La Personalidad Antoni Andres

 

Ef phrsnifeocfc  Fitnio Ficrïs

 

 Fitnio Ficrïs

ch  Fitnio \hrsniFicrïs feocfc, hsHgfthcrætogn vfeufgo÷i chey Chpfrtfkhitn Srftfkohitn \sogne÷jogn ch ef Xiovhrsotft ch Afrghenif.

Coshön che eoarn y ch ef guaohrtf4 Iftìeof Whrrfin Ef XNG jhihrf hsth eoarn eo arn gni thginenjëf ]KE/]WE.

\rokhrf hcogo÷i4 Dueon 1 ¾Hs ef phrsnifeocfc uif gfrfgthrëstogf psogne÷jogf ch ens oicovocuns gnisosthith hi he tohkpn> ¾Ef phrsnifeocfc tohih rfëghs aone÷jogfs sngofehs> chrin, ens, psog÷enjns kæss ok kæ okpn pnrt rtfi fith thssn ch iuh uhst strn rnXin hi hitn tnrin Dns nsïï Euos Euos \oioeens, cogh4 "Xin ch ens gfkpns kæs gnkpehdns, pnr in chgor gni`usn, ch ef psognenjëf fgtufe hs he ch ef phrsnifeocfc mukfif". Hi hsth eoar arnn sh prhshitfi ens proig igoopfehs gnighptns chitrn che gfkpn ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrs ph rsni nife feoc ocfc fc y ch ef efss co co`h `hrh rhig igof ofss oi oico covvoc ocuf ufeehs hs.. :

 

\rokhrn vhrhkns he hstucon ch ef phrsnifeocfc chsch he puitn ch vostf gohitë`ogn, gni rh`hrhigof f efs proi pr oigo gopf pfeh ehss gu guhs hstotonih nihss kh khtn tncn cne÷ e÷jo jogf gfss qu quhh chah chahii thihrsh prhshiths Chspuïs hitrfrhkns hi ens gnighptns aæsogns gnkn ens rfsjns `osone÷jogns, ens hstfcns y ens topns ch ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocfc fc.. Hi Hign gnit itrf rfrï rïos os su ch ch`o `oio iogo go÷i ÷i y ef kfihrf ch ochito`ogfrens. @oifekhith prhshitfrhkns ui knchen ch phrsnifeocfc gnkn sosthkf gnkpehdn oithjrfcn pnr ef gnistotugo÷i `ësogf, he thkphrfkhitn, he gfrægthr y ef oitheojhigof.

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WNKNW CO@HQHISHW, \HQN IN SFISN

"Sncfs efs phrsnifs snkns co`hrhiths". "Cokh gni quoïi ficfs y th corï quoïi hrhs". Hstfs cns f`ork rkffgonihs sni gnkpftoaehs pnrquh mfghi rh`hrhigof f co`hrhiths fsphgtns ch g÷kn snkns efs phrsnifs. Wnkns ojufehs n co`hrhiths hi gufitn f isotufgonihs uh uhst strf rf kf kfih ihrf rf ch gnk nkpn pnrt rtffri rins ns ith h co covvhrs rsfs fs gntocofifs, hi gufitn f efsfit hxphrohigofs quh ins mfi ocn `nrk rkfficn, hi gufitn f efs rhfggonihs quh knstrfkns fith intogofs n fgnith fgn ithgok gokohi ohitns tns oih oihsph sphrfc rfcns ns,, snk snkns ns co` co`hrh hrhith ithss n ojufehs hi iuhstrfs fsporfgonihs, hi efs grhhigofs y  shitokohitns quh ins ochito`ogfi. Hi uif pfefarf, snkns gnkn snkns, gfcf uin co`hrhith ch tncns ens chkæs, phrn in tfi costoitns quh in pncfkns h"ntrns". ignitrfr afstfiths gnsfs gnkuihs gni ens Efs rfznihs pnr efs gufehs snkns co`hrhiths y  pfrhgocns sni kuy covhrsfs. \hrn ef rfz÷i ôetokf hs quh snkns he rhsuetfcn ch uif gnkaoifgo÷i ch en quh snkns fe ifghr y ch ens h`hgtns ch iuhstrf aonjrf`ëf. Hsn hs en quh dusto`ogf ef kfihrf ch shr gfrfgthrëstogf ch gfcf phrsnif. \nr hsn chgokns quh ?

 

tncf phrsnif hs ôiogf. Chsc Ch schh ch ui uiff ph phrs rsph phgt gtoovf ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogf, f, hs hstf tfss f`orkfgonihs sni he rhsuetfcn ch uifs nashrvfgonihs rhfeoz rhf eozfcf fcfss sna snarh rh `hi `hi÷kh ÷khins ins psogne÷jogf ift ifturf urfehs ehs gntoco gnt ocofin fins \rhgosfkhith, ef phrsphgtovf sh afsf his. efs co`hrhigofs y sokoeotuchs, hi ef kfihrf ch shr y ch gnkpnrtfrsh ch gfcf gufe y hi he gningokohitn fgukuefcn (oiogofekhith `oens÷`ogn y kæs rhgohithkhith gohitë`ogn) quh sh prhjuitf guæehs sni efs gfusfs. He `hi÷khin ch ef vfrofaoeocfc che gnkpnrt rtffkohitn mukfin mf socn `uhith ch oisporfgo÷i pfrf ens `oe÷sn`ns mfi rh`ehxonifcn snarh ef phrsnifeocfc, pfrf ensquh eothrftns y mfstf pfrf ens pneëtogns y rheojonsns, fsë gnkn pfrf ens gohitë`ogns oithrhsfcns hi heen. Ens gfkaons hi ef kfihrf ch shr y ch gnkpnrtfrsh ch ens oicovocuns hs ui `hi÷khin ifturfe y gnkn tfe susghptoaeh ch shr hstucofcn gni he rojnr ch efs gohigofs. Hstf hs ef npoi np oio÷ o÷ii ch ef oi oivvhs hstotojf jfgo go÷i ÷i co co`h `hrh rhig igof ofeoeost stff ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Ef trfcogo÷i co`hrhigofeostf nrjfioskn cntfcn mf gnisochrfcn ch ui gniduitn f ef phrsnif ch fptotuchs gnknquh ui ef phrkothi fcfptfrsh f ef rhfeocfc gntocofif, en gufe sh puhch hithichr tfkaoïi chsch ch uif phrsphgtov phrsphgtovff hvneugoniostf. Hi he sojuohith rhgufcrn hignitrfkns ens puitns hshigofehs ch hsth hi`nquh co`hrhigofe.

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Chgæenjn snarh ef phrsnifeocfc 6.

Xi Xiff ph phrs rsni nif, f, fuiq fuiquh uh shf shf ôio iogf gf,, hi fe fejjui uiff gn gnsf sf sh pf pfrh rhgh gh f efs efs

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chkæs. Ef khdnr kfihr hrff ch gn gnk kprh rhiichr efs efs phrsnifeoc eocfchs ch ens ens oicovocuns hs gnkpfræicnefs hitrh së.

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In sh puhc puhchi hi gn gnkp kpfr frfr fr efs efs phrs phrsni nife feoc ocfc fchs hs hith hithrf rfss, yf quh quh ef gnkpfrfgo÷i tohih quh shr fifeëtogf.

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Efs Efs phrsn phrsnif ifss, gnkn gnkn efs gnsf gnsfss n gn gnkn kn gu gufe fequ quoh ohrr ntr ntrnn `hi `hi÷k ÷khi hinn iftu if turf rfe,e, sh gnin gningh ghii y sh chsgro chsgroah ahii pnr sus sus prn prnpo pohc hcfch fchss. Hstf Hstfss prnpohcfchs sni sohkprh fastrfggonihs chrovfcfs ch ef nashrvfgo÷i.

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Efs gnkpfrf gnkpfrfgoni gonihs hs hitrh hitrh oicovoc oicovocuns uns sh tohi tohihi hi quh mfg mfghr hr hi tïrkoi tïrkoins ns ch uif chthrkoifcf prnpohcfc hi ui knkhitn cfcn.

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Efs gnkpfrf gnkpfrfgoni gonihs hs tfkaoïi tfkaoïi sh puhchi puhchi mfg mfghr hr hit hitrh rh uif phrs phrsnif nif y ef khcof ch ui jrupn n kuhstrf ch phrsnifs ch ef pnaefgo÷i f ef gufe phrthihgh.

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Efs prnpohc prnpohcfch fchss ch ef phrsnife phrsnifeocf ocfcc sni rfs rfsjns jns..

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Hst Hstns ns rfsjns rfsjns puhchi puhchi shr kuy kuy jhihrfe jhihrfehs hs n hsp hsphgë` hgë`ogn ognss.

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Ef phrsnifeocfc phrsnifeocfc sh puhch gfrfgthrozfr gfrfgthrozfr pnr ui pftr÷i ôiogn ch rfsjns. rfsjns.

6, nicugtf sngo¾th fe justfi ch ensefssurhuionihs>, dhtns (¾th ¾prh`ohrhs gnkp nkpnrt rtffors snen fe goih>), y nathihkns efs rhspuhstfs hi ui jrupn ch gohi phrsnifs, ef vfrofaoeocfc tntfe ch efs rhspuhstfs chphichræ che topn ch prhjuitf y ch ef kfihrf ch shr ch efs phrsnifs quh mfi gnithstfcn efs prhjuitfs. Ens hstëkuens fithghchi sohkprh ef gnicugtf y  ef prnvngfi. Ens `fgtnrhs oicovocufehs sni ens quh kncuefi hstfsHxghptn gnicugtfs y sni ens rhspnisfaehs ch su vfrofgo÷i. hi efs rhspuhstfs psogne÷jogfs kæs sokpehs (rh`ehdns), efs vfrofaehs oicovocufehs sni kuy okpnrtfiths.  Fith ef kfy kfynrëf nrëf ch topn ch hstëkuens ojufehs ojufehs,, tncfs efs phrsnifs rhspnichi ch `nrkf vfrofcf. Fsë, guficn ui oicovocun sh higuhitrf gni ui hsgfrfafdn n uif shrpohith, sus rhspuhstfs sh puhchi gefso`ogfr

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hi trhs gfthjnrëfs4 fghrgfkohitn (he sudhtn kuhstrf oithrïs pnr he fiokfe y sh fghrgf), hvotfgo÷i (he sudhtn sh fehdf) n pfsovocfc (he sudhtn hs oico`hrhith fe hstëkuen). Chitrn ch gfcf ch efs trhsgufitotftovf gfthjnrëfs tncfvëf pncrëf mfghrsh uifuif gefso`ogfgo÷i fprnxokftovf snarh guæitn sh fghrgf fe hstëkuen n guæitn en hvotf. ¾\nr quï hxosthi hstfs co`hrhigofs> Xif hxpeogfgo÷i pncrëf shr quh uins oicovocuns (ens quh hvotfi) tohihi kohcn f ens oishgtns n f ens rhptoehs, y ens ntrns, pnr he gnitrfron, in s÷en in ehs fthknrozfi, soin quh ehs ftrfhi (pnr hdhkpen, so sni ao÷enjns n f`ogonifcns f ef znnenjëf). Ef gfusf ch ef gnicugtf prhshigof che fiokfe, ef gfusf ch ef  vfrofgo  vfrofgo÷i ÷i hs chef efs rhspuhstfs chphich ch gohrtfs gfrfgthrëstogfs prnpofs ch ens oicovocuns (phrsnifeocfc). \nr quï uins oicovocuns sh gnkpnrtfi ch uif kfihrf n ch ntrf fith ui koskn hstëkuen, hs en quh eh oithrhsf f ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Wo tnkfkns ef costoigo÷i costfe n prnxokfe pncrëfkns chgor quh ens quh hvotfi he rhptoe en mfghi pnrquh ehs phx rnphro vnrohi ghigo f goffkfi ohcthro nronr , nraoch hisfjrf pncfae rqaeh uh gni rnhi fiok uifef hxph fith chsf jrfcf gntuivohhs hsh fiokfe (prnxokfe) n aohi pnrquh sni kohcnsns pnr ifturfehzf (costfe).  Fsë puhs puhs,, ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc sh oithrhsf pnr efs prnpohcfchs y ens ftroautns psogne÷jogns ch ens sudhtns quh ens mfghi oicovocuns co`hrhiths hitrh së y quh sni ef afsh ch efs

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co` o`hhrh rhig igoofs hi su gni niccug ugttf. Hs Hsttns ft ftro roau autn tnss sh ochito`ogfi gnkn gnighptns n gnistru ruggtns psogne÷jogns quh puhchi shr gnkprnafcns y `nrkfr pfrth ch uifeknchen th÷rogn quh prhthich hxpeogfr he `hi÷khin quh sh rh`ohrhi. Vuï sni ens gnistrugtns psogne÷jogns

Ens gni nisstru ruggtns psogne÷jogns prnpons che hstucon ch efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs y ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc sni khcofgonifehs. Hi he knchen ch gfusfgo÷i ch gnicugtf, H-N-Q  (hstë (h stëku kuens ens-nr -nrjfio jfioskn skn-rh -rhspu spuhst hstf), f), ens gni gnistrug strugtns tns rh rh`h `hrh rhit iths fe su sudh dhtn tn ng ngup upfi fi ui sotufgonihs) eu eujf jfrr oith oithrkh rkhco hitrh enshsfithghchiths (hstëkuens, y con ensn gnisojuohiths (rhspuhstfs, gnicugtfs n gnkpnrtfkohitns), ch en gufe prnvohih he gfeo`ogftov gfeo`ogftovnn ch khcofgonifehs. Ens gnistrugtns khcofgonifehs puhchi shr ch cnss totopns cn pns44 vfr frof ofae aehs hs oi oith thrkhc rkhcof ofro rofs fs y gn gnis istrug trugtn tnss mopntïtogns. Xiff vfr Xi frof ofae aehh oi oith thrkhc rkhcof ofro roff in gn gnit itoh ohih ih if ifcf cf quh quh hstæ y ëro quh fkæspf pfrt rtoor fquheen ch ef jh jhih ihrf rfeeoz ozffch`oiocn go go÷i ÷i hkp kpër ogf.sh\`nrkuef frf sh shrr hxfgtns, efs vfrofaehs oithrkhcofrofs gnrrhspnichi f  vfrofaehs  vfrofae hs efthiths efthiths,, quh f co`hrhigof ch efs vfrofae vfrofaehs hs nashrvfaehs in sh puhchi khcor corhgtfkhith phrn sh gnisochrf quh hxosthi pnrquh sus h`hgtns sh intfi hi fejôi `hi÷khin nashrv rvffaeh. \nr hdhkpen, supnihkns quh uif phrsnif hs fjrhsovf (ef

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fjrhso fjrh sovo vocf cfcc hs uif vfr frof ofae aehh eft fthhit ithh) pn pnrrqu quhh sus sus  vhrafeozfgonihs  vhrafeozf gonihs y sus fggonihs tohihi hsth gfrægthr (efs vhrafeozfgonihs vhrafeozfgonihs y efs fggonihs sni nashr nashrvfaehs) vfaehs).. he gnitrfron, he gnistrugtn mopntïtogn suhehy  hstfr\nr `nrkuefcn hi tïrkoins th÷rogns, rfgonifehs, gnit gn itoh ohih ih he hehk hkhi hitn tnss qu quhh in sn snii ih ihgh ghsf sfro rofk fkhi hith th nphr np hrfg fgon onif ifeh ehss (p (pnr nr hd hdhk hkpe penn, ef fi fiso sohc hcfc fc).). Hi ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc sh gnkaoifi ens cns hi`nquhs, ch kfihrf quh fsë gnkn he tïrk rkooin gfrægthr hs ui hxpnihith fchgufcn ch en quh hs ui gnistrugtn mopntïtogn, mopntïtogn, he tïrkoin tïr koin sngofaoeocfc hs kæs fprnpofcn hithichren gnkn uif vfrofaeh oithrkhcofrof. He usn ch ens gnistrugtns khcofgonifehs hs ôtoe pfrf ef gnkprhiso÷i gohitë`ogf, phrn tfkaoïi puhch shr ingovn, yf quh n`rhgh uif npnrtuiocfc f ef hsphguefgo÷i soi afsh. Ens gnistrugtns mopntïtogns sorvhi gnkn puhiths pfrf rhefgonifr uins sughsns gni ntrns, phrn so in sh hstfaehghi ch kfihrf fchgufcf puhchi gnivhrtorsh hi trfkpfs quh mfghi `rfgfsfr f ens knchens hxpeogftovns quh snstohihi. \nr fisohhdhkpen, cfc, phrhen thkaenr tfkaoïipuhch puhshr ch ui shroicogfcnr en ch uch if hi`hr khcfc ihurne÷jogf. Gni`uicor uif hi`hrkhcfc ihurne÷jogf gni ef fisohcfc n htoquhtfr ef hi`hrkhcfc ch uif kfihrf mopntïtogf shrëf ui hrr rrnnr. Guficn ngurr rrhh hsn, hs chgor, guficn `nrkuefkns ui gnistrugtn quh in tohih ef afsh hkpërogf gnrr rrhhspnicohith, chgokns quh sni

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gnistrugtns ch snarhsojio`ogfcn snarhsojio`ogfcn.. \rntuahrfigofs hi ef gfahzf Ef `rhinenjëf `uh uif cosgopeoif geëiogf quh tuvn su fpnjhn hi Gftfeuöf f khcofcns ch sojen pfsfcn. Kfroì Guaë `uh uin ch sus rhprhshitfiths kæs chstfgfcns. Ef `rhinenjëf grhëf quh efs `fguetfchs psëquogfs mukfifs hstfafi hi he ghrharn y quh khcofith ef hxpenrfgo÷i ch efs prntuahrfigofs grfihfehs sh pncëf ochito`ogfr hstfs `fguetfchs, rhfeozfr uif hxpe hx penr nrfg fgo÷ o÷ii ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogff ch chee oi oico covo vocu cunn h oc ochi hito to`o `ogf gfrr ef efss fptotuchs y `fguetfchs. \rnpusohrni quh muaohrf ui gftæenjn hxthisn ch hstfs `fguetfchs, f efs quh cohrni chin ch inko koif ifgo goni nihs hs f vh vhgh ghss ku kuyy hx hxtr trfö föfs fs.. Hs Hstf tfss `f `fgu guetetfc fchs hs hd hdhkp hkpefr efroz ozfa fafi fi en enss gn gnis istrug trugtn tnss ch sn snar arhs hsoji ojio` o`og ogfcn fcn.. He chsfrr rrnneen ch ef psognenjëf knchri riff sh higfrj÷ ch chknstrfr ef chaoeocfc gohitë`ogf ch hstf cosgopeoif, quh, in nastfith, tuvn uif jrfi fghptfgo÷i fgh ptfgo÷i pnpuefr.

Sopn ch gnistrugtns psogne÷jogns

Ch fguhrcn gni he prn`hsnr Neovhr Qnss, ens gnistrugtns ins`hi÷khins fyucfi f gnighptufeozfr, oivhstojfr y hxpeogfr ens quh sh nashrvfi hi ef gnicugtf ch efs phrsnifs. Ens gnistru ruggtns psogne÷jogns sh puhchi covocor hi trhs topns. Ens prnghsns quh, gnkn tncns ens gnistrugtns, mfgh mf ghii rh rh``hrh rhig igoof f `hi hi÷k ÷khi hins ns in na nash shrv rvfa faeehs, prhthic ichhi chsgroaor y hxpe peoogfr ui gnid iduuitn ch nphrfgonihs khitfehs pnr efs quh ef oi`nrkfgo÷i quh

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rhgoah he sudhtn sh gnivohrth hi ui topn ch rhspuhstf chthrkoifcn. Wni ens kæs prnpons ch ef psognenjëf jhihrfe y tohihi uif utoeocfc hxpeogftovf. Wni ui hdhkpen ch hsth topn hi ch efgnistrugtns khknrof, ef phrghpgo÷i, he rhpfsn khknrof, efefoicuggo÷i. Efs cospnsogonihs sni ens gnistrugtns gnistr ugtns quh mfghi rh`hrhigof f ens ftroautns ch ens oicovocuns hithicocns gnkn thichigofs phrsosthiths f fgtufr ch uif kfihrf chthrkoifcf. Wh pnstuefi f pfrtor ch ef nash na shrv rvffgo÷ o÷ii ch efs co co``hr hrhhig igof ofss oic icoovo vocu cuffeh ehss ch chee gnkpnrt rtffkohitn fith sotufgonihs sokoefrhs. Gnrrhspnichi f `hi÷khins gnkn efs fgtotuchs, ens kntovns, ens rfsjnssni y efs gfpfgocfchs.Wni `hi÷khins Ens hstfcns gnistrugtns. pngn curfchrns phrn quh puhchi thihr ui h`hgtn chthrkoifith snarh ef gnicugtf che sudhtn. Hsth topn ch gnistrugtns sni kuy utoeozfcns hi ef hxpeogfgo÷i ch ens gnkpnrtfkohitns fi÷kfens ch ens oicovocuns. Fsë, he kohcn, ef rfaof, he fknr, he ncon sh puhchi hithichr gnkn gnistrugtns ch rhefgo÷i che topn hstfcn. Ch mhgmn, ef chinkoifgo÷i gnrrohith quh rhgoahi hstnschgnistrugtns hs ef ch hstfcns psogne÷jogns (hstfcn æiokn). Cns htfpfs pfrf hxpeogfr he psoquoskn

Gufequohr gohigof gnisojuh ef gnkprhiso÷i che `hi÷khin che gufe sh ngupf guficn eehjf f `nrkuefr uif hxpeogfgo÷i gfusfe. Hsth nadhtovn hs he ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc, phrn pfrf fegfizfren 37

 

mfy quh guaror uifs htfpfs. Ef prokhrf htfpf ch gufe gu fequ quoh ohrr co cosg sgop opeoeoif if go gohi hitëtë`o `ogf gf hs ef ch chsg sgro ropg pgo÷ o÷ii nadhtovf che `hi÷khin quh sh hstucof. Chspuïs sh puhch prnghquh chr sh f fghrquhi ef `nrk rkuuefkæs go÷in ckhins h kncfhenefs mopntïtogns hxpeogfgo÷i gfusfe. Ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc fgtufekhith sh higuhitrf gni ef okpnrtfith tfrhf ch chsgropgo÷i ch ef phrsnifeocfc y pnr hsn efs hxpeogfgonihs gfusfehs tncfvëf in hstæi gnigeuocfs. Ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc mf fcfpt ptffcn ens prng nghhcokohitns gohitë`ogns f ef phgueofrocfc ch su nadhtn ch hstucon4 he `uigonifkohitn gnkpehdn che psoquoskn mukfin. Hstns prnghcokohitns sh chsgroahi f gnitoiufgo gnitoiufgo÷i. ÷i. Ef chsgropgo÷i nadhtovf nadhtovf

 Sncfs efs gohigofs sh oiogofi hi ef nashr  Sncfs nashrvfgo÷i vfgo÷i ch `hi÷khins quh ngurr rrhhi ch `nrk rkff ifturfe n prnvngfcf y quh sni pôaeogns. Srfcogonifekhith, efs gohig igoofs kn kncchr hrif ifss rh rhjjost strf rfii hst stns ns mh mhggmn mnss y ens gufito`ogfi pfrf kfihdfrens y hxpentfrens khdnr. Hi psognenjëf, he `hi÷khin sh tohih ch quhenshstucofr hs he gnkpnrtfkohitn gnknquh oicogfcnr prnghsns psogne÷jogns quh en snstohihi. Efs khcocfs ch efs  vfrofaehs  vfrofae hs sh rhfeozfi snarh ens mhgmns nashr nashrvfaehs4 vfaehs4 hi iuhstrn gfsn, ef gnicugtf, tfitn hi ui shitocn hstrogtn (rhspuhstfs y gnicugtfs knehguefrhs, pnr hdhkpen gnrrhr, gmoeefr n sfetfr) gnkn hi ui shitocn kæs fkpeon (gnicugtfs knrfehs, gfthjnrëfs gnkn ef

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fjr jrhhso÷i, ef fyucf, ef gnefan anrrfgo÷i). Hs chgor, gfrfgthrëstogfs quh sh puhchi nashrvfr y rhjostrfr4 pnrr hdh pn dhk kpe penn, 60 60 He `hi÷khin quh ins phr koth nphrfr gohitë`ogfkhith pfrf oi`hror ef hxosthigof ch

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 vfrofaoeocfc hi ens ftroautns psogne÷jogns hs ef  vfrofaoeocfc gnicugtf. Gnkn tfe, ef gnicugtf hs ui gnitoiun ch fgtovocfc quh hkoth he nrjfioskn hi tncn knkhitn yhsquh, tucofch ref,uifpkfihrf nchkns frto`ogofe covocory gni hihe nadhtovn shjkhitch ns ochito`ogfaehs quh sh gnivohrthi hi efs uiocfchs ch fiæeosos ch ef gnicugtf. ¾G÷kn nashrvfkns ef gnicugtf> Ef pnchkns nashrvfr ch `nrkf ifturfe, tfe gnkn sh cf hi su gnithxtn nrojoife, soi quh oithr`orfkns hi su prncuggo÷i, n aohi ef pnchkns rhjostrfr hi gnicogonihs kæs n khins gnitrnefcfs, hi hxphrokhitns. In ins oithrhsfkns pnr ens fsphgtns aon`ësogns ch ef gnicugtf, soin pnr he hstucon ch ef gnicugtf hi tfit itnn qu quhh oic icoogf gfcn cnrr ch pr prng nghs hsns ns y gfpf pfggoc ocfc fchhs psoogne ps ne÷j ÷jog ogns ns qu quhh ef sn snst stoh ohih ihi. i. Ef vhen enggoc ocfc fc ch rhspuhstf ins oithrhsf hi tfitn quh ins oi`nrkf che jrfcn oithigonife ch uif phrsnif2 ef `uhrzf ch uif rhfggo÷i hkngonife ins oithrhsf hi tfitn quh ins oicogf ens gfkaons hkngonifehs hi he sudhtn fith uins¾Vuï hstëkuens chthr koifcns.ch . ef nashrvfgo÷i> Ens cftnschthrkoifcns nathihkns cftns quh prnvohihi ch ef nashrvfgo÷i, pfrf quh sh puhcfi gnisochrfr gohitë`ogns, tohihi quh gukpeor trhs gnicogonihs këiokfs4 tohihi quh shr nadhtovns, `ofaehs y væeocns. Ens cftns nashrvfcns sni nadhtovns s÷en so sni oich oi chph phic icoh ohit iths hs ch chee na nash shrvf rvfcn cnrr. Hs Hsth th grot grothr hron on sh

30

 

gukpeh so guficn gnkpfrfkns he rhsuetfcn ch efs nashrvfgonihs ch cns nashrvfcnrhs oichphicohiths ïstfs sni ojufehs. ojufehs. Wo ui nashr nashrvfcnr vfcnr F rhjostrf quh ui oicovocun ndns gnkn peftns h shrvf oicogf quh hs he oico oi covo vocu cunn pnih hs hstæ tæ ens sn snrpr rprhi hico cocn cn,, hs hstf tf na nash rvfgo go÷i ÷i nadhtovf so ntrn nashrvfcnr oichphicohith A, quh rhfe rh feoz ozff sok sokue uetæ tæih ihfk fkhi hith th ef nas nashrv hrvfg fgo÷ o÷i, i, gn gnoi oigo goch ch gni he nashrvfcnr F. Ef `ofaoeocfc hs he shjuicn grothron ch fchg fc hguf ufgo go÷i ÷i go gohi hitëtë`o `ogf gf ch en enss cf cftn tnss. Hs Hsth th tï tïrkoi rkoinn fcqquo fc uoro ro÷÷ su shi hittoc ocnn hi he gni nitthxt xtnn ch ens thst stss psogne÷jogns. Wh hitohich pnr `ofaoeocfc he jrfcn ch prhgoso÷i kuhstrf uif tïgiogfenschchinkoifcns rhjostrn. Ef `ofaoeocfc quh sh gufito`ogf khcofith gnh`ogohiths ch `ofaoeocfc, quh chrovfi ch efs gnrr gn rrhhefg fgon onih ihss hit itrh rh en enss vfen enrh rhss ch cns cns pru pruhhaf afss oich oi chph phic icoohit ithhs ph phrn rn rh rhffeozf eozfccfs hi gni niccog ogoonih nihs ojufehs. \nr he gnitrfron, ef vfeochz ch ens cftns, thrghr grothron, sh rh`ohrh fe fdusth quh tohihi ens cftns gni he `hi÷khin n gnistrugtn quh ens prncugh. Hsth gnighptn guhquh stf quohrhi kugmnchknstrfr s hs`uhrzefnsvfeochz f ech ns oivhstojfcnrhs ens thsts psogne÷jogns. \hrn tfkaoïi ins pnchkns hignitrfr gni trhs prnaehkfs quh puhchi phrducogfr ef gfeocfc ch ens cftns. Hi prokhr eujfr, ef costnrso÷i cheoahrfcf. Hi hsth gfsn, ens cftns pncrëfi shr cheoahrfcfkhith cost co stnr nrso soni nifc fcns ns pn pnrr he pf pfgo gohi hith th.. \nr hd hdhk hkpe penn, ui

3:

 

jrupn geëiogn quh `rhguhithkhith costnrsonif ens cftns hs he psog÷pftf. Ef costnrso÷i suheh fpfrhghr guficn he pfgohith grhh quh ef pruhaf in sh mfgh pfrf su prnpon oithrïs oithrïs.. \nr He hsnshjuicn surjh ef prnaehkf, ihghsocfc ch efs hsgfefs ch soighrocfc. ef chshfaoeocfc sngofe, hs ef kfihrf kæs gnkôi ch futnhijfön (pnr `fetf ch oitrnsphggo÷i), hs chgor, ef prncuggo÷i ch uif jfkf ch rhspuhstfs quh puhch shr pnsotovf n ihjftovf. _ thrghrn, ef fquohsghigof n thichigof f hstfr ch fguhrcn gni ens hehkhitns, ch guyn gnithiocn sh mfgh fastrfggo÷i. ¾G÷kn khcorhkns y fifeozfrhkns ens cftns> Ef khdnr kfihrf ch kh gnkpfrfr ftroautns pfrf pf rf gn gnin ingh ghre rens ns khdn dnr) r) hs ens kh khco cofi fith th su (tfkaoïi kh khco cocf cf.. ¾Vuï topn ch `hi÷khins khcokns> \nr khcon ch ef gnicugtf, khcokns efs cokhisonihs ch efs gfpf pfggocfchs y ens rfsjn jnss che sudhtn. ¾G÷kn en khcokns> \nr khcon ch oistrukhitns (inrk rkffekhith thsts) y hsgfefs ch khcocf ch co`hrhiths topns. Khcofith ef khcocf gnishjuokns thihr uins cftns quh sni he kfthrofe hkpërogn hi quh sh afsf tncn he hco`ogon hstfcostognkhtncne÷jogn. He fiæeosos ch cftns hi ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc hs gnkpehdn, yf quh ioijuif cokh co khis iso÷ o÷ii ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogff hs oi oich chph phic icoh ohit ithh n fg fgtô tôff fosefc fos efcfkh fkhith ith.. Inrkfe Inrkfekh khith ith,, ui gnk gnkpnrt pnrtfko fkohit hitnn gnkpe pehhdn chthrk rkooifcn, gnkn he rhicokohitn, chphich ch ef fgtufgo÷i ch prnghsns y cokhisonihs

3=

 

psogne÷jogns ch ifturfehzf gnjiotovf, gnjiotovf, hkngonife. \nr en tfitn, he fiæeosos ch cftns suheh shr gnkpehdn pnrquh sh hi`rhitf fe fiæeosos ch ef rhfeocfc hkpërogf, rhprhshitfcf pnr `uhiths ch vfrofgo÷i ch ens cftns nathiocns ch efs ef khcocf. Ef `nrkuefgo÷i ch knchens mopntïtogns

Xif vhz rhjostrfcf ef gnicugtf y khcocfs sus gfrfgthrëstogfs, gfrfgthrëstog fs, thihkns quh fifeozfr efs cokhisonihs quh dusto`ogfi ef vfrofaoeocfc ch ens cftns. Inrkf In rkfek ekhi hith th,, mf mfyy co covvhr hrsf sfss cokh cokhis ison onih ihss quh quh ef prnvngfi. Ef prhjuit itff gohitë`ogf hs guæe hs he iô iôkh khrn rn hstf kë këio iokn kn ch co cokh khis onih ihss su`o su`ogo hith th pf pfrf rf hxpeogfr vfrofaoeocfc. Efison hstfcëstogf mfgohi puhstn hi kfins ch ens psog÷enjns cns prnghcokohitns pfrf fifeozfr ens cftns nathiocns. Xin gnrrhspnich fe fiæeosos ch ens cftns (sfahr so ens cftns sni costoitns y so hstf co`hrhigof hs sojio`ogftovf) y he ntrn gnrr rrhhspnich f efs rhefgonihs kutufs hitrh efs  vfrofaehss quh chthrkoifi ens cftns (fiæeosos ch efs  vfrofaeh gnrrhefgonihs). Ens `nrkf psog÷enjns co`hrhigofeostfs, f pfrtor ch hstf shjuicf ch fiæeosos ch cftns, mfi chsfrrneefcn cns tïgiogfs kuy okpn pnrt rtffiths4 ef gnrr rrhhefgo÷i (rhjrhso÷i) y he fiæeosos `fgtnrofe, quh ins phrkoth chsgroaor efs rhefgonihs hitrh cokhisonihs h ochito`ogfr ens `fgtnrhs efthiths quh prnvngfi efs rhefgonihs knstrfcfs pnr efs gnr gnrrhefgonihs rhefgonihs.. Hstns `fgtnr nrhhs sni ef hxprhso÷i fastrfgtf,

3?

 

kfthkæ kfth kætotogf gf,, ch ef efss co cokh khis ison onih ihss psog psogne ne÷j ÷jog ogfs fs qu quhh hstæi suayfghiths hi ef vfrofaoeocfc che gnkp gn kpnrt nrtfk fkoh ohit itnn. F pf pfrt rtor or ch chee gnin gningo goko kohi hitn tn ch chee pftr÷i chthrk rkooch ifioithrgnrrhefgonihs ef vfrofaoeocfchitrh ch efsefsvfrofaehs gnicugquh tfs nashrvfcfs y ch mfahr ochito`ogfcn he iôkhrn ch `fgtnrhs efthiths quh dusto`ogfi hstf vfrofgo÷i (rhsuetfcn che fiæeosos `fgtnrofe hi ef kfynrëf ch ens gfsns), ef tfrhf quh quhcf chphich ch ens nadhtovns che hstucon hstucon.. Hstf ôetokf htfpf hstæ kæs voig iguuefcf f efs gfthjn jnrrëfs y f ens knchens ch `uigonifkohitn pna soshrvf gnrvfgo e÷jgo÷i og÷i n chk h përo efrogf sgfphoi rsjhi niifuf s . qHs uhtf f ht efpf f fsok pehh nash hkpë oijh uf. Hstf htfp totohi hih kugmf okpnrt rtffigof y phrk rkooth chsguaror ens chthrkoifiths ch efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs y su fggo÷i gnigrhtf hi he gfkpn ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Io ens kïtncns ch ef gnrrhefgo÷i io ens kïtncns ch gnkpfrfgo÷i ch jrupns ins coghi ifcf pnr së koskns snarh efs gfusfs ch efs co`hrhigofs hitrh ens oicovocuns. Hxtrfhr prhgopotfcfkhith gnigeusonihs snarh gfusfs f pfrtor ch ensquh rhsuetfcns ens fiæeososefshstfcëstogns hs ui hrrnr mfy quh ch hvotfr. Ef gnrrhefgo÷i hitrh efs puitufgonihs che gngohith oithehgtufe y he iovhe sngonhgni÷kogn hs gnisosthithkhith pnsotovf y afdf. Hsn puhch sojio`ogfr tfitn quh ens sudhtns khins oitheojhiths sh prncughi hi ens iovhehs sngonhgni÷kogns kæs afdns, gnkn quh ens sudhtns quh phrthihghi f ens iovhehs

8<

 

sngonh sngo nhgn gni÷ i÷ko koggns kæs fe fetn tnss ph phrt rthhih ihgghi f heen enss pnrquh tohihi uif gfpfgocfc oithehgtufe kfynr. Ens `fgtnrhs gfusfehs puhchi fgtufr hi fkafs corhggonihs4 he gngohith oithehgtufe puhch chthrkoifr he iovhe sngonhgni÷kogn che oicovocun n he iovhe sngonhgni÷kogn che oicovocun puhch shr ef gfusf ch su puitufgo÷i ch gngohith oithehgtufe. Mfy tncfvëf uif thrghrf pn pnssoaoeocfc, quh hs quh ef rhefgo÷i fpfr fp frhi hith th hi hitr trhh he gn gngo gohi hith th oi oith theh ehgt gtuf ufee y he io iovvhe sngonhgni÷kogn sh chaf fe mhgmn ch quh fkans hstæ hs tæii rh rheefg fgooni niffcn cnss gni hs hstth "nt "ntrn fs fsph phggtn tn". ". He fiæe fi æeos osos os h oi oith thrp rprh rhtf tfgo go÷i ÷i ch ef gn gnrrh rrhef efgo go÷i ÷i in hs spnsoaehs u`ogohithhxpeogfgonihs pfrf chgocch ori rinrhefgo÷i ns pnr gfusfe. uif ch efs trhs

86

 

Ef fs`oxof y ens mhefcns Xi jrupn ch oivhstojfcnrhs ch ef sfeuc oi`fitoe mf hstucofcn

ens oi`fitoe quh prnvngfi gfi efkkuhrth fs`oxof hi fggochiths efs efs pos osgo goiifsoi`fitoehs n hehskf kfr r prnvn hi ui uif f gn gnk ui uioc ocfc fcpnr gn gnig igrh rhtf tf.. Chspuïs ch kugmns fiæeosos gnkpehdns mfi chsguaohrtn quh mfy uif fsngofgo÷i hitrh ef kuhrth pnr fs`oxof y he gnisukn ch mhefcns. Afsæicnsh hi hstns rhsuetfcns, ens oivhstojfcnrhs gnigeuyhi quh ef fs`oxof hstfaf ch fejuif kfihrf eojfcf gfusfekhith fe gnisukn ch mhefcns. Sfe gniige gn geus uso÷ o÷ii hs fp fpfr frhi hith thkh khit ithh pefus efusoa oaeh eh.. Wo en enss io ioön önss gnisukhi uif jrfi gfitocfc ch mhefcns fiths ch aföfrsh n ch ifcfr, hs pnsoaeh quh su`rfi gnrths ch cojhsto÷i y sh fmnjuhi kæs `ægoekhith. Sfkaoïi hs pnsoaeh uif hxpeogfgo÷i fethriftovf, quh hspnrquh, gnknyhepnr gnisukn ch mhefcns fukhitf hi vhrfin he gfenr he koskn kntovn fukhitf ef prnafaoeocfc ch aföfrsh y fe koskn tohkpn ef ch fmnjfrsh, ef gfusf pnsoaeh shf ef oi`euhigof kutuf che fukhitn ch ef thkphrfturf hi vhrfin hi he gnisukn ch mhefcns y he oigrhkhitn ch efs kuhrths pnr fs`oxof. Ef fsngofgo÷i ch efs vfrofaehs gnisukn ch mhefcns y  kuh uhrt rths hs pn pnrr fs fs`o `oxo xof, f, su gn gnrr rrhe hefg fgo÷ o÷ii, hs en quh mhk hknns nashrvfcn, phrn ef gfusfeocfc ef pnchkns oi`hror utoeozficn uiff th ui thrg rghr hrff vfr frof ofaaeh, eh, in nas ashrv hrvfa faeh eh,, qu quhh kh khco cofi fith th ef oi`h oi `hrh rhig igof of y gn gnin ingo gohi hicn cn ef rh rhef efgo go÷i ÷i sost sosthk hkæt ætog ogff gn gnii ef efss  vfrofaehs tohih ef gfpfgocfc ch hxpeogfr ef fsngofgo÷i nashrvfcfs ch `hi÷khins nashrvfcns.

¾Mfy uif thnrëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc>

¾\nchkns chgor, f kncn ch gnigeuso÷i ch hsth gfpë pëttuen, quh mfy uif thnrëf ps psoogne÷jogf ch ef 81

 

phrsni phrs nife feoc ocfc fc qu quhh rh rhpr prhs hshi hith th tn tncn cn en qu quhh mhkn mhknss cogmn mfstf fquë> Ef rhspuhstf hs quh in. Efs co`hrhiths `nrkuefgonihs th÷rogfs ch ef phrsnifeocfc sni iukhrnsfs. Efs quh fgtufekhith soju so juhi hi en enss ko kosk skns ns thnrëfs pn pnst stue uefc fcns nsmfykh khtn tncn cne÷ e÷jo jogn gnssiny  fejuifs in hstæi io sotufcfs hi he ækaotn ch efs gohigofs ifturfehs, quh sh gnisochrfi oisu`ogohiths pfrf gnkprhichr ef gnkpehdocfc ch ef ifturfehzf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Efs rfznihs y ens kntovns ch hstf sotufgo÷i sni kuy covhrsns y dusto`ogfi uif gnkpfrfgo÷i gni ef tnrrh ch Afahe. Hi gufequohr gfsn, hs gohrtn quh chsch khcofcns ch ens föns ngmhitf nashrvf ui gfkaon hi ef ens hstuconsshsnarh ef phrsnifeocfc. Wo corhggo÷i hitrh enschföns shshitf y ngmhitf ef oivhstojfgo÷i oichphicohith ch knchens ch phrsnifeocfc fethriftovns hrf ef inrkf, chsch khcofcns ch ens föns ngmhitf mfy ui oithisn chaf ch afth th pf pfrf rf gn gnis ishj hjuo uorr ui uiff oi oith thjrf jrfgo go÷i ÷i hi hitr trhh ens ens cost co stoi oitn tnss kn knch chen enss ch ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocfc fc so soju juoh ohic icnn ui hi`nquh hkpërogn. Xif gnighpgo÷i knchrif ch ef phrsnifeocfc gnkpnrtf oithjrfgo÷i ch ch cokhisonihs co`h co `hrh rhit iths hs efqu quh h gn gni` i`oj ojur urfi fi uif ef shroh oi oico covo vocu cufe feoc ocfc fc.. \fr frff fegf fe gfiz izfr fr ef gn gnkp kprh rhis iso÷ o÷ii ch hs hstf tf hs hstru trugt gtur urf, f, qu quhh dusto`ogfræ ef `fkf che gnkpehdn gnistrugtn quh tohih ef phrsnifeocfc, tncfvëf sh ihghsotfi cns gnisochrfgonihs iuhvfs quh phrkotfi pfsfr ch hstf kncheozfgo÷i th÷rogf ch ef phrsnifeocfc f ui knchen gnitrfstfaeh. Hstns cns hehkhitns sni he gnighptn

87

 

ch rfsjn, hi tfitn quh hs uif uiocfc ch fiæeosos ch ef phrsnifeocfc, y he kïtncn pfrf su ochito`ogfg ochito`ogfgo÷i, o÷i, quh hs he fiæeosos `fgtnrofe.

83

 

ENW QFWJNW \WOGNE×JOGNW

Efs gnicugtfs ch ens oicovocuns chphichi ch efs sotufgonihs. Hi ui gnithxtn `fkoeofr hs mfaotufe quh efs phrsnifs sh gnkpnrthi rhefdfcfkhith. Wo hstfkns hsphrficn pfrf mfghr ui hxfkhi okpnrt rtffith, iuhstrn gnkpnrt rtffkohitn hstfræ kfrg kf rgffcn pn pnrr go gohhrt rtnn jr jrfc fcnn ch ih ihrvo rvons nsos osk kn. Efs sotufgonihs chthrk rkooifi efs gnicugtfs ch ens oicovocuns. \hrn tfkaoïi hs `ægoe nashrvfr quh efs phrs ph rsni nifs fs tohi tohich chii f gn gnkp kpnrt nrtfr frsh sh,, hi so sotu tufg fgon onih ihss rheftovfkhith costoitfs, ch uif kfihrf pfrhgocf. Ch mhgmn, mfaotufekhith chgokns quh he shr mukfin hs ui fiokfe ch gnstukarhs y quh sh puhch gninghr f efs phrsnifs pnr sus fgtns.  Fsë, fuiquh efs sotufgonihs chthrkoifi efs gnicugtfs, efs co`hrhigofs hitrh insntrns chphichi ch gf gfrf rfgt gthr hrës ëstotogf gfss pr prnp npof ofss ch en enss oi oico covo vocu cuns ns.. Hi psognenjëf, efs gnicugtfs mfaotufehs n gnisosthiths sh chin ch inko koif ifii mæ mæao aotn tnss. Hi ui sh shit itoc ocnn ro roju jurn rnsn sn,, he gnighptn mæaotn sh fpeogf f efs gnicugtfs nashrvfaehs. Hsn in quohrh chgor quh in sh utoeogh tfkaoïi he tïrkoin mæaotn pfrf rh`hrorins f kfihrfs ch phisfr u nër quh sni gnisosthiths. He usn ch hsthrhntopns pfrf duzjfr f efs phrsnifs ins n`rhgh ui 88

 

hdhkpen ch mæaotn gnjiotovn. Guficn Gufi cn ins jnephfi gni ui kfrtoe kfrtoeen en ch rh`ehd rh`ehdns ns ef r÷tuef, ef pfrth oi`hronr ch ef pohrif sh hehvf ch kfihrf fpfrt rtffkfutnkætogf2 ns (f khisonvhkns s quh uif shfshrpohith kns n`oeoarh co÷enins jn jnss f`ogonifcns)2 so vofdfkns hi ui gngmh y he gnicugtnr cf ui `rhifzn, ins gnjhkns `uhrth hi he fsohitn, y  hi ui `uihrfe in hs prnafaeh quh ens fsosthiths sh trnigmhi ch rosf. Hstns sni hdhkpens ch en quh mhkns chinkoifcn hsphgo`ogocfc ch ef gnicugtf. Hstf hsphgo`ogocfc hs kuy okpnrt rtffith hi ef hxpeogfgo÷i ch ens gnkpnrtfkohitns futnkætogns y  hi oistefoignicugtf tn hs ch eefs f hsphgohs `uhrzf fiokfehs rhjuefhi cnefs rf quhche he gnkpnrtfkohitn. Gnkn puhch supnihrsh ch gufequohr nash na shrvf rvfgo go÷i ÷i ch gn gnkp kpnrt nrtfk fkoh ohit itns ns gn gnkp kpeh ehdn dnss, ef hsphgo`ogocfc pohrch afstfith rhehvfigof, pnr en quh, sfevn hi gfsns y sotufgonihs kuy hsphgofehs (rh`ehdns, fethrfgonihs hkngonifehs), mfy uif jrfi vfrofaoeocfc oicovocufe ch ef gnicugtf y ef hsphgo`ogocfc quhcf kuy kugmeokotfcf ns fsph phghi gtnhe s gnkpnrtfkohitn quh ef chs`ojurfgntocofin. i4 he koMfy  skn hstëkuen puhch prncugor costoitfs rhspuhstfs shjôi ef sotufgo÷i hi quh sh hikfrgf, shjôi he topn ch oicovocun quh en rhgoah, shjôi he knkhitn. In mfgh `fetf hstfr kuy fthitn f iuhstrn hit itnr nrin in pf pfrf rf na nash shrv rvfr fr qu quhh ef vfro roffao aoeoeocf cfcc ch ef gnicugtf sh puhch kfio`hstfr pnr he h`hgtn ch uif

80

 

sotufgo÷i, ch ui hstfcn n ch ui oicovocun. Hs chgor, uiff so ui sotu tufg fgo÷ o÷ii ch chth thrko rkoif ifcf cf pu puhc hchh prn prnvng ngfr fr ui uifs fs gnicugtfs hsphgë`ogfs2 ui oicovocun puhch fgtufr ch uif ui y ferfgfan chaoeo uins cëfs cë fs kfihrf pu puhc hchh fith mf mfgh ghre renn hstëkuen ch nt ntrf rf mny kf kfih ihrf (v (vfr frof ofao eocf cfcc oitrfoicovocufe) n aohi cns oicovocuns fith he koskn hstëkuen sokpehkhith rhfggonifi ch kfihrf costoitf (vfrofaoeocfc oithroicovocufe). \nr hdhkpen, okfjoifkns ui gfsn hi he quh nashrvfkns gnicugtfs ch co`hrhiths oicovocuns fith uif koskf sotufgo÷i4 ui oicovocun hstæ chefith ch ui hxtrfön quh eehvf sudhtn ch uif gnrrhf ui phrrn jrfich y gni Gnk pf pfrrfui icnfsphgtn efs r`hrnz. hspu puhhstfs ch ens sudhtns okpeogfcns hi hstf sotufgo÷i, pnchkns nashrvfr ef  vfrofaoeocfc  vfrofaoeo cfc oithroico oithroicovocufe. vocufe. Hsth koskn topn ch nash na shrvf rvfgo goni nihs hs pn pncr crëf ëf pr prnnvhi hior or ch ui pr prnt ntng ngne nenn (thst) hi he quh sh eh pocohrf fe sudhtn quh gnithstfrf f ui gn gnid idui uitn tn ch pr prhj hjui uitf tfss ch chth thrko rkoif ifcf cfss sn snar arhh g÷kn g÷ kn rh rhfg fggo goni niff hi co co`h `hrh rhit iths hs so sotu tufg fgon onih ihss (hit (hitrh rh ntrfs, `rhith f ui phrrn gni su fkn). Ch ef npnas ash rvf chhrv kfngso÷imfgchhr efhs vfcrhosfgarooeaocorfc g÷enknprovkfhrërfni qeufhs gnicugtfs hitrh ens costoitns sudhtns, soi hkafrjn hxgeusovfkhith ch hstf nashrvfgo÷i in pnchkns hxpe peoogfr he pn pnrrquï ch hstns gnkpnrt rtffkohitns soijuefrhs. \frf hxpeogfr ef gnicugtf ch gfcf oicovocun, mhk mh kns ch oi` i`hhro rorr ui uins ns gni nigghp hptn tnss, ao aohhi pn pnrrqu quhh

8:

 

gninghkns f ens sudhtns (sfahkns quh uins tohihi kohcn f ens fiokfehs y ntrns in) y chcugokns ef hxpe hx peog ogfg fgo÷ o÷ii ch su gn gnic icug ugtf tf,, ao aohi hi pn pnrrqu quhh mhkn mhknss  vostn ngfsonihs f hstns oicovocuns `rhith hi f ntrns phrrnsrhphtocfs n fiokfehs sokoefrhs y pnr jhihrfeozfgo÷i ch en quh mhkns nashrv rvffcn fithronrkhith gnkprhichkns su rhspuhstf (f pfrtor ch gnighptns gnkn he kohcn n he justn pnr ens fiokfehs). Hstns gnighptns sh utoeozfi pfrf hxpeogfr ef vfrofaoeocfc ch efs rhspuhstfs y sh gnisochrfi prnpohcfchs ch ens oicovocuns, ch sus gnicugtfs. Hs ihghsfron pfsfr che iovhe ch ef nashrvfgo÷i f ef ntrjhihrfeozfgo÷i ns knkhitns chy efshignicugtfs ntrns gnnashrvfcfs ithxtns pfhi rf gnishjuor uif fprnxokfgo÷i quh puhcf hxpeogfr ef  vfrohcfc  vfroh cfc ch ef gnicugt gnicugtf. f. Hstf jhihrfeozfgo÷i sh puhch cfr hi cns pefins4 he che tohkpn y he ch efs sotufgonihs. Guficn jhih jh ihrf rfeoeozf zfkn knss ef efss gn gnic icug ugtf tfss ch ens ens oico oicovo vocu cuns ns f trfvïs che tohkpn chsguarokns ef hstfaoeocfc ch uif gnicugtf, ch ui mæaotn n ch ui rfsjn. Ef hstfaoeocfc sh rh`ohrh afdn f ef efs supnsogo÷i ch quh enssuoicovocuns kuhstrfi, koskfs gnicogonihs, gnicugtf tëpogf hi co`hrhiths knkhitns. Gufi Gu ficn cn pn pnrr he gn gnit itrf rfro ronn, jh jhih ihrf rfeoeozf zfkn knss efs efs gnicugtfs ch fguhrcn gni efs sotufgonihs hi quh ngurr ng urrhi hi,, hs hstf tfkn knss rh rhfe feoz ozfi ficn cn ui uiff jh jhih ihrf rfeoeozf zfgo go÷i ÷i trfisvhrsfe. Hi hsth shjuicn gfsn, hstfkns chsguarohicn ef gnisosthigof ch ef gnicugtf, ch ens

8=

 

mæaotns n ch ens rfsjns. Ef gnisosthigof fsukh hi jhiihrfe ef prhsupnsogo÷i ch quh in mfy hi ef jh gnicugtf uif gohrt rtff oichphichigof fith ef hsphgo`ogocfc ch efsygnicogonihs gnithxtufehs. Ef hstfaoeocfc ef gnisosthigof ch efs rhspuhstfs sh puhchi hxpeogfr jrfgofs f ef thnrëf che fprhicozfdh. \nr hsn mfaefkns ch mæaotns quh sni gnihxonihs fprhicocfs hitrh hstëkuens y rhspuhstfs. rhspuhstfs. He mæaotn hs ui gnighptn psogne÷jogn quh `uh `nrk rkuuefcn prhgosfkhith pfrf pnchr hxpeogfr ef gnisosthigof ch ef gnicugtf. Ens mæaotns n gnstukarhs sni efs afshs ch ef gnicugtf y phrkothi uif hxpeogfgo÷i ch efs thichigofs sudhtn, quh snichuif fethriftovf ffefgnkpnrtfrsh supnsogo÷i chchequh ef hstfaoeocfc ef gnicugtf sh chah f ens rfsjns che sudhtn. sudhtn. He gnighptn ch mæaotn prnvohih p rnvohih corhgtfkhith corhgtfkhith ch ef nashrvfgo÷i nashr vfgo÷i ch ef gnicugtf y ch sus prnpohcfchs y  sh `nrk rkuuef pfrf ef jhihrfeozfgo÷i ch hstfs prnp pr npoohc hcfc fchs hs.. In na nast stfi fitth, pf pfrf rf hxp xpeoeoggfr frin inss ef hstfao aoeeocfc ch ef gnicugtf mfaotufekhith ins afsfkns hi chsgropgonihs ch efs phrsnifs, hi ftroautns chgfeo`ogftovns ens oicognkn vocunsshrvogofe, quh oitheojhith dusto`ogfi inrkfekhith n gnishrvfcnr, pfrf chsgroaor he gnkpnrtfkohitn ch gningocns iuhstrns, utoeozæicnens gnkn prnpohcfchs hstfaehs ch su gnkpnrtfkohitn y jrfgofs f efs gufehs ins hs pnsoaeh prhchgor he gnkpnrtfkohitn `uturn y  rhefgonifrins gni uifs hxphgtftovfs hxphgtftovfs chthr chthrkoifcfs koifcfs.. Efs cospnsogonihs in sni ftroautns ch efs

8?

 

gnicugtfs, soin ch ens oicovocuns. Efs cospnsogonihs n ft ftro roau autn tnss ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogns ns in sh puhc puhchi hi na nash shrvf rvfrr corhgtfkhith y sh costoijuhi ch ens mæaotns pnr su k fynr oichphpnr ichitfitn, gof csni h efgnistrugtns s sotufgonihth÷rogns s. Efs cospnsogonihs, oi`h oi `hro rocn cnss y su supu puhs hstn tnss. Hi Hitr trhh hstf hstfss co cosp spns nsog ogon onih ihss chstfgfi ens chinkoifcns rfsjns rfsj ns psogne÷jogns. Xi rfsjn puhch hithichrsh gnkn uif cospnsogo÷i phrsnife f gnkpnrtfrsh ch uif kfihrf pfrhgocf hi costoitfs sotufgonihs. Xi rfsjn rfsj n, fe koskn tohkpn, puhch ch`oiorsh gnkn ui gnistru ruggtn mopntïtogn quh rhsukh ef thichigof ch ui oicovocun fsotufgonihs. gnkpnrtfrsh ch uif kfihrf sokoefr hi costoitfs Wo chgokns quh uif phrsnif hs mnihstf in quohrh chgor quh oivfrofaehkhith y ch uif kfihrf `odf en shf, soin quh tohich f gnkpnrtfrsh ch kfihrf mnihstf hi efs sotufgonihs fchgufcfs pnr hdhgutfr gnicugtfs mnihstfs, hs chgor, afdn gohrtfs gorguistfigofs. Ef jhihrfeocfc ch hstfs gorg rgui uist stffig igoofs y su h` h`hhgtn hi efs co cosp spns nsog ogoonih nihs kfitohihi uifkuy rhefgo÷i hstrhgmf, ch kfihrf quhjrfi efs cospnsogonihs fkpeofs sh nashrvfi hi uif covhrsocfc ch sotufgonihs. Ens rfsjns navofkhith oig igeu euyyhi ui uiff jh jhih ihrf rfeoeozf zfggo÷i ch rh rhsp spuh uhst stffs quh quh ngurrhi hi sotufgonihs co`hrhiths co`hrhiths.. He gnighptn ch rfsjn hs uif gfthjnrëf hshigofe hi ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc y tohih ui pfphe grugofe hi ens knchens ch phrsnifeocfc h

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oitheojhigof. In nastfith, mfi surjocn iukhrnsns grëtogns quh mfi gnisochrfcn quh ef gfthjnrëf ch rfsjn in hs fchgufcf pfrf uif gnkprhiso÷i gnrrhgtf ef fgtovocfc psëquogf. Hi tnrin fhiens rfsjns shch pefithfi iukhrnsns oithrrnjfiths ef oivvhs oi hstotojfg jfgo÷ o÷ii co co`h `hrh rhig igof ofee ch ef ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocfc fc.. \nr hdhkpen4 ¾guæitns rfsjns ch`oihi f uif phrsnif>, n aohi4 ¾guæe hs he nrojhi ch ens rfsjns>, ¾mfy n in mfy  rfsj rf sjns ns>, >, ¾q ¾quï uï if ifttur urfe fehz hzff tohi hihhi> Ef kfynr nrëf ëf ch rhspuhstfs f hstfs prhjuitfs ins fpnrtfi oi`nrkfgonihs chstfgfcfs snarh ef phrsnifeocfc, ef oitheojhigof y kugmns ntrns `hi÷khins quh kuhstrfi jrfichs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs. Ch`oiogo÷i y ifturfehzf He hstucon ch ens rfsjns hs pfrth oithjrfith ch gohrtfs ærhfs ch ef psognenjëf, gnkn pnr hdhkpen ef phrsnifeocfc, he thkphrfkhitn, ef oitheojhigof n ef hvfeufgo÷i psogne÷jogf. Hi tncfs hstfs cosgopeoifs sh prhth prh thich ich och ochito ito`og `ogfr fr ens rfs rfsjns jns pso psogne gne÷jo ÷jogns gns,, phr phrnn fchkæs tfkaoïi sh prhthich hignitrfr ef rfz÷i che nrojhi y efquh ifturfehzf ens rfsjns. He rfsjn hs he gnighptn rhprhshitfchkhdnr ef uiocfc che fiæeosos ch efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs. Hsth tïrk rkooin usufekhith mfgh rh`hrhigof f ui gniduitn ch mæaotns ch gnicugtf gnrrhefgonifcns. Ens rfsjns fjrupfi ui gniduitn ch rhspuhstfs quh in sni hsphgë`ogfs ch uif sotufgo÷i gnigrhtf, soin quh puhchi fpfrhghr fith sotufgonihs costoitfs. 06

 

 Fyucfr f uif phrsnif figofif f suaor fe futnaôs  Fyucfr hs uif gnicugtf quh puhch shr mfaotufe y gfeo`ogfrsh ch fetruostf2 hi gfkaon, shr fetruostf y fthitn sni rfsjns che oicovocun. Ch mhgmn, efprnpof gnisosthigof hitrh sotufgonihs hs uif gfrfgthrëstogf ch ens rfsjns quh in sh puhch fsngofr corhgtfkhith f ens mæaotns, yf quh hstns tohihi uif chphichigof kfynr ch ef sotufgo÷i. He rfsjn hs ef uiocfc ch khcocf quh ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc pefith÷ pfrf he hstucon ch ens oivfrofiths ch ef phrsnifeocfc, fe ojufe quh mfaë mf aëff `n `nrku rkuef efcn cn he gn gnig ighp hptn tn ch gf gfpf pfgo gocf cfcc pf pfrf rf gefso`ogfr efgnjiotovn. s co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs hi he rhicokohitn Mfy futnrhs quh gnisochrfi he rfsjn gnkn ui gniduitn ch "fgtns" (gnicugtfs futnphrgoaocfs kæs quhh rh qu rhjo jost strf rfcf cfs) s) kæ kæss n kh khin inss `rhg `rhguh uhit iths hs22 ntrn ntrnss futnrhs en gnisochrfi uif sokpeh htoquhtf vhrafe quh phrkoth ochito`ogfr ens fsphgtns oconsoigræsogns ch uif phrsnif2 `oifekhith, mfy ntrns quh gnisochrfi quh he "rfsjn" hs sokpehkhith uif gnistruggo÷i gnjiotovf quh hstæ khith che nashrvfcnr.  F phsfr ch hi ef efokpnrtfigof che rfsjn hi ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnif ifeeocfc, mfy iukhrnsfs npoionihs hi tnrin f su ifturfehzf y f su pfphe hi he hst stuc ucon on ch ef ph phrs rsni niffeocf eocfc. c. Qhgo hgohit ithhkh khit ithh, ui hsph hs phgo gofe feos ostf tf ch pr prhs hstotojo jonn, he ps psog og÷e ÷enjn njn Ef Efur urhi high gh \hrvoi, mf chknstrfcn quh ef grëtogf f ef thnrëf ch ens rfsjns jhihrf gni`uso÷i hitrh ens psog÷enjns ch

01

 

ef phrsnifeocfc y in fyucf f gnkprhichr ef oicovocufeocfc. He gnig ighp hpttn ch rfsjn tohih cns rh`hrhiths `uic icffkhichtfehkfihrf s4 he proch`oioto khrn vf hi fef uif thnr nrëëfcokhiso÷i , quh en  voiguef ch`oiotovf psog ps ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogff (vfro roffae aehh, ftro roau auttn) ch chee sud sudht htnn, y he shjuicn hi ef rhfeocfc hkpërogf, quh en rhefgonif gni ui `fgtnr quh ochito`ogf ef cokhiso÷i supuhstf che oicovocun. Hi ef tfa faeef quh sh pr prhhsh shit itff f gni nito toiiuf ufggo÷i mhk mh kns rh rhsu suk koc ocnn en enss pr proi oiggop opfe fehhs hehk hkhhit itns ns qu quhh co`h co `hrh rhig igof ofii ens mæ mæao aotn tnss ch en enss rf rfsj sjns ns.. Hit itrh rh efs efs gufeocfchs kæs chstfgfcfs ch gfcfftroauocf uin hstæfeef sudhtn ch shr uif prnpohcfc ch ef gnicugtf (rfsjn) n uif prnpohcfc ch efs rhefgonihs hsphgë`ogfs hitrh hstëkuens y rhspuhstfs (mæaotn). Hstæ kuy gefrn quh ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc nptf pnr ef prokhrf, yf quh, gnkn oithrhsfcf hi gninghr efs gfusfs ch efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs, ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc nptf sohkprh pnr hsgnjhr  vfrofaehss che sudhtn  vfrofaeh sudhtn.. Qfsjn

Mæaotn

Pfrofaeh efthith

Qhspuhstf nashrvfaeh

Qhefgonifcn gni he topn ch mæaotns

Qhefgonifcn gni he topn ch gnicugtf

Gnisost Gni sosthig higof of trfiso trfisotuf tufgon gonife ife

Hsphgo Hsphgo`og `ogocf ocfc c sotufg sotufgoni onife fe

Ch`oiocn th÷rogfkhith

Ch`oiocn hkpërogfkhith

07

 

Sïrkoi Sïr koin n ch rh`hrh rh`hrhigo igof f fkpeof fkpeof

Sïrkoi Sïrkoin n hsphgë hsphgë`og `ogn n

Ens rfsjns,kæs pnrnsukhins prnpofhxthisfs ifturfehzf, fjrupfgonihs ch puhchi mæaotns shr ch gnicugtf y pnr tfitn uins rfsjns sni kæs fkpeons quh ntrns. Fsë, pnchkns mfaefr ch fisohcfc gnkn rfsjn fkpeon y ch fisohcfc `÷aogf gnkn rfsjn kæs hsphgë`ogn. Whjôi he jrfcn kæs n khins hehvfcn ch hxthiso÷i ch ens rfsjns, hstns phrk rkoothi ui gnin gn ingo goko kohi hitn tn ch chsg sgro ropt ptoovn ch ef efss phrs phrsni nifs fs n ui uiff gfpf gf pfgo gocf cfcc prh prhco cogt gtov ovff kæ kæss n kh khins ins jhi jhihr hrfe feoz ozfa faeh eh.. Guficn rfsjns suhehi hstns chink oifrshsh ch`oihi topns, kuy pnr snarfcfkhith hdhkpen ef hxtrfvhrso÷i. ¾Vuï jrfcn ch jhihrfeocfc tohih ui rfsjn ch phrsnifeocfc> Snkhkns ui hdhkpen ch ui rfsjn ch phrs ph rsni nife feoc ocfc fc,, ef hx hxpr prhs hsov ovoc ocfc fc hk hkng ngon onif ife.e. Gohrt Gohrtfs fs phrs ph rsni nifs fs toh tohih ihii ui uiff `nrk nrkff ch hxp xprh rhso so÷i ÷i ch ef efss hkngonihs hi ef quh okpeogfi iukhrnsfs  vhrafeozfgonihs  vhrafe ozfgonihs,, kohitrfs quh ntrfs fphifs mfghi if ifcf .koh Ghoh ohrt rtfs phrs nif fspeon mf mfg jrf frfs ic ich jhst jh nsrfssy  kncf. vo voko it itns nsfs kph uyrsni fk fkpe ons sg, hiko kohhjr it itrf shs qu quh h stns ntrf nt phrsnifs f curfs phifs sh ehs intfi hi sus knvokohitns ens gfkaons hkngonifehs. ¾Hstfs cns kfihrfs ch hxprhsfr efs hkngonihs (vhrafeozfr y  jhstoguefr) sh tohihi quh gnisochrfr gnkn ui snen rfsjn ch phrsnifeocfc, n aohi gnistotuyhi `fgtnrhs oichphicohiths ch ef hxprhso÷i ch efs hkngonihs y,

03

 

pnr en tfitn, sni oichp hphhic icoohiths> Fith hstfs sotufgonihs fpfrhithkhith gnitrfcogtnrofs, gnitrfcogtnrofs, he fiæeosos `fgtnrofe phrkoth gninghr g÷kn sh rhefgonifi hstfs cfiæeosos okhisonch ihsefscgnrrhefgonihs h ef phrsnifeosnarh cfc fg÷kn pfrt rtoorfpfrhghi ch ens hstfs gfrfgthrëstogfs hi ef rhfeocfc. Ntrf kfihrf ch gnisochrfr he "rfsjn" (y uif ch efs kæs fitojufs) hs gnkn uif htoquhtf vhrafe quh ochito`ogf efs gfrfgthrëstogfs ch ef gnicugtf (jhihrfekhith sngofe) ch ui oicovocun. Hstf gnig gn ighpg hpgo÷ o÷ii ch rf rfsjn sjn,, oi oiog ogof ofek ekhi hith th pe pefi fith thfc fcff pn pnrr  Feepnrt hi ens föns trhoitf, in prhsupnih ioijuif ntrf okpeogfgo÷i gufitn fhrns su ifturfehzf. ehij eh ijuf ufdh dh gn gntotoco cofi finnhi mf mfy y iuk ukhr nsns ns tï tïrko rkoin inssHiquh quheh mfghi rh`hrhigof f gfrfgthrëstogfs psogne÷jogfs ch ens oico oi covvoc ocun unss. Ch mh mhggmn mn,, Fe Feeepnrt pnrt ch chsg sgro roao ao÷÷ 3. 3. Ôi su Ôiog ogfk fkhi hith th pn pnch chkn knss co cost stoi oiju juor or hstf hstfss cn cnss fethri rifftovfs so gnisochrfkns cns hehkhitns co`hrhiths. Vuh he oicovocun sh gnkpnrtf ch kfihrf gni niso sost sthhit ithh mn mnih ihst stfk fkhhit ithh hi so sottuf ufggoni nihhs kuy  covhrsfs y quh he oicovocun kuhstrf hstfs gnicugtfs ch kfihrf hstfaeh hi he tohkpn (ch dnvhi n ch

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kfynr). Hstns hehkhitns sh rh`ohrhi f cns prnpohcfchs quh sni ef gnisosthigof hit itrrh sotufgonihs y ef hstfaoeocfc f en efrjn che tohkpn. \hrn prhsthkns fthigo÷i f ui phquhön prnaehkf quh f vhghs pfsf chsfphrgoaocn4 mfaefkns ch gnisosthigof y  hstfaoeocfc ch ef phrsnif, y hsn in hs en koskn quh mfaefr ch ef hstfaoeocfc y ef gnisosthigof ch ef gnicugtf. Fsë, pnr hdhkpen, ef mnihstocfc ch ui fcne fc nehhsg sghhit ithh sh pr prhhsh shit itff hi ui uifs fs gn gnic icuugt gtfs fs (in gnefrsh hi uif gnef che goih, in chdfr ch pfjfr hi uif tohicf, in khitor f ens pfcrhs) co`hrhiths ch ef mnihstocfc uif hkprhche sf),fcuetn y pn(pfjfr r hsn okpuhstns, gnkpfrfr ingnrnafr icugthi fs mnihstfs hi eujfr che rfsjn ch mnihstocfc puhch n`rhghr rhsuetfcns co`hrhiths. Ef rhfeocfc hkpërogf ins hishöf quh so rhfeozfkns aohi ef shehggo÷i ch gnicugtfs oicogfcnrfs ch ui rfsjn ‗hi hsth gfsn, ef mnihstocfc‗ y fifeozfkns efs gnrrhefgonihs hitrh ui jrupn mhthrnjïihn ch phrsnifs, ef gnrrhefgo÷i quh mfy hitrh hs,rfrë mfaotufekhith, sojio`ogftovf. In nast na stfi fith th,, heefs hi hign gnit itrf rëfk fkns ns qu quhh go gohr hrtf tfss gnic gnicug ugtf tfss mnihstfs n chsmnihstfs pfrhgh quh sni gnisosthiths hitrh heefs y së quh ins knstrfrëfi gnrrhefgonihs kæs sojjio so io`o `oggft ftoovfs hit itrh rh së së.. Hs Hsth th mh mhggmn in inss phrko phrkotth chcugor quh hstfs gnicugtfs sni chaocfs f h`hgtns ch uif vf vfrofae rofaehh efthith n ui `fgt `fgtnr nr quh gnrrhspnich f ui rfsjn rfsj n (hi hsth gfsn ch gfrægthr).

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He fiæeosos `fgtnrofe pfrth ch hstf prhkosf pfrf ochito`ogfr hstns rfsjns efthiths quh chthrkoifi ef fpfrogo÷i ch gnrrhefgonihs hitrh gnicugtfs quh sh cfi hi sotufgonihs costoitfs y quh gnistotuyhi ef uiocfc ch fiæeosos ch ef hstrugturf ch phrsnifeocfc.  F pfrtor pfr tor ch ef oithrgnrrhefgo÷i ch efs khcocfs ch gnkpnrt rtffkohitns mnihstns (nashrv rvffgonihs iftu if turf rfeh ehss, rh rhsu suetetfc fcns ns ch oi oi`n `nrkhs rkhs),), ef tï tïgi giog ogff ch chee fiæ iæeeos osoos `fg fgtn tnro rofe fe in inss ph phrko rkotth gni ning nghhr guæit uæitns ns `fgtnrhs mfy quh gnistotuyhi ef afsh ch ef vfrofgo÷i ch fquheefs khcocfs y g÷kn hstæi nrjfiozfcns. Xi fiæeosos `fgtnrofe hs, pnr en tfitn, ui prnghcokohitn quh nashpfrth rv rvffcnch s ef hivfrofaoeocfc trh efs phrch sniens fs gnkpnrtfkohitns y ins phrk rkooth gninghr guæehs sni efs prnpohcfchs gnkuihs ch ens oicovocuns oicovocu ns quh gfusfi hstf vfrofgo÷i. vfrofgo÷i. Gefso`ogfgo÷i ch ens topns ch rfsjns

Xi thkf quh tohih uif okpnrtfigof hsphgofe f ef mnrf ch gnisochrfr ef phrsnifeocfc gnkn ui sosthkf gnkpehdn ch rfsjns sni ens topns ch rfsjns. Ef ccostoijuh ostoigo÷i hitrh ch F eepnrt kntovfgonifehs ch ens rfsjn jnss(ef hkfynrëf s sokpe pehhy 4 rfsjns ens kæs okpnrtfiths) y hstoeëstogns. Kæs fchefith, Gftthee, Juoe`nrc, Hyshigb Hyshigb n Beoih hsphgo`ogfræi kæs hstf hs tf ge gefs fso` o`og ogfg fgo÷ o÷ii y co cost stoi oiju juor oræi æi hi hitr trhh rfsjn rfsjnss ch iftu if turf rfeh ehzf zf gn gnjjio iottovf (fpt ptootu tucchs) s),, ch if iftu turf rfeehz hzff hstoeëstogff (hstoens gnjiotov hstoeëstog gnjiotovns), ns), ch ifturfehzf coiækogf (shitokohitns, ihghsocfchs) y ch ifturfehzf

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hkngonife (thkphrfkhitn). (thkphrfkhitn). Ntrns futnrhs mfi prnpuhstn iuhvfs gefso`ogfgonihs. Ens topns ch rfsjns hi ens quh kæs fggnuihsrtcotnugonsih fehcsf s(anoinkennrs`ne÷thjkogpnhsr)fkhyitfeenhss, ecnhs gfpfgo gfp fgocfc cfc (oi (oithe theojhi ojhigo gof). f). Aus Ausss y \neh nehyy gnisoc gnisochrf hrfii quh fchkæs ch ens thkphrfkhitfehs y ch ens gnjiotovns hstæi ens rfsjns kntovfgonifehs. Hi jhihrfe, sh gnisochrf quh puhch mfahr hi tntfe hitrh goiguhitf y shshitf rfsjns co`hrhiths quh gnistotuyhi ef phrsnifeocfc. In tncns sni ch ef koskf ifturfehzf io tohihi he koskn pfphe hi ef chthrkoifgo÷i gnkpnr nrttfkohitnch. efs Whjôco`hrhigofs i he topn oicovocufehs ch tfrhfs yhi cheh hxojhigofs, he oicovocun utoeozf kæs uins rfsjns u ntrns. Xtoeocfc ch ens rfsjns

¾Vuï `uigo÷i tohihi ens rfsjns hi efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs> Hi jhihrfe, gnisochrfkns efs `uigonihs sojuohiths4 prhcogtovf, hs chgor, quh phrkoth gninghr`uturfs2 quï hs chsgroptovf, prnafaeh quhpfrf mfjfochito`ogfr he sudhtn hi sotufgonihs `ægoekhith f efs phrsnifs2 gefso`ogftnrof, quh fjrupf fe oicovocun hi uif gfthjn jnrrëf ch oicovocuns, y  hxpeogftovf, quh `fgoeotf ef gnkprhiso÷i y ef hxpeogfgo÷i ch ef gnicugtf oicovocufe. Efs `uigonihs kæs okpnrtfiths quh gukpehi ens rfsjns sni ef chsgroptovf y ef gefso`ogftnrof. Hsth

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fsphgtn hstæ corhgtfkhith rhefgonifcn gni ef khcocf ch ens rfsjns y mf snsthiocn ens thsts. Ef `uigo÷i prhcogtovf mfgh rh`hrhigof f ef phrsphgtovf ch `uturn hi he gnkpnrtfkohitn sudhtn he puhch gnitrfron gnitrfron, , he fsphgtn hxpeogftovn ch che ens sudhtn. rfsjns. \nr in sh afsfr hi he rfznifkohitn gorguefr, hi he quh ef koskf cospnsogo÷i sh gnivohrt rthh hi gfusf ch fquheef gnicugtf ch ef quh `uh oi`hrocf prhvofkhith. Xin hs fkfaeh pnrquh sh kuhstrfi gnicugtfs ch fkfaoeocfc. Ef gfrfgthrëstogf hxpeogftovf chphich hi jrfi khcocf ch ef ifturfehzf quh sh ftroauyh f ens rfsjns. Sopn y hstfcns psogne÷jogns

He gnighptn ch rfsjn eehvf fsngofcns ens gnighptns ch topn (gniduitn ch rfsjns) y ch hstfcn (`eu `eugt gtuf ufgo goni nihs hs che rf rfsj sjn) n).. Dui uittn fe gni nigghp hpttn ch rfsj rf sjnn, ch nr nroj ojhhi geæs æsoogn gn,, hi ef ps psog ogne nenj njëëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc thihkns cns gnighptns fsngofcns4 he ch topn y he ch hstfcn. Hi uif fifenjëf snarh ens rfsjns, pncrëfkns chgor quh he hstfcn hs he rhsuetfcn ch ens h`hgtns ch efs sotufgonihs snarh ens rfsjns, kohitrfs quh ui topn hs ui gniduitn ch rfsjns. He phisfkohitn topne÷jogn, fpeogfcn fe hstucon ch ef phrsnifeocfc, hs prnpofkhith hurnp nphhn y  co`ëgoekhith mf thiocn ui okpfgtn hi ef psognenjëf inrt in rthf hfkh khro rogf gfif if.. He ph phis isfk fkoohit itnn to topn pnee÷j ÷jog ognn en hignitrfkns hi okpnrtfiths psoquoftrfs hurnphns, gnkn Gfre Duij n Brhtsgmkhr, y tfkaoïi hi @rhuc, :3

 

hitrh psog÷enjns gnkn Dfhisgm Dfhisgm n Hyshigb y tfkaoïi hitrh ens hstuconsns ch ef oitheojhigof gnkn Enuos E.  Smurstnih n Ehwos K.Shrkfi. K.Shrkfi. Chsch ens jrohjns Ef hxosthigof ch topnenjëfs mf socn uif gnistfith chsch ef ïpngf ch ens jrohjns hi he hstucon ch tncns ens `hi÷khins ch ef phrsnifeocfc mukfif. Fsë, sh mfi `nrk rkuuefcn topnenjëfs ch ef gnistotugo÷i (fstïiogn-pëgiogn, hicnknr`n, hgtnknr`n), che gfrægthr (fpætogns, f`hgtovns, oithehgtufehs2 shis sh isototov ovns ns,, fg fgto tovvns ns22 oi oitr trnnvhrt hrtoc ocns ns,, hx hxtr trnnvhrt hrtoc ocns ns)) y ch chee thkphrfkhitn (vfsguefr, kusguefr, ihrvonsn2 snkftnt÷iogn,

 vosghrnt÷iogn y ghrharnt÷iogn). Ef rhfeocfcch fgtufe hs pnr quh gni ef cokhisonifeozfgo÷i y ef sustotugo÷i ens topns ens rfsjns gfcf vhz sni khins utoeozfcfs.

Ens topns ch phrsnifeocfc quh sh mfi prnpuhstn kæs rhgohithkhith sni ens quh prhshitf Kyhrs, quh sh afsfi hi ef topnenjëf ch Duij. Ch fguhrcn gni Kyhhrs Ky rs,, mf mfyy co cohhgo gosï sïos os top opns ns ch ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocffc qu quhh r(shisfgonihs hsuetfi ch hgnoituogonihs), kaoifr cns cns `nrk rkf fs chchphduzjfr rgoaor `nrkfs (phisfr y shitor), cns `nrkfs ch rhefgonifrsh gni ens chkæs (oitrnvhrso÷i y hxtrfvhrso÷i) y cns `nrkfs ch rhefgonifrsh gni he fkaohith hxthrin fe oicovocun (duogon y phrghpgo÷i).

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Ens hstfcns psogne÷jogns

 Fiths ch gnigeuor he thkf ch ens rfsj rfsjns, ns, mfy quh mfghr snarh ef hitrh hstfcnsuiy gnkhitfron rfsjns. Hstfarhvh costoigo÷i sh rhefgo÷i mf pefithfcn gnkn uif kfihrf ch hithichr uif rhfggo÷i gnkpehdf oikhcoftf, phrn ch kæs curfgo÷i quh ef ch uif sokpeh rhfggo÷i hkngonife, quh hs uif gfrf gf rfgt gthr hrës ëstotogf gf n co cosp spns nsog ogo÷ o÷ii ch rh rhsp spuh uhst stff mf mfao aotu tufe fe fith gohrt rtnns gfkaons che khcon y quh gnkn gufequohr cospnsogo÷i che sudhtn hs gfso phrkfihith. Ef co`hrhigof aæsogf hitrh ui hstfcn y ui rfsjn rh`hrocn n fe thkphrfkhitn hs fiæenjf f fefefquhphrsnifeocfc mfy hitrh hstfr y shr. In mfy ioijôi topn ch cucf ch quh en quh nashrvfkns fe rhjostrfr ef gnicugtf shf he h`hgtn ch ui hstfcn, yf quh ïstns rhprhshitfi ef pefskfgo÷i gnigrhtf ch ens h`hgtns ch ef sotufgo÷i snarh efs cos ospn pnso soggon onih ihss ch chee su sudh dhttn. Ens rf rfsj sjns ns iui uiggf sn snii corhgtfkhith nashrvfaehs, sokpehkhith sh oi`ohrhi ch ef efss gn gnic icug ugtf tfss rh rhjo jost strf rfcf cfss. He pr prna naeh ehkf kf ch ef co`hrhigof hitrh rfsjn y hstfcn hs khrfkhith khtncne÷jogn.  Fsë, ins quhcf gefrn quh uif rhspuhstf fisonsf ef thihkns quh gnisochrfr ch curfgo÷i arhvh, phrn ch jrfi oithisocfc. \nr he gnitrfron, ui hstfcn hs uif rhspuhstf gnkpehdf gfrfgthrozfcf pnr su oithisocfc oi`hronr y su curfgo÷i suphronr. Fe `oi thicrëfkns ef gfthjnrëf ch "shitokohitns", hi ef quh

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ef curfgo÷i puhch shr kfynr y ef oithisocfc ch ef gnicugtf, kuy oi`hronr.  Fe `oife ch hsth gnitoiun sotufrëfkns he rfsjn. \rhgosfkhith ef gfrfgthrëstogf kæs phgueofr che rfsjn hs su h`hgtn ehdfin snarh ef gnicugtf y fchkæs ef hstfaoeocfc thkpnrfe che rfsjn. \nr ntrf pfrth, pnr khcon ch ef utoeozfgo÷i ch `fgtnrhs cospnsogonifehs, aohi rfsjns n hstfcns, sh fpnrtf ui hehkhitn ch jrfi utoeocfc pfrf ef psognenjëf fpeogfcf y quh hi ef khcocf hi quh ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc vfyf fpnrtficn gningokohitns snarh hstns gnistrugtns cospnsogonifehs,, kæs utoeocfc thicræi hi he gfkpn ch cospnsogonifehs ef tncgeëiogf, fs efs ef`fhcugfgo÷i, ghtfs ch he ef rhicokohitn vocf gntocofefanrfe if ch y ehi ns oicovocuns.

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EF \HQWNIFEOCFC GNKN WOWSHKF  Ef gnistotugo÷i

Hi he sojen ]O], ef gnistotugo÷i fcquohrh su shitocn knchrin. Ch ens iuhvns topns coshöfcns (fteteït (f ïtog ognn, pë pëgi giog ognn, chco cojh jhst stoovn) sh puhc puchhch h gn gnit itoi oiuf ufrr prhcogohicn topns hi`hrkhcfchs, trftfkohitns. In sh fghptf, soi hkafrjn, ioijuif gnitoiuocfc corhgtf hitrh hstfs phgueofrocfchs knr`ne÷jogfs y ens ftroau roauttns ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷joogn gnss. Hs kæ kæss, yf hi en enss fön önss shs hshhit itff sh oi oico coggfa faff qu quhh so hit itrh rh gni nist stot otug ugoo÷i y  thkphrfkhitn mfaëf fejuif rhefgo÷i hrf ch kfihrf tfe quh sh oiogofaf hi he nrjfioskn nrj fioskn y fgtufaf snarh ef gnicugtf khcofith he ghrharn. He kïcogn Ponef

Hi he sojen ]], hsphgofekhith hi ens prokhrns trhoitf föns, ens trfafdns kïcogns snarh ef gnistotugo÷i sh fghrgfrni f ef fitrnpnkhtrëf y sh con ui rojnr kïtrogn quh sh föfcorëf f efs gnighpgonihs quh afsfafi efs topnenjëfs gnistotugonifehs hi ens suasosthkfs gnrpnrfehs gnrpnrfehs.. Khrhgh uif khigo÷i most÷rogf hsphgofe Ponef, ui :=

 

kïcogn otfeofin pfrf quohi ef gohigof ch ef gnistotugo÷i hquovfeëf f ef "fitrnpnkhtrëf ch efs  vfrofgonihs  vfrofgo nihs oicovocuf oicovocufehs ehs hi ens gfrfgthrhs `ësogns". Chsfrr rrnnee÷ khcocfs h ëicoghs gnrp rpnnrfehs quh rfto`ogfafi efs gnighp hpggoni nihhs geæsogfs snarh ef gnistotugo÷i (mæaotn tësogn y fpnpeïtogn) y quh kæs tfrch sh gni`orkfrni hi ens hstucons `fgtnrofehs ch Qhhs ch ens föns goiguhitf. Xi shjuocnr y cosgëpuen ch Ponef, he kïcogn \hich, chsfrrneefrëf fôi kæs he knchen ch Ponef y cfrëf ui okpuesn okpnrtfith fe hstucon gohitë`ogn ch ef gnistotugo÷i. \hich `uh he grhhfcn gr cnrr ch chee tïrko rkoin in ao aont ntoopn pnen enjjëf ëf,, qu quhh "trf "trfttf ch hpsognsnkætogf, stucofr f efshi pefhrsquh nifssh oithjrf hi su suuiknr`nenjëf, ocfc votfe `osonenjëf y psognenjëf co`hrhigofehs". In nastfith, su hs`uhrzn hi he chsfrrneen ch ui sosthkf tfi gnkpehtn `uh kæs fkaogonsn quh s÷eocn y mf rhsuetfcn ui gnid gn idui uitn tn ch jh jhih ihrf rfeoeozf zfgo goni nihs hs soi soi kug ugmn mn fp fpnnyn hkpërogn. He chsfrrneen knchrin y gni ui okpfgtn kfynr hi efs gohigofs psogne÷jogfs che gnighptn ch ggnniissttoottuuggoo÷÷ii ihns hcsh s÷pernnghhcihiegnof rhf`hehrk hiftihf. f Eeff hstrugturf gnrpnrfe, soin quh rhprhshitf tfkaoïi efs prhc pr hcos ospn pnso sogo goni nihs hs f kfi fihhrf rfss ch hi` i`hhrkf rkfrr, hs he fsohitn che thkphrfkhitn y ch ntrfs cospnsogonihs psog ps ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogfs fs,, hs hstæ tæ ch chth thrkoi rkoifc fcff jh jhiï iïtotogf gfkh khit ithh, hs co`ëgoekhith knco`ogfaeh. Sncfs hstfs ochfs hstæi hi ef narf ch Brhtsgmkhr.

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Chspuïs ch ef fpnrtfgo÷i fe hstucon che thkp th kphr hrfk fkhi hitn tn y ef gn gnis istototu tugo go÷i ÷i ch Brht Brhtsg sgmk mkhr hr,, chstfgfkns ens hstucons ch efs hsguhefs oijehsf ch Aurt y hsphgofekhith ch ef fkhrogfif ch Wmhecni.  Z.. Wmhecni (6=?=-6?::) `uh ui kïcogn  Z inrthfkhrogfin quh rhgoao÷ oi`euhigofs corhgtfs ch  Duij, @rhuc y Brhtsgmkhr curfith su hstfigof hi Hurnpf. Hi Mfrvfrc (Hstfcns Xiocns) chsfrrnee÷ su oivhstojfgo÷i snarh efs rhefgonihs hitrh gnistotugo÷i y thkphrfkhitn, gni ui sosthkf nrojoife quh sh afsfaf hi he fiæeosos chtfeefcn ch `ntnjr jrff`ëfs hstæicfrhs che guhrpn ch ens sudhtns pfrf chstfgfr gufe gu fequ quoh ohr r v fr frof ofgo go÷i ÷i ch hs hstf tf hs hstru trugt gtur urf f gn gnrp rpnr nrfe fe. . Ochito`og÷ trhs cokhisonihs (hicnknr`of, hgtnknr`of y khsnknr`of), quh phrk rkootëfi topo`ogfr ef gnistotugo÷i gnrpnrfe. Fcsgroao÷ ui nrojhi hkarone÷jogn f gfcf uif ch hstfs cokhisonihs y  fsoji÷ uif cokhiso÷i thkphrfkhitfe ch`oiocf pnr efs fg fgttovoc ocfc fchs hs y gni niccug ugtf tfss prnt prntnt ntëp ëpoogfs fs.. Ch ef koskf kfihrf fsoji÷ topns ch hi`hrk rkhhcfchs khitfehs y gnicugtfs sngofehs f efs cokhisonihs. \frf gfusftncn eocfc heen, csfevn h pfrf efs he hsquhkf cokhisontopne÷jogn ihs, sojyuoef÷ gnkpehtfkhith f Brhtsgmkhr.  F phsfr ch quh Wmhecni rhprhshitf ef fpnrtfgo÷i knchrif kæs rhehvfith hi he thrrhin ch ef aontopnenjëf, sus kïtncns ch nathigo÷i ch cftns y  sus fiæeosos hstæi f`hgtfcns pnr iukhrnsns prnaehkfs quh pnihi hi cucf ens rhsuetfcns. Kæs

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rhgohithkhith sh mf chknstrfcn quh ch ens fiæeosos ch sus cftns snefkhith sh chrovfi cns cokhisonihs gnis gn istototu tugo goni nife fehs hs y qu quhh su pr prht hthi hico cocf cf gf gfus usfe feoc ocfc fc hkarone÷jogf hs kuy cucnsf. \nr hdhkpen, he topn fteïtogn hs ch`oiocn pnr Brhtsgmkhr fsë4 "Xi jrfi chsfrrneen che hsquhehtn ÷shn, ch ef kusguefturf y ch ef hpochrkos hpochr kos.. He oicovocun tohih uif hstfturf khcof n suphronr f ef khcof, gni uins mnkarns hsph hs phgo gofe fekh khit ithh fi figgmn mnss y pn pnth thit iths hs,, gni gni ui t÷ t÷rf rfxx okpnrtfith, ui vohitrh thisn. (...) He chsfrrneen jrfsn hs knchrfcn (...) Wu gfrægthr y thkphrfkhitn en gfrfgthrozfi gnkn uif phrsnif gnistfith, hiïrjogf, cnkoifith, hquoeoarfcf y hxtrnvhrtocf". hxtrnv hrtocf". N vhkns hsth hdhkpen ch topn ehptnsnkætogn4 "Grhgokohitn khcongrh gni rhsphgtn f ef figmurf uiocn f ui grhgokohitn in coskoiuocn gni rhsphgtn f ef feturf". He oicovocun hs hsahetn y chejfcn, chejfcn, pfrhgh kæs fetn ch en quh hs rhfekhith. Ef pohe hs shgf y  fiïkogf2 ens arfzns, chejfcns2 ch kôsguens hsgfsns2 gni uins mnkarns hstrhgmns, htg. Wu gfrægthr y  thkphrfkhitn en gfrfgthrozfi gnkn uif phrsnif sneo sn eotf tfro rof, f, feok okfj fjoi oift ftoovf, oc ochf hfeoeost stf, f, rh rhtr trfë fëcf cf,, sna snaro roff y  thichith `fiftoskn". Xif ch efs gnigeusonihs quh sh hxtrfh ch rhvosfr ef gnisochrfgo÷i knchrif ch efs rhefgonihs hitrh gnistotugo÷i y phrsnifeocfc hs quh sh tohihi quh `nrk rkuuefr hi tïrk rkooins ch rhefgonihs hitrh suasosthkfs ihurn`osone÷jogns y cokhisoni nihhs thkphrfkhitfehs. Hi 6?00, \oioeens rhsukëf ch hstf

=6

 

kfihrf efs rhefgonihs hitrh sosthkfs ihur ih urn` n`os oson one÷ e÷jo jogn gnss y ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocfc fc44 "H "Hii he gf gfkp kpnn mnrknife ef sotu sotufgo÷i fgo÷i tfkpngn fgfaf ch rhsnevh rhsnevhrsh rsh,, yf quh in sh higuhitrfi rhefgonihs hitrh ens trfstnrins tornochns y ens gfkaons ch gnicugtf che oic icoovo vocu cunn. Gni rh rhsp sphhgtn f ef efss rh rhef efggon onih ihss hit itrh rh sosthkf ihrvonsn ghitrfe y phrsnifeocfc ef sotufgo÷i hs prnkhthcnrf y gni`usf. Mfy oicogons ch quh hi ens hxtrnvhrtocns mfy ui iovhe khinr ch fghtoegneoif quh hi ens oitrnvhrtocns, pnr en quh ef gnicuggo÷i soiæptogf ch ens prokhrns shrëf kæs afdf quh ef ch ens shjuicns". Hstf tfss efrh rh`h `hrh rhig igof ofss che mh mhggjrfi mf mfss mf mfgh gh uins uins quh gu gufr frhi hitf tf fönsHs sni fithsfef chsfrrneen mfi thiocns ens knchens psognaone÷jogns ch ef phrsnifeocfc hi hstns föns föns.. He thkphrfkhitn

Ens pefithfkohitns che `oso÷enjn Zoemhek  Zuict  Z uict snarh he thkphrfkhitn `uhrni rhgnjocns oicorhgtfkhith pnr M. D. Hyshigb h oigeuocns hi su knchen ch phrsnifeocfc. He ch Hyshigb, uin ch ens kæs s÷eocns hi he thrrhin ch ef psognenjëf co`hrhigofe ch ef phrsnifeocfc, en `fgoeot÷ ef narf ch Mhykfis (6=8:-6?7 Ef afsh nphrftovf ch ef oitheojhigof sni ens eefkfcns prnghsns gnjiotovns4 ef fthigo÷i, ef shisfgo÷i, ef rhguphrfgo÷i hi ef khknrof, he fekfghifdh ch ef oi`nrkfgo÷i hi ef khkn kh knro rof f ph phrkfi rkfihi hith th. . Hs Hstn tns s pr prng nghs hsns ns gn gnji jiot otov ovns ns rhjostrfi, trfis`nrkfi y prncughi oi`nrkfgo÷i quh eh phrkoth fe sudhtn su gnkpnrtfkohitn, y pnr he mhgmn ch quh `nrk rkffi pfrt rthh ch ui nrjf jfiioskn aone÷jogn sni ch gfpfgocfc eokotfcf. Ens oicovocuns quhh totohi qu hihi hi so sost sthk hkfs fs gn gnji jiototoovns h` h`og ogfg fghs hs nat natoh ohih ihii  vhitfdfs  vhitf dfs kfy kfynrhs nrhs hi he prnghsfkohitn ch ef oi`nr nrk kfgo÷i prhgosfkhith pfrf fprnvhgmfr fe

?<

 

kæxokn hstf gfpfgocfc eokotfcf y hi hsth fprnvhgmfkohitn ef vhengocfc tohih ui pf pfpphe ch`oiotovn. \nr en tfitn, ch uif kfihrf kuy  fastrfgtf pncrëfkns chgor quh ef oitheojh jhiigof (hsphgofekhith he eefkfcn "`fgtnr j") sh `uicfkhitf hi ef vhengocfc ch prnghsfkohitn ch ef oi`nrkfgo÷i. Woi hkafrjn hkafrj n, ¾vhengocfc pfrf quï> Hi ôetokf oistfigof, ef oitheojhigof tohih uif `uigo÷i hsphgë`ogf quh gnisosth hi jhihrfr n grhfr oi`nrkfgo÷i iuhvf f pfrtor ch hehkhitns cosphrsns y  ch oi oi`n `nrkfg rkfgon onih ihss pr prhs hshi hith thss n pf pfsf sfcf cfss. Kh Khco cofi fith th hstf `uigo÷i ens oicovocuns natohihi ui fprnvhgmfkohitn kfynr ch su hitnri rinn pfrf fcfptfrsh khdnr. Efs rhefgonihs hitrh phrsnifeocfc h oitheojhigof sni kuy gnk nkppeogfcfs y ef oivhstojf jfggo÷i in mf fpnrtfcn iuhvfs oi`nrkfgonihs rhehvfiths, yf quh sus rhsuetfcns sni kuy gni`usns. Qhgohithkhith, Hyshigb mf rhvosfcn hsth gfkpn thkætogn. Pfrons hi`nquhs sh mfi shjuocn pfrf hvochigofr quï rhefgonihs sh kfitohihi hitrh hstns cns `hi÷khins.  Fpfrhithkhith,  Fpfrhithkhith , pfrhgh quh tohihi quh hstfr rhefgonifcns y en hstæi so gnisochrfkns quh ens cns f`hgtfi fe rhicokohitn. En quh in pfrhgh uif auhif hstrfthjof hs phisfr quh ef phrsnifeocfc oi`euyh hi ef oitheojhigof. Chsch ens föns gufrhitf sh mfi rhfeozfcn hstucons pfrf vhro`ogfr ef rhefgo÷i hitrh oitheojhigof y  phrsnifeocfc f pfrtor ch ef khcocf psognkïtrogf ch

?6

 

hstns gnistrugtns. Xtoeozficn hsgfefs gnkn he KK\O (oivhitfron ch phrsnifeocfc kueto`æsogn ch Koiihsntf), he SKFW (hsgfef ch fisohcfc kfio`ohstf ch Sfyenr) y ntrns thsts ch ifturfehzf geëiogf, y  gnkpfrficn ens rhsuetfcns gni efs puitufgonihs hi oitheojhigof nathiocfs hi ens thsts kæs tëpogns, gnkn he ZFOW n he Qfvhi, efs gnrr rrhhefgonihs sni, mfaotufekhith, in sojio`ogftovfs. ¾Hsn quohrh chgor quh ef oitheojhigof y ef phrsnifeocfc psognkïtrogf in tohihi ioijuif rhefgo÷i> Wë y in. Mfaeficn hstrogtfkhith, hi tïrkoins ch khcocf psognkïtrogf, hs hvoc ochi hitth qu quhh in in.. In na nast stfi fitth, hs ihg ihghsf sfro ronn fifeozfr gni kæs chtfeeh efs gfusfs ch hstns rhsuetfcns quh prhshitfi gohrtf gnitrfcoggo÷i gni kugmfs nashrvfgonihs quh oicogfi en gnitrfron, hs chgor, quh ef oitheojhigof tohih ui pfphe okpnrtfith hi ef phrsnifeocfc y voghvhrsf. Xif ch efs rfznihs okpnrtfiths hs ef gni`uso÷i mfaotufe hitrh ens trhs topns co`hrhiths ch oitheojhigof quh mfy y quh in sni oithrgfkaofaehs che tncn. Hstoens psogne÷jogns

Ens prn`hsnrhs Dnsï Wæigmhz-Gæinvfs y \oefr Wæigmhz mfi rhgnjocn hi ui nrojoife trfafdn uif shrohh ch gniso shro gnisochrfg chrfgonihs onihs snarh he gnighptn gnighptn ch hsto hstoen en fpeogfcn fe gnkpnrtfkohitn mukfin. Hstns futnrhs oicogfi quh he tïrk rkooin "hstoen" fpfrhgh hi ef eoth thrf rfttur urff ps psog ogne ne÷j ÷jog ogff gn gnii iint ntffcn gni covhrs rsns ns ?1

 

rh`hrhiths. Fsë hignitrfkns hstoens ch vocf, hstoens ch sfeuc, hstoens ch fprhicozfdh, hstoens gnjiotovns, hstoens ch gnisukn, y, hi ef khcocf hi quh hstns tïrkoins sh rh`ohrhi f `nrkfs ch gnkpnrtfkohitn ch ens oicovocuns, prnpnihi quh sh fjruphi afdn he tïrk rkooin "hstoens ps psoogne÷jogns". He hstoen, pfrf Wæigmhz-Gæinvfs y Wæigmhz, hs "ui gniduitn ch kncf kn cfeoeocf cfch chss ch `u `uig igon onif ifko kohi hitn tn na nash shrvf rvfae aehs hs qu quhh totohi hihi hi co covvhr hrsf sfss pr prnp npoh ohcf cfch chss rhef rhefgo goni nifc fcfs fs gn gnii su pnsogo÷i hi ef dhrfrquëf ch rfsjns ch phrsnifeocfchs y sus h`hgtns hi ef gnicugtf che oicovocun". Ens hstoens gnjiotovns sh ch`oihi gnkn cokhisonihs ch co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs quh gfrfgthrozfi ef `nrkf ch ef fgtovocfc khitfe ch ens oicovocuns. Wni, hi proigopon, oichphicohiths che gnit gn ithi hioc ocnn ch hs hstf tf fg fgtotovo vocf cfcc kh khit itfe fe,, fu fuiq iquh uh hs hstf tf oithrchphichigof hs rheftovf, yf quh ef `nrkf y he gnit gn ithi hioc ocnn hs hstæ tæii jhi jhihr hrfe fekh khit ithh rhef rhefgo gonif nifcn cnss hi he shin ch ef fgtovocfc psogne÷jogf. Ens hstoens gnjiotovns gnjiotov ns sh rh`ohrhi f ef `nr `nrkf kf y fe "hstoen" ch hstfs fgtovocfchs. He h`hgt gtn n ch hst stfs fsy fg fgt tovo vocf cfcchs hi sh ens rh`e rh`ehquh hdf hshi iukhrnsfs sotufgonihs gnithxtns hkoth ef gnicugtf. Ens hstoens gnjiotovns pfrhgh quh sni `hi÷khins costoitns f ens ch efs fptotuchs, quh gfrfgthrozfi ef fgtovocfc khitfe pnr su h`ogfgof. Ens hstotoen hs enss gn gnji jiototov ovns ns sn snii co cokh khis ison onih ihss quh quh oith oithjrf jrfii co`hrhiths fsphgtns gnjiotovns y in gnjiotovns che `uigonifkohitn oicovocufe y quh tohihi ui ïi`fsos

?7

 

hsphgofe hi he pefin gufeotftovn y in hxgeusovfkhith gufitotftovn. Xi knchen \nr he fiæeosos gnighptufe h most÷rogn prhshitfcn pfrhgh quh pngfs gnsfs mfi gfkaofcn hi ef gnighpgo÷i ch efs topnenjëfs thkphrfkhitfehs y che hstucon ch efs co`hrhigofs oicovocufehs oicovocufehs chsch ef thnrëf ch ens guftrn thkphrfkhitns ch mfgh sojens. Hsn, f phsfr ch tncn, in hs fsë, yf quh sh mfi cfcn pfsns okpnrtfiths pfrf uif gnighpgo÷i gohitë`ogf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. He gfkaon kæs okpnrtfith mf socn ef oitrncuggo÷i che gnighptn ch cospnsogo÷i y he ch rfsjn gnkn uif uiocfc ch fiæeosos ch efs co`hrhigofs oic icoovo vocu cufe fehhs hi ef hs` s`hhrf ch ef ph phrs rsni nife feoc ocfc fc.. He gnighptn ch rfsjn tohih cns rh`hrhiths `uicfkhitfehs4 he prokhrn hi ef thnrëf, quh en  voiguef ch kfihrf ch`oioto ch`oiotovf vf f uif cokhiso÷i che sudhtn, y he shjuicn hi ef rhfeocfc hkpërogf, quh en rhefgonif corhgtfkhith gni ui `fgtnr.  Fgtufekhith,, gnighaokns ef phrsnifeocfc gnkn  Fgtufekhith ui gniduitn ch rfsjns ch ifturfehzf costoitf quh gni`ojurfi uif hstrugturf psogne÷jogf quh snstohih ef oicovocufeocfc che sudhtn y en mfgh f ef vhz ch uif kfihrf pfrhgocn y co`hrhith f ef ch tnc ncnns sus gnijïihrhs. Xif vhz ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc muan `nrkfeozfcn he gnighptn ch rfsjn, he trfafdn ch ens ?3

 

oivhstojfcnrhs `uh fpeogfr ef khtncnenjëf gnrrhefgonife hi he hstucon ch ef hstrugturf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. \hrn fiths ch vhr guæehs mfi socn efs proigopfehs fpnrt rtffgonihs ‗ens knchens kæs rhehvfiths ch rfsjns ch ef phrsnifeocfc‗, quhrhkns gnigeuor gni uif phquhöf rh`ehxo÷i quh phrkotf vhr he gnkpehdn gnistrugtn ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Mhkns vostn quh hi ef trfcogo÷i ch hstucon ch ef phrsnifeocfc chsch he pefithfkohitn co`hrhigofeostf sh mfi utoeozfcn covhrsns tïrkoins quh hi gohrtf kfih kf ihrf rf mf mfgë gëfi fi rh rh``hr hrhhig igof of fe kos oskn kn `h `hi÷ i÷kh khin in44 gnis gn istototu tugo go÷i, ÷i, th thkp kphr hrfk fkhi hitn tn,, gf gfræ rægt gthr hr y tfka tfkaoï oïii thihkns quh oigeuor oitheojhigof. Gfcf uin ch hstns tïrkoins tohih gniintfgonihs ui pngn co`hrhiths co`hrhiths.. He chsfrrneen ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc mf fgefrfcn hstns tïrkoins y fgtufekhith pfrhgh quh mfy ui gnishisn hi ef khcocf hi quh gfso tncns ens futnrhs fghptfi ef ochf ch phrsnifeocfc gnkn ui gnkpehdn sosthkf hi he quh sh oithjr jrffi ntrns suasosthkfs quh phrk rkoothi ui fghrgfkohitn gohitë`ogn y pfrsoknionsn fe hstucon ch ef phrsnifeocfc. Mfy futnrhs quh prnpnihi quh ef phrsnifeocfc sh chah hithichr gnkn ui gniduitn ch tncns ens t÷pogns ch ef psognenjëf. Chitrn ch hstf gnighpgo÷i he hi`nquh co`hrhigofeostf pefithf quh ef phrsnifeocfc hs he gniduitn oit ithhjr jrffcn ch ef oitheojh jhiigof, ef gnistotugo÷i, he gfrægthr y he thkphrfkhitn.  F hstf gnigeuso÷i sh eehjf f pfrtor ch efs

?8

 

oi`euhigofs aæsogfs quh mfi gnistotuocn ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc, hs chgor, he okpfgtn che hi`nquh totopne pne÷j ÷jog ognn, ef ok okpn pnrtf rtfig igof of ch ef `u `uic icfk fkhi hitf tfgo go÷i ÷i aone÷jogf y ef rhefgo÷i thnrëf/nashrvfgo÷i quh mfgh ch ef khtncnenjëf hkpërogf he duhz pfrf rhsnevhr efs mop÷thsos pefithfcfs. Hi gufequohr gfsn, ef phrsnifeocfc hithicocf fsë hs ui gnistru ruggtn mopntïtogn quh tfitn sh puhch hithichr f pfrtor ch ens khgfioskns gnkn f pfrtor ch ens prnghsns, y su hstrugturf hs gnkpehdf phrn nrjfiozfcf. Whjôi iuhstrf npoio÷i, sojuohicn ens trfafdns ch Juoe`nrc, Gftthee, Qnygh y \nwhee y Hyshigb, sh puhch `nrk rkuuefr ui knchen gnkpehtn ch ef phrsnifeocfc quh gnkaoih ef gnighpgo÷i cokhisonife ch ens gnistrugtns ch thkphrfkhitn, fptotuc, gfrægthr y gnistotugo÷i gni ef ochf ch ens rfsjns/topn gnkn uiocfc ch fiæeosos ch efs cokh co khis ison onih ihss y en enss fs fsph phgt gtns ns ch ef ch chth thrko rkoif ifgo go÷i ÷i mhrhcotfrof n fkaohitfe. Hi hsth gnkpehdn gnistru ruggtn chahrë rëffkns oigeuor guftrn topns ch gnkpnihiths n rfsjns cospnsogonifehs4 ens `ësogns n hstrugturf ihurn`osone÷jogf che oicovocun gnkn afsh ch ens rhgursns hihrjïtogns che prnghsfkohitn ch ef oi`n oi `nrkfg rkfgo÷ o÷ii (g (gnis nistototu tugo go÷i ÷i)2)2 en enss hkng hkngon onif ifeh ehss, quh quh sni ens `fgtnrhs ch cospnioaoeocfc ch ens rhgursns hihrjïtogns (thkphrfkhitn)2 ens gnjiotovns n `fgtnrhs ch kfihdn y jh jhssto÷i ch ens rhgursns khit kh itfe fehs hs sh shjô jôii ef efss ch chkf kfic icfs fs (o(oit ithe heoj ojhi higo gof) f),, y he gfrægthr n `fgtnrhs ch gnitrne che thkphrfkhitn pnr

?0

 

ef oitheojhigof y efs fgtotuchs. Hi hsth knchen quh prhshitfkns mfy uif jrfi efjuif4 ef `uigonifeocfc ch ens rfsjns y  hsph hs phgo gofe fekh khit ithh hi ef efss rh rhef efgo goni nihs hs oith oithrf rfgt gtoovfs qu quhh hitrh hstns sh prncughi. Ch mhgmn, he hi`nquh ch rfsjns tohih hsth prnaehkf gnkn jrfi gfrhigof hi ef hxpeogfgo÷i gnkpehtf ch ef phrsnifeocfc. He knchen ch rfsjn jnss phrk rkooth chsgroaor h ochito`ogfr quï gnkpnihith gnkpni hithss `nrkfi ef phrsn phrsnifeoc ifeocfc fc y quï rhefgo÷i hstru hs truggtur urfe fe tohi hihhi hit itrh rh së së,, phrn phrn fô fôii hst stææ pn pnggn chsfrrneefcn hi ui shitocn `uigonife. Ens prnghsns coiæ iæk kogns quh rhefgonifi hstns gnkpni nihhiths tncfvëf sni ui pngn kosthronsns pfrf ef gnkp gn kprh rhis iso÷ o÷ii `u `uig igon onif ifee ch chee gnkp gnkpnrt nrtfk fkoh ohit itnn. Hs trfafdn ch ef oivhstojfgo÷i `uturf prn`uicozfr hi hsth fpfrtfcn ch ef psognenjëf ch ef phrsnifeocfc.

?:

 

Aoaeonjrf`ëf º   Fi Ficr crïs ïs,, F.2 Gnen Gnenk, k, Q. (g (gnn nnrc rcs. s.). )., (6???). Mfis   Dõrjhi  Dõrjhi Hyshigb Hyshigb44 6?60-6??: 6?60-6??:44 psog÷enjn gohitë`ogn. Kfcroc4

Aoaeonthgf Iuhvf. º   Fi Ficr crïs ïs,, F., (6???).  Kfiufe ch psognen psognenjëf jëf co`hrhigofe . º   º   º   º   º   º   º  

Kfcroc4 KgJrfw Moee. Gnenk, Q.2 Dfykh, K. , (1