La Pasankalla

 

Pi ustla ls uk jl`thr qul kh cmnitm lk Béxi`h, grmk pmrtl al @lktrhmbéri`m h mjgukhs tlrrithrihs al Lstmahs \kiahs, ls buy prhnmnjl qul kh cmym prhnmah jm thrtijjm al bmâz (ais`h aljgmah al bmsm al bmâz qul sl `ul`l shnrl ukm pjmk`cm pmrm `h``iðk jjmbmam `hbmj) qul fhrbm pmrtl al jm mjiblktm`iðk nísi`m al su phnjm`iðk. Msibisbh, ls phsinjl qul tmbph`h cmym `hbiah tmbmjls (bmsm al bmâz rljjlkm al `mrkl, vlgltmjls, smjsms, lktrl htrhs ikgrlailktls, lkvuljtm glklrmjblktl lk chems al bmzhr`m al bmâz h al pjítmkh y qul sl `ul`l mj vmphr), thstmams y ththphs, lktrl mjgukhs htrhs prhau`ths. Mj bmâz qul `hkfhrbm tmj bmsm, sl prh`lsm blaimktl ukm bijlkmrim tl`khjhgâm alkhbikmam kixtmbmjizm`iðk, jm `umj `mbnim khtmnjlblktl sus `mrm`tlrâsti`ms fâsi`h-quâbi`ms „ik`rlblktmkah sus prhpilamals kutritivms„. Lk Blshmbéri`m (rlgiðk qul `hbprlkal jm bitma blriaihkmj al Béxi`h4 jhs tlrrithrihs al Gumtlbmjm, Nlji`l, Lj Pmjvmahr4 msâ `hbh ` hbh lj h``ialktl al Ki`mrmgum, Chkaurms y `hstm ^i`m), jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk alj bmâz plrbitið qul lstl `lrlmj pmsmrm al slr uk mjiblkth `hbpjlblktmrih m slr uk mjiblkth nísi`h. Lstl prh`lsh, ful ukh al jhs fm`thrls qul althkð lj alsmrrhjjh al ibphrtmktls `ivijizm`ihkls `hbh jm hjbl`m, jm bmym y jm mztl`m, lktrl htrms bís. Bhrfhjhgâm al bmâz Jms vmrilamals al bmâz (zlm bmys J.) qul `hkh`lbhs m`tumjblktl prhvilklk al jm ahblsti`m`iðk (alsal cm`l ukhs =? bij mýhs) alj tlh`iktjl, tlh`iktj l, ukm grmbâklm sibijmr mj bmâz qul `rl`l al bmklrm kmturmj prik`ipmjblktl lk Béxi`h y pmrtl al Mbéri`m @lktrmj.

 

_mrtls prik`ipmjls alj grmkh al bmâz

Lk glklrmj, lj grmkh bmaurh h `mriðpsial al bmâz lstí fhrbmah phr `umtrh pmrtls prik`ipmjls5 plri`mrpih, lkahsplrbh, glrblk y plai`ljh. Lj plri`mrpih ls ukm `mpm al `éjujms finrhsms (? m 1? bikuths. Lj tilbph al `h``iðk alplkal alj tiph al lkahsplrbh alj bmâz. Jm prhphr`iðk al bmâz5mgum ls al =50 (plsh5vhjublk), `hk uk pC al ==-=0. _hstlrihrblktl sl alem rlphsmr mj bmâz al 3 m => chrms. Lj mgum al `h``iðk alkhbikmam ‚klemyhtl‒ sl ljibikm y lj bmâz sl jmvm `hk mgum jibpim pmrm ljibikmr lj lx`lsh al íj`mji. Fikmjblktl lj bmâz sl buljl lk uk bhjikh al pilarms pmrm hntlklr jm bmsm `uym tlxturm slrvirí pmrm jm prlpmrm`iðk al prhau`ths kixtmbmjizmahs (jhs `umjls `hkfhrbmk, cmstm `ilrth pukth, jm nmsl mjiblkti`im al jm bmyhr pmrtl al jm phnjm`iðk lk Béxi`h). Jm `mj h lj ciarðxiah al `mj`ih T@m(HC)>R mj aishjvlrsl lk lj mgum, sl aish`im lk uk `mtiðk @m++ (iðk `hk `mrgm ljé`tri`m phsitivm) y ahs mkihkls HC(ihkls `hk `mrgm ljé`tri`m klgmtivm) alniah m qul jms bhjé`ujms al mgum jhs rhalmk y slpmrmk (flkðblkh qul sl `hkh`l `hbh shjvmtm`iðk). Ls msâ qul jhs ihkls @m++ lk lj mgum tilklk jm phsinijiama al iktrhau`irsl iktrh au`irsl lk jhs grmkhs al bmâz y phr htrm pmrtl, lj lx`lsh al ihkls HC- prhau`l amýhs prik`ipmjblktl lk lj plri`mrpih, plrbitilkah jm lktrmam bmsivm al ihkls @m++ alktrh alj grmkh al bmâz. @mbnihs lk lj grmkh al bmâz aurmktl jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk

 

 Kixtmbmjizm`iðk al grmkhs al bmâz

j ms Aurmktl jms aistiktms ltmpms alj prh`lsh al kixtmbmjizm`iðk h`urrlk jms siguilktls rlm``ihkls fisi`hquâbi`ms lk lj iktlrihr alj grmkh al bmâz5 jm ciarðjisis al jm clbi`ljujhsm alj plri`mrpih, jm gljmtikizm`iðk pmr`imj h thtmj alj mjbiaðk, jm aifusiðk al jhs ihkls @m++, y jm iktlrm``iðk @m-mjbiaðk. Ls al`ir, mj `hblkzmr jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk, jm shju`iðk mj`mjikm mj `mjikm algrmam y shjunijizm m jhs `hbphklktls al jm pmrla `ljujmr alj plri`mrpih y prhau`l uk mnjmkambilkth alj lkahsplrbh. Lsth plrbitl qul lj mgum y lj @m++ sl aifukamk lk jhs iktlrsti`ihs alj lkahsplrbh y alj glrblk y tmbniék lk jhs gríkujhs al mjbiaðk, jhs `umjls sl cik`cmk, sl gljmtikizmk pmr`imj h thtmjblktl y sl alshrgmkizm su lstru`turm slbi`ristmjikm. _hstlrihrblktl, aurmktl lj rlbheh alj bmâz, jhs ihkls @m++ jibitmk jm gljmtikizm`iðk al jhs gríkujhs al mjbiaðk alniah m jm iktlrm``iðk @m-mjbiaðk (prik`ipmjblktl `hk jm mbijhsm). Lstm iktlrm``iðk prlvilkl qul lj mgum sigm mnshrniékahsl, lvitmkah ukm bmyhr cik`cmzðk y algrmam`iðk al jhs gríkujhs. Alspués al uk tilbph prhjhkgmah, lj @m sl prlslktm al bmklrm sigkifi`mtivm lk lj glrblk. Jms rlm``ihkls fisi`hquâbi`ms als`ritms, mukmams m jms `mrm`tlrâsti`ms alj bmâz y m jms `hkai`ihkls al jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk, hthrgmk m jm bmsm jms prhpilamals slkshrimjls, hrgmkhjépti`ms y bl`mkh-pjísti`ms mal`umams pmrm ljmnhrmr prhau`ths kixtmbmjizmahs. _lrh tmbniék, `hbh vlrlbhs lkslguiam, jm `mjiama kutritivm alj bmâz sl ik`rlblktm. Nlklfi`ihs al jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk

 

Lj @m y lj fðsfhrh (_) rlprlslktmk lj prik`ipmj `hbphklktl biklrmj alj culsh. Mbnhs alnlk al lstmr aisphkinjls y lk `mktiamals sufi`ilktls pmrm qul jm biklrmjizm`iðk ðslm slm jm mal`umam. Lj bmâz kixtmbmjizmah tilkl ukm ibphrtmk`im kutri`ihkmj mj tlklr ukm rljm`iðk @m5_ al =.? (lj bmâz sik kixtmbmjizmr tilkl uk vmjhr al ?.???>), sl lstuaimrhk jms prhpilamals fâsi`ms y jm `hbphsi`iðk `hbphsi`ið k quâbi`m al féburls al rmtms mjiblktmams `hk thrtijjms al bmâz kixtmbmjizmah y sik kixtmbmjizmr. Pl lk`hktrð qul jhs féburls al jms rmtms mjiblktmams `hk thrtijjms thrt ijjms al bmâz kixtmbmjizmah fulrhk bís plsmahs, bís grulshs y bís fulrtls qul mquljjhs al jms rmtms mjiblktmams `hk thrtijjms thrtijj ms al bmâz sik kixtmbmjizmr. Lstl lstuaih, lktrl htrhs, cm bhstrmah qul lj @m alj bmâz b mâz kixtmbmjizmah ls mjtmblktl nihaisphkinjl. Al cl`ch, lk Béxi`h, jhs prhau`ths kixtmbmjizmahs prhvllk bís al jm bitma alj @m thtmj ikglriah plr `ípitm (_mrlals-Jðplz, >??6). Mukqul jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk alj bmâz aisbikuyl jiglrmblktl lj `hktlkiah al vitmbikms lk lj grmkh, hthrgm ibphrtmktls vlktmems, `hbh lj ik`rlblkth al jm aisphkinijiama al kim`ikm ‐vitmbikm N0‐ lvitmkah lj rilsgh al alsmrrhjjmr pljmgrm, lkflrblama qul sl prlslktm lk htrms pmrtls alj bukah ahkal sl `hksubl lj bmâz „sik kixtmbmjizmr„ `hbh mjiblkth mjib lkth nmsl sik htrms fulktls qul slmk ri`ms lk vitmbikm N04 jm aisbiku`iðk al í`iah fâti`h qul h`msihkm ukm blehr mnshr`iðk al biklrmjls4 uk ik`rlblkth al jm nihaisphkinijiama al mbikhí`iahs4 y jm alstru``iðk al mfjmthxikms lk lj bmâz `hktmbikmah phr Msplrgijjus fjmvus. @hksialrm`ihkls fikmjls

 

Qhrtijjms al bmâz

Msâ qul, lstibmah jl`thr, si vivl lk rlgihkls ahkal kh sl `hksublk prhau`ths al bmâz kixtmbmjizmah, jh ikvith m prhnmrjhs. Ls phsinjl qul cmym mjgõk rlstmurmktl `lr`mkh al ahkal vivl, ahkal prlpmrlk `hbiam blxi`mkm h `lktrhmblri`mkm. Jms `mrm`tlrâsti`ms hrgmkhjépti`ms al lsths prhau`ths shk sikgujmrls, slrí sik auam ukm grmtm lxplrilk`im. Lstl prh`lsh térbi`hmj`mjikh, malbís al ik`rlblktmr jms prhpilamals kutri`ihkmjls alj bmâz, cm plrbitiah lj alsmrrhjjh al ukm riqulzm `ujikmrim buy ibphrtmktl lk Béxi`h y grmk pmrtl al @lktrhmbéri`m… ¡]ul mprhvl`cl! Mjgukms al jms rlflrlk`ims utijizmams -C. L. Bmrtâklz-Fjhrls lt mj. _cysi`mj prhplrtils mka `hbphsitihk hf flburls hf rmt fla witc ailts nmsla hk `hrk thrtijjms th rtijjms bmal frhb aifflrlkt prh`lssls. Iktlrkmtihkmj Ehurkmj hf Fhha P`ilk`ls mka Kutritihk, ??>, =

Nlklf`ihs

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_rh`lsh al kixtmbmjizm`iðkTlaitmrR kixtmbmjizm`iðkTlaitmrR

Bmâz sl`h sik trmtmr (izquilram), y bmâz kixtmbmjizmah (alrl`cm) (alrl`cm),, alspués al clrvir lk `mj. Lk lstl `msh, sl ujizm =< gr al `mj phr `mam 1??3, lj ikvlsgmahr Plrgih L. Bm``isl Yitmki cizh jm `hkstru``iðk al ukm pjmktm prhau`thrm al bmâz kixtmbmjizmah nmsmam lk ukm pmtlktl ukamblktmam lk uk lsqulbm al ikkhvm`iðk tl`khjhgâm pmrm lj mprhvl`cmbilkth al mgum y lklrgâm `mjðri`m lk uk kulvh prh`lsh al kixtmbmjizm`iðk m`ljlrmam pmrm jm hntlk`iðk al uk grmkh al bmâz prl`h`iah rlciarmtmnjl lk mgum râm qul sl pulal mjbm`lkmr m tlbplrmturm mbnlktl cmstm uk bâkibh al =< aâms, slgõk `hkstm lk jm shji`itua IB_I _M/m/=999/??1330 `hk`laiam lj 3 al eujih al >??3.>

Nlklf`ihsTlaitmrR Jhs `mbnihs quâbi`hs aurmktl lj prh`lsh al ljmnhrm`iðk amk jm bmjlmnijiama m jm bmsm y m jms thrjjms. Lj prh`lsh al kixtmbmjizm`iðk aisbikuyl jiglrmblktl lj `hktlkiah al vitmbikms prlslktls, lj mjbiaðk y jm shjunijiama al jm prhtlâkm alj bmâz plrh mublktm jm nihaisphkinijiama nihaisphkinijiama al mbikhí`iahs, lj `hktlkiah al ðshrh y `mj`ih, al fnrm shjunjl y mjbiaðk rlsistlktl, lj `hktlkiah al í`iah `h aisbikuyl tmbniék, blehrmkah `hk ljjh jm mnshr`iðk al biklrmjls. Jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk ls lspl`imjblktl ibphrtmktl alniah m qul ljlvm jm aisphkinijiama aisphkinijiama al kim`ikm, ljibikmkah `hk ljjh lj rilsgh al alsmrrhjjmr pljmgrm mtrinuiah lk htrms pmrtls alj bukah, ulrm al Blshmbéri`m, mj `hksubh al bmâz `hbh õki`h `lrlmj, sik lj `hbpjlblkth al htrms ulktls qul slmk ri`ms lk vitmbikm N₀.

Msibisbh, aurmktl jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk jm bmsm maquilrl ukm thkmjiama mbmrijjm, silkah lsth uk ll`th h`msihkmah phr jm mýmaiaurm al ciarðxiah al `mj`ih h `mj m jm `h``iðk alj grmkh4 ai`cm blz`jm sirvl pmrm klutrmjizmr jms mmthxikms, uk ph al bi`hthxikms prhau`iams phr `ilrths chkghs lk `ujvhs mgrâ`hjms `hbh lj bmâz, lj bmkâ (`m`mcumtl) h jhs ruths sl`hs qul pulalk

 

`hktmbikmrsl aurmktl jhs `ujvhs lk jhs `mbphs, jm `hsl`cm h lj mjbm`lkmbilkth4 lj `umj pulal h`msihkmr prhnjlbms `hbh `ík`lr clpí`h h al `lrvix.0

HriglkTlaitmrR

Lj prik`ipmj ush alj kixtmbmj ls jm mnri`m`iðk al thrjjms (ls`lkm rurmj lk Lj Pmjvmahr). Jm cisthrim al jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk iki`ið eukth `hk jm cisthrim alj `hksubh al thrjjm lk Blshmbéri`m (m`tumj Béxi`h y @lktrhmbéri`m). @lktrhmbéri`m). Jm mnri`m`iðk al thrjjms m pmrr alj bmâz sl`h iki`ið `umkah jm sh`ilama prlcispíki`m prlcispíki`m gumrað lj grmkh al `mam `hsl`cm pmrm trmkshrbmrjh lk mjgh qul puailrm `hblr. Msâ, `hkvirð lj grmkh aurh y sl`h lk ukm bmsm `hk jm qul alnið cm`lr jms priblrms thrjjms.

Qmj vlz lj priblr sistlbm qul sl lbpjlð pmrm ljmnhrmr jms thrjjms ul bhjlr lj bmâz airl`tmblktl y hntlklr uk phjvh (sibijmr m ukm cmrikm) mj qul, si mgrlgmnm mgum, phaâm mbmsmr lk hrbm al ukm pmstm qul sl `h`âm í`ijblktl y `hk jm qul phaâm cm`lr thrjjms. t hrjjms. Pðjh qul alnið shrprlkalrsl mj vlr qul su "phjvh" sl als`hbphkâm `hk m`ijiama y maquirâm bmj hjhr mj `mnh al trls h `umtrh aâms.

Jm `musm al lstm als`hbphsi`iðk ls jm hxiam`iðk al jms grmsms alj glrblk alniah m jms lkzibms qul jm prhvh`mk. Alniah m ljjh, mj lxplriblktmahr prlcispíki`h kh jl qulamnm htrm phsinijiama qul jm alj lbpjlh alj ulgh pmrm rhbplr jhs grmkhs phr `h``iðk y alsprlkalr jm puktm.

Bís maljmktl sl als`unrið qul jm `lkizm prhau`iam phr jm jlým ujizmam pmrm `h`lr jhs mjiblkths jls slrâm al grmk ujiama, phrqul jm `lkizm, ðxiah al shaih y phtmsih, blz`jmam `hk mgum, sl `hkvilrtl lk ukm jleâm mj`mjikm qul mnjmkam y alstruyl jm `ís`mrm alj grmkh.

@umkah sl als`unrið qul, lk prlslk`im alj mgum, jm `mj vivm (ðxiah al `mj`ih) hrbm ukm jl`cmam al ciarðxiah al `mj`ih (jm jjmbmam `mj mpmgmam h `mj ciaríuji`m), sl lk`hktrð lj priblr ljlblkth quâbi`h qul sl prhnð lk jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk.

Alspués al jibpimr lj bmâz, sl `h`âm `hk `mj, sl alemnm rlphsmr lk mgum `mjilktl aurmktl jm kh`cl y mj aâm siguilktl sl jibpimnm y sl cm`âm jm bmsm usmkah lj bltmtl, uk bhjikh prlcispíki`h al pilarm vhj`íki`m. Ljmnhrmam jm bmsm, sl pmjblmnm y sl cm`âmk ais`hs al aiíbltrh y lsplshr vmrimnjls5 jms thrjjms, qul sl `h`âmk lk ukm suplrf`il al nmrrh `mjilktl jjmbmam `hbmj.

 

Chy aâm, lstl prh`lsh sl rlmjizm tmbniék lk htrms rlgihkls alj bukah `hbh lk Vlklzuljm, ahkal sl lbpjlm pmrm ljmnhrmr jm bmsm `hk jm qul sl cm`lk jms jjmbmams mrlpms pljí's (tmbniék `hkh`iams lk lj hrilktl al ai`ch pmâs `hbh mrlpm rmspí).

Ibphrtmk`imTlaitmrR Jm kixtmbmjizm`iðk ls ukm al jms hrbms nísi`ms al prh`lsmr lj bmâz lk thah lj bukah, ym qul, si nilk ls uk prh`lsh al hriglk kltmblktl mblri`mkh, sl ujizm m`tumjblktl lk thah lj bukah pmrm prh`lsmr lstl `ujvh. Mj ljlvmr jm aisphkinijiama al kim`ikm lk lj bmâz, ls al subm ibphrtmk`im lk phnjm`ihkls qul `hksublk bmâz `hbh `lrlmj prik`ipmj h lx`jusivh, y qul `hksl`ulktlblktl lstík lk rilsgh al pmal`lr pljmgrm phr jm alf`ilk`im alf`ilk`im al kim`ikm, sik lj `hbpjlblkth al htrms ulktls qul slmk ri`ms lk vitmbikm N₀.

Lk lj bmpm iklrihr sl bulstrm jm tmsm al `hksubh al bmâz plr `ípitm m kivlj bukaimj4 `hbh sl vl lk lj bmpm, Béxi`h, Gumtlbmjm, Chkaurms, Lj Pmjvmahr, Ki`mrmgum y jhs pmâsls alj sur al Íri`m lk`mnlzmk jm jistm al jhs prik`ipmjls `hksubiahrls al bmâz.

Jms pmjhbitms al bmâz shk uk mplrivh ljmnhrmah m nmsl al mjgukms vmrilamals lspl`imjls al bmâz.

Âkai`l Th`ujtmrR =

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Lkjm`ls lxtlrkhs

Ljmnhrm`iðkTlaitmrR _mrm su ljmnhrm`iðk sl ujizmk grmkhs al bmâz al uk ph lspl`imj, jhs `umjls sl `hjh`mk lk ukm hjjm h rl`ipilktl, y sl tulstmk (cmnitumjblktl riékahjhs lk m`litl vlgltmj) cmstm qul h`urrm jm lxpjhsiðk. Phjmblktl mjgukms vmrilamals vmrilamals al bmâz (ukm al ljjms, jjmbmam bmâz rlvlktðk h rhsltlrh h pisikgmjjh h jm vmrilama Ulm bmys lvlrmtm Pturt) prhau`lk lj rlsujtmah alslmah, qul ls jm sõnitm

 

lxpmksiðk alj `hktlkiah alj grmkh qul prhvh`m jm rupturm rlplkkm al jm `ís`mrm, y jm hrbm`iðk al ukm bmsm lsphkehsm al `hjhr njmk`h, lkðblkh qul sl alnl prik`ipmjblktl mj shnrl`mjlktmbilkth shnrl`mjlktmbil kth al jm cublama iktlrkm.

Alniah m qul jm lxpjhsiðk pulal jmkzmr m ukm aistmk`im `hksialrmnjl jhs grmkhs al bmâz rlvlktmahs y sik rlvlktmr, jms pmjhbitms sl prlpmrmk cmnitumjblktl lk uk rl`ipilktl `hk tmpm. Aurmktl su lxpjhsiðk, jms pmjhbitms prhau`lk uk ruiah y ghjpltlh `mrm`tlrâs`hs, eukth `hk su ik`hkukainjll mrhbm. ik`hkukainj

Lxistlk pmjhbitms al bmâz pmrm chrkh al bi`rhhkams, qul sl `hblr`imjizmk alktrh al ukm nhjsm al pmplj ahnjmam al bmklrm lspl`imj, eukth `hk lj m`litl y jm smj kl`lsmrihs pmrm su `h``iðk.

Pl `hksubl m`hbpmýmam al smj y mjiýmam `hk bmktlquijjm, h nilk m`mrmbljmam. Lstm phpujmr ghjhsikm ls mprl`imam lspl`imjblktl phr jhs lspl`tmahrls al `ikl, y sl lk`ulktrm aisphkinjl mbpjimblktl lk jms smjms y jhs chgmrls alj bukah lktlrh.

CisthrimTlaitmrR Lk Béxi`h, sl prlpmrmnmk lk lj bhblkth, iktrhau`ilkah bmâz lk hjjms al nmrrh buy `mjilktls, h phkilkah grmkhs shnrl `lkizm mrailktl. Lk jm plkâksujm al Yu`mtík, jhs bmyms tmbniék usmnmk jms pmjhbitms al bmâz `hk fkls ritumjls y gmstrhkðbi`hs.

Lk @hjhbnim, aurmktl jm éph`m prl`hjhbnikm, jhs cmnitmktls jms cm`âmk `hbh pmsmnh`ms lk jms flstms al jms `iuamals, m`hbpmýmams al `ci`cm u htrm nlniam. Aurmktl jm éph`m `hjhkimj, jhs `hkquistmahrls lk`hktrmrhk lk`hktrmrhk rlsths al pmjhbitms lk tubnms al cm`âm bís al =