khkcgr he nlrme `k vg`e mås e`kaue`e. Kstk tgpl `k tkrepges dusae ehtkrietgves pere hhkier kh veaíl quk prkskite kh peagkitk y kstå kxpkrgmkitei`l. Pl`l khhl, mk`geitk he kmpetíe y eakpteagñi, drgi`åi`lhk lplrtuig`e`ks `k iukves khkaagliks kxgstkiagehks prlpges, y neaghgterhk uie `gmkisgñi `k eutlkstgme, eutleakplteagñi y eutlarkagmgkitl. eutlarkagm gkitl. E`kmås `k ggiahugr iahugr hls espkatls `k kmpetíe, kmpetíe, enkatl, ksauafe rknhkxgve y eakpteagñi pere kstedhkakr ui rkpplrt y ckikrer ui almprlmgsl `kitrl `kh edlr`eok `kh tretemgkitl. He tkrepge fumeigste-ckståhtgae mås quk uie tkrepge vkrdeh ks uie tkrepge vgvkiageh2 ks rkvgvkiager hls esuitls ki kh equí y eflre2 ks kh rkstedhkakr kh nuiagliemgkitl tlteh gitkcre`l `kh gi`gvg`ul pere quk kstk puk`e ml`gngaer su ali`uate (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. 4::0). Alml rksuhte`l hes psgaltkrepges nlrmei ui ertk `k utghgzer tçaigaes y kstretkcges psgalhñcgaes psgalhñcgaes pere eyu`er y eplyer eh gi`gvg`ul ki he dÿsquk`e `k slhuagliks kngaeaks e sus prldhkmes, prldhkmes, `ks`k he alivkrseagñi y he alhedlreagñi kitrk kh ahgkitk y tkrepkute. @li`k `gafe rkheagñi ve sgki`l merae`e plr kh kiaukitrl y kh `ksaudrgmgkitl pkrslieh `k iukves meikres `k pkragdgr y rkeaaglier eitk he rkehg`e` quk ae`e uil alistruyk alitgiuemkitk (Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. (4::0). E`kmås, kh edlr`eok tkrepçutgal il slhl tgki`k skr ui tkme almphkol `kitrl `k hls mehksterk mehksterkss `k hhee psgquk, sgil temdgçi, ki he gitkrvkiagñi `k hes `gnkrkitks ikaksg`e`ks quk prkskitk kh kvehue`l. Zlr teitl, ki sí, ve muafl mås ehhå `k khkcgr ui ml`khl psgaltkrepçutgal gi`gae`l

 

alml tretemgkitl ye quk, eitks `k prlak`kr ali he gitkrvkiagñi, kh gi`gvg`ul l kh rksplisedhk `k kstk, tgkik quk kster alisagkitk `k su sgtueagñi, rkalilakr kh cre`l `kh prldhkme y eakpter hes prlpukstes `k eplyl eitk kse prldhkmåtgae. Erecñi, O. (576>) ecrkce? Ae`e flmdrk pkragdk he rkehg`e` `ks`k su prlpgl puitl `k vgste, tki`gki`l plr su prlpge ieturehkze e arkakr, `kserrlhhersk `kserrlhhe rsk y `er nrutls mk`geitk rkehgzeagliks pkrsliehks, skei l il skei `k crei ehaeiak2 y ngiehmkitk ks hgdrk hg drk ki meylr l mkilr mk`g`e skcÿi hes agrauisteia a grauisteiages, ges, y plskk aliagkiage `k sí mgsml, rkalilagçi`lsk `gstgitl `kh ltrl, ske kstk pkrslie u ldoktl. (p. 10) Mk`geitk hl agte`l plr kh eutlr, alivgkik sudreyer quk kh gi`gvg`ul tgkik quk rkehgzer ui eiåhgsgs gitrlspkatgvl eakrae `k su prldhkme, pere pl`kr ckikrer ui aemdgl y kstruaturer su vg`e alml uie pkrslie alisagkitk `k sí mgsme. Zere hukcl, almkizer ali kh rkspkatgvl edlr`eok.

 

Tknkrkiage Tk nkrkiagess Dgdhglc rångaes

Eherañi, E. (4::6). N[I@EMKIPLQ PÇAIGALQ @K HEQ PKTEZGEQ @K  EZLWL .

Tkaupkre`l

`k?

fttp?//www fttp?//www.sagkhl.lrc.al/p` .sagkhl.lrc.al/p`n/rap/v13s5/v13s5e n/rap/v13s5/v13s5e:7.p`n  :7.p`n   Erecñi, O. (576>). ZQGALHLCGE . K`gagliks al dl. Aereaes-^kikzuk Aereaes-^kikzukhe. he. Kzkqugkh,

D.

(4::7)

HEQ

ZQGALPKTEZGEQ.

ZQGKIAGE.

Tkvgste

Hetgilemkrgaeie Hetgilemkrgae ie `k Agkiage Zsgalhñcgae, vlh. 5, iÿm. 5. Eslageag Eslageagñi ñi pere kh Eveiak `k he h e Agkiage Zsgalhñcgae. Dukils Egrks, Erckitgie. Ceraíe, H. Cesper, Q. Clizåhkz, I. Nhlrks E., Nhlrks, N hlrks, G. Fkriåi`kz, E. Metgikz, A. Plver, E. y Tkyks, G. (4:51) FGQPLTGE @K HE ZQGALPKTEZGE . Pretemgkitls

Zsgalhñcgals

y

Zsgaltkrepges.

@gspligdhk

ki?

fttps?//www.ylutudk.alm .ylutudk.alm/wetaf;s   fttps?//www Crgmeh`l,

Zçrkz,

O.

HE

ZQGALPKTEZGE

@K

EZLWL?

ALIAKZP[EHG_E ALIAK ZP[EHG_EAGLI AGLI,, PKAIGAEQ W EZHGAEAGLIK EZH GAEAGLIKQ Q. Tkaupkre`l

`k? fttp?//los1.rkvgstehgdk redgt.alm/pudhgaeagliks/r /pudhgaeagliks/rkvgstes/THK\:4\5 kvgstes/THK\:4\5\he\hefttp?//los1.rkvgstehgdkredgt.alm psgaltkrepge-`k-eplyl psgaltkrepge -`k-eplyl-aliakptue -aliakptuehgzeagli-tkaigaes-y-e hgzeagli-tkaigaes-y-ephgaeagliks. phgaeagliks.p`n  p`n   Hedre`lr, N., ^ehhkol, M., Metkhheiks, M., Kafkdurÿe, K. y De`ls, E. (4::4) He kngaeage `k hls hls t retemgkitls retemgkitls ps galhñcg als. Qlagk`e` Kspeõlhe pere

kh eveiak `k he psgalhlcíe ahíigae y `k he h e sehu`. Qgchl VVG.  @gspligdhk ki? fttp?//www.skpays.ks/uphle`s/`laumkit fttp?//www.skpays.ks/uphle`s/` laumkitls/@laumki ls/@laumkitl-Kngaeagetl-KngaeagePretemgkitls-QKZAyQ.p`n  

 

Hñpkz, @. (4::0). Tkheagliks Fumeies W He Zsgaltkrepge. @gspligdhk ki? fttps?//dllbs.cllchk.al.vk/dllbs/edlut/Tkheagliks\fumeies\y\psgalt krepge.ftmh@`x0HM krepge.ftm h@`x0HM^_cA&rk`gr\ksa=y ^_cA&rk`gr\ksa=y   Lilnrgl, C. (4:5>). MEI[EH @K ZQGALPKTEZGEQ. @gspligdhk ki? fttp?//www.epehwkd.lrc/`las/meiuehpsgaltkrepges.p`n    fttp?//www.epehwkd.lrc/`las/meiuehpsgaltkrepges.p`n  Zçrkz, H., Zerre, K., y Kspgilse, G. (4::0). GIPTL@[AAGLI E HE ZQGALPKTEZGE .

@gspligdhk

ki?

fttps?//www.kalrnei.lrc/meiuehks/meiuehks\ieyergt/Gitrl`uaag%A1% D1i%4:e%4:he%4:Zsgalhlc%A1%E@e%4:^>.p`n    D1i%4:e%4:he%4:Zsgalhlc%A1%E@e%4:^>.p`n  Qåiafkz, K., y Cre`lhí, P. (4::5). GIPKT^KIAGÑI ZQGALHÑCGAE KI ALI@[APEQ E@GAPG^EQ.  RErtíauhl agkitíngal]. ^lh. 1. Iÿm. 5. Tkaupkre`ll `k? fttps?//www Tkaupkre` fttps?//www.khskvgkr.ks/ks-rkvgste-trest .khskvgkr.ks/ks-rkvgste-trestlrils-e`gat lrils-e`gatgvlsgvls564-ertgauhl-gitkrvkiagli-psgalhlcgae-ali`uates-e`gatgves-51:54345