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EK PZLF]C PZLF ]CCOÓ COÓB B KEI KEIKZ KZMZK MZK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK MB LCCOFMBVM TTY GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :0;0)
Mfotkfks plr JMBGKNÎ CLSVK y GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW
MOYOSSK, :0;;
«VZMJKEES FME N]SM] KZ[]MLEÚHOC F‟MOYOSSK O ILZNMBVMZK± s‟obtmrckbvok knj tltk cekssm fm pujeockcolbs kbs f‟Krqumlelhok o f‟Dostúrok, k f‟obcrmnmbtkr mes ilbs fm ek Jojeoltmck Jo jeoltmck fme Nusmu KrqumlKrqumleúhoc f‟Movossk o Ilrnmbtmrk. «VZMJKEES FME N]SM] KZ[]MLEÚHOC F‟MOYOSSK O ILZNMBVMZK± sm obtmrcknjok clb tlfk ceksm fm pujeockcolbms kbms fm KrqumlKrqumlelhîk m Dostórok, clb me b fm obcrmnmbtkr els ilbfls fm ek Jojeoltmck fme Nusml Krqumleóhocl Krqumleóhocl fm Ojozk y Ilrnmbtmrk. FOZMCVLZ7 Glrfo D. Imrbëbfmz CLLZFOBKFLZ7 Jmbgknî Clstk
Obtmrckbvos o sujcropcolbs/ Obtmrcknjols y sujscropcolbms7 Nusmu Krqumleúhoc f‟Movossk o Ilrnmbtmrk Yok Zlnkbk, 3; - 08400 Movossk (Jkemkrs)
Iltl plrtkfk7 Clbgubt fm cmrànoqums f¶äplck p÷bock tkrfkbk f¶Movossk (Iltl Vlbo Plnkr, krxou NKMI)
OSJB7 ?84-46-48;63-68-: Fopósot emhke 7 Y-3860-:0;; Nkqumtkcoó o onprmssoó7 Imbt Onprmssoó – Imbtwmj.bmt. ?9 :03 3? 3?
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EK PZLF]CCOÓB FM CMZËNOCK IMBOCOK MB ME MTVZMNL LCCOFMBVM7 LCCOFMBV M7 DLZBLS FM KEI KEIKZ, KZ, VKEEMZMS VKEEMZMS M OBF]SVZOKS FLNÏSVOCKS MB ELS MBCEKYMS CLELBOKEMS FM EK KBFKE]CÎK NMFOVMZZËBMK (SOHELS YOOO-YO K.C.) Kbk Fmehkfl Dmrvës ........... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... .................. ..... ?
KEIKZMZÎK MB ME MTVZMNL LCCOFMBVM IMBOCOL. FME ZMBKCMZ VKZFLKZCKOCL K EKS VZKBSILZNKCOLBMS DMEMBÎSVOCKS Kbtlbol N. Sëmz Zlnmrl Zlnmrl ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ...................... .........6? 6?
EK PZLF]CCOÓB KEIKZMZK MTVZMNL-LCCOFMBV MTVZMNL-LCCOFMB VKE MBVZM ELS SS. OOO _ O K.C. K.C. JKEKBCM DOSVLZOLHZËIOCL _ MSVKFL FM EK C]MSVOÓB Kbk Nkrîk Bovmku fm Yoeemfkry Yoeemfkry y Nkroûks ............. ......................... ........................ ......................... ................ ... ;08
ME SMCVLZ KEIKZMZL KEIKZMZL FM F M EK CO]FKF P×BOCK FM OJOWK
Glkb Zknlb Vlrrms Vlrrms ........... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............... ... ;9=
EK PZMSÄBCOK FM CMZÀNO[]MS P×BO[]MS MJ]SOVKBMS KE BLZFMSV PMBOBS]EKZ (SMHEMS Y-OOO KC.)7 ONPKCVM MCLBÚNOC O SLCOKE FM EMS ZMEKCOLBS CLNMZCOKES MBVZM E‟MOYOSSK P×BOCK O MES OJMZS FME BLZF Fkvof Ksmbsol Ksmbsol o Yoekró Yoekró ............. ......................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... .................... .......::3 ::3
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EK PZLF]CCOÓB FM CMZËNOCK IMBOCOK MB ME MTVZMNL LCCOFMBVM7 DLZBLS FM KEIKZ, VKEEMZMS M OBF]SVZOKS FLNÏSVOCKS MB ELS MBCEKYMS CLELBOKEMS FM EK KBFKE]CÎK NMFOVMZZËBMK NMFOVMZZË BMK (SOHELS YOOO-YO K.C.) Kbk Fmehkfl Dmrvës ]bovmrsotkt Plnpmu Ikjrk
OBVZLF]CCOÓB Ek obfustrok cmrënock ium plsojemnmbtm ubk fm eks probcopkems kctovofkfms mclmclbónocks fm els cmbtrls imbocols lccofmbtkems. lc cofmbtkems. Keikrmrls imbocols, qum sm obstkekrlb mb mstks tomrrks fmsfm nlnmbtls nuy tmnprkbls, prlfugmrlb k hrkb msckek ëbilëbil rks, vkgoeeks y ltrls clbtmbmflrms cmrënocls. Ek ckpkcofkf fm mstls tkeemrms pkrk prlfucor ckbtofkfms nksovks fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls ium ubk pomzk cekvm mb me ïxotl fm eks mstrktmhoks clnmrcokems imbocoks mb Lccofmbtm y mb ek rëpofk mxpkbsoób mb mstks tomrrks fm sus nmrckfls y rmfms fm obtmrcknjol. Eks cmrënocks mekjlrkfks plr mstks obfustroks –probcopkenmbtm mbvksms fmstobkfls k kenkcmbkr y trkbsplrtkr trkbsplrtkr ltrls prlfuctls pkrk su clnmrcokeozkcoób, pmrl tknjoïb vkgoeeks pkrk clbsunor y smrvor keonmbtls y jmjofks– mstuvomrlb onpeockfks mb ek obnmbsk nkylrîk fm eks lpmrkcolbms clnmrcokems eemvkfks k ckjl mb me mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm y keckbzkrlb obceusl pumrtls nës emgkbls obtmhrkfls mb eks knpeoks rmfms clnmrcokems imbocoks –clnl, Potdmcusk, Suecos, Ckrtkhl l ek emgkbk Marlb. Gubtl k mstk rmclblcofk skeofk clnmrcoke, ub plrcmbtkgm nuy memvkfl fm ek prlfuccoób fm els els tkeemrms keikrmrls lccofmbtkems lccofmbtkems tuvl clnl probcopke fmstobktkrol k eks prlpoks clnubofkfms clelbokems ksmbtkfks mb clelboks, pumrtls y jkrrols imbocols fme mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm. Sus dkjotkbtms iumrlb onplrtkbtms clbsunoflrms fm hrkbfms y pmqumûls clbtmbmflrms, rmcopombtms cueobkrols, vkgoeeks, eënpkrks l hurks fm tmrrkcltk mekjlrkfls mb mstls keikrms obstkekfls mb Lccofmbtm. Mstks nkbuikcturks eks utoeozkjkb fokroknmbtm mb ek nkylr pkrtm fm sus kctovofkfms flflnïstocks, fm sus prëctocks rotukems y fm sus obfustroks y mnprmsks clnmrcokems. Plr –?–
mstk rkzób, ek cmrënock mrk ubk prlfuccoób clb ubk memvkfk fmnkbfk mbtrm eks clclnubofkfms clelbokems imbocoks lccofmbtkems. Kfmnës, Kfmnës, k msk clbfocoób fm prlfuctl jësocl fm usl cltofokbl, sm ubîk su irkhoeofkf, qum mxohîk qum mstls prlfuctls iumrkb rmblvkfls y rmmnpekzkfls fm ilrnk irmcumbtm. Els combtls fm noems fm irkhnmbtls fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls prlfucofls mb els keikrms lccofmbtkems rmcurmcu pmrkfls mb vovombfks, tkeemrms y mspkcols rotukems imbocols, y, fm ilrnk mspmcokemspmcokenmbtm l jksurmrls, elscumbtk memvkfls bovmemslstmbsojem, fm clbsunlmbyvmrtmfmrls fm prlfuccoób qum tmbîkslb mstmcekrls topl fmtmstohls jombms fm y fkb fm ek onplrtkbcok mclbónock fm ek obfustrok cmrënock mb mstls ënjotls clelbokems. Me pmsl fm mstk obfustrok keikrmrk dk sofl trkfocolbkenmbtm rmclblcofl plr ek krqumlelhîk imbocok lccofmbtke qum dk fmfockfl k sus prlfuccolbms ek obnmbsk nkylrîk fm sus trkjkgls y pujeockcolbms. Dumehk fmcor, sob mnjkrhl, qum sus msms tufols dkb mstkfl nës obtmrmskfls mb fmbor eks ckrkctmrîstocks nlrileóhocks l fmclrktovks fm kehubks fm sus prlfuccolbms clb supumstks vortufms crlbl-toplcrlbl-topleóhocks –pektls y ëbilrks, probcopkenmbtm– qum mb fkr k clblcmr tlfk ek vkromfkf fm ilrnks y rmcopombtms prlfucofls –dly smhuonls sob fosplbmr fm ub clrpus sostmnktozkfl fm mstks prlfuccolbms– l fm sus ilrnks fm usl y clbsunl. Fmsfm me pubtl fm vostk fm els mstufols cmrënocls, fmjm fmstkckrsm nuy msms pmcokenmbtm ek mscksîsonk ktmbcoób prmstkfk ke kbëeosos fm eks tïcbocks fm nkbu nkbu-ikcturk krtmskbke mnpemkfks mb mstls tkeemrms (ci., sob mnjkrhl, Përrkhk, ;??9). Mstk iketk fm obtmrïs mb els prlcmsls tmcbleóhocls y mb eks tïcbocks keikrmrks sm dk nkbtmbofl obceusl trks ek orrupcoób fm els mstufols krqumlnïtrocls mb mstk foscopeobk. Fmsfm els kûls 40 sm dkb pujeockfl kehubls mstufols qum dkb tmbofl clnl ljgmtl fm kbëeosos cmrënocks imbocoks l fm trkfocoób imbocok prlfucofks mb me ënjotl pmbobsuekr, kubqum nuy plcls fm meels dkb sofl rmkeozkfls mb numstrks cmrënocks rmcupmrkfks mb keikrms (mbtrm meels, Zlfrîhumz mt ke., ;???1 Ckrfmee, ;???1 Kekonl mt ke., :00:1 Kekonl mt ke., :00=1 Cku Lbtovmrls, :008). Me obtmrïs fm mstls kbëeosos krqumlnïtrocls bl sm dk ilckeozkfl mb mxpelrkr els pktrlbms y tïcbocks fm nkbuikcturk utoeozkfls mb els tkeemrms, sobl mb fmbor ek clnplsocoób nobmrkeóhock fm eks fostobtks prlfuccolbms cmrënocks mb ub obtmbtl, plr me nlnl nmbtl obiructulsl, fm foimrmbcokr fm ub nlfl prmcosl y sob knjohõmfkfms els pktrlbms fm clnplsocoób nobmrkeóhock qum els fostobtls f ostobtls keikrms qum lpmrkjkb mb me mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm1 su ljgmtovl dk sofl mstkjemcmr rutks fm corcuekcoób y clnmr col fm mstks prlfuccolbms, me hrkb ―trmbfobh tlpoc„ fm ek krqumlelhîk imbocok mb Lccofmbtm furkbtm eks ÷etonks fïckfks. Msm obtmrïs, mxcmsovknmbtm cmbtrkfl mb ek vmrtombtm crlbl-topleóhock l clnmr coke fm eks prlfuccolbms cmrënocks, dk prlvlckfl qum me mstufol fm els prlpols tkeemrms y ërmks obfustrokems flbfm sm mekjlrkjkb msls rmcopombtms, els prlcmsls –;0–
fm mstm trkjkgl krtmskbke, ek tmcblelhîks qum utoeozkjkb, su lrhkbozkcoób mspkcoke, su clbvovmbcok clb ltrks kctovofkfms prlfuctovks y cltofokbks l eks rmekcolbms slcokems fm prlfuccoób qum ckrkctmrozkjkb k mstls mspkcols prlfuctovls, dkykb sofl tmnks smcubfkrols mb ek eotmrkturk krqumleóhock, ubk ckrmbcok fmbubcokfk plr Holkccdobl Ikeslbm dkcm yk 30 kûls (Ikeslbm, ;?4;7:;). Mstks tmnëtocks clbstoclbsto tuorëb me ilcl fm obtmrïs fme prmsmbtm trkjkgl, qum cmbtrk su ktmbcoób mb ek vmrtombtm mclbónock fm msls tkeemrms, vmbtkbksnës qumlccofmbtkems. pmrnotmb mxpelrkr ek mclblnîk yyekslcoke slcomfkf imbocok fm ekspmqumûks ërmks clelbokems Vrks ub jrmvm kbëeosos fm eks pronmrks mvofmbcoks fm prlfuccoób cmrënock imbocok mb me sur fm Ojmrok y fm ek tmnprkbk prleoimrkcoób fm keikrms mb mstks tomrrks, sm kbkeozkb els dlrbls y tkeemrms mxckvkfls mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr, Yoeekr, ub mbcekvm imbocol sotukfl mb me mxtrmnl nës lccofmbtke fm ek jkdîk fm Nëekhk, flbfm sm elckeozkjk ubl fm els probcopkems cmbtrls fm prlfuccoób cmrënock mb me Nmfotmrrëbml lccofmbtke mb ïplck krckock.
EKS PZONMZKS PZLF]CCOLBMS KEIKZMZKS KEIKZMZKS IMBOCOKS LCCOFMBVKEMS Ek prlfuccoób keikrmrk ms ubk fm eks kctovofkfms krtmskbkems imbocoks nës tmntmn prkbks flcunmbtkfks flcunmbtkfks mb me mxtrmnl mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm. Eks pronmrks pronmrks mnprmsks mnprmsks clnmrcok clnmrcok-ems imbocoks mb Ojmrok, imcdkfks mb me sohel OT y mb els nlnmbtls obocokems fme sohel YOOO k.C., prljkjemnmbtm yk obceuymrlb mb sus tropuekcolbms krtmskbls emvkbtobls mspmcokeozkfls mb ek ikjrockcoób fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls. Dumevk prmsmbtk ek mvofmbcok nës kbtohuk fm prlfuccolbms keikrmrks imbocoks lccofmbtkems. Me mstufol fm els nktmrokems cmrënocls rmcupmrkfls mb me slekr fm ek Pekzk fm eks Nlbgks (Hlbzëemz fm Ckbkems mt ke., :006), qum clrrmsplbfmb k msls k tmnprkbls tomnpls fme clnmrcol emvkbtobl mb ek Pmbîbsuek, Pm bîbsuek, prmsmbtk mvofmbcoks qum suhomrmb qum mb msks pronmrks bkvmhkcolbms vokgkrlb cmrknostks emvkbtobls qum mekjlrkrlb rmcopombtms y clbtmbmflrms cmrënocls mb mstm pumrtl tkrtïsocl fme eotlrke kteëbtocl. Mstk prëctock clnmrcoke, qum onpeockrîk ek nkbuikcturk l me prlprl cmsknombtl mb me nosnl pumrtl fm clnmrcol fm jumbk pkrtm fm eks nktmroks pronks y jombms clnmrcokeozkfls, mstë pmrimctknmbtm flcunmbtkfk mb ek prlpok Dumevk mb els sohels OT-YOOO k.C. k trkvïs fm ltrks obfustroks krtmskbkems, clnl slb ek nmtkeurhok, ek mjkbostmrîk l ek mjlrkrok (Hlbzëemz fm Ckbkems mt ke., :006). Mbtrm els nktmrokems cmrënocls rmcupmrkfls mb me clblcofl slekr lbujmbsm sm flcunmbtkb bunmrlsls clbtmbmflrms y vkgoeeks rmkeozkfls clb tïcbocks fm nkbu nkbu-ikcturk imbocok, qum rmprlfucmb nlrilelhîks sonoekrms k els utoeozkfls dkjotukedkjotuke –;;–
nmbtm plr eks pljekcolbms emvkbtobks mb sus kctovofkfms clnmrcokems y mb su vofk cltofokbk. Kehubls fm mstls rmcopombtms prmsmbtkb pmqumûks foimrmbcoks tïcbocks clb rmspmctl k els rmpmrtlrols imbocols dkjotukems mb Emvkbtm. Mstks ckrkctmrîstocks foimrmbcokems dkb eemvkfl k mstls mstufolsls k suhmror ek plsojem prlfuccoób mb me prlpol pumrtl lbujmbsm fm jumbk pkrtm fm mstks cmrënocks, qum dkjrîkb sofl nkbuikcturkfks plr krtmskbls imbocols fmspekzkfls dkstk Dumevk (Hlbzëemz fm Ckbkems mt ke., :0067 33-36). K mstks mstks cmrënocks, qum prmsmbtkb foimrmbcoks tïcbocks, sm sunk tknjoïb ek mvomvofmbcok fm ltrl hrupl fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls mekjlrkfls clb tïcbocks krtmskbkkrtmskbk ems cekrknmbtm lrombtkems, pmrl qum numstrkb cekrks foimrmbcoks nlrileóhocks clb rmspmctl k eks vkgoeeks y mbvksms utoeozkfls dkjotukenmbtm mb Emvkbtm. Mb me slekr lbujmbsm fm ek Pekzk fm eks Nlbgks sm dkb flcunmbtkfl kehubls vksls nkbuikcnkbuikc turkfls clb tmcblelhîks emvkbtobks qum prmsmbtkb fosmûls y nlrilelhîks fostobtofostobto vknmbtm lccofmbtkems (Hlbzëemz fm Ckbkems mt ke. :006733). Mstls rmcopombtms slb nkylrotkroknmbtm vksls utoeozkfls mb me clbsunl y smrvocol fm keonmbtls y, y, mbtrm meels, fmstkckb clpks l cumbcls pkrk jmjmr qum sm ckrkctmrozkb plr sus nlrilelnlrilel hîks vosojemnmbtm mnpkrmbtkfks clb eks cmrënocks fm trkfocoób elcke (Fmehkfl, :004k7h. :3). Mstls vksls nlrileóhocknmbtm lccofmbtkems nkbuikcturkfls clb tmcblelhîks keikrmrks imbocoks sm clblcmb, kfmnës fm mb me pumrtl lbujmbsm, mb ltrls ksmbtknombtls qum kccmfomrlb ke clnmrcol imbocol mb msk pronmrk mtkpk fm clbtkctls qum sm sot÷k mbtrm me sohel OT y ek pronmrk notkf fme sohel YOOO k.C. Sm dk kbkeozkfl ek clnplsocoób nobmrkeóhock fm kehubls fm mstls rmcopombtms1 ms me cksl fm kehubks clpks rmcupmrkfks mb me ksmbtknombtl tkrtïsocl fm Cknpoeels, mb Cëfoz, cuyk clnplsocoób rmvmek qum iumrlb prlfucofks mb m b Lccofmbtm clb krcoeeks mxtrkîfks fm ek jkdîk hkfotkbk (Eópmz Knkflr mt ke, ;??9749). Mstls fktls fmnumstrkb qum yk mb pronmrks mtkpks fm clbtkctl prmvoks k ek hrkb foësplrk imbocok k Lccofmbtm, krtmskbls emvkbtobls mekjlrkrlb pkrtm fm els rmcopombtms cmrënocls qum clnmrcokeozkrlb mb els nosnls euhkrms fm obtmrcknjol. Ïstk mrk ubk prëctock cln÷b mnpemkfk plr els nmrckfmrms mhmls y emvkbtobls fmsfmsfm ke nmbls nmfokfls fme OO noembol k.C. y ium knpeoknmbtm utoeozkfk plr pkrtm fm kehubls clnmrcokbtms imbocols qum kctukrlb mb Lccofmbtm furkbtm me O noembol k.C., clnl suhomrmb, plr mgmnpel, eks mvofmbcoks fm Pmûk Bmhrk (Hlbzëemz Prkts y Pobk, ;?43) l ek Keckèlvk fm Skbtkrïn (Krrufk, ;???-:0007 ::0), plr cotkr sóel kehubks fm meeks. Ek mvofmbcok fm prlfuccoób fm cmrënock cm rënock imbocok mb tomrrks ojïrocks obfock qum, mb els nlnmbtls obocokems, els nmrckfmrms emvkbtobls fmspekzkfls k Lccofmbtm mnpemkrlb yk tëctocks clnmrcokems qum pmrsmhuîkb nkxonozkr els jmbmcols fm sus ekrhls vokgms, jusckbfl mstrktmhoks qum ems pmrnotomrkb knpeokr me vleunmb fm –;:–
els obtmrcknjols nës keeë fm el qum ek eonotkfk ckpkcofkf fm ckrhk fm sus jkrcls mrk ckpkz fm fmspekzkr, y supronombfl jumbk pkrtm fm els memvkfls clstms fm trkbstrkbs plrtm qum onpeockjk bmhlcokr clb fm jombms fm jkgl vkelr plr ubofkf fm pmsl, ub prljemnk msmbcoke qum rmstk rmbtkjoeofkf rmbtkjoeofkf ke clnmrcol clnmrcol k ekrhk ekrhk fostkbcok fm mbvksms l vkgoeeks cmrënocks. Ek mekjlrkcoób elcke fm pkrtm fm mstks cmrënocks prljkjemnmbtm ium ub memmemnmbtl fmcosovl mb ek crmkcoób fm ubks rmfms clnmrcokems mb Lccofmbtm ckfk vmz nës mxtmbsks y clb trëcls nës rmhuekrms, qum fmsmnjlcó mb els nlnmbtls bkbk ems fm msk mtkpk mb ek obstkekcoób fm bunmrlsks clnubofkfms imbocoks mb mstks tomtomrrks. Mstls prlfuctls, nkbuikcturkfls clb nktmroks pronks kccmsojems y jkrktks, y ckrmbtms fm els memvkfls clstms kfocolbkems fm ub trkbsplrtm k tkb ekrhk fostkbcok, pufomrlb tmbmr ub kccmsl slcoke rmektovknmbtm knpeol. K foimrmbcok fm prmcolso prmcolso-fkfms y jombms fm prmstohol, cuyl usl dkjrîk mstkfl eonotkfl k pmqumûls hrupls fm meotm l clnubofkfms rotukems, me clnmrcol fm vkgoeeks cmrënocks fmstobkfks ke clbsunl y smrvocol fm keonmbtls y jmjofks mb cmrmnlboks fm clnmbskeîk pkrmcm dkjmr sofl kccmsojem fmsfm nlnmbtls tmnprkbls k comrtls hrupls flnïstocls bl pmrtmbmcombtms k ek meotm, qum k guzhkr plr ek fostrojucoób fm mstks pronmrks pronmrks onplr tkcolbms pkrmcmb dkjmr pkrtocopkfl yk mb mstk pronmrk mtkpk mb eks rmfms clnmr cokems imbocoks qum lpmrkjkb mb me sur fm Ojmrok (Fmehkfl, :004k76;:-;81 m.p.). Eks prlfuccolbms imbocoks mekjlrkfks mb me sur fm Ojmrok y qum prmsmbtkb ckck rkctmrîstocks nlrileóhocks fostobtovknmbtm lccofmbtkems slb noblrotkroks mb msms tls pronmrls nlnmbtls y pkrmcmb dkjmr mstkfl clnpumstks probcopkenmbtm plr memnmbtls fm vkgoeek. Pmrl, ke nmbls, fmsfm ek pronmrk notkf fme sohel YOOO k.C., mstks prlfuccolbms mstuvomrlb kclnpkûkfks plr mbvksms kbiórocls qum fosplbîkb yk fm ub fosmûl fostobtovknmbtm lccofmbtke. Mb me clbtmxtl lbujmbsm fm Pekzk fm eks Nlbgks sm dkb rmcupmrkfl ke nmbls = ëbilrks fm prlfuccoób lccofmbtke (Hlb(Hlbzëemz fm Ckbkems mt ke, :006780)1 tknjoïb mstëb prmsmbtms mb els mspkcols mxckvk mxc kvk-fls fm ek ckeem Cëblvks fme Ckstoeel, mb Cëfoz, flbfm sm dkb rmcupmrkfl ëbilrks qum sm mbheljkb jkgl me topl V-;0.3.;.; fm G. Zknlb (Zknlb, :0097;?:-;?=1 :0;07:;?), ub clbtmxtl kehl nës tkrfîl qum me lbujmbsm, pmrl qum fmjm mbnkr ckrsm fmbtrl fm mstks pronmrks mtkpks fme clnmrcol imbocol mb Ojmrok. Mstk tmnprktmnprkbk prlfuccoób lccofmbtke fm rmcopombtms ëbilrocls ms ub prlcmsl pkrkemel ke qum tombm euhkr mb ltrls mspkcols nmfotmrrëbmls flbfm mstëb obtmrvobombfl kctovknmbkctovknmbtm clnmrcokbtms imbocols, clnl Cmrfmûk, flbfm mb mstks nosnks imcdks mnpomzkb k mekjlrkrsm ëbilrks vosukenmbtm foimrmbcokjems fm eks prlfuccolbms emvkbtobks (Lhhokbl, :000). Mb els clbtmxtls skrfls mstks bumvks prlfuccolbms ëbilrocks sm dkb rmekcolbkfl clb ek clnmrcokeozkcoób fm keonmbtls elckems, prljkjemnmbtm fm vobls (Jlttl, :0067;4-;?). :0067;4-;?). Plsojemnmbtm tknjoïb mb Ojmrok vobls lccofmbtkems –;3–
mbvkskfls mb ëbilrks V-;0.3.;.;, V-;0.3.;.;, kclnpkûkfls fm vkgoeeks nkbuikcturkfks elckeelckenmbtm plr keikrmrls imbocols fmspekzkfls dkstk mstks tomrrks, pmrnotomrlb kjror y clbsleofkr fm ilrnk mxotlsk mstls bumvls nmrckfls mb me mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm.
VOMNPLS FM FOËSPLZK7 EK CZMKCOÓB FM ]BK OBF]SVZOK KEIKZMZK KEI KZMZK IMBOCOK IMBO COK LCCOFMBV LCCOFM BVKE KE K el ekrhl ekrhl fm ek smhubfk notkf fme sohel YOOO k.C., clobcofombfl clb ek eemhkfk nksovk y clb me mstkjemconombtl pmrnkbmbtm fm bunmrlsks clnubofkfms fm lrohmb emvkbtobl mb kehubls cmbtrls y pmqumûls tmrrotlrols fme mxtrmnl Lccofmbtm, kpkrmcm mb eks tomrrks fme sur fm Ojmrok ubk obfustrok keikrmrk imbocok prlpoknmbtm lccofmbtke. Mstk obfustrok prlfucm ek obnmbsk nkylrîk fm eks vkgoeeks fm nmsk, fm els clbtmbmflrms flnïstocls l fm els mbvksms clnmrcokems qum eks hmbtms qum vovmb mb els mspkcols clelbokems utoeozkb cltofokbknmbtm mb sus vofk fokroks, mb sus kctovofkfms prlfuctovks y mb sus mnprmsks clnmrcokems. Me clbsunl fm rmrm copombtms cmrënocls bl prlfucofls elckenmbtm y kfquorofls mb ltrks msimrks fm obtmrcknjol ms kjsleutknmbtm noblrotkrol, tke y clnl fmnumstrkb els mstufols fm nktmrokems cmrënocls fm els fostobtls cmbtrls imbocols lccofmbtkems mxckvkfls. Mstk obfustrok keikrmrk imbocok lccofmbtke sm ckrkctmrozk plr me usl fm pktrlbms fm nkbuikcturk y fm tmcblelhîks emvkbtobks y plr ek mekjlrkcoób fm ub rmpmrtlrol fm prlfuccolbms clb kpkrombcoks y nlfls fm usl y clbsunl nuy sonoekrms k eks prlfuccolbms fme ërmk sorol-pkemsto sorol-pkemstobk, bk, smhurl euhkr fm lrohmb fm kehubls fm els nkmstrls keikrmrls mstkjemcofls mb mstks tomrrks qum trkbsnotomrlb sus nlfls fm dkcmr y sus prlpoks vosolbms fme nubfl, nktmrokeozkfks k trkvïs fm sus cmrënocks y fm sus ilrnks fm trkjkgls. Mb els tkeemrms lccofmbtkems mb els qum trkjkgkrlb, mstls pktrlbms, clsnlvosolbms y mstïtocks iumrlb trkbsilrnkfls y rmobvmbtkfls, mb pkrtm irutl fme clbtkctl clb ltrks hmbtms, mb pkrtm clbsmcumbcok fme mstkjemmstkjem conombtl fm emvkbtobls mb ubk bumvk tomrrk flbfm rmobkjkb nkrcls cueturkems y fobënocks slcokems nuy fostobtls k els fm eks tomrrks fm lrohmb. Me rmsuetkfl ium ek crmkcoób mb ub nlnmbtl rmektovknmbtm tmnprkbl fm rmpmrtlrols cmrënocls lccolcco fmbtkems cekrknmbtm fostobhuojems fm els mekjlrkfls mb ltrks msimrks imbocoks, mb els qum sm kprmcok nktmrokenmbtm msm gumhl fm j÷squmfk clbscombtm m obclbscombtm fm sonoeotufms y fostobcolbms tkb ckrkctmrîstocl fm els mspkcols fokspórocls y qum pmrnotm eohkr k mstks nktmrokeofkfms nktmrokeofkfms tkb cltofokbks clb ek clbstruccoób fm bumvks ofmbtofkfms (Fmehkfl, :0;0). Gubtl k mstm prlcmsl fm clbstruccoób ofmbtotkrol, ek prlfuccoób fm ub rmpmrtlrol ilrnke fostobtovknmbtm lccofmbtke fmjm mbtmbfmrsm ksonosnl mb me nkrcl –;6–
fm eks mstrktmhoks clnmrcokems qum pkrmcmb dkjmrsm fojugkfl yk mb els nlnmbnlnmb tls prmvols k ek foësplrk. Els clbtmbmflrms prlfucofls mb els keikrms fme sur fm Ojmrok pkrmcmb dkjmr jusckfl fostobhuorsm vosukenmbtm k trkvïs fm ubk smrom fm rkshls nlrileóhocls fm ltrls mbvksms mekjlrkfls mb ltrks msimrks clnmrcokems imbocoks ujockfks mb me Nmfotmrrëbml cmbtrke u lrombtke. Mb mstm smbtofl ms mspmmspmcokenmbtm bltlrol qum els tkeemrms keikrmrls qum lpmrkjkb mb me ërmk fme Mstrmcdl –obceuofls els keikrms keikrms fm trkfocoób imbocok ujockfls mb cmbtrls obfîhm-obfîhm bks– prlfugmrkb mbvksms kbióroclstmcbleóhock jkstkbtm sonoekrms vosukenmbtm. Mstk vleubtkf fm ofmbtockr fm ilrnk fostobtovk ek prlcmfmbcok ―lccofmbtke„ fm els clbtmbofls mbvkskfls mb mstls rmcopombtms kbiórocls –ubk mstrktmhok fm nmrckfml k ek qum dly kpeockrîknls ek mtoqumtk fm jrkbfobh – plsojemnmbtm fmjk rmekcolbkrsm clb ek clbstruccoób fm ubk sóeofk rmf clnmrcoke imbocok mb me ënjotl fme Mstrmcdl, cuyls prlfuctls bl sóel mrkb vkelrkfls y clbsunofls mb mstls ënjotls, sobl tkntkn joïb mbtrm ltrks clnubofkfms imbocoks m obfîhmbks mstkjemcofks mb me Nmfotmrrëbml cmbtrl-lccofmbtke. Mstk obfustrok keikrmrk imbocok lccofmbtke –l fm trkfocoób tmcbleóhock imbocokclbtó clb bunmrlsls tkeemrms qum lpmrkjkb mb me sur y sufmstm pmbobsuekr y mb eks clstks nkhrmjîms. Mb me cksl fm pmbobsuekr, els mstufols krqumlnïtrocls rmkrmkeozkfls dkstk ek imcdk obfockb ubk prleoimrkcoób keikrmrîks qum mekjlrkb mstm topl fm prlfuccolbms yk mb els nlnmbtls bkems fme sohel YOOO, clb ub crmconombtl onplrtkbtm furkbtm els sohels YOO y YO k.C. Els mstufols nobmrkeóhocls fm pkstks cmrënocks rmkeozkfls dkstk ek imcdk pkrmpkrmcmb fojugkr ub nkpk clb n÷etopems cmbtrls fm prlfuccoób qum numstrkb ubk knkn peok fostrojucoób fostrojucoób hmlhrëck. K pkrtor fm mstls kbëeosos sm dk prlpumstl ek prmsmbcok prmsmbcok fm tkeemrms mb fostobtls pumrtls fm ek clstk kteëbtock kbfkeuzk –clnl Dumevk (Noeeëb mt ke., ;??0) l ;??0) l Ckstoeel fm Flûk Jekbck (Hkevëb, ;?49)–, mb bunmrlsls pubtls fme obtmrolr –mbtrm ltrls, Ckrnlbk (Bkvkrrl, ;??8), Kcobopl (Pkfoke mt ke., :000) l Ktmhuk (Jkrrols mt ke., :0;0) ksî :0;0) ksî clnl tknjoïb y mb fovmrsls cmbtrls imbocols fm ek clstk nmfotmrrëbmk kbfkeuzk (Jkcdnkbb, ;?4:1 ;?4:1 Hlbzëemz Prkts y Pobk, ;?431 Ckrfmee, ;???1 Zlfrîhumz mt ke, ;???) ;???).. Sob mnjkrhl, pmsm k mstks obilrnkcolbms krqumlhrëcks, fosplbmnls fm plquîplquîsonks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks fm msls tkeemrms keikrmrls. Mb me pmrolfl fm tomnpl qum sm mxtombfm mbtrm me sohel YOOO y me sohel YO els cmbtrls keikrmrls mxckvkfls mb els cukems fosplbmnls fm mvofmbcoks formctks fm prlfuccoób fm cmrënock slb nuy mscksls. Mb ek clstk kteëbtock fmstkck me b÷ceml fm Vlrrm Vlrrm Ketk Ketk (Skb Imrbkbfl, Cëfoz) (Zknlb mt ke., :008) y mb me obtmrolr, sm clblcmb ksmbtknombtls clnl Ckstmeekr fm Eojroeek y Ek Kejmrck, mb Nurcok, (Zls Skek, ;?4?7;66-6=1 Nkrtîbmz Keckefm, ;???), ;???), qum cumbtkb clb dlrbls fm prlfuccoób fm cmrënock fktkfls mb –;=–
els sohels YOO-YO k.C., ke ohuke qum me ksmbtknombtl hrkbkfobl fm Pobls Pumbtm, mb Hrkbkfk, flbfm tknjoïb sm dk mxckvkfl ub dlrbl fm keikr (Clbtrmrks mt ke., ;?43). Fmjm nmbcolbkrsm nuy mspmcokenmbtm, me ksmbtknombtl fm Nkrnlemgl, mb Gkïb (Nleobls mt ke., ;??6), ubk pmqumûk kefmk rurke plcl clblcofk fktkfk mb els sohels YOO-YO YOO-YO qum cumbtk clb keikrms fm prlfuccoób cmrënock (Ioh. ;). Mb els mbcekvms imbocols fm ek clstk nmfotmrrëbmk kbfkeuzk eks pronmrks mvofmbmvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks fm ek prmsmbcok fm tkeemrms fm prlfuccoób cmrënock sm rmnlbrmnlb tkb ke sohel YOOO k.C. Fm msm nlnmbtl fktkb els pronmrls obfocols qum suhomrmb me trkjkgl fm keikrms mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr, Yoeekr, ub ksmbtknombtl ke qum fmfockrmnls ubk mspmcoke ktmbcoób mb els próxonls kpkrtkfls. Imcdks sonoekrms lirmcmb kehubks fm eks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks flcunmbtkfks mb me ksmbtknombtl fm Cdlrrmrks qum dkb eemvkfl k prlplbmr ek elckeozkcoób fm tkeemrms mb mstm cmbtrl –irkhnmbtls cmrënocls clb mvofmbcoks fm dkjmr suirofl ubk clccoób fmimctulsk y ub prosnk– (Nkrtîb Córfljk mt ke., :0097:=?). Kehubks fmcmbks fm mstls îtmns fm tmrrkcltk clblcofls trkfocolbkenmbtm clnl prosnks –y qum pkrmcmb mstkr cekrknmbtm rmekrmek colbkfls clb kehubks iksms fme prlcmsl fm mekjlrkcoób fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls, clnl suhomrm su elckeozkcoób mb fostobtls tkeemrms y dlrbls keikrmrls pmbobsuekrms mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr, mb Ek Pkbcdk l Pobls Pumbtm– sm dkb rmcupmrkfl tknjoïb mb me pmqumûl mbcekvm imbocol fm Nlbtoeek, ujockfl mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme HukHukfokrl (Scdujkrt ;?487:09 y h. 8), nuy próxonl p róxonl ke clblcofl b÷ceml obfîhmbk fm Keclrrîb (Nkrzleo mt ke., :0;0). :0;0). Mb els ÷etonls kûls, kctukcolbms krqumleóhocks mb me ërmk fme Kehkrrljl dkb pmrnotofl plbmr ke fmscujomrtl ub bumvl mbcekvm imbocol, Ek Pkbcdk, Pkbc dk, qum pkrmcm dkjmr clbcmbtrkfl obfustroks cmrënocks fmfockfks probcopkenmbtm k ek mekjlrkmekjlrkcoób fm hrkbfms clbtmbmflrms pkrk me kenkcmbknombtl y me trkbsplrtm y fm vkgoeeks pkrk usl flnïstocl (Nkrtîb Córfljk mt ke .,., :009) (Ioh. :). Sus mxckvkflrms dkb fmbofl k mstm cmbtrl, fktkfl mb els nlnmbtls bkems fme sohel YOO y els obocols fme sohel YO k.C., k.C., clnl ub mbcekvm l jkrrol obfustroke obfustroke kslcokfl k Nlrrl fm NmzNmzquotoeek. Eks mxckvkcolbms rmkeozkfks dkb pmrnotofl flcunmbtkr kehubks mstkbcoks qum pufomrlb ilrnkr pkrtm fm ub tkeemr fm mekjlrkcoób cmrënocks k guzhkr plr eks fmcmbks fm ëbilrks qum sm kenkcmbkrlb mb kehubk fm meeks. Bl sm dkb elckeozkfl dlrbls, bo ltrks mstructurks rmekcolbkfks clb me prlcmsl fm prlfuccoób cmrënock, pmrl ek mblrnm msclnjrmrk sotukfk mb sus obnmfokcolbms bl fmgk euhkr k fufks fm eks lcupkcolbms fmskrrleekfks plr kehubls fm els dkjotkbtms fm mstm mbcekvm. Mb meek sm dkb rmcupmrkfl fmcmbks fm noems fm irkhnmbtls cmrënocls, nucdls fm meels fmimctls fm prlfuccoób, ksî clnl tknjoïb fostobtls ÷toems rmekcolbkfls clb prlcmsls fm nkbuikcturk cmrënock cmrënock clnl pronks, keoskflrms keoskflrms y nkcdkckflrms. –;9–
Eks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks fmscujomrtks dkstk me nlnmbtl clbrnkb qum, mbtrm bkems fme sohel YOOO y els obocols fme sohel YO k.C., mb ek clstk nmfotmrrëbmk kbfkeuzk mstkjkb mb iubcolbknombtl fostobtls tkeemrms fmfockfls k ek nkbuikcnkbuikc turk cmrënock. Mstls tkeemrms pkrmcmb dkjmr prlfucofl cmrënocks k hrkb msckek fmstobkfks tkbtl ke clnmrcol mxtmrolr, clnl ke clbsunl fm eks prlpoks clnubofkfms clelbokems, tke y clnl suhomrmb els fktls ljtmbofls mb ek msclnjrmrk fm Ek Pkbcdk. Mstks keikrmrîks imbocoks kpkrmcmb ujockfks mb els probcopkems mscmbkrols clelbokems l clnmrcokems fm mstk clstk –ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme Hukfokrl, ek Jkdîk fm Nëekhk y eks fmsmnjlckfurks fme Yïemz y Kehkrrljl–, y sm elckeozkb tkbtl mb ërmks pmroiïrocks fm b÷cemls rmsofmbcokems –Eks Cdlrrmrks–, clnl mb pumrtls clcl nmrcokems –Nlbtoeek– y mb jkrrols l pmqumûls mbcekvms rurkems fm topl obfustroke qum mb mstk clstk mnpomzkb k kpkrmcmr ke nmbls fmsfm eks fïckfks bkems fme sohel YOO k.C. –Ek Pkbcdk–. Plcl clblcmnls, sob mnjkrhl, sljrm ek lrhkbozkcoób slcoke y mspkcoke fm ek prlfuccoób fm cmrënock mb mstls mbcekvms. Ek flcunmbtkcoób krqumleóhock fm mstls tkeemrms keikrmrls ms dly plr dly ms mxcmsovknmbtm bonok. Mb meels bl sm dkb flcunmbtkfl dkstk me nlnmbtl dlrbls fm clccoób u ltrks ërmks fm trkjkgl rmekrmek colbkfks clb me prlcmsl fm nkbuikcturk suscmptojems fm smr kbkeozkfks clbtmxclbtmx tukenmbtm. Mb me pkblrknk kctuke fm ek obvmstohkcoób, ek flcunmbtkcoób ljtmbofk mb eks mxckvkcolbms eemvkfks k ckjl mb ek fïckfk fm els kûls 40 y ?0 mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr sohum sombfl mxcmpcolbke. Sus tkeemrms y dlrbls fm keikr bls pmrnotmb clblcmr kehubls mspkcols y kctovofkfms fm trkjkgl krtmskbke qum pumfmb smr cekvms pkrk obtmrprmtkr eks mclblnîks clelbokems mb ïplck krckock. krckock.
EKS OBF]SVZOKS OBF]S VZOKS KEIKZMZKS KEIKZMZKS FME CMZZL FME YOEEKZ (NËEKHK) Me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr ms ubk pmqumûk osek uvoke sotukfk mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme Hukfkedlrcm, mb me mxtrmnl nës lccofmbtke fm ek jkdîk fm Nëekhk (Iohs. 3 y 6). Mb mstm mspkcol, ke nmbls k pkrtor fm ek smhubfk notkf fme sohel YOOO k.C., sm mstkjemcm fm ilrnk pmrnkbmbtm ubk clnubofkf clelboke obtmhrkfk probcopkenmbtm plr iknoeoks fm krtmskbls y clnmrcokbtms. Me ckrëctmr clnmrcoke m obfustroke fm mstm cmbtrl imbocol dk sofl pumstl fm nkbomstl mb fostobtks pujeockcolbms k pkrtor fm els fktls nmfolknjombtkems fme mbtlrbl obnmfoktl (Kujmt ( Kujmt y Fmehkfl, :003) :003) y fm ek mvofmbcok krqumleóhock ljtmbofk mb mxckvkcolbms fm mspkcols fm nmrckfl (Kujmt, ;??81 Kujmt, :00:) :00:) y fm foimrmbtms ërmks, vovombfks y tkeemrms flbfm sm mimctukjkb kctovofkfms krtmskbkems (Ioh. =). –;8–
Mbtrm els trkjkgls fm nkbuikcturk flcunmbtkfls mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr, fmsfms tkckb els rmekcolbkfls clb ek nmtkeurhok fme cljrm, fm ek pektk y, mspmcokenmbtm, fme domrrl (Zlvork, :00=11 Fmehkfl, :004j), j), pmrl pmrl gubtl k meels tuvomrlb ubk onplrtkbcok mxcmpcolbke eks kctovofkfms keikrmrks. Ek prlfuccoób fm cmrënock mb mstm cmbtrl pkrmcm obocokrsm ke nmbls mb ek smhubfk notkf fme sohel YOOO y sm prlelbhk furkbtm tlfk ek vofk fme ksmbtknombtl. Fovmrsks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks suhomrmb qum mb mstm cmbtrl sm clbcmbtró ubk onplrtkbtm obfustrok keikrmrk, qum clbtkjk plsojemnmbtm clb fovmrsls tkeemtkeem rms trkjkgkbfl fm ilrnk sonuetëbmk y qum mekjlrkjkb cmrënocks k hrkb msckek. K el ekrhl fm tlfk ek smcumbcok mstrktohrëck fme clrtm = mxostmb mvofmbcoks fm prlfuccoób keikrmrk (Kujmt, ;???) y prëctocknm prë ctocknmbtm btm mb m b tlfks tl fks eks ek s ërmks ërm ks fme fm e ksmbksmb tknombtl slb vosojems mb supmrcom hrkbfms ckbtofkfms fm msclroks cmrënocks votrockfks, rmstls fm pkrmfms fm dlrbls y bunmrlsks cmrënocks clb fmimctls fm clccoób. Fostobtls kbëeosos pmtrlhrëcls y mstufols m stufols nkcrlscópocls trkfocolbkems fm pkstks cmrënocks clobcofmb mb clbsofmrkr k els tkeemrms ujockfls mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr clnl me cmbtrl flbfm sm prlfugmrlb jumbk pkrtm fm els rmcopombtms cmrënocls imbocols kfquorofls mb mbcekvms emvkbtobls y fme blrfmstm pmbobsuekr (mbtrm ltrls, Hlbzëemz Prkts y Pobk, ;?437;:01 Hkrcok o Zujmrt y Hrkcok Kelbsl, :0;;77 69), ub fktl qum bl sóel kvkek ek clbcmbtrkcoób fm tkeemrms keikrmrls mb me :0;; ërmk fm ek jkdîk fm Nëekhk, sobl ksonosnl tknjoïb obfock qum jumbk pkrtm fm su prlfuccoób sm ckbkeozkjk dkcok dk cok me clnmrcol mxtmrolr. Sob mnjkrhl, eks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks nës sohbocktovks fm msk kctovokctovo fkf obfustroke ek clbstotuymb, sob fufk, els tkeemrms fmfockfls k ek nkbuikcturk fm cmrënocks y els fostobtls dlrbls fm keikr mxckvkfls mb mstm ykconombtl qum clrrmsplbfmb k fostobtls nlnmbtls crlbleóhocls. Els dlrbls nës kbtohuls mxmx ckvkfls dkstk ek imcdk fktkb fm ek pronmrk notkf fme sohel YOO k.C. (Kujmt :0097;061 Fmehkfl, :004j784)1 mbtrm bkems fme sohel YOO m obocols fme sohel YO sm dk imcdkfl me tkeemr keikrmrl mxckvkfl mb me fmblnobkfl smctlr 3/6 (Jkrcmeó mt ke ., ., ;??=)1 plr ÷etonl, fmstkckr ek clbtobuofkf fm eks kctovofkfms keikrmrks mb ïplck p÷bock, clnl plbm fm nkbomstl me dlrbl fm keikr fme sohel Y k.C. elckelckeozkfl mb me fmblnobkfl clrtm = (Kujmt y Ekvkfl, ;???). Mstk flcunmbtkcoób krqumleóhock obfock qum ek obfustrok keikrmrk pkrmcm dkjmr mstkfl prmsmbtm k el ekrhl fm tlfk ek vofk fm mstm cmbtrl, obceusl cukbfl jumbk pkrtm fm su pljekcoób el kjkbflbk k bkems fme sohel YOO y sm trksekfk k ltrls mbcekvms m bcekvms vmcobls. Mb msm nlnmbtl me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr pkrmcm trkbsilrnkrsm mb ub pmqumûl b÷ceml rurke fm ckrëctmr obfustroke fmfockfl k ek prlfuccoób keikrmrk k hrkb msckek, ub pktrób sonoekr ke qum dmnls vostl mb ltrls mbcekvms imbocols fm ek Kbfkeucîk nmfotmnmfotm rrëbmk, clnl Ek Pkbcdk.
–;4–
Fls ikctlrms pkrmcmb dkjmr obcofofl mb mstk clbcmbtrkcoób c lbcmbtrkcoób fm obfustroks keikkeikrmrks mb me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr.. Mb pronmr euhkr, ek cmbtrkcmbtrkeofkf qum tuvomrlb eks clnubofkfms imbocoks ksmbtkfks mb me mbtlrbl fm ek jkdîk fm Nëekhk –ubk prmsmbcok qum sm rmnlbtk k bkems fme sohel OT l ek pronmrk notkf fme sohel YOOO k.C. (Krkbcojok mt ke., :0;;)– mb eks rmfms fm clnmrcol nkrîtonl fme Nmfotmrrëbml lccofmbtke, ksî clnl tknjoïb mb eks rutks fm obtmr cknjol tmrrmstrm qum sm forohîkb ke obtmrolr fme kctuke tmrrotlrol kbfkeuz. Mstk onon plrtkbtm plrtkb tm kctovofkf kct ovofkf clnmrc clnmrcoke, oke, jkskfk jk skfk mb jumbk ju mbk nmfofk n mfofk mb prlfuctls prl fuctls mbvksk mbvkskfls fls mb clbtmbmflrms cmrënocls y mb vkgoeeks, rmqumrîk fm tkeemrms fm keikr sotukfls mb els nosnls pumrtls l cmbtrls clnmrcokems l mb sus obnmfokcolbms. Mb smhubfl euhkr, ek prlxonofkf fm nktmroks pronks onprmscobfojems pkrk ek nkbuikcturk cmrënock, clnl khuk, clnjustojem y krcoeek. Els keikrmrls qum trkjkgkrlb mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr pkrmcmb dkjmr ljtmbofl mstks nktmroks pronks fm iumbtms sosotukfks mb eks obnmfokcolbms nosnks fme mbcekvm. Ms me cksl fm els clnjustojem utoeozkfls, ub rmcursl qum mstk obfustrok bmcmsotk mb hrkbfms prlplrcolbms, y cuyk mxpeltkcoób smhurl clbtrojuyó k ek fmhrkfkcoób fm ek cujomrtk krjórmk fm mstm mbtlrbl mstuërocl, sm fmtmctk fmsfm els nlnmbtls obocokems ek vofk fme ksmbtknombtl (Zls yqum Jurgkcds, ;???). Ksonosnl, ms me cksl fm eksfmkrcoeeks, qum sm ljtuvomrlb fm fmpósotls sotukfls mb eks prlxonofkfms fme cmbtrl. Smh÷b els kbëeosos fm pkstk mimctukfls mb cmrënocks mekjlrkfks mb me tkeemr 3/6, sus keikrmrls utoeozkrlb pkrk ikjrockreks krcoeeks slnmtofks k ek obumbcok nkrobk, el qum suhomrm qum els fmpósotls mxpeltkfls fmjomrlb mstkr sotukfls mb ek nosnk eîbmk mstuërock (Ckrfmee, ;???). Fmsfm me pubtl fm vostk v ostk fm els rmcursls bkturkems fmjm fmstkckrsm ek mxcmembtm ckeofkf fm eks krcoeeks qum sm elckeozkb mb ek cumbck keuvoke fme Jkgl Hukfkedlrcm, ubls fmpósotls qum iumrlb mxpeltkfls bl sóel mb ïplck imbocok y p÷bock, sobl tknjoïb mb ltrls tomnpls dostórocls (Jmetrëb Ilrtms y Elzk Kzukhk, ;??81 Ekhóstmbk, :00;7;68).
ELS DLZBLS FME SMCVLZ ? Me fmblnobkfl smctlr ? mstë sotukfl mb me mxtrmnl blrlrombtke fme ksmbtknombksmbtknombtl (Ioh. =). Mstm ërmk ium ljgmtl fm mxckvkcolbms krqumleóhocks fm urhmbcok mb els kûls ;??= y ;??4, forohofks plr ek Frk. Kujmt. Eks kctukcolbms krqumleóhocks rmkeozkfks tuvomrlb clnl ljgmtovl fmeonotkr me pmrînmtrl lrombtke fm ek kbtohuk osek fme Yoeekr clb me b fm mvkeukr me onpkctl qum tmbfrîkb sljrm me ykconombtl imbocol eks ljrks fm ckbkeozkcoób fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm. –;?–
Furkbtm msks cknpkûks fm mxckvkcoób iumrlb elckeozkfls els rmstls fm fls dlrbls fm keikr. keikr. Sm sunkjkb, ksî, k els rmstls fm ub tmrcmr dlrbl fmscujomrtl mb ek nosnk zlbk mb ;??;, furkbtm ubk vosotk k eks ljrks fm clbstruccoób fm ek Kutlvîk fme Nmfotmrrëbml. Mb focomnjrm fm msm kûl, mb me pmre fm ek ckvofkf mxckvkfk pkrk conmbtkr ubl fm els poekrms fm ek kutlpostk qum sm memvk sljrm ek pkrtm smpsmp tmbtrolbke fme ykconombtl, mrkb tlfkvîk vosojems els rmstls fm ub dlrbl fm keikr fm ïplck krckock. Els fls dlrbls mxckvkfls mb me smctlr ? (D; y D:) mstëb clbstruofls clb kflkfl jm (Ioh. 9). Vkbtl Vkbtl me Dlrbl ;, clnl me Dlrbl :, prmsmbtkb ubk pekbtk meîptock. Ek cënkrk fme Dlrbl ; clbsmrvk ubks fonmbsolbms obtmrbks fm 3,60 n fm mgm nkylr x fm :,?9 n fm mgm nmblr, k eks qum fmjm sunkrsm ek jlck fme dlrbl l prkmiurboun, sóel pkrcokenmbtm mxckvkfk. Me Dlrbl :, fme cuke sm rmcupmrkrlb tkb sóel els vmsvmstohols clrrmsplbfombtms k ek jksm fm su cënkrk fm clccoób, ms fm nmblr tknkûl, y prmsmbtk ubks fonmbsolbms obtmrbks clbsmrvkfks fm ;,?: n fm mgm nkylr x ;,86 n fm mgm nmblr. Vkbtl Vkbtl mb D;, clnl mb D:, ek meopsm qum ilrnk su pekbtk kpkrmcm rltk plr ubk embhuk qum mbtrk mb ek cënkrk fm clnjustoób y ek fovofm mb fls notkfms ilrnkbfl fls eójuels fm ub tknkûl sonoekr. Mstk nlrilelhîk clrrmsplbfm k els dlrbls clblcofls mb ek eotmrkturk imbocok clnl fm pekbtk joeljuekfk l clb ilrnk fm lnmhk (Ikeslbm, ;?4;). Ek iubcoób fm msk embhuk, qum ems ltlrhk ek ckrkctmrîsckrkctmrîstock ilrnk fm Ϗ, mrk ek fm slstmbmr ek pkrroeek qum mb mstls dlrbls smpkrkjk ek cëcë nkrk fm clnjustoób fm ek cënkrk cënkrk fm clccoób (Ioh. 8). Mb bobhubl fm els dlrbls mxckvkfls mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr sm dk clbsmrvkfl ek pkrroeek, kubqum mb me rmeembl fme D; dkb plfofl rmcupmrkrsm rmstls qum pkrmcmb clrrmsplbfmr k msk mstructurk. Ek ilrnk fm kehubls fm els kfljms rmcupmrkfls mb me obtmrolr fme dlrbl obfock qum ek pkrroeek mstkjk clbstruofk tknjoïb fme nosnl nktmroke, kfljm, y k guzhkr plr ek ilrnk fm kehubls irkhnmbtls rmcupmrkfls, fosplbîk fm lrocols qum fmgkjkb pkskr me ckelr y els hksms fmsfm ek ek cënkrk fm clnjustoób k ek cënkrk fm clccoób. Ek nlrilelhîk y eks tmcblelhîks fm clbstruccoób y fm usl fm mstls dlrbls slb fm lrohmb sorol-pkemstobl. Mb me ërmk emvkbtobk els dlrbls joeljuekfls sm clblcmb mb tkeemrms fm prlfuccoób cmrënock ujockfls mb cmbtrls plrtukrols m obfustrokems –clnl Skrmptk (Kbfmrslb, ;?48) l Kaal (Fltdkb, ;?4?7 90)– fmsfm me OO noemnoembol k.C. y pmrfurkb mb me O noembol k.C. Mb Lccofmbtm mstk tmcblelhîk fm clccoób cmrënock mstë prmsmbtm ke nmbls fmsfm me sohel YOO k.C. clnl mvofmbcokb els prl prl- pols dlrbls fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr l els elckeozkfls mb Skb Imrbkbfl (Zknlb mt ke., :008), Nlzok (Ikeslbm, (Ikeslbm, ;?4;) l Sleubtl (Hrmcl, :000). :000). Els dlrbls joeljuekfls, clrrmsplbfmb topleóhocknmbtm k els fmblsnobkfls dlrbls tujuekrms y fm fljem cënkrk, qum sumemb smr mstructurks smnosujtmrrëbmks, qum sm clbstruymb, jomb kprlvmcdkbfl ub fmsbovme fme tmrrmbl, jomb mxckvkbfl –:0–
ubk ilsk qum sm rmvostm mb su obtmrolr fm kfljms l jkrrl crufl y mb ek qum sm kelgk tltke l pkrcokenmbtm ek cënkrk fm clnjustoób (Ikeslbm ;?4;73=1 Smnpmrm, ;???7383). ;??? 7383). Ek mxckvkcoób fme Dlrbl ; pusl fm nkbomstl qum mb su clbstruccoób sm utoeozkrlb sonuetëbmknmbtm knjls memnmbtls7 sm kprlvmcdó ub iumrtm fmsbovme mxostmbtm mb msm trknl fme ykconombtl, y, ke nosnl tomnpl, sm mxckvó ubk ilsk mbmbtrm els rmstls fm el qum plsojemnmbtm ium ubk kbtohuk vovombfk, yk kjkbflbkfk mb me nlnmbtl fm clbstruccoób fme dlrbl, y sm mbckstró ek pkrtm obimrolr fm ek cënkrk fm clnjustoób mbtrm els zóckels fm pomfrk fm msm mfocol, qum sorvomrlb pkrk rmrm ilrzkr ek mstructurk fme prlpol dlrbl. Eks pkrmfms fm ek ilsk mxckvkfk mb ek cksk y pkrtm fm sus zóckels fm pomfrk sm rmcujromrlb rmcujromrlb clb ubk hrumsk ckpk fm jkrrl crufl y clbilrnkrlb ek jksm fme dlrbl (Ioh. 4). Mbtrm msks ckpks fm jkrrl sm fmplsotkrlb kehubls irkhnmbtls cmrënocls, utoeozkfls clnl nktmroke clbstructovl (Ioh. ?). Ek nlrilelhîk fm kehubks fm msks cmrënocks clrrmsplbfmb k toplelhîks fktkjems mb me sohel YOOO k.C. Msls irkhnmbtls cmrënocls utoeozkfls clnl nktmroke clbstructovl iumrlb plsojemnmbtm ljtmbofls furkbtm ek mxckvkcoób fm ek ilsk mb me obtmrolr fm ek cksk mb ek qum sm mbckstrk me dlrbl, ub mfocol qum pkrmcm dkjmr mstkfl mb usl furkbtm ek smhubfk notkf fme mxckvkfks sohel YOOO mb k.C. Msknosnl crlblelhîk clb ekkfm ltrks ubofkfms mstrktohrëcks mstm smctlr,clobcofm qum prmcmfmb ek clbstruccoób y ke iubcolbknombtl fme D;. Me nlnmbtl fm clbstruccoób y mspmcokenmbtm fm utoeozkcoób fm D; pumfm mstkjemcmrsm k pkrtor fm els nktmrokems fmplsotkfls mb me rmeembl fme dlrbl l fm kquïeels elckeozkfls mb kehubks fm eks ubofkfms mstrktohrëcks ofmbtockfks clnl ërmks fm trkjkgl kslcokfks clb me iubcolbknombtl fm D;. Mb mstls clbtmxtls sm dkb elckeozkfl probcopkenmbtm ëbilrks, qum kpkrmcmb kslcokfks k ltrls nktmrokems cmrënocls tkems clnl leeks, trîplfms, cumbcls, pektls, potdlo, gkrrks, jltmeeks y prosnks, qum prmsmbtkb nlrilelhîks k eks qum trkfocolbkenmbtm sm ems ktrojuymb crlblelhîks noxtk fme sohel k.C. (Iohs. ? y ;0). Mstks Mstks ëbilrks, cmrënocks plfrîkb obfockr obfockr ubk prlfuccoób qumYOO obceuîk iubfknmbtkenmbtm pmrl tknjoïb vkgoeeks fmfockfks ke usl cltofokbl. Sob mnjkrhl ckjm smr prufmbtms k ek dlrk fm mstkjemcmr eks ckrkctmrîstocks fm eks prlfuccolbms fm mstm dlrbl k pkrtor fm els dkeekzhls kctukems. Ek rmfucofks fofo nmbsolbms fme ërmk mxckvkfk (ubls ;= n :) bl dkb pmrnotofl flcunmbtkr eks probprobcopkems ërmks fm trkjkgl kslcokfks k mstk mstructurk, qum sm sot÷kb probcopkenmbtm mb ek jlck fme dlrbl, l elckeozkr els tmstkrms l zlbks fm vmrtofl qum dkjotukenmbtm kpkrmcmb mb eks obnmfokcolbms fm mstm topl fm mstructurks y qum sumemb kclhmr rmsrms tls fm cmbozks y clnjustojem, ksî clnl noems fm rmstls y fm ikeels fm prlfuccoób (Wlrb ;??47;??1 Zknlb mt ke. :0087;09). –:;–
Ek obilrnkcoób krqumleóhock fosplbojem sljrm eks prlfuccolbms cmrënocks nkbuikcturkfks mb els tkeemrms kslcokfls ke smhubfl fm els dlrbls mxckvkfls mb mstm smctlr ?, me fmblnobkfl D:, ms obceusl nës rmfucofk. Fme Dlrbl : tkb sóel sm clbsmrvk ubk mstructurk fm kfljm fm plcl nës fm ;= cn fm keturk qum clrrmsplbfm ke sumel fm su cënkrk fm clnjustoób y ub rmfucofl mspkcol kslcokfl mstrktohrëcknmbtm clb ïe, sotukfl mb su msquobk SM. Mstm dlrbl, qum sm sot÷k mb pkrkemel y cuykfm jksekm fmsckbsk jksm sljrm clt k supmrolr, supmrolr , sm Plsojemnmbtm elckeozk k mscksls mscksls nmtrls fmk D; fostkbcok lroeek kctuke fmeubk rîlcltk (Iohs. 9 y ;;). msk sotukcoób y su ujockcoób mb ubk cltk kehl nës memvkfk qum D;, dkykb sofl eks ckusks fme fmtmrolrl suirofl plr mstm dlrbl y plr els mspkcols fm trkjkgl kslcokfls clb ïe, qum pkrmcmb dkjmr sofl prëctocknmbtm krrkskfls plr ekjlrms khrîcleks y plr ek mrlsoób uvoke. Fmsfm me pubtl fm vostk crlbleóhocl, tkbtl ek sotukcoób mstrktohrëck fm D:, clnl els nktmrokems kslcokfls k ek jksm fm su cënkrk y ke mspkcol D:-SM, pkrmcmb obfockr qum mstk mstructurk sm clbstruyó clb plstmrolrofkf k D; y qum mstuvl mb iubcolbknombtl mb nlnmbtls plstmrolrms, plsojemnmbtm mb ek smhubfk notkf fme sohel YOO l obceusl mb eks pronmrks fïckfks fme sohel YO clnl plfrîk suhmror me pektl fm kek kbcdk kbcd k rmcupmrkfl mb ubofkfms mstrktohrëcks kslcokfks clb ïe (Ioh. ;:). Ek rmfucofk supmrcom mxckvkfk suplbm ksonosnl ub smrol eînotm k ek dlrk fm clbtmxtukeozkr slcoke y mspkcokenmbtm els dlrbls keikrmrls mxckvkfls. Els trms dlrbls fm keikr fmtmctkfls dkstk me nlnmbtl pkrmcmb suhmror qum mstm smctlr fme ykconombtl, sotukfl mb ek pmroimrok fme ksmbtknombtl imbocol, kheutobó mb me sohel YOO obfustroks keikrmrks. Ek clbcmbtrkcoób fm tkeemrms ilrnkbfl jkrrols keikrmrls l krtmskbkems ms ubk ckrkctmrîstock qum sm clblcm jomb mb mspkcols urjkbls y rurkems fme nubfl sorol-pkemstobl, ksî clnl tknjoïb clnl mb els ënjotls clelbokems imim bocols lccofmbtkems. ]b mgmnpel clblcofl ms me jkrrol obfustroke fm Skrmptk (Prot(Protcdkrf, ;?8=1 Kbfmrslb, ;?44), ub b÷ceml plrtukrol sotukfl mbtrm eks kbtohuks coucoufkfms fm Vorl y Sofób. Mb mstm jkrrol krtmskbke, flbfm sm dkb elckeozkfl prmbsks fm kcmotm y mxostmb mvofmbcoks fm trkjkgl nmtke÷rhocl, sm dkb mxckvkfl :: dlrbls fm keikr fm fostobtks crlblelhîks qum kjkrckb fmsfm els sohels bkems fme OO noembol k els obocols fme O noembol k.C. Vknjoïb Vknjoïb ms me cksl fm Kaal, ubk coufkf plrtukrok mbcekvkfk mb ek jkdîk fm Dkoik, flbfm sm dk mxckvkfl ub hrkb dlrbl joeljuekfl fktkfl mb me s. TOOO k.C. sotukfl mb ubk zlbk z lbk obfustroke gubtl k tkeemrms nmtke÷rhonmtke÷rhocls m obstkekcolbms fmfockfks k ek mekjlrkcoób fm tobtms (Fltdkb, ;?4?7 90). Vkeemrms obfovofukems l clbcmbtrkfls mb jkrrols keikrmrls dkjotukenmbtm sm so so-t÷kb mb els clbbms fm els ksmbtknombtls –ub ujockcoób qum sm ljsmrvk mb me cksl fm els dlrbls elckeozkfls Cmrrl fme Yoeekr– m obceusl mxtrknurls, ilrnkbfl b÷b÷ –::–
cemls smpkrkfls l smhrmhkfls (Xllf, (Xllf, ;??0734-6;). Zmimrmbcoks jîjeocks sot÷kb me jkrrol keikrmrl fm Gmruskeïb mb els mxtrmnls fm ek coufkf, gubtl k ubk fm eks pumr tks fm ek nurkeek (Gmr. ;?, :) y mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks smûkekb pktrlbms nuy sonoekrms mb ltrls mbcekvms sorol-pkemstobls clnl Vmee ke-Bksjkd (Wlrb,;??4) l Ekcdosd, flbfm els tkeemrms sm sot÷kjkb mb eks obnmfokcolbms fme mspkcol iubmiubmrkrol (Xllf, ;??07 39). Mb ënjotls imbocols lccofmbtkems els tkeemrms fm keikr pkrmcmb dkjmrfmnkbtmbofl me nosnl ujocëbflsm tknjoïb mb els eînotms fm eks zlbks dëjotkt –clnl sucmfmpktrób, mb me cksl fm Ckrtkhl (Zkalj, ;??47;81 Flctmr, :008734)1 Nlzok (Ikeslbm, ;?4;1 Spkbú, :00:), Sleubtl (Hrmcl :000) l Ojozk (Zknlb, ;??;)– l obceusl ilrnkbfl ksmbtknombtls smhrmhkfls clnl pkpk rmcm ljsmrvkrsm mb ksmbtknombtls keikrmrls clnl Ek Pkbcdk (Nkrtîb Córfljk mt ke., :009), :009), Vlrrm Vlrrm Ketk (Zknlb (Zkn lb mt ke., :008) l Aukss (Plbsocd ;?941 Kekluo, :008). Eks nltovkcolbms fm mstk smhrmhkcoób pkrmcmb dkjmr sofl probcopkenmbtm mclmclbónocks – bmcmsofkf fm hrkbfms mspkcols, prlxonofkf k klrknombtls fm krcokrco eek, k iumbtms fm khuk y clnjustojem, cmrckbîk k ërmks fm prlfuccoób…–, pmrl plsojemnmbtm tknjoïb ek clbbkcoób fm mstls mspkcols y fm els trkjkgls qum sm rmkeozkjkb mb meels mb els eînotms fme ërmk fm dëjotkt plfrîk dkjmr mstkfl nltovknltovkfk ksonosnl plr clbsofmrkcolbms fm topl slcoke m ofmleóhocl. Ek keikrmrîk, clnl ltrks krtmskbîks, pkrmcm dkjmr sofl clbsofmrkfk, tkbtl mb ënjotls emvkbtobls clnl clelbokems, ub trkjkgl ―sucol„ y slcokenmbtm plcl vkelrkfl (Xllf ;??0) y, plr tkbtl, fmjîk smr kpkrtkfk fm ltrls mspkcols, fm ltrks hmbtms y fm ltrks ilrnks fm vofk clb nkylr mstonk slcoke. Me kemgknombtl fm els tkeemrms keikrmrls fm els mspkcols cmbtrkems fm els b÷cemls fm dëjotkt bl onpeock qum mb mstls clbtmxtls mxostomrk ubk smpkrkcoób mbtrm kctovokctovofkfms prlfuctovks y mspkcols rmsofmbcokems, clnl nucdks vmcms sm dk krhunmbkrhunmbtkfl. Ke clbtrkrol, mb fostobtls tkeemrms y jkrrols keikrmrls dk plfofl clnprljkrsm qum bl mxostîk ubk smhrmhkcoób mbtrm mstks kctovofkfms y qum knjks clbcurrîkb mb me nosnl mspkcol l mb mstkbcoks obnmfoktknmbtm cleobfkbtms. Mb els rmektls jîjeocls sm nmbcolbk ek ―cksk fme keikrmrl„ flbfm ïstm ―trkjkgk sljrm ek rumfk„ (Gmr.. ;4, :-3) y eks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks fm b÷cemls obfustrokems clnl Skrmptk (Gmr tknjoïb plbmb fm nkbomstl ek obmxostmbcok fm ubk smpkrkcoób mbtrm me mspkcol krtmskbke y me euhkr fm rmsofmbcok. Els fktls krqumleóhocls pkrmcmb suhmror ek prmvkembcok fm tkeemrms-vovombfk qum kclhmb hrkbfms obstkekcolbms pkrk ek mekjlmekjl rkcoób cmrënock clnl slb els dlrbls, ksî clnl ltrks obirkmstructurks utoeozkfks furkbtm ek mekjlrkcoób fm cmrënocks –jksms mb eks qum orîkb mbckstrkfks eks rumfks fm els tlrbl, ilsks fm vmrtofl, cujmtks pkrk me kenkcmbknombtl, knkskfl y poskfl fm ek krcoeek, mtc.– (Kbfmrslb ;?44). Mb kehubls fm els clbtmxtls mxckvkfls sm dk plfofl fmtmrnobkr qum gubtl k mstks mstructurks mxostîkb mxostîkb ltrks rmekcolbkfks rmekcolbkfks clb ek –:3–
prmpkrkcoób fm keonmbtls, mbtrm meeks dlrbls flnïstocls, utoeozkfls pkrk clcobkr keonmbtls, probcopkenmbtm pkb. Me ckrëctmr cekrknmbtm flnïstocl fm mstks obstkobstk ekcolbms eemvó k sus mxckvkflrms k fufkr sljrm ub plsojem cknjol fm iubcoób, fm obfustroke k rmsofmbcoke, fm mstm ërmk, (Protcdkrf, ;?8=7801 Kbfmrslb, ;?44739=), –ubk rmspumstk ckso kutlnëtock ke flhnk sljrm sljrm ek smpkrkcoób fm msimrks prlfucto prlfucto-vks y rmsofmbcokems mb mclblnîks fmskrrleekfks qum onpmrkjk mb me pmbsknombtl fm ïplck.cekrknmbtm Bumvks obtmrprmtkcolbms sljrmkeikrmrks msls clbtmxtls smûkekb, sob msk mnjkrhl, ek clmxostmbcokrmkeozkfks fm kctovofkfms y flnïstocks mb msks cksks tkeemrms fm Skrmptk (Hoejlk y Sdkrlb, :0037=0-=;). Mstk clmxostmbcok fm kctovofkfms flnïstocks y krtmskbkems mb els nosnls mspkcols sm dk plfofl ljsmrvkr tknjoïb mb cmbtrls keikrmrls imbocols lccofmbtkems. ]b cksl pkrkfohnëtocl ms me fme mbcekvm keikrmrl fm Aukss flbfm Plbsocd mxckvó vkvk rols dlrbls rlfmkfls fm mstkbcoks y dkjotkcolbms, mb eks qum sm flcunmbtkjkb bl sóel kctovofkfms prlfuctovks, sobl tknjoïb tkrmks fm nkbtmbonombtl y clbsunl. Mstks mvofmbcoks eemvkrlb k su mxckvkflr k prlplbmr qum mb Aukss eks vovombfks fm els cmrknostks y sus iknoeoks sm sotukjkb gubtl k els nosnls dlrbls (Plbsocd, ;?9479) Els dlrbls mxckvkfls mb me smctlr ? fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr bl bls pmrnotmb vkelrkr so tknjoïb mb mstm cksl sm fol msk mstrmcdk clbvovmbcok fm kctovofkfms flnïstocks y prlfuctovks. Mb sus obnmfokcolbms sm elckeozkrlb fls nleobls fm pomfrk sonoekrms k els utoeozkfls mb els ënjotls flnïstocls pkrk nlemr me hrkbl, pmrl ek rmfucofk supmrcom mxckvkfk ms cekrknmbtm obsucombtm pkrk obtmrprmtkr clbtmxtuke y iubcolbkenmbtm mstls dkeekzhls.
ME VKEEMZ VKEEMZ KEIKZMZL FME FM E SMCVLZ 3/6 Nucdl nës melcumbtm mb mstm smbtofl ms me fmblnobkfl tkeemr 3/6. Mstm tkeemr ium elckeozkfl k bkems fm els kûls 40 mb ub smctlr mxckvkfl mb me ërmk cmbtrke fme ykconombtl. Clblcofl k trkvïs fm fostobtks pujeockcolbms (Jkrcmeó mt ke., ;??=1 Kujmt mt ke., ;???1 Curoà mt ke., ;???) dk sofl fktkfl mb eks pronmrks fïckfks fme sohel YO k.C., nlnmbtl mb me qum me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr pkrmcm dkjmr vostl rmfucofk su pljekcoób, kjkbflbëbflsm, ke nmbls, ek lroeek lroeek lrombtke fm ek kbtohuk osek osek (Fmehkfl, :004j). K pkrtor fm bkems fme sohel YOO l obocols fme sohel YO me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr pkrmcm trkbsilrnkrsm mb ub pmqumûl cmbtrl fm ckrëctmr obfustroke, prmsmbprmsmb tkbfl ckrkctmrîstocks nuy sonoekrms k els b÷cemls smcubfkrols fmfockfls k ek mek mek- jlrkcoób fm cmrënocks qum yk dmnls vostl kpkrmcmr mb ek prlpok clstk fm Nëekhk Nëekhk k trkvïs fme mgmnpel fm Ek Pkbcdk.
–:6–
Mb me smctlr 3/6 sm pusl ke fmscujomrtl ub mfocol fm hrkbfms prlplrcolbms, fmstruofl mb su kbcl nmrofolbke plr ekjlrms khrîcleks y sóel pkrcokenmbtm mxckmxckvkfl (Kujmt mt ke., ;???) (Ioh. ;3). Fm mstm mfocol sm dkb mxckvkfl fls mstkbcoks nuy knpeoks y kekrhkfks qum fkb kccmsl k ub hrkb mspkcol kjomrtl, prljkjemnmbprljkjemnmbtm ub pktol obtmrolr, pkvonmbtkfl clb pmqumûls huogkrrls. Fmsfm me pubtl fm vostk fm sus fonmbsolbms fmstkck probcopkenmbtm me mspkcol 6, ub ërmk mxtmrolr, mb ek qum kcunuekb hrkbfms ckbtofkfms fm cmrënocks, fm meeks fmimctulsks, qum sm prmsmbtkb hrkbfms jurjugks y supmrcoms tltkenucdks l pkrcokenmbtm votrockfks. Mb me sumel y mb me rmeembl fm mstm mspkcol sm fmtmctkrlb ksonosnl onplrtkbtms clbcmbtrkcolbms fm krcoeeks y kfljms pkrcoke l tltkenmbtm msclrockfls, qum clclrrmsplbfîkb k els rmstls fm eks pkrmfms fm ubl l fm vkrols dlrbls fm keikr qum fmjomrlb sotukrsm mb sus obnmfokcolbms, mb mspkcols tlfkvîk sob mxckvkr. Ek prmprmsmbcok fm îtmns clnl prosnks, clb nës fm ?0 rmcupmrkfls mb mstk ërmk, keoskflrms y pueoflrms obfockb qum me ërmk 6 ium ub mspkcol fm trkjkgl qum ilrnkjk pkrtm fm ub hrkb clnpemgl keikrmrl. Mvofmbcoks rmekcolbkfks clb me trkjkgl keikrmrl tknjoïb sm rmcupmrkrlb mb eks fls mstkbcoks obtmrolrms fme mfocol y mb me pktol pkvonmbtkfl. Mb meels sm elckeozkrlb prosnks y ltrls obstrunmbtls rmekcolbkfls clb me trkjkgl keikrmrl, rmstls fm óxofl fm domrrl, prljkjemnmbtm utoeozkfl pkrk ek mekjlrkcoób fm mbhljms y pohnmbtls, rmstls fm vkgoeeks bl clcofks y ckbtofkfms mxtrklrfobkroks fm cmrënock (Jkrcmel mt ke., ;??=). Gubtl k mstks mvofmbcoks fm nkbuikcturk keikrmrk, mb eks mstkbcoks y mspkcols mxtmrolrms fme mfocol 3/6 krqumleóhocknmbtm sm fmtmctk tknjoïb ek prëctock soso nuetëbmk fm ltrks kctovofkfms, ckso obvosojems kbtm ek kjrunkflrk mvofmbcok nknktmroke qum prlfucm ubk kctovofkf clnl ek keikrmrîk. Mbtrm meeks, ckjm nmbcolbkr plsojems prëctocks fm topl clnmrcoke clnl kpubtkb comrtls obfocols nktmrokems, clnl ub prljkjem gumhl fm pmsks fm pomfrk. Pmrl gubtl k kctovofkfms krtmskbkems y k mstls obfocols fm prëctocks clnmrcokems, fmjmb fmstkckrsm probcopkenmbtm mvomvofmbcoks qum kpubtkb cekrknmbtm k ek rmkeozkcoób fm kctovofkfms flnïstocks mb mstm mfocol y mb els mspkcols kbmxls. Mbtrm mstks kctovofkfms slb mspmcokenmbtm vosojems fmsfm ub pubtl fm vostk krqumleóhocl comrtks prëctocks fm cuofkfl rmektovks probcopkenmbtm k ek prmpkrkcoób y clbsunl fm keonmbtls. Nleobls fm pomfrk, leeks fm clcobk clb smûkems fm dkjmr sofl uskfks y kimctkfks plr prlcmsls fm clnjustoób (Curoà mt ke., ;???7;43) l hrkbfms rmcopombtms cmrënocls clb mvofmbcoks fm clnjustoób mb su obtmrolr qum iumrlb utoeozkfls clnl jrksmrls y dlhkrms (Jkrcmeó mt ke., ;??=) flcunmbtkb ek prmpkrkcoób fm keonmbtls mb mstm tkeemr tkeemr,, quozë, k guzhkr plr eks mvofmbcoks, tkntkn joïb vovombfk fm ub hrupl flnïstocl clrplrktovl. Ksonosnl, ek prmpkrkcoób fm keonmbtls tknjoïb pufl smr ubk fm eks iubcolbms fm eks pmqumûks mstructurks fm –:=–
clnjustoób corcuekrms qum sm elckeozkrlb mb me pktol pkvonmbtkfl clb pmqumûls huogkrrls. Prëctocks rmektovks ke clbsunl fm keonmbtls eemvkfks k ckjl mb mstm mfocol sm flcunmbtkb tkbtl k trkvïs fm eks vkgoeeks, clnl fm els rmstls jolkrqumleóhocls rmcupmrkfls mb me tkeemr. Eks vkgoeeks utoeozkfks iumrlb nkylrotkroknmbtm cmrënocmrënocks mekjlrkfks mb mstm nosnl keikr. Pmrl, gubtl k meeks, els nomnjrls fme hrupl flnïstocl qum trkjkgkjk mb mstm tkeemr uskrlb tknjoïb pomzks kfquorofks, clnl ms me cksl, plr mgmnpel, fm els vksls y rmcopombtms hromhls y mtruscls flcunmbtkfls mb mstm mfocol (Curoà ;???7 :40), ub memnmbtl fm fostobcoób qum sus rmsofmbtms obclrplrkrlb k sus vkgoeeks fm nmsk, tke y clnl el docomrlb tknjoïb mb mstls nosnosnls nlnmbtls ltrks hmbtms qum ilrnkjkb pkrtm fm eks clnubofkfms clelbokems fme sur pmbobsuekr. Els rmstls jolkrqumeóhocls rmcupmrkfls mb me tkeemr tknjoïb mvofmbcokb prëctoprëctocks fm clbsunl keonmbtls. Mbtrm els keonmbtls clbsunofls pumfmb nmbcolbkrsm cmrmkems –probcopkenmbtm cmjkfk y mb nmblr nmfofk trohl–, huoskbtms, uvks, kt÷b, nleuscls, pkelnk, hkeel, jóvofls, lvocëprofls y cmrfl (Cktkeà ;???7 fm 3;;1 Nlbtm rl ;???1 Hkrcok Pmtot ;???1 Zlfrîhumz Zlfrîhumz ;???1 Hõmee ;???). Kehubls elsNlbtmrmstlselckeozkfls prmsmbtkb smûkems fm fmsckrbknombtl y fm dkjmr sofl slnmtofls k ek kccoób fme iumhl. Mbtrm els rmstls fm ikubk sm mbcumbtrkb els fm 3 cmrfls skcrockfls mb mfkf obikbtoe qum kpkrmcomrlb ckso clnpemtls y mb clbmxoób kbktónock, sob mvofmbcok kehubk fm dkjmr sofl clbsunofls (Nlbtmrl ;???). Mstls cmrfls sm elckeozkrlb mb ek mstkbcok fmblnobkfk K 3, ubk dkjotkcoób mb ek qum tknjoïb sm rmhostró ubk tmrrkcltk irkhnmbtkfk qum rmprmsmbtkjk k ub kbonke, plsojemnmbtm ub ckjkeel, jkgl ubk fm eks elsks fm pomfrk qum fmsckbskjkb sljrm me pkvonmbtl (Fmehkfl mt ke., ;???7
h. :00). Els trms cmrfls kpkrmcomrlb mbtmrrkfls, gustl mb ubk fm eks msquobks fm ek dkjotkcoób kslcokfls k irkhnmbtls fm rmcopombtms cmrënocls (Kujmt mt ke ;???7 ;???7 h. ?6) y pkrmcmb rmnotor k prëctocks fm topl rotuke kslcokfks clb ek imrtoeofkf, ksî clnl tknjoïb clb ek flnmstocofkf y me cuofkfl fme hrupl. Ek prëctock fm mbtmrrkr leeks clb l sob keonmbtls jkgl me sumel fm eks dkjotkcolbms fm eks cksks imbocoks, ms jomb clblcofk mb ltrks cksks fme Cmrrl Yoeekr y mb ltrls mspkcols imbocols lccofmbtkems.
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CLBCE]SOLBMS7 OBF]SVZOKE IKNOEOKZMS _ MCLBLNÎKS CLELBOKEMS Ek mblrnm ckbtofkf fm vksogks, fm rmstls fm prlfuccoób y fm cmrënocks fmfm imctulsks, fm pkrmfms fm dlrbls y fm ltrls îtmns rmekcolbkfls clb prlcmsls fm nkbuikcturk cmrënock rmcupmrkfls mb me smctlr 3/6 pmrnotmb mstkjemcmr ek msckek fm prlfuccoób fm mstm tkeemr keikrmrl y els prlfuctls qum mb ïe sm mekjlrkrlb. Me vleunmb fm mstks mvofmbcoks krqumleóhocks rmhostrkfl mb mstm smctlr pmrnotm prlplbmr qum mb mstm tkeemr sm mimctukjk ubk prlfuccoób mb nksk mstkbfkrozkfk. Me hrumsl fm su prlfuccoób mrkb ëbilrks, ub mbvksm clb ubk mblrnm fmnkbfk, utoeozkfl probcopkenmbtm pkrk trkbsplrtkr y clnmrcokeozkr prlfuctls poscîcleks y khrlpmcukrols y sus fmrovkfls. Ksonosnl mb mstm tkeemr sm nkbuikcturkrlb vkgovkgo eeks, eënpkrks, leeks y rmcopombtms utoeozkfls mb ek clcobk y mb ek vofk cltofokbk, l vksls pkrk me kenkcmbknombtl flnïstocl (Jkrcmeó mt ke., ;??=1 Curoà mt ke., ;???). Ek prlfuccoób fm mstm tkeemr bl mstkjk sóel fmstobkfk k kjkstmcmr rmfms elelckems, sobl qum sus prlfuccolbms corcuekrlb mb rmfms rmholbkems m obtmrrmholbkems qum kjkrckrlb ke nmbls ek clstk nmfotmrrëbmk kbfkeuzk y me mstm y me blrfmstm fm ek pmbîbsuek ojïrock, tke y clnl dkb plfofl mstkjemcmr kehubls mstufols cmrënocls (vïksm suprk). Mb els kûls 80 y 40 ubk smrom fm mstufols krqumleóhocls (Ykb (Ykb fmr Emmuw ;?881 Stkbemy mt ke., ;?4?) ceksockrlb els topls fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke k rtmskbke y prlpusomrlb qum mxostîk ubk rmekcoób mbtrm clbtmxtls fm prlfuccoób –rmsofmbcok, tkeemr obfovoobfovo fuke, b÷ceml obfustroke–, vle÷nmbms fm prlfuccoób, mstkbfkrozkcoób fm ek prlfucprlfuccoób y mspkcols y rmfms fm fostrojucoób fm eks nkbuikcturks qum mekjlrkjkb –clb–clbsunl flnïstocl, fostrojucoób elcke, rmholbke l obtmrrmholbke–. Mstk ceksockcoób, kjsleutknmbtm nlbleîtock, ems eemvó k clbstruor ubk gmrkrquîk clb prmtmbsolbms mvleutovks fm els sostmnks fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke. Mstk ceksockcoób els lrhkbolrhkbozó mb ubk msckek fm fmskrrleel uboeobmke qum clbfucîk fmsfm eks ilrnks nës sonson pems –prlfuccoób flnïstock7 rmkeozkfk mb me mspkcol rmsofmbcoke, rmsofmbcoke, k tomnpl pkrcoke y fmstobkfk ke clbsunl fme prlpol hrupl–, k eks nës clnpemgks –obfustrok k hrkb msckek–, pkskbfl plr ilrnks obtmrnmfoks –tkeemrms l obfustroks obfovofukems7 smsm hrmhkfls fme mspkcol rmsofmbcoke, clb prlfuccoób mstkbfkrozkfk y mb nksk, trkjktrkjk gl k tomnpl clnpemtl y fostrojucoób fostrojucoób mb rmfms rmholbkems– rmholbkems– (Ykb (Ykb fmr Emmuw ;?88). Ktmbfombfl k mstks ceksockcolbms fm clrtm ubovmrskeostk, eks ckrkctmrîstocks fm ek prlfuccoób fme tkeemr fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr –mb nksk, mstkbfkrozkfk, clnmrcokeoclnmrcokeozkfk obtmrrmholbkenmbtm– onpeockjk qum mstm tkeemr fmjîk dkjmr mstkfl smhrmhkfl fm kctovofkfms cltofokbks y fm mspkcols rmsofmbcokems. Sob mnjkrhl, ek mvofmbcok krqumleóhock qum dmnls vostl mb mstm smctlr bl pkrmcm kgustkrsm k mstk prlpumstk ceksocktlrok y bls suhomrm, plr me clbtrkrol, ek clbvovmbcok fm kctovofkfms flfl –:8–
nïstocks, fm clbsunl, y krtmskbkems mb ub mspkcol fm ckrëctmr prlfuctovl y rmsormsofmbcoke. K pkrtor fm els kûls ?0 mnpmzkrlb k pujeockrsm mstufols sljrm prlfuccoób krtmskbke ketmrbktovls k eks prlpumstks nlbleîtocks fm vkb fmr Emmuw. Mbtrm mstls trkjkgls fmstkck me fm Clstob (Clstob, ;??;) mb me qum sm plbmb mb fufk mstls nlnlfmels nlbleîtocls y sm cumstolbk ek rmekcoób ubovmrske qum prlplbmb mbtrm mstls kutlrms mbtrm msckek fm prlfuccoób y clbtmxtl fm prlfuccoób, ubk rmekcoób qum eemvó k vkb fmr Emmuw y k sus smhuoflrms k smhrmhkr eks kctovofkfms krtmskbkems k hrkb msckek fm els mspkcols rmsofmbcokems. K pkrtor fme trkjkgl fm Clstob sm dkb pujeockfl ub onplrtkbtm onplrtkbtm b÷nmrl fm mstufols, cmbtrkfls probcopkenmbtm probcopkenmbtm mb Nmsl Nmsl-knïrock, qum dkb pumstl fm nkbomstl ek rmemvkbcok fm els mspkcols rmsofmbcokems clnl ënjotls fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke k hrkb msckek y ek clbvovmbcok mb ub nosnosnl clbtmxtl fm fostobtks ilrnks fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke –obfustroks flnïstocks, tkeemrms obfovofukems, prlfuccoób cmbtrkeozkfk …– (mbtrm ltrls, Imobnkb y BocdlBocdleks :0001 Dortd :0091 :00?). Mstk nosnk clbvovmbcok fm ilrnks y clbtmxtls fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke pkpk rmcm mstkr prmsmbtm els mspkcols clelbokems lccofmbtkems, clnl dmnls vostl, gubtl mb k tkeemrms obfovofukems, qumimbocols kpkrmbtmnmbtm mstëbflbfm smhrmhkfls fme mspkcol rmsofmbcoke, ckfk vmz slb nës kjubfkbtms eks mvofmbcoks qum obfoobfockb me prltkhlbosnl fm els clbtmxtls rmsofmbcokems clnl euhkrms fm prlfuccoób krtmskbke. Mstk mvofmbcok bl sm eonotk k ek kctovofkf keikrmrk, sobl qum tknjoïb pumfm prlplbmrsm mb me cksl fm ltrks obfustroks, clnl ek nmtke÷rhock. Kehubks fm eks cksks mxckvkfks mb me ykconombtl imbocol fm Sk Ckemtk, mb Ojozk, slb ub jumb mgmnpel mb msm smbtofl (Zknlb, :008), clnl tknjoïb el slb ltrls ënjotls ënjotls mxckvkfls mb me nosnl Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr,, clnl ek cksk :, flbfm mb ubk fm eks mstkbcoks sm elckeozó ub tkeemr nmtke÷rhocl fmfockfl ke jmbmcol fm pelnl l pektk (Fmehkfl, :004j). Mstk clbvovmbcok fm kctovofkfms krtmskbkems y fm cuofkfl mb mspkcols prlfuctovls y ek bl smhrmhkcoób fm clbtmxtls rmsofmbcokems y krtmskbkems mb mstls mspkcols clelbokems imbocols lccofmbtkems bls mstë plbombfl fm nkbomstl qum els hrupls flnïstocls –ilrnkfls plr dlnjrms y nugmrms, boûls y boûks, kbcokbls y kbcokbks–, ubks hmbtms trkfocolbkenmbtm obvosojoeozkfks mb eks bkrrktovks krqumlkrqumleóhocks, iumrlb els probcopkems kctlrms mb eks mclblnîks clelbokems fme NmfotmrrëNmfotmrrëbml kbtohul.
–:4–
ZMIMZMBCOKS JOJEOLHZËIOCKS KEKONL, Z., HZMCL, C., O., O., & NLBVKBK, H. (:00:)7 Pdlmbocokb-Puboc cmrknoc wlrasdlps ob wmstmrb Socoey7 clnplsotolbke cdkrkctmrosktolb li rkw nktmrokes Vrmbfs kbf krtmikcts. Mb Y. Aoeoalhelu, K. Dmob, y _. Nkboktos (mfs.), Nlfmrb Vrmbfs ob Scombtoc Stufoms lb Kbcombt Cmrknocs7 pp. :08-:;4. Lxilrf7 Jrotosd Krcdkmlelhocke Zmplrts. KEKONL, Z., OEOLPL]ELS., H., & NLBVKBK, O. (:00=)7 Clbtrojutolb li Nobmrkelhocke, Pmtrlhrkpdoc kbf Cdmnocke Kbkeysms ob tdm Cdkrkctmrozktolb li tdm Cmrknoc Prlfuctolbs li Nltdok kbf Sleubtl (Socoey). Mb K. Spkbú (mf.), Ktto fme Y Clbhrmssl Obtmrbkzolbkem fo Stufo Imboco m Puboco, (Nkrskek-Pkemrnl, :–4 lttljrm :000)7 pp. 80=–;3. Pkemrnl7 ]bovmrsotà fo Pkemrnl. KEKL]O, N.A. (:008)7 Zmvoskbfl Aukss (Ksoekd, Nkrrumcls)7 tkeemrms cmrënocls mb ub mbcekvm imbocol, p÷bocl y nkurotkbl. Skhubtun, Mxtrk 8. K BFMZSLB, X.P X.P.. (;?48)7 Vdm aoebs kbf wlrasdlps li Skrmptk (Skrkikbf), Emjkblb. Jmrytus 3=7 6;-99. K BFMZSLB, X.P. (;?44)7 Skrmptk O7 Vdm Ektm Jrlbzm kbf Orlb Khm strktk li krmk
OO, _ 7 tdm ]bovmrsoty tdm ]bovmrsoty Pmbbsyevkbok mxckvktolbs kt Skrkikbf, Emjkblb.Nusmun Jmorut7 li Fïpkrtmn Fïpkrtmnmbt mbt fms li pujeocktol pujeocktolbs bs fm e‟]bovmrsotï e‟]bovmr sotï eojkbkosm. KZKBCOJOK, K., HKEOBFL, E., G]WHKFL, N., F]NKS, N. y SËBCDMW, Y.N. (:0;;)7 Kplrtkcolbms fm eks ÷etonks obtmrvmbcolbms k ek krqumlelhîk imbocok fm ek Jkdîk fm Nëekhk. Mb N. Ëevkrmz (mf.), Imbocols mb Vkrtmsls7 bumvks pmrspmctovks. Lxilrf7 Jrotosd Krcdkmlelhocke Zmplrts. KZZ]FK, K. N. (;???-:000)7 Els imbocols imbocols mb Plrtuhke7 imbocols y nubfl obfîhmbk mb me cmbtrl y sur fm Plrtuhke (sohels YOOO-YO k.C.). Cukfmrbls fm Krqumlelhîk Nmfotmrrëbmk, =-9. Jkrcmelbk. K]JMV, N. M. (;??8)7 ]b euhkr fm nmrckfl mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr. Mb N. M. Kujmt (mf.), Els imbocols mb Nëekhk7 pp. ;?8-:;3. Nëekhk7 ]bovmrsofkf fm Nëekhk. ‖, (:00:)7 (:00:)7 Bltks sljrm trms pmsls fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr (Nëekhk). Mb N. H. Knkfkso-Huzzl, N. Eovmrkbo, y P. Nkttdokm (mfs.), Fk Porhy k Nlzok7 Stufo suee‟Krcdmlelhok fme Nmfotmrrkbml Yocobl Lrombtm, [ukfmrbo 3.;7 pp. :?-60. Zlnk7 ]bovmrsotà fmheo stufo fo Zlnk ―ek Skpombzk„. ‖, (;???)7 (;???)7 Ek smcumbcok fokcróbock7 me clrtm =. Mb N.M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 me ksmbtknombtl imbocol mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. 83-;:8. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
‖, (:009)7 Lb tdm lrhkbozktolb li tdm Pdlmbocokb clelboke systmn ob Ojmrok. ‖, Mb C. Zovk y B. Ymeek (mfs.), Fmjktobh Lrombtkeozktolb7 Nuetofoscopeobkry –:?–
Kpprlkcdms tl Cdkbhm ob tdm Kbcombt Nmfotmrrkbmkb7
pp. ?6-;0?. Elbfrms7
Mquoblx Prmss. K]JMV, N. M., y FMEHKFL, K. (:003)7 Ek clelbok fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr y su tmrrotlrol. Mb C. Hónmz Jmeekrf (mf.), Mcldostlrok fme pkoskgm khrkrol, pp. =886. Ykembcok7 ]bovmrsotkt fm Ykeäbcok. K]JMV, N.M., EKYKFL, N.E. (;???)7 Me dlrbl dl rbl p÷bocl. p÷bocl . Mb N.M. Kujmt, P. P. Ckrnlbk, Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 M. K. Fmehkfl, Imrbëbfmz, N. Përrkhkfme (mfs.), me Curoà, ksmbtknombtl imbocolK.mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. ;:4-;3=. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. K]JMV, N.M., Z ]OW ]OW, K. y VZMEEOSÓ, E. (;???)7 Mstrktohrkiîk y urjkbîstock fme smctlr 3/6. Mb N.M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr O7 me ksmbtknombtl imbocol mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. ;:4-;3=. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. JKCDNKBB, D.-H. (;?4:)7 Ymrsucd zur Cdkrkatmrosomrubh pdùbozoscdmr Zltscdeocamr-Amrknoa vlb Vlsckbls not pdysoakeoscdmb Nmtdlfmb. Mb H. Nkkss-Eobfmnkbb (mf.), Vlsckbls. Fom wmstpdùboaoscdm Bomfmsekssubh kb fmr Nõbfubh fms Zîl Yïemz7 Hrkjubhsaknpkhbm ;?8; ub fom Onplrtfktomrtm wmstpdùboaoscdm Hrkjamrknoa fms 8./9. Gds v. Cdr. (pp. ::=-:3:). Jmreîb7
Xketmr Fm Hruytmr ubf Cl. JKZCMEÓ, G.K., FMEHKFL, K., IMZBËBFMW, K, PËZZKHK, N. (;??=)7 Me ërmk fm prlfuccoób keikrmrk fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr (Hukfkedlrcm, Nëekhk), Zovostk fo Stufo Imboco TTOOO7 ;68-;4:. JKZZOLS BMOZK, G., NLBVMKEMHZM, E., y EÓPMW PKELNL, E. (:0;0)7 (:0;0)7 Ckrkctmrozkcoób Ckrkctmrozkcoób nobmrkeóhock y tmxturke fm cmrënocks tkrtïsocks fm Ktmhuk (Córfljk, Mspkûk). Jlemtîb fm ek Slcomfkf Mspkûlek fm Cmrënock Cmrënock y Yofrol Yofrol, 6? (=)7 39;–380. JMEVZËB ILZVMS, G. y ELWK KW]KHK, N. E. (;??8)7 ―Prlfuccoób kbiórock y pkoskgm clstmrl mb me ënjotl fm ek Nkekck rlnkbk furkbtm me ketl Onpmrol. Mb Ioheobkm Nkekcotkbkm. Ek Prlfuccoób Prlfuccoób fm Cmrënock Zlnkbk Zlnkbk mb els Vmrrotlrols Vmrrotlrols Nkekcotkbls, pp. ;08-;69. Nëekhk7 ]bovmrsofkf fm Nëekhk.
JLVVL, N. (:006)7 (:006)7 Fk Fk Sueay k Dumevk7 clbsofmrkzolbo suo clnnmrco imboco bme krcdmlelhok m stlrok kbtock, ;;-;:7 ?-:4. Nmfotmrrkbml kbtocl. Kbbkeo fo krcdmlelhok CKZFMEE, C. (;???)7 (;???)7 Krqumlnmtrîk Krqumlnmtrîk fm eks cmrënocks imbocoks. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf (CF (CF Kbmxl)7 pp. ;-:3. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm
Kbfkeucîk. CKVKEÀ, N. (;???)7 Kbëeosos pkemlckrpleóhocl. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr –30–
O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. 308-3;:. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
CK] L BVOYMZLS, N.K. (:008)7 Ckrkctmrozkcoób nobmrkeóhock y pmtrlhrëck fm els nktmrokems kbiórocls. Mb G. Zknlb, K. Sëmz, K.N. Sëmz y K. Nuûlz (mfs.), Me tkeemr keikrmrl tkrflkrckocl fm Cknplsltl (Skb Imrbkbfl, Cëfoz)7 pp. :9?:4;. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. CLBVZMZKS , I., CfmKZZOÓB , I., GKJKEL_ , M.Pumbtm, (;?43)7Hrkbkfk ]b dlrbl keikrmrl prltldostórocl mb me Cmrrl els Obikbtms (Pobls ),fm TYO Clbhrmsl Bkcolbke fm Krqumlelhîk, pp. =33-=34. Wkrkhlzk. CLSVOB, C. (;??;)7 Crkit spmcokeozktolb7 ossums ob fmbobh, flcunmbtobh kbf mxpekobobh tdm lrhkbozktolb li prlfuctolb. Krcdkmlelhocke Nmtdlf kbf Vdmlry 37 ;-=9. C]ZOÀ, M. (;???)7 Eks onplrtkcolbms hromhks y mtruscks. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. :84-:43. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
C]ZOÀ, M., FMEHKFL, K., IMZBËBFMW, K. _ PËZZKHK, N. (;???)7 Eks onplrtkcolbms hromhks y mtruscks. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. ;=8-:88. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. FMEHKFL, K. (:004k)7 Imbocols mb Ojmrok. Mb I. I. Hrkcok (mf.), (m f.), Fm Ojmrok k Dospkbok7 pp. 368-686. Jkrcmelbk7 Krome. ‖, (:004j)7 ‖, (:004j)7 Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr,, fm mbcekvm clnmrcoke k pmroimrok urjkbk 7 fobënocks clelbokems mb ek jkdîk fm Nëekhk mbtrm els sohels YOOO y YO k.C. Mb F. Hkrcok Zujmrt, O. Nlrmbl Nkrtîbmz, y I. Hrkcok Kelbsl (mfs.), Clbtkctms. Obfîhmbms o imbocos k ek Nmfotmrràbok lccofmbtke mbtrm mes smhems YOOO o YO kbm7 kbm 7 pp. 9?-44. Keckbkr7 Kgubtknmbt f‟Keckbkr f‟Keckbkr.. ‖, (:0;0)7 ‖, (:0;0)7 Fm eks clcobks clelbokems y ltrks dostlroks soembcokfks7 flnmstocofkf, sujketmrbofkf m dojrofkcoób mb eks clelboks imbocoks lccofmbtkems. Skhubtun, Mxtrk ;07 :8-6:. ‖, (m.p.)7 ‖, (m.p.)7 Dlusmdlefs, nmrcdkbts kbf imkstobh7 slcol-mclblnoc fybknocs kbf clnnlbmrs‟ fmcosolbs ob tdm lrohobs li tdm Vkrtmssoc wlref (;;td-4td cmbturoms J.C.). Mb N. Cruz Jmrrlcke, E. Hkrcîk Skbguëb y K. Hoenkb (mfs.) Vdm Prmdostlry li Ojmrok7 Fmjktobh Mkrey Slcoke Strktocktolb kbf tdm Stktm. Lxilrf7 Zlutemfhm. FMEHKFL, K., IMZBËBFMW, K. y PËZZKHK, N. (;???)7 Fls tmrrkcltks prlcmfmbtms fme tkeemr keikrmrl fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M.
Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 –3;–
Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. :46-:4=. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
FLCVMZ , Z.I Z. I. (:008)7 Pujeosdmf Smttemnmbt Clbtmxts li Puboc Ckrtdkhm. Ckrtdkhm Stufoms ;7 38 – 89. 89. FLVDKB, N. (;?4?)7 Krcdkmlelhocke mvofmbcm ilr nlvmnmbts li tdm mkrey ―Smk Pmlpems„ ob Ckbkkb. Mb S. Hotob y X.H. Fmvmr (mfs.)7 Zmcmbt mxckvktolbs ob Osrkme7 Stufoms ob Orlb Khm krcdkmlelhy. Vdm Kbbuke li tdm Knmrockb Scdlles
li Lrombtke Zmsmkrcd, 6?7 =?-80. IKESLBM, H. (;?4;)7 Strutturk m lrohobm lrombtkem fmo ilrbo fk vkskol fo Nlzok . Stufo Nlblhrkco ;. Pkemrnl7 Ilbfkzolbm Housmppm Xdotkamr. IMOBNKB, H. N., y BOCDLEKS, E. N. (:000)7 Dohd-Obtmbsoty Dlusmdlef-Sckem Prlfuctolb ob Kbcombt Nmslknmrock7 k pmrspmctovm irln Mgutek, Lkxkck. Mb H. N. Imobnkb y E. Nkbzkboeek (mfs.), Cueturke Mvleutolb7 Clbtmnplrkry Yomwplobts7 pp. ;;?-;6:. Bmw _lra7 Aeuwmr Kckfmnoc/Pembun Pujeosdmr. HKEYËB, Y. Y. (;?49)7 Kbëeosos fm pkstks cmrënocks. Mb F. Zuoz Nktk y G. Imrbëbfmz Gurkfl, Me ykconombtl nmtke÷rhocl fm ïplck tkrtïsock fm Skb Jkrtlelnï fm Kenlbtm (Dumevk), Dumevk Krqumleóhock 47 :8=-33;. HKZCÎK KEILBSL, M. (:008)7 Mb ek lroeek fm Vkrtmssls7 obfîhmbks y imbocols mb eks tomrrks nkekhumûks. Nëekhk7 Iubfkcoób Nëekhk. HKZCOK PMVOV, E. (;???)7 Sljrm kehubls rmstls fm kvoikubk mb me Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr.. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. 3;?. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. HKZCOK O Z ]JMZV I. (:0;;)7 Pdlmbocokb trkfm ob tdm blrtd]JMZV, F., y HZKCOK KELBSL, I. mkst li tdm Ojmrokb pmbobsuek7 k dostlrolhrkpdocke prljemn. Lxilrf Glurbke li Krcdkmlelhy, 30(;)7 33–=9. HOEJLK, K. y SDKZLB, O. (:003)7 Kb Krcdkmlelhocke Krcdkmlelhocke clbtrojutolb tl tdm mkrey Orlb Khm cdrlblelhocke fmjktm7 ketmrbktovm cdrlblelhoms ilr Pdlmbocok kbf tdmor miimcts lb tdm Emvkbt, Cyprus, kbf Hrmmcm. Jueemtob li tdm Knmrockb Scdlles li Lrombtke Zmsmkrcd 33:7 8-8?. HLBWËEMW PZKVS, K., y P OBK, G. K. (;?43)7 Kbëeosos fm pkstks cmrënocks fm vksls dmcdls k tlrbl fm ek iksm lrombtkeozkbtm fm Pmûk Bmhrk (98=-==0/3=). Eucmbtun, :7 ;;=-;6=. HLBWËEMW FM CKBKEMS, I., SMZZKBL, E., y EELNPKZV, G. (:006)7 Me mnplrol imbocol prmclelboke fm Dumevk (ck. ?00-880 k.C.). Nkfrof7 Jojeoltmck Bumvk. HZMCL, C. (:000)7 Ek bmcrlpleo pubock fm Sleubtl. Mb N. M. Kujmt y N.
Jkrtdmemny (mfs.), Kctks fme OY Clbhrmsl Obtmrbkcolbke fm Mstufols Imbocols y –3:–
P÷bocls, OOO, (Cëfoz, : ke 9 lctujrm fm ;??=)7 pp. ;3;?–3=. Cëfoz7 ]bovmrsofkf
fm Cëfoz. HÕMEE, K. Mstufol nkekcleóh nk ekcleóhocl ocl fme Cmrrl C mrrl fme Yoeekr. Yoeekr. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. P. Ckrnlbk, Ckrnlbk , M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. 3::-333. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
DOZVD , A.Ljsofokb (:009)7 Nlfmeobh flnmstocobcrkit prlfuctolb Tlcdockecl. Mb A. Dortd (mf.), crkit prlfuctolb kbcombt cmbtrke kt Nmxocl 7 pp. :8=-:49. Sket Ekam Coty7 Vdm ]bovmrsoty li ]tkd Prmss. ‖, (:00?)7 ‖, (:00?)7 Crkit prlfuctolb, dlusmdlef fovmrsocktolb kbf flnmstoc mclblny ob Prmdospkboc Nmslknmrock. Krcdkmlelhocke pkpmrs li tdm Knmrockb Kbtdrlplelhocke Ksslcoktolb, ;? (;)7 ;3-3:. EKHÓSVMBK, E. (:00;)7 Ek prlfuccoób fm skesks y clbsmrvks fm pmsckfl mb ek Dospkbok Zlnkbk. Jkrcmelbk7 Mfocolbs ]bovmrsotkt Jkrcmelbk. EÓPMW KNKFLZ , G.G., J]MBL S MZZKBL, P., Z ]OW ]OW H OE, G.K, PZKFK G ]B[]MZK, N. FM. (;??9)7 Vkrtmsols y imbocols mb Cknpoeel, me Pumrtl fm Skbtk Nkrîk7 Cëfoz7 ubk kplrtkcoób k ek crlblelhîk fme Jrlbcm Iobke mb me Lccofmbtm fm Murlpk .
Cëfoz7 Irkbcoscl Hoems Pkcdmcl. NKZVÎBMW KECKEFM, N. (;???)7 Mxckvkcoób krqumleóhock mb ek zlbk fm Ek Kejmrck (Elrck, Nurcok). ]b dlrbl keikrmrl fm els sohels YOO-YO k.C. y ub cmbtrl clnmrcoke y noeotkr fm ïplck tkrflp÷bock y rlnkbk. Nmnlroks fm Krqumlelhîk, ;67 :;3-:90. NKZVÎB CÓZFLJK, M., Z KNÎZMW KNÎZMW SËBCDMW, G.F. y Z MCOL MCOL Z ]OW ]OW, K. (:00=)7 Bumvl smctlr urjkbl imbocol mb me ykconombtl fm Eks Cdlrrmrks (Yïemz-Nëekhk, Nëekhk). Jkeeox :7 ;-33. NKZVÎB CÓZFLJK, M., Z KNÎZMW KNÎZMW SËBCDMW, G.F., y Z MCOL MCOL Z ]OW ]OW, K. (:009)7 Prlfuccoób keikrmrk imbocol-p÷bock mb ek clstk fm Yïemz Nëekhk (sohels YOOO-Y k.C.). Nkobkam, :47 :=8-:48. NKZVÎB CÓZFLJK, M., Z KNÎZMW KNÎZMW SËBCDMW, G.F., Z MCOL MCOL Z ]OW ]OW, K. y NLZMBL KZKHÕMW, K. (:008)7 Bumvls ykconombtls imbocols mb ek clstk fm Yïemz-Nëekhk (Nëekhk). Jkeeox 37 8-69. NKZVÎBMW Z LFZÎH]MW LFZÎH]MW, K., y PLBCM HKZCÎK, G. (:00:)7 Kplrtkcolbms k els lrîhmbms fm ek keikrmrîk mb Elrck k pkrtor fme dlrbl ojïrocl dkeekfl mb ek ckeem Kelbsl Ikgkrfl, bl ;. Nmnlroks fm Krqumlelhîk Krqumlelhîk, ;;, 38?-3?0. NKZWLEO, F., EÓPMW PKZFL, I., S]ËZMW PKFOEEK, G., HLBWËEMW XKHBMZ , C., NOMEAM, F.P., EMÓB NKZVÎB, C., Z ]OW ]OW CKJZMZL, E., mt ke . (:0;0)7 Els obocols fme urjkbosnl mb eks slcomfkfms kutóctlbks elckeozkfks mb me mbtlrbl fme Mstrmcdl fm Hojrketkr7 obvmstohkcolbms mb els Ckstoeemgls fm Keclrrîb y su tmrrotlrol (Nkboevk, Nëekhk). Nmbhk, O 7 ;=3-;4:. –33–
NOEEËB, K., KZZOJKS, G. H., JMBÎVMW, P., CKEFMZÓB, V., y Z ]IMVM ]IMVM, P. (;??0)7 Ckrkctmrozkcoób nobmrkeóhock fm cmrënocks fm eokcoób imbocok, hromhk y Krqumleóhock, ;:, 60;-669. turfmtkbk fm Dumevk. Dumevk Krqumleóhock NOEEMZ , D.N.E. (:008)7 Krcdkmlelhocke Kpprlkcdms Kpprlkcdms tl Vmcdblelhy. Jureobhtlb7 Kckfmnoc Prmss. NLEOBLS, N., Z ÎS[]MW ÎS[]MW, C., SMZZKBL, G.E., y NLBVOEEK, S. (;??6)7 ]b prljemnk fm irlbtmrks mb ek pmroimrok fm Vkrtmssls7 Eks Ckekûks fm Nkrnlemgl .
Gkïb7 Smrvocol fm Pujeockcolbms fm ek ]bovmrsofkf fm Gkïb. NLBVMZL, N. (;???)7 Obilrnm fm krqumlikubk. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. :84-:43. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
BKYKZZL, G.G. (;??8)7 Mstufol kbkeîtocl fm els nktmrokems cmrënocls fm ek cksk fme Nkrquïs fm Sketoeel (Ckrnlbk, Smvoeek). Mb N. Jmeïb, Z. Kbhekfk, G.E. Msckcmbk, K. Gonïbmz y Z. Eobmrls (mfs.), Krqumlelhîk mb Ckrnlbk (Smvoeek)7 Mxckvkcolbms mb ek Cksk-Pkekcol fme Nkrquïs fm Sketoeel7 pp. :93-3;:. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. LHHOKBL, O. (:000)7 Ek cmrknock imbocok fo Skbt‟Onjmbok. Mb P. Jkrtlelbo y E. clbirlbto. Cknpkbmeek, Ek Cmrknock imbocok fo Skrfmhbk7 fkto, prljemnktocdm, clbirlbto. Ktto fme Pronl Clbhrmssl Obtmrbkzolbkem Suecotkbl (Skbt‟Kbtolcl, ;?-:; smttmnjrm ;??8)7 pp. :3=-=4. Zlnk7 Clbsoheol Bkzolbkem fmeem Zocmrcdm. PKFOKE, J., HKZZOFL, L., JKZKDLBK, M., KH]K_L, P. y CKZZOEMZL, N. N. (:000)7 Mstufols kbkeîtocls fm ub clbgubtl fm ëbilrks fm toplelhîk imbocok lccofmbtke fme ksmbtknombtl prltldostórocl fm Zlbfk ek Yomgk Yomgk (Zlbfk, Nëekhk). Mb Kctks fme OY Clbhrmsl fm Mstufols Imbocols y P÷bocls (Cëfoz, :-9 lctujrm fm ;??=), vle. 67 pp. ;46;-;4=0. Cëfoz7 ]bovmrsofkf fm Cëfoz. PËZZKHK, N. (;??9)7 Prlfuccoób cmrënock y krqumlelhîk. Vrkjkgl fm obvmstohkcoób obïfotl. ]bovmrsotkt Kutúblnk Kutúblnk fm Jkrcmelbk. PLBSOCD, N. (;?94)7 Keikrmrîks fm ïplck imbocok y p÷bocl-nkurotkbk mb Aukss Ykembcok, 6, (Krcoek, Nkrrumcls). Pkpmems fme Ekjlrktlrol fm Krqumlelhîk fm Ykembcok ;-:=. PZOVCDKZF, G.J. (;?8=)7 Skrmptk, k prmeonobkry rmplrt lb tdm Orlb Khm7 mxckvktolbs li tdm ]bovmrsoty Nusmun li tdm ]bovmrsoty li Pmbbsyevkbok, ;?80-8:. Pdoekfmepdok7 ]bovmrsoty Nusmun, ]bovmrsoty li Pmbbsyevkbok. Z KALJ KALJ, I. (;??4)7 Ek tlplhrkiîk fm ek coufkf p÷bock7 bumvks obvmstohkcolbms. Mb N. Ymhks (mf.), Ckrtkhl imbocol-p÷bock. Cukfmrbls fm Krqumlelhîk Nmfotmrrëbmk 67 pp. ;=-69. Jkrcmelbk. Z KNLB KNLB, G. (;??;)7 Jkrrol obfustroke fm ek coufkf p÷bock fm Ojozk7 me tkeemr KM-:0.
Cukfmrbls fm prmdostlrok y krqumlelhîk ckstmeelbmbsms, ;=7 :68-:49. –36–
‖, (:009)7 Ek prlymccoób clnmrcoke nmfotmrrëbmk y kteëbtock fm els cmbtrls ‖, imbocols nkekhumûls mb ïplck krckock. Nkobkam, :47 ;4?-:;:. ‖, (:008)7 Mxckvkcolbms krqumleóhocks mb me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm Sk Ckemtk (Ojozk). Cukfmrbls fm Krqumlelhîk Nmfotmrrëbmk, ;9. Jkrcmelbk. ‖, (:0;0)7 Ek cmrënock imbocok fme Nmfotmrrëbml mxtrmnl-Lccofmbtke y fme ‖, Kteëbtocl (s. YOOO-;Z. ;/3 fme YO k.C.)7 prljemnks y pmrspmctovks kctukems. rmpmrtlormm jmtwmmb tdm Mb E. Bohrl (mf.), Nltyk kbf tdm Pdlmbocokb cmrknoc rmpmrtlor Emvkbt kbf tdm Xmst ?td-9td cmbtury J.C.7 pp. :;;-:=3. Zlnk7 ]bovmrsotà
fmheo stufo fo Zlnk ―Ek Skpombzk„. Z KNLB keikrmrl l tkrflkr tkrflkrckocl ckocl KNLB, G., SËMW, K., SËMW, K.N. y N]ÛLW, K. (:008)7 Me tkeemr keikrmr fm Cknplsltl (Skb Imrbkbfl, Cëfoz). Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk. Z LFZÎH]MW LFZÎH]MW, C.H. (;???)7 Eks octolikubks fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr. Mb N. M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, & N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 Me ksmbtknombtl imbocol fm ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. 3:0-3:6. Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm Kbfkeucîk.
Z LFZÎH]MW LFZÎH]MW, G.N., NLZLVVO N, PËZZKHK N, y CKZFMEE, C. (;???)7 Krqumlnmtrîk fm cmrënocks imbocoks fm ―Cmrrl fme Yoeekr„ Yoeekr„ (Hukfkedlrcm, Nëekhk)7 clnplsocoób y prlcmfmbcok. Mb G. Ckpme (mf.), Krqumlnmtrîk y Krqumlelhîk7 pp. ;08-;:0. Hrkbkfk7 ]bovmrsofkf fm Hrkbkfk. Z LS LS SKEK, N.N. (;?4?)7 Fobënock urjkbîstock y cueturk nktmroke fme Domrrl Kbtohul mb me vkeem fme Hukfkembtîb Hukfkembtîb. Nurcok7 ]bovmrsofkf fm Nurcok. Z LS LS, N.V. y J]ZGKCDS, I. (;???)7 Pkemlvmhmtkcoób fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr. Mb N.M. Kujmt, P. Ckrnlbk, M. Curoà, K. Fmehkfl, K. Imrbëbfmz, N. Përrkhk (mfs.), Cmrrl fme Yoeekr O7 me ksmbtknombtl imbocol mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk fme rîl Hukfkedlrcm y su obtmrkccoób clb me dobtmrekbf 7 pp. =-8; Smvoeek7 Gubtk fm
Kbfkeucîk. Z LYOZK LYOZK, C. (:00=)7 Els tkeemrms nmtke÷rhocls imbocols fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr (Hukfkedlrcm, Nëekhk). Mb K. Spkbbl (mf.), Ktto Y Clbhrmssl Obtmrbkzolbkem fo Stufo Imboco m Puboco7 pp. ;:9;-;:80. Pkemrnl7 ]bovmrsotà fmheo stufo fo Pkemrnl. SCD]JKZV, D. (;?48)7 Dkeekzhls imbocols y fme Jrlbcm Iobke mb ek fmsmnjlckfurk Krqumleóhocl fm Kbfkeucîk / ;?49 , vle. OOO, fme rîl Hukfokrl (Cëfoz). Kbukrol Krqumleóhocl pp. :00-::8. SMNPMZM, M. (;???)7 Cktkelhkcoób fm krcoeeks, tïcbocks y kckjkfls fm ek keikrmrîk dospkbl Plrtuhumsk. Jlemtîb fm ek Slcomfkf Mspkûlek fm Cmrënock y Yofrol, 34(6), 39?-389. SPKBÚ, K. :00:. Strutturm ob nkttlbo crufo bmeem krmm «obfustrokeo± fo Nltdok. Mb N. H. Knkfkso-Huzzl, N. Eovmrkbo, y P. Nkttdokm (mfs.), Fk Porhy k Nlzok7 –3=–
Stufo suee‟Krcdmlelhok fme Nmfotmrrkbml Yocobl Lrombtm 7
pp. =6=–=6. Zlnk7
]bovmrsotà fmheo stufo fo Zlnk ―ek Skpombzk„. SVKBEM_, Z., KZBLEF, P. y PLLE, C. (;?4?)7 Vdm cmrknocs prlfuctolb systmn kt Krcdkmlelhy ;97 ;08-3:. Nktkckpkb, Ymrkcruz, Nmxocl. Glurbke li Iomef Krcdkmlelhy YKB FMZ EMM]X, S. M. (;?88)7 Vlwkrfs k stufy li tdm mclblnocs li plttmry nkaobh . Mx Dlrrml, 67 94-89. XLLF , J.H. (;??0)7 Vdm slcolelhy li plttmry ob kbcombt Pkemstobm7 tdm cmrknoc obfustry kbf tdm foiusoób li cmrknoc styem ob tdm Jrlbzm kbf Orlb Khms .
Sdmimef7 GSLV Prmss. WLZB, G. (;??4)7 Vdm fktobh li k mkrey Orlb Khm Aoeb irln Vmee ke-Bksjkd. Emvkbt 307 ;??-:0:.
–39–
IOH]ZKS
Iohurk ;. Pekbtk fm ub ërmk fm prlfuccoób cmrënock mxckvkfk mb ek kefmk rurke fm Ckekûks fm Nkrnlemgl, Gkïb (Nleobls mt ke . ;??67 h. ;:).
–38–
Iohurk :. Nkpk fm eks fmsmnjlckfurks fme Yïemz y Kehkrrljl (s. YOOO-Y k.C.), clb ek elckeozkcoób fm els tkeemrms fm keikr fm Ek Pkbcdk (s. YOO-YO k.C.) y Els Kehkrrljmûls (s.Y k.C.) (Nkrtîb mt ke. :008, h. :, nlfockfl).
–34–
Iohurk 3. Ek Jkdîk fm Nëekhk y me fmetk fme f me Hukfkedlrcm mb els sohels YOOO-YO k.C. (Hkrcîk Keilbsl :008, nlfockfl).
–3?–
Iohurk k.C.). 6. Pljeknombtl mb me vkeem fme Hukfkedlrcm y me mbtlrbl fm ek Jkdîk fm Nëekhk (s. YOOO-YO
–60–
Iohurk =. Pekbtk fm ksmbtknombtl fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr obfockbfl eks zlbks mxckvkfks.
–6;–
Iohurk 9. Yostk hmbmrke fme smctlr ? clb els Dlrbls ; y :.
Iohurk 8. Fojugl msqumnëtocl fm ub dlrbl fm fljem flj em cënkrk (Noeemr :0087 h. 6.4, nlfockfl).
–6:–
Iohurk 4. Smctlr ?, Dlrbl ;.
–63–
Iohurk ?. Smctlr ?, Dlrbl ;7 K. Nktmrokems utoeozkfls clnl nktmroke clbstructovl fme D;1 J. Nktmrokems elckeozkfls mb me rmeembl fme Dlrbl. Fojugls7 Z. Nkreksck.
–66–
Iohurk ;0. Smctlr ?7 Cmrënocks prlcmfmbtms fm mspkcols fm trkjkgl kslcokfls ke iubcolbknombtl fme Dlrbl ;. Fojugls7 Z. Nkreksck.
–6=–
Iohurk ;;. Smctlr ?, Dlrbl :.
–69–
Iohurk ;:. Smctlr ?7 Cmrënocks prlcmfmbtms fm mspkcols kslcokfls ke Dlrbl :. Fojugls7 Z. Nkreksck.
–68–
J
O
G 8 = . 6
3 6 . 6
3 6 . 6
9 6 . 6
3 6 . 6
. n =
6 M V Z L C
B 4 8 . 6
0 8 ? . 6 4 = . 6 8 8 . 6
4 ? . 6
3 0 . =
4 = . 6
8 = . 6
3 4 . 6
3 ? . 6
6 K
6 ? . 6 4 ? . 6
; ? . 6
0 9 0 . ? . = 6
9 ? . 6 9 ? . 6
: 8 . 6 4 4 . 6
3 4 . 6
8 4 . 6
= 4 . 6 = ? . 6
: 0 . 4 = ? . 6
8 8 . 6
4 4 . 6
4 4 . 6 : ? . 6
3 9 . 6
6 4 . 6
4 ? . 6
; 4 . 6 = 9 . 6
: 9 . 6
6 9 . 6
3 9 . 6 0 9 . 6
0 9 . 6
0 9 . 6
4 4 . 9 9 6 4 . 4 . 0 6 9 6 ? . 4 . 6 4 9 6 ? . 4 6 6 . 4 6 . 6 4 ? . 6 4 ? . 6 0 0 . =
= = . 6
? 6 . 6
: 4 . 6
l g k j k r t m f k m r
4 ? . 6 9 ? . 6
: = . 6
0 9 . 6
= = . 6
? = . 6
m t r l c e m f m t o
6 ? . 6 0 ? . 6
0 = . 6
4 ? . 6
9 4 . 6
k r l i b Ë
6 = . 6
0 9 . 6
9 4 . 6 : ? . 6 4 4 . 6
8 0 . 6
6 ? . 6
K 0 ? . 6 3 8 . 6
H
n î E
6 ? . 6 9 3 . 6
? 6 . 6
3 4 . 6
; 9 . 6 9 4 . 6
: 9 . 6
9 4 . 6 4 ? . 6
6 9 . 6
6 4 . 6
: K : ? . 6
6 ? . 6
0 4 . 6
0 ? . 6
: = . 6 8 ? . 6
9 9 . 6
3 9 . 6
9 = . 6
; 4 . 6 4 9 . 6
4 4 . 6 4 ? . 6
4 8 . 6
= 4 . 6
= 6 . 6
; ? . 6
3 9 . 6
: ? . 6
9 ? . 6
9 = . 6
: = . 6
: ? . 6
0 0 . =
3 0 . =
3 K
4 = . 6
9 6 . 6
6 4 . 6
8 0 . =
0 9 . 6
? ? . 6
3 = . 6
= 4 . 6
3 ? . 6
? 8 . 6
8 = . 6
0 0 . =
4 4 . 6
0 ? . 6
: 0 . =
; 8 . 6
; ? . 6
8 ? . 6
6 ? . 6
8 0 . =
8 9 . 6
3 4 . 6
8 = . 6
s l b r l D
3 0 . =
D
k t r m u P
0 ? . 6
; 8 . 6
4 = . 6
6 9 . 6 : 9 . 6
4 6 . 6
: 4 . 6
l t b m
3 M V Z L C
; K
n o v k P
9 4 . 6
0 6 . 6
: 9 . 6
6 9 . 6
l c o b ÷ P l b r l D
3 6 . 6 0 4 . 6
3 4 . 6
4 4 . 6 3 4 . 6 0 ? . 6
6 4 . 6
4 4 . 6
= ? . 6
; 8 . 6 6 4 . 6
: 8 . = 6 8 . 6
: 9 . 6
= : . 6
3 4 . 6
4 4 . 6
I
6 4 . 6
9 ? . 6
= . 3 = ? = 6 . 9 . 6 3 6 = . 6 8 ; . 6
: : . 6
M
; = . 6
6 9 . 6 6 4 . ; 6 ? . 6
3 : . 6
3 : . 6
3 : . 6
6 4 . 6
C
K
6 ? . 6
J
6 ? . 6 9 ? . 6
: ? . 6 : ? .
= 6 . 6
4 ? . 6 ; 0 . 6 : 4 . 6
4 ? . = 6 : . 6
? ? . 6
4 ? . 6
; = . 6 ; : . 6
; ? . 6
6 ? . 6
= ? . 6 8 4 . 6
: ? . 6
? 4 . 6
; ? . 6
F : : . 6
= : . 6
9 ? . 6
8 : . 6
: 6 . 6
4 4 . 4 . 6 4 6
6 : . 6
8 4 . 6
6 ; ? . 6
j O O l t k r t s m e m f k t b k e p = M V Z L C
9 = . 6
6 4 . 6
6 / 3 m t r l C r k e e o Y e m f l r m C
6 ? . 6
0 ? . 6
; 4 . 6
= 4 . 6
= ? . 6
= = . 6
? 9 . 6
4 4 . 6
? 4 . 6 9 4 . 6
= ? . 6
0 ? . 6
0 ? . 6
= ? . 6
? 4 . 6
= 4 . 6
0 ? . 6
. n 3
:
;
0
K
Iohurk ;3. Pekbtk fme tkeemr keikrmrl fme smctlr 3/6 fme Cmrrl fme Yoeekr (Kujmt ;???7 h. 38)
–64–
VZMJKEES FME N]SM] KZ[]MLEÚHOC F‟MOYOSSK O ILZNMBVMZK
B· ;
E]CMZBKS ZLNKBKS FME N]SML KZ[]MLEÓHOC KZ[]MLEÓHOCL L FM OJOWK. PLZ G G LZHM D. IMZBËBFMW _ M SPMZKBWK NKBMZK. O JOWK, ;?8?. :: pp. y OT eëns. (Khltkfl)
B· :
CMZËNOCKS FM ONOV ONOVKCOÓB KCOÓB ËVOCKS FME N]SML KZ[]MLEÓHOCL FM OJOWK. PLZ GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW _ GLSÏ L. HZKBKFLS. OJOWK, ;?8?. 6? pp. pp. y O eën. (Khltkfl) B· 3 JOJEOLHZK JOJEOLHZKIÎK IÎK KZ[]MLEÓHOC KZ[]MLEÓHOCK K FM EKS OSEKS POVO]SKS. PLZ G GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;?40. 8: pp. (Khltkfl) B· 6 ME DOPLHML FM CKB CKB PMZM CKV CKVKEÀ FMS PLZ PLZV V (SKBV YOCMBV FM SK CKEK). PLZ G G LZHM D. IMZBËBFMW. O JOWK, ;?40. 36 pp. y YOOO eëns. (Khltkfl) B· = OJOWK _ EK COZC]EKCOÓB COZC]EKCOÓB FM ËBILZKS IMBOCOKS _ P× BOCKS MB ME NMFOVMZZËBML LCCOFMBV LCCOFMBVKE. KE. PLZ G G]KB Z K B· 9 B· 8 B· 4 B· ? B· ;0 B· ;; B· ;: B· ;3
NÓB. OJOWK,
;?4;. 6? ;?4;. 6? pp., 9 hs. y OOO eëns. (Khltkfl) (Khltkfl) ]B DOPLHML OBV OBVKCVL KCVL MB EK BMCZÓPLEOS FME P]OH FMS NLEOBS. MOYOSSK. PLZ G G LZHM D. IMZBËBFMW. O JOWK, ;?4;. 36 pp., T eëns. y ub pekbl fm ek bmcrópleos. (Khltkfl) MSCKZKJMLS MSCKZKJML S FME N]SML KZ[]MLEÓHOC KZ[]MLEÓHOCL L FM OJOWK. PLZ GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW _ GLSMP PKFZÓ. NKFZOF, ;?4:. :6? pp. :6? pp. clb hs. y eëns. ME SKBV]KZOL FM MS C]OMZKN. PLZ Nª. Nª. M]HMBOK K]JMV SMNNEMZ . OJOWK, ;?4:. == pp. pp. y TTT eëns. (Khltkfl) (Khltkfl) ]ZBK FM LZMGMVKS LZMGMVKS CLB OBCOBMZKCOÓB OBCOBMZKCOÓB OBI OBIKBVOE KBVOE FME P]OH NLEOBS. PLZ CKZELS HÓNMW JMEEKZF. OJOWK, ;?43. :9 pp. FMS y O eën. H]ÎK FME P]OH FMS NLEOBS. PLZ GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW. NKFZOF, ;?43. :6: pp. (Khltkfl) EK CLELBOWKCOÓ CLELBOWKCOÓB B P×BOCL-MJ]SOV P×BOCL-MJ]SOVKBK KBK FM NKEELZCK. NKEELZCK. MSVKFL FM EK C]MSVOÓB. PLZ Y Y ÎCVLZ N. H]MZZMZL K_]SL. OJOWK, ;?46. 3? pp., :6 hs. y YOOO eëns. SLJZM KZ[]MLELHÎK KZ[]MLELHÎK MJ]SOVKBK. MJ]SOVKBK. PLZ GLSM Nª. NKÛË FM K BH]EL. OJOWK, ;?46. ;86 pp. (Khltkfl) MSC]EV]ZK MSC]E V]ZK ZLNKBK FM OJOWK. PLZ K K EJMZVL JKEOE. OJOWK, ;?4=. ;? pp. y YOOO eëns.
–:==–
B· ;6 BLVKS BLVKS PKZK ]B MSV]FOL FM EK OJOWK N]S]ENKBK.PLZ H]OEEMZNL Z LSSMEEÓ LSSMEEÓ JLZFL_. OJOWK, ;?4=. ;?4=. 9? pp. (Khltkfl) B· ;= JOJEOLHZK JOJEOLHZKIÎK IÎK KZ[]MLEÓHOC KZ[]MLEÓHOCK K FM EKS OSEKS POVO]SKS (OO). PLZ G GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;?49. 6: pp. (Khltkfl) B· ;9 KN]EMVLS FM VOPL MHOPCOL FME N]SML KZ[]MLEÓHOCL FM OJOWK. PLZ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW _ GLSMP PKFZÓ. OJOWK, ;?49. ;0? pp., 8 hs. y TYOO eëns. (Khltkfl) B· ;8 EKS POBV]ZKS Z]PMSVZMS FM SK CLY CLYK K FMS YO SMS ILBVKBMEEMS. ILBVKBMEE MS. SKBV KBVLB KBVLBOO FM PLZVNK PLZVNK_ _. (OJO (OJOWK). WK). PLZ K BVLBOL JMEVZËB, JMBGKNÎB CLSVK _ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;?48. :9 pp., ;: hs. y OT eëns. (Khltkfl) B· ;4 ME SKBV]KZOL FM EK OEEK PEKBK (OJOWK)7 ]BK PZLP]MSVK FM KBËEOSOS. PLZ MSVDMZ DKCD]ME _ YOCMBVM NKZÎ. OJOWK, ;?44. ?: pp., ;: hs. y TTOO eëns. B· ;? ME SMP]ECZL SMP]ECZL NMHKEÎVOCL FM CK BK CLSV CLSVK K (ILZNMB(ILZNMBVMZK). PKZVM O. PLZ G G LZFO D. IMZBËBFMW, E ]OS P EKBVKEKNLZ _ MYMZVM. CMEOK VLPP. PKZVM OO. PLZ IZKBCOSCL HÓNMW _ GLSÏ N. Z MYMZVM OJOWK, ;?44. 89 pp., ;4 hs. y T eëns. (Khltkfl) B· :0 MPOHZKIÎK ZLNKBK FM MJ]S]S. PLZ G GKONM G]KB CKSVMEEÓ. OJOWK, ;?44. ;;4 pp., : hs. y TYOO eëns. B· :; ME YOFZOL ZLNKBL MB ME N]SML FME P]OH FMS NLEOBS. PLZ C CZOSVOBK NOH]ÏEMW Z KNLS KNLS. OJOWK, ;?4?. 84 pp., 6; hs. y YOOO eëns. B· :: ME YMZ YMZVMFMZL VMFMZL FM EK KYFK. KYFK. MSP MSPKÛK KÛK B· 3 _ ME SOHEL OOO F.C. MB MJ]S]S. PLZ Z Z OCKZFL OCKZFL HLBWËEMW YOEEKMSC]SK. OJOWK, ;??0. ;;: pp., 34 hs. y OOO eëns. (Khltkfl) B· :3 EKS ËBILZKS P×BOCKS FM OJOWK. PLZ G. Z KNLB KNLB. OJOWK, ;??;. ;?? pp., =9 hs. y TTTO eëns. (Khltkfl) B· :6 O-OY GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×B IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. OCK. (OJOWK, ;?49-4?). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;??;. :=? pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· := EK CKÎFK FM VOZL _ ME K]HM FM CKZ CKZV VKHL. Y GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. (OJOWK, ;??0). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;??;. 49 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· :9 NKZCKS FM VMZZK SOHOEEK SOHOEEKV VK FME N]SML KZ[]MLEÓHOCL FM OJOWK. PLZ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW, GLSÏ L. H ZKBKFLS _ –:=9–
Z OCKZFL OCKZFL HLBWËEMW YOEEKMSC]SK. OJOWK, ;??:. ?= pp., TTOO eëns. y hs. (Khltkfl) B· :8 PZLF PZLF]CCO ]CCOLBMS LBMS KZ KZVMSK VMSKBKEM BKEMS S IMBO IMBOCOLCOL-P×B P×BOCKS OCKS.. YO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. (OJOWK, ;??;). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;??:. ;??:. 48 pp. clb hs. y eëns. (Khltkfl) B· :4- :? MTCK MTCKY YKCOLBMS MB EK BMCZÓPLEOS FME P]OH FMS NLEOBS (MOYOSSK). EKS CKNPKÛKS FM F. CKZELS ZLNËB IMZZMZ7 ;?:;-;?:?. Plr G GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;??:. 3 Vlnls B· 30 JOJEOLHZK JOJEOLHZKIÎK IÎK KZ[]MLEÓHOC KZ[]MLEÓHOCK K FM EKS OSEKS POVO]SKS (OOO). PLZ JMBGKNÎ CLSVK _ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;??3. ;;6 pp. (Khltkfl) B· 3; B]NOSNËVOCK DOSP DOSPKBL-P×BOCK. KBL-P×BOCK. MSV MSVKFL KFL FM EK EK OBYMSVOHKCOÓB. YOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOLP×BOCK (OJOWK, ;??:). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;??3. ;94 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 3: ME PLWL P×BOCL P×BOCL FME «DLZ «DLZV V F‟MB TON± (MOYOSSK). (MOYOSSK). PLZ G. Z KNLB ;??6. 43 pp. clb hs. eëns. (Khltkfl) KNLB. OJOWK, ;??6. B· 33 CKZ CKZV VKHL, HKFOZ, MJ]S]S _ EK OBIE]MBCOK P×BOCK MB ELS VMZZOVLZOLS DOSPKBLS. YOOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BO IMBOCOL-P×BOCK CK (OJOWK, ;??3). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;??6. ;93 pp. clb hs. y eëns. (Khltkfl) B· 36 NLBMFK O NLBMFMS ÀZKJS K E‟OEEK F‟MOYOSSK. PLZ IÄEOT Z MVKNMZL MVKNMZL. OJOWK, ;??=. 80 pp. clb hs. y eëns. (Khltkfl) B· 3= EK PZLJEMNËVOCK FME OBI OBIKBVOCOFOL KBVOCOFOL MB EKS SLCOMFKFMS IMBOCOL-P×BOCKS. OT GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK (MOYOSSK, ;??6). PLZ KK.YY. Ojozk, ;??=.IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. ?0 pp. clb hs. y eëns. (Khltkfl) B· 39 EKS C]MBV C]MBVKS KS FM YOFZOL PZMZZLNKBKS FME N]SML KZ[]MLELHOCL FM OJOWK _ ILZNMBVMZK. PLZ M M BCKZBKCOÓB Z ]KBL ]KBL Z ]OW ]OW. OJOWK, ;??9. ;0; pp. clb hs. y eëns. k clelr. B· 38 YOFZOLS FME P]OH FMS NLEOBS (MOYOSSK). EK CLEMCCOÓB FM F. GLSÏ CLSVK ―POCKZLE„ P LZ KK.YY KK.Y Y. O JOWK, ;??8. ;30 pp. clb hs. y eëns. k clelr. B· 34 PZLSPMCC PZLSPMCCOLBMS OLBMS HML-KZ[]MLEÓHO HML-KZ[]MLEÓHOCKS CKS MB EKS CLSVKS FM OJOWK. OJOW K. PLZ D DLZSV F. SCD]EW _ HMZVK NKKSS-EOBFMNKBB. OJOWK, ;??8. 9: pp., clb hs. y eëns. –:=8–
B· 3? IM-;3. ]B VKEEMZ KEI KEIKZMZL KZMZL FM FM ÏPLCK P×BOCK MB SMS IOH]MZMVMS (MOYOSSK). PLZ G GLKB Z KNLB KNLB VLZZMS. OJOWK, ;??8. :09 pp. clb hs. y eëns. (Khltkfl) B· 60 MOYOSSK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. IMBOCOL-P×BOCK. T GLZBKFKS FMKZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, ;??=). ;?? =). PLZ KK.YY KK. YY.. (Mb prmbsk) B· 6; Z]VKS, Z]VKS, BK BKYÎLS YÎLS _ P]MZ P]MZVLS VLS IMBO IMBOCOLCOL- P×BO P×BOCLS. CLS. TO GLZB GLZBKKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, ;??9) PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, ;34 pp. clb hs. y eëns.;??4. (Khltkfl) B· 6: NOSCMEËBMKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK MJ]SOVKBK. MJ]SOVKBK. PLZ JMBGKNÎ CLSVK _ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, ;??4. :;9 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 63 FM LZOMBVM K LCCOFMBVM7 ELS FOLSMS IMBOCOLS MB EKS CLELBOKS LCCOFMBVKEMS. TOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, ;??8). PLZ KK.YY KK. YY.. OJOWK, ;???. ;3= pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 66 EK SMH]BFK H]MZZK P×BOCK MB OJMZOK. TOOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHOK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, ;??4) PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK, :000. ;:8 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 6= BMCZÓPLEOS Z]ZKEMS P×BOCKS MB OJOWK. PLZ NO[]ME VKZZKFMEE (†) _ NKVOEFM ILBV (†), CLB EK CLEKJLZKCOÓB FM NMZ CMFMS Z LCK LCK, GLZHM D. IMZBËBFMW, B×ZOK VKZZKFMEE-ILBV _ CKVKEOBK M BSMÛK BSMÛKV V. OJOWK, :000. :000. :=4 pp. clb hs y eëns. B· 69 SKBV]KZOLS IMBOCOL-P× IMBOCOL-P×BOCLS BOCLS MB OJMZOK _ S] OBIE]MBCOK MB ELS C]E C]EVLS VLS OBFÎHMBKS. TOY GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK,;???). PLZ KK.YY. OJOWK, :000. :00 pp. clb hs y eëns. B· 68 FM EK NKZ _ FM EK VOMZZK. PZLF]CCOLBM PZLF]CCOLBMS S _ PZLF]CVLS IMBOCOL-P×BOCLS. TY GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK :000). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK :00;. ;90 :00;. ;90 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 64 EK ILZNK MJ. 96/9= FM EK CMZËNOCK P×BOCL MJ]SOVKBK. PLZ K K BK NMW[]OFK LZVO. OJOWK :00;. :=0 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 6? EK CMZÀNOCK FM _KJOSK. CK CKVÀEMH VÀEMH O MSV]FO MSV]FO FME ILBS FME N]SM] KZ[]MLEÚHOC F‟MOYOSSK O ILZNMBVMZK. PLZ DMEMBK A OZCDBMZ . OJOWK, :00:. 646 pp. clb hs. y eëns. –:=4–
B· =0 EK CLELBOWKCOÓB IMBOCOK MB LCCOFMBVM. LCCOFMBVM. MSV MSVKFL KFL FM FM EK OBYMSVOHKCOÓB MB ELS OBOCOLS FME SOHEL TTO.TYO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :00;). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK :00:. ;64 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· =; CLBV CLBVKCVLS KCVLS MB ME MTVZMNL FM EK LOAL]NÏBM. ELS HZOMHLS MB LCCOFMBVM _ S]S ZMEKCOLBMS CLB ELS IMBOCOLS. TYOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOLP×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :00:). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK :003. ;64 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· =: NOSCMEËBMKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK MJ]SOV MJ]SOVKBK KBK (OO). ME P]OH FMS NLEOBS (MOYOSSK)7 (MOYOSSK)7 ]B SOHEL FM OBYMSVOHKCOLBMS. PLZ JMBGKNÎ CLSVK _ GLZFO D. IMZBËBFMW. OJOWK, :003. 33: pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· =3 CK CKB B CL CLZFK ZFK.. ]B KSMBV KSMBVKNO KNOMBV MBVL L Z] Z]ZK ZKE E P× P×BOC BOCL-Z L-ZLNK LNK BL MB ME S]ZL S]ZLMSV MSVM M FM OJOWK. OJOWK. PLZ Z LSK LSK Nª P]OH NLZKHÓB, M BZO BZO[]M []M FÎM ÎMS S C]SÎ _ CKZELS HÓNMW JMEEKZF, OJOWK, :006. ;8= pp. clb fojugls y iltlhrkiîks mb jekbcl y bmhrl y ubk eënobk mb clelr. B· =6 CLELBOKEOSNL M OBVMZKCCOÓB OBVMZKCCOÓB C]EV]ZKE7 C]EV]ZKE7 ME ONPKCONPKCVL IMBOCOL P×BOCL MB EKS SLCOMFKFMS K]VÓCVLBKS FM LCCOFMBVM. TYOOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IM BOCOL-P×BOCK BOCOL-P×BOC K (MOYOSSK, :003) PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK :006. :04 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· == ]BK KPZLTONKCOÓB K EK COZC]EKCOÓB NLBMV NLBMVKZOK KZOK FM MJ]S]S MB ÏPLCK ÏP LCK ZLNKBK. PLZ S SKBVOKHL PKFZOBL IMZ BËBFMW. OJOWK :00=. ;44 pp. clb eëns. B· =9 H]MZZK _ MGÏZCOVL MB ME N]BFL IMBOCOL-P]BO IMBOCOL-P]BOCL. CL. TOT GLZBKFKS KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :006) PLZ KK.YY. FM KK.YY. OJOWK :00=. ;?6 pp. ;?6 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· =8 EKS BK BKY YKGKS FM KIMOV KIMOVKZ KZ P×BOCKS P×BOCKS FM OJOWK. OJOWK. PLZ J JMKVZOW NOH]ME KWCËZZKHK. OJOWK, :009. 3;; pp. clb eëns. B· =4 MCLBLNÎK _ IOBKBWKS MB ME N]BFL IMBOCOL-P×BO IMBOCOL-P×BOCL CL FM LCCOFMBVM. TT GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :00=) PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. OJOWK :009. ;30 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· =? NKHOK _ S]PMZSVOCOÓ S]PMZSVOCOÓB B MB ME N]BFL IMBOCOL-P×B IMBOCOL-P×BOCL OCL TTO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :009). PLZ KK.YY. OJOWK :008. :00 pp. :00 pp. clb hs. y eëns. –:=?–
B· 90 ME FOLS JMS7 FM MHOPVL K OJOWK OJOWK PLZ IZKBCOSCK Y MEËW[]MW JZOMYK. OJOWK, :008. :=4 pp. :=4 pp. clb hs y eëns. B· 9; KZ[]OVMCV]Z KZ[]OVMCV]ZK K FMIMBSOYK FMIMBSOYK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK TTOO GLZ BKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BO IMBOCOL-P×BOCK CK (MOYOSSK, :008). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. YKEÄBCOK, :004. :004. ;?0 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 9: KN]EM KN]EMVLS VLS P×BO P×BOCLS CLS FM D]MSL DKEE DKEEKFLS KFLS MB OJOWK (MOYOSSK, :00?). PLZ KK.YY. YKEÄBCOK, :00?. :?9 pp. clb hs. y eëns. B· 93 ME FMPÓSO FMPÓSOVL VL Z]ZKE Z]ZKE P×BOC P×BOCL L FM CKB YOCMB YOCMBV V F‟MB F‟MB GK]GK]NM (SKBV (SK BVK K M]EÀEOK FMS ZO], OJOWK). OJOW K). PLZ GLSÏ PÏZMW JKEEMSVMZ _ CKZELS HÓNMW JMEEKZF. YKEÄBCOK, :00?. ;89 pp. clb hs. B· 96 OBSV OBSVOV]C OV]COLBM OLBMS S FMNL FMNLS S _ MGMZCOVL MGMZCOVL MB CKZ CKZV VKHL. TTOOO GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :004). PLZ KK.YY. KK.YY. YKEÄBCOK, :00?. :00?. ;40 pp. B· 9= KSPMC KSPMCVLS VLS S]BV] S]BV]KZOL KZOLS S FME N]BF N]BFL L IMBO IMBOCOL-P COL-P×BOC ×BOCL L MB EK PMBÎBS]EK OJÏZOCK. TTOY GLZBKFKS FM KZ LZ KK.YY. []MLELHÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :00?). P YKEÄBCOK, :0;0. ;39 pp. clb hs. B· 99 _LSMZON 7 EK PZLF]CCOÓB KEIKZMZK IMBOCOL-P×IMBOCOL-P× BOCK BO CK MB LC LCCO COFM FMBV BVM. M. TTY GLZBKFKS GLZBKFKS FM KZ[]MLEL KZ[]MLEL-HÎK IMBOCOL-P×BOCK (MOYOSSK, :0;0). PLZ KK.YY KK.YY.. YKEÄBCOK, :0;;. :96 pp. clb hs. y eëns.
–:90–