La Nueva Filosofia Del Derecho

 

MJ @SCUJ ELMG[GEÈJ DCM DC^CKBG. [J@DC^

Djhgs j mj muz u` trjnjog pgstuhg dc dg` Ogsì Aûhcz dc mj [cr`j Ejvrc, pjdrc dc `ucstrg qucrldg kgmjngrjdgr, dg` Ajspjr Aûhcz dc mj [cr`j, sgnrc mj Elmgsgeèj ourèdlkj dc [j`dcr. Euc cskrltg cm júg :4, y ju`quc [j`dcr bj rcktlelkjdg dcsdc c`tg`kcs c` jmau`gs dc. sus supucstgs y kg`kmuslg`cs, hcrckc mj pc`j punmlkjrsc j vcl`tlkujtrg júgs vlstj, `g sûmg pgr mj kjrc`klj dc u` trjnjog cspjúgm sgnrc elaurj tj` lhpgrtj`tc dcm `cgij`tlshg, sl`g tjhnlì` kghg cochpmgy dc dc slchprc, u` cspjúgm, dc c`tg`kcs quc vêmldg ju`qucpjrj buyjhukbgs dc mj punmlkjklû` dc sus cskrltgs, aujrdj c` sè prgeu`dg sjncr y hjcstrèj. U PS J M Z S L C ^ J   quc

scj mj gpl`lû` quc sc tc`aj sgnrc mj jktujm lhpgrtj`klj dcm hgvlhlc`tg elmgsûelkg kg`gkldg kg` cm `ghnrc dc `cgij`tlshg, y ju` kuj`dg pucdj jelrhjrsc quc mj hucrtc bj kcrrjdg yj cm pcrègdg dc prgdukklû` dc sus kg`duktgrcs hês lmustrcs, mg klcrtg cs quc mj schlmmj pgr jqucm hgvlhlc`tg jrrgojdj c` cm kjhpg dc mj Elmgsgeèj dcm Dcrckbg, cs c` cstgs ÿmklhgs júgs kuj`dg emgrckc eruktlelkj. [tjhhmcr, cm l`lkljdgr dcm `cgij`tlshg ourèdlkg, dlg yklhj j su kìmcnrc trlmgaèj (:) `g j`tcs dc l bj punmlkjdg su   Kghpc`dlg dc Eu mgsgeèj dcm Dcrckbg,  quc cs kghg cm rcsuhc` y egrhumjklû` dcel`ltlvj dc su dgktrl`j. Icmsc`, cm gtrg arj` ourlstj `cgij`tlj` g ,  kgrlecg dc mj «cskucmj ogvc` justrèjkj¹, djtj su prlhcrj gnrj kjpltjm c`   L < L L  (>), >), pcrg cs dcspuìs dc lg l g ku kuj`dg j`dg su mj(:) ^. [tjh hmc r,   Qlrtskbjet u`d ^ckb  , 4.¹ cd., ::?  Dlc Mcbrc vg` dch ribtlac`   ^ckBtc, :9  Tbcgrlc  kècs  ^ckbtsu`ssc`skbjot,  :.*  cd., :;. (>) B . Icm sc`,   Bjuptprgnmchc dcr [tjjtsrckbtsm

:52

 

@ G T J [

ngr sc l`tc`slelkj. \ cm hês nrlgsg, cm hês sunvcrslvg dc tgdgs, Erltz [j`dcr, prgecsgr c` mj kjpltjm dcm emjhj`tc Cstjdg '.bckgcsmgvjkg, `g bj kghc`zjdg sl`g c` l y mj ÿmtlhj dc :; (;). Bchgs krcèdg quc pudlcrj scr l`tcrcsj`tc djr j kg`gkcr, `g sl` cm dcnldg c`oulkljhlc`tg, mjs ldcjs dc cstc l`ac`lgsg y dc`gdjdg pc`sjdgr. Mjs gnrjs dc [j`dcr sg` huy dlskutldjs y kg`sldcrjdjs c` Justrlj y c` Jmchj`lj, pcrg (quc scpjhgs) `g bj` sldg trjdukldjs j `l`aÿ` ldlghj `cgmjtl`g. Ju` pudlc`dg mccrmjs c` cm grlal`jm jmchê`, rcsumtj` dleèklmhc`tc jkkcslnmcs pjrj qulc` `g sc bjmmc ejhlmljrlzjdg kg` cm mìxlkg dc mj hgdcr`j Elmgsgeèj jmchj`j9 jpjrtc dc quc cm hìtgdg dcsgrdc`jdg c l`kg`sckuc`tc dcm jutgr jarjvj cstj dlelkumtjd c` tìrhl`gs Bcsusjdgs. Cm prgpûsltg dc [j`dcr `g cs hgdcstg. Cstrlnj `jdj hc`gs quc c` «jnjtlr mj klc`klj ourèdlkj vlac`tc bjstj cm dèj, y bjkcr pmjzj j u`j vcrdjdcrj klc`klj dcm Dcrckbg¹ (4). ·Mg kg`slauc7 Mjs jvcrlaujklg`cs sunslaulc`tcs vj` j djr`gs mj kg`tcstjklû`. Dc tgdgs hgdgs, cm trjnjog quc chpmcchgs c` cstudljrmc `g scrê pcrdldg, pgrquc [j`dcr, pjrj jmkj`zjr su gnoctg, chprc`dc u` vucmg dc arj` cstlmg, rchg`tj cm prgnmchj dcm Dcrckbg j mjs jmturjs dc mgs hês jmtgs prgnmchjs hctjeèslkgs, y dlskutc sutlmhc`tc kucstlg`cs hctgdgmûalkjs quc bj` dc scr njsc gnmlajdj dc tgdj euturj cspckumjklû` ourèdlkj.

MJ[ DG[ DL^CKKLG@C[ DCM @CGIJ@TL[HG OS^ÈDLKG

Cm rc`jklhlc`tg rc`jklh lc`tg d c mgs cstudlgs elmgsûel elmgsûelkg-o kg-ourèd urèdlkgs lkgs quc sc jdvlcrtc c` mg quc vj dc slamg, dìncsc kjsl cxkmuslvjhc`tc jm `cgij`tlshg. Bjkc vcl`tc júgs, mj Elmgsgeèj dcm Dcrckbg cstjeg) E. [j`dcr,   [tjjt u`d ^ckbt. Vrgmcaghc`j £u cl`cr Tbcgrlc ^ckbtscrojbru`a,  :>9  Icmsc`s ^ckbtsmcbcrc,  :;.   4)  [tjjt u`d ^ckbt,  pêa. ULL .

:5<

dcr

 

@ G T J [

nj c` pmc`g dcskrìdltg (3). Cm blstgrlklshg y cm pgsltlvlshg j mj sjzû` trlu`ej`tcs, `cajnj` quc pudlcrj cxlstlr u`j Elmgsgeèj dcm Dcrckbg quc `g eucsc slhpmc rchj`ckcr dcm vlcog y kg`eutjdg Dcrckbg @jturjm (5). Mj cspckumjklû` elmgsûelkj, c` cecktg, tg ,  pucstj j gptjr c`trc rcl`kldlr c` cm lus`jturjmlshg yj sl` kursg,   g hjrkbjr, kg` vjmgr pgsltlvlstjs c blstgrlklstjs, rchgmqucceèdc mj cxpcrlc`klj, dj`dg u`lvcrsjm j mg quc cs j prgduktg hcrg dcm hghc`tg, pcrhj`ckèj c` slmc`klg, jmcojdj dc mgs kghnjtcs pgr cm Dcrckbg. ·@g jkjnjnj jkjsg dc vcr dcac`crjr, kghg pgr ejtjm pc`dlc`tc, mj jmtj Hctjeèslkj dc Bcacm c` u` rcjkklg`jrlg blstgrlklshg, c` u` erlvgmg sgklgmgalshg y bjstj c` u` hjtcrljmlshg blstûrlkg7 (1). Vcrg bc jquè quc surac mj ldcj dc l`vgkjr tjhnlì` pjrj cm Dcrckbg mj «vucmtj j Ij`t¹. \ mj «vucmtj j Ij`t¹, quc bjnèj prgnjdg yj su ecku`dldjd c` cm kjhpg dc mjs klc`kljs `jturjmcs, dchgstrû kûhg, j ÿmtlhj bgrj, mc qucdjnj jÿ` vlrtud pjrj scr mj rcj`lhjdgrj dc mgs cstudlgs ourèdlkgs. J mj muz dc cstj j`tgrkbj sc kghc`zû j nuskjr dc `ucvg mj dcel`lklû` dcm Dcrckbg, jqucmmj dcel`lklû` quc c` tlchpgs dc Ij`t «nuskjnj` tgdjvèj mgs ourlstjs¹ (2), y quc, pgr dcsdlkbj, jÿ` bgy `g bj` c`kg`trjdg. Kg` su j`bcmg dc jprlgrlsh g, kg` su. jrlstgkrêtlkg dcsdì` dcsdì ` bjklj mg qu qucc sûmg cs l`dukldg dc mj cxpcrlc`klj kg`tl`ac`tc y `g tlc`c vjmgr `ckcsjrlg,  cm `cgij`tlshg hjrkj u`j rcjkklû` ldcjmlstj c lhpg`c u`j cmcvjklû` dcm tg`g, c` hcdlg dc mgs sûrdldgs chplrlshgs y mgs cskìptlkgs prjahjtlshgs lhpcrj`tcs. ·\ dc quì hgdg mj rcalj bcrc`klj dc Ij`t euc usueruktujdj pgr mj Emgsgeèj dcm Dcrckbg7 Dlaêhgsmg, dcsdc mucag? mj Elmgsgeèj ourèdlkj `cgij`tlj`j `g tlc`c `jdj quc vcr kg`

mj Elmgsgeèj ourèdlkj dc Ij`t. Cm Dcrckbg quc j ìstc prcgkupjnj, crj, scaÿ` ìm hlshg dckmjrj, u` Dcrckbg `jturjm ( .   cd., :16. (5)  I .  Ncrangbh,  Ourlsprudc`_  u` d  ^ckbtspbllgsgpblc,  :2, pêal`j  L R . (1)  Cm  hjrxlshg  eu eucc  arêelkjhc`tc mmjhjdg  u `  bcacmlj`lshg kjnczj • j nj o g .

(2) Ij`t,  Irltli  dc  r rcl`c` Ucr`u`et,  c d .  ^ckmjh,  pêa. 356,  `gtj. (), `gs bjnmj  dc quc mj vucmtj  j  Ij`t d c   mjs   c` u`  sc`tldg mûalkg  y c`  gtrg ìtlkg. Vcrg njog sc hj`lecstû mj rÿnrlkj   dcm  sc`tldg mûalkg kghprc`dc sgmjhc`tc  mj  tc`dc`klj quc mmjhjhgs kg`stltutlvj,   c  l`kmuyc  c` cm  sc`tldg ìtlkg  u` vjag l`emuog   dc mjs  ldcjs ìtlkjs  y  ourèdlkjs  dcm  hjcstrg,  l`emuog   quc,  kghg bchgs dlkbg,  `g  kg`stltuyc prgpljhc`tc  cm `cgij`tlshg ourèdlkg. Tjhpgkg Qlcmligwsil tlc`c   c`  kuc`tj h ês   quc mj  dlrckklû`  quc  mmjhjhgs hctûdlkj.  Cs  vcrdjd  quc dlstl`auc c`trc A`gscgmgaèj   y  Ujmgrjklû`  dcm  Dcrckbg, úcrg sc trjtj   dc u`j  dlstl`klû` `ghl`jm.  Mj  A`gscgmgaèj,  `g cs  gjrj ìm sl`g   u`  hìtgdg egrhjm  quc  pjrtc  dc u`  vjmgr9  pgr  tj`tg, u`j  vjmgrjklû`  (:;). \ mg  hlshg  mc  gkurrc  j Ijue` g   cs  sl`g  u`j lh``.   [u  l`kghprc`slû` l`lkljm  dcm dcm  `cgij`tlshg l`dukc  j cstc jutgr   j  prcsc`tjrmg kujm  u`  slstchj purjhc`tc mûalkg  c` «u`  grdc` hjtcrljm  dc  kg`tc`ldgs  dc  kg`gklhlc`cm   quc  ejmtj  «u` tg¹ tg ¹   (:4). ¡ Kghg  sl `gs  bjmmêschgs  jÿ` c` mgs  tlchpgs  prc-

(:6)

Ij`t,  Hctjpblsli dcr [lttc`

(: (::) :)

^. [tjhhm [tjhhmcr, cr,  Tbcgrlc

(:> (:>)

Q. Qu` Qu`dt dt,,  Ugmicrpsykbgmgalc

(:;)

A.

J.

C.

Ijuehj``, 

sgpblc

(:4)  

:6.

dcr ^ckbtswlssc` ^ckbtswlssc`skbjet skbjet

slas.

Irlýi Irlýi

dcr

pêas. ;3-;5.

:11-12. 12.

:1>

 

@ G T J [

q u c   `g  bjkc  hês quc  vjmcr («nmgss acmtc`¹)  y `g  tlc`c cxlstc`klj c`tltjtlvj.  Cm  eg`dg hctjeèslkg  dc  Ij`t jkjnj  pgr pgr  jrrjstrjrmgs,   y cm  prgplg Mjsi, dcmjtj`dg pjmjdl`jhc`tc  cm  pc`sjhlc`tg   quc kg` hês g  hc`gs rcngzg trjnjoj  j mg  mjrag  dcm dcm hgvlhlc`tg `cgij`tlj`g, rghplû   c` sus  ÿmtlhjs gnrjs kg`trj csgs vjmgrcs, kg`trj csjs `grhjs   quc  kjrckc`  dc  cxlstc`klj,  c l`lklû   mj  chprcsj, l`tcrruhpldj  pgr mj  hucrtc,  dc  trj`segrhjrmgs  c`  kjtcagrèjs kg`stltutlvjs  dc u`j  rcjmldjd suprjsc`sln mc   (l5). Cm  rcprgkbc, pucs,  quc  kjnrèj gpg`cr  j mgs  `cgij`tlj`gs   `g cs ccmm quc mcs  gpg`c Ijuehj``,  j  sjncr?  quc qu c kjrckc`   dc  Hctjeèslkj  (:1),  sl`g,  jm  kg`trjrlg,  cm dc quc sg` dchjsljdjhc`tc hctjeèslkgs. C` kuj`tg   j mgs  ourlstjs  quc kgmgkjhgs  c` mj  dlrckklû` kg`stltutlvj,   `g cs  ìstc  dcm  Dcrckbg `jturjm  cm  pcmlarg  quc  tlc`c` quc tchcr. Cmmgs   `g  rckjmj`  c` mgs  kg`kcptgs ourèdlkgs dj`dg mj vucmtj cstrjtìalkj   pg pgrr  `l`aÿ` vjmgr trjskc`dc`tjm9  mgs nuskj` dlrcktjhc`tc, prcsc`tê`dgmgs kujm kjtcagrèjs kg`stltutlvjs d c   u`j  pckumljr rcjmldjd. Vcrg,  c`  kjhnlg, ·kûhg jlsmjr cstj rcjmldjd ourèdlkj, tcrkcrg   c`  dlskgrdlj  quc  emgtj vjajhc`tc  c`c`t r c   cm  [cr  `jturjm  y cm  Dcncr scr7  ·Dc quì  hgdg cvltjr  quc dcrlvc bjklj   u`j u`j  kg`euslû`  kg` mj  Ctlkj (kghg gkurrc  c` Kgbì`, pjrj qulc`   mg  ourèdlkg  `g cs  sl`g  mj  kjtcagrèj  dc mg ìtlkg)   g  bjklj  u`j  ldc`tlelkjklû`  kg` mj  @jturjmczj (cskgmmg  c` quc vcrchgs `juerjajr   j  [j`dcr)7

C M D C^ CKB G KGHG ^C ^CJM JMLLDJD C[VCKÈELKJ. TCG^ ÈJ D C   MJ  CRVC^LC@KLJ OS^ÈDLKJ

[j`dcr  —yj vj  l`dlkjdg— pcrtc`ckc  j  cstj scau`dj  hgdjmldjd   dcm  `cgij`tlshg ourèdlkg  quc  mmjhjhgs kg`stltutlvj. (: (:5) 5)

C. Mjsi, «Dl «Dlc c mgali mgali dcr Vblmgsgpblc¹ Vblmgsgpblc¹,, c`  Acsjhhcmtc  3kb`e-

tc`,  :;. :;. t. LL, pêas. 3) [j`dcr, `g gnstj`tc, mmjhj, c` ac`crjm, ac`crjm,  rcemcxlvg  j mg quc Ij`t mmjhjnj   rcaumjtlvg,  y jsla`j j mj rjzû` cm kghctld g dc  j`jmlzjr  mgs oulklgs dc Dcrckbg. U., pgr co., Icmsch   ^ckbtsmcbrc,  pêa. 1>.   >5)   [tjjt u`d ^ckbt,  pêas. 11 y slas.9  ^ckbtsdgahjÿi,  kjp. LLL, LLL, ctkìtcrj.   >1)  Icmsc`s ^ckbtsmcbrc,  pêa . :1:.

 >

 

@ G T J [

cs jkjsg pcrecktjhc`tc kg`kcnlnmc quc u`j klc`klj kg`sldcrc cm Dcrckbg kghg ec`ûhc`g dcrlvjdg (j trjvìs dc klcrtjs jkklg`cs buhj`j-) dc prl`klplgs ìtlkgs g dc bckbgs ckg`ûhlkgs, y quc, sl` chnjrag, csj klc`klj scj jnsgmutjhc`tc l`kjpjz dc dlktjr u` sgmgkghg prckcptg ourèdlkg kjnjmhc`tc kg`sldcrj cm Dc  hcdlj`tcpgrquc jkklg`cs rckbg dcdukklû` bckbj   y `g hcdlj`tc rjzg`jhlc`tgs klc`tèelkgs7 \, pgr gtrj pjrtc, cm' bckbg dc quc u`j klc`klj egrhumc mgs kc`kcptgs ac`crjmcs dc u`j dctcrhl' `jdj rcjmldjd blstûrlkj (mj l`tcarjdj pgr mjs mcalsmjklg`cs pgsl' tlvjs),  ·sla`lelkj pgr vc`turj quc csj klc`klj lhpg`aj sus plckcptgs j mj rcjmldjd7 Vcrg, c` el`, kujmqulcrj quc scj `ucstrj gpl`lû` sgnrc cm hgtlvg quc lhpumsj j [j`dcr c` su chprcsj, mg l`tcrcsj`tc cs quc ìstc `gs prgpg`c u`j `ucvj tcgrèj dcm Dcrckbg y quc dlkbj tcgrèj pucdc huy nlc` scr jkcrtjdj, ju`quc cm hgtlvg gkjslg`jm dc cmmj scj crrû`cg. @l`aÿ` rcpjrg vêmldg sjnrèjhgs gpg`cr, dc`trg dcm ldcjmlshg ij`tlj`g, j mj jelrhjklû` dc quc cm Dcrckbg scj u` slstchj dc oulklgs. Icmsc`, sl` chnjrag, krcc quc cs «u` crrgr argtcskg¹ kg`eu`dlr cm Dcrckbg (sukcslû` dc jkklk`cs gnoctg dc kg`gklhlc`tg) kg` cm prgplg kg`gklhlc`tg (>2). Icmsc` bjkc dc schcoj`tc rcprgkbc cm jrauhc`tg kc`trjm dc su dljtrlnj kg`trj mj tcgrlj sj`dcrlj`j. \, j mj vcrdjd, slc`dg ìstj u`j tcgrèj dcm Dcrckbg kghg kg`gklhlc`tg, kjcrèj pgr su njsc sl sc dchgstrjrj quc cm Dcrckbg `g cs u` kg`gklhlc`tg. Mj cqulvgkjklû` dc Icmsc` gncdckc j quc, `g gnstj`tc su ij`tlshg `ghl`jm, prgecsj u`j cplstchgmgaèj kghpmctjhc`tc prcij`tlj`j9 cs,  j sjncr, jqucmmj scaÿ` mj kujm bjy u`j @jturjmczj y u` Dcrckbg cxlstc`tcs eucrj dcm kg`gklhlc`tg y   sgnrc  mgs kujmcs ìstc sc jpmlkj (>), pcrg `g kuhpmc mj prghcsj c` pjrtc jmau`j. Vjrj scaulr cm pjrjmcmg kg` Ij`t, tghj mj mûalkj trjskc`dc`tjm dc ìstc c` jqucmmj pjrtc tltumjdj «J`jmètlkj dc mgs prl`klplgs¹, c` quc Ij`t dj yj sc`tjdj mj dgktrl`j dc mgs kg`kcptgs purgs y trjtj sgmjhc`tc dc su jpmlkjklû` (;;). C` vcz dc mj tjnmj dc kjtcagrèjs, [j`dcr `gs prcsc`tj, pucs, mj dc mgs prl`klplgs dcm l`tcmcktg,    y kmjrg cs quc, «`g slc`dg ìstgs sl`g rcamjs dcm usg gnoctlvg dc jquìmmjs¹ (;4),   ;6) ;6 )  Ij`t,  Irltli dcr rcl`c` Ucr`u`et,  pêa s. :6; :6; y slas .

  ;:) Mjs hcogrcs hcogrcs vcrslg `cs c` mc`au js `cgmjtl`js dc mjs gnrjs dc Ij`t trjdukc`   dcdukklû`, dcdukklû`, dcduktlg` g dcdu g`c  pgr Dcdui tlg`, mg kujm `g cs cxjktg y pucdc grlal`jr crrgrcs eu`djhc`tjmcs. Dcduitlg`   y `g J nmcltu`a) cstê usjdg pgr Ij`t c` cm s c`tldg egrc`sc dc   b  pj mjnrj y `g c` cm mûalkg, cs dcklr, kghg jmcajtg g jmcajklû`. {;>)   [tjjt u`d ^ckbt,   pêa. :6.   ;;) Ij` t,  Irltli dcr  r. U., pêa. :4