La Musica Nortena Mexicana 2016 Universi

November 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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LH GÛPB@H IFQ]JØH GJSB@HIH

Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs Eharbjl Gjmrhif mj Luih

1?84

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih _rbgjrh jmb`bði, 1?84 Hutfrjs; Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs, Eharbjl Gjmrhif mj Luih M.Q. Mj lh prjsjitj jmb`bði; ZIBTJQPBMHM MJ EZHIHKZH]F

@hgpus Euhihkuhtf Mbvbsbði mj @bji`bhs Pf`bhljs y Cughibmhmjs Mjphrthgjitf mj Jmu`h`bði Lhsùrèbi mj Qjthih iûg :, zfih `jitrf, @._. 04???, Euhihkuhtf, Etf., Gâxb`f.

Jstj js jlmjrjsulthmf mj lh jsthi`bh pfsmf`tfrhl quj Euhihkuhtf, jluhihkuhtf, Mr. Lubs Fghr Hrbhs ji lh Ghjstrçh Hrtjs mj lh lbarf Mbvbsbði Hrqub tj`turh, Hrqubtj`turh, Hrtj y Mbsjøf, @hgpus E mj lh Gfitfyh Zibvjrsbmhm mj rjhlbzh Euhihkuhtf> rj`baj jl ji hpfyf mj uih aj`h ftfrehmh pfr jl @fisjkf Ih`bfihl mj @bji`bh y ]jìflfeçh (@fih`yt). @ujith `fi lh tutfrçh h`hmâgb`h mjl Mr. Eharbjl Gjmrhif mj Luih, prfdjsfr-bivjstbehmfr mj lh Mbvbsbði mj @bji`bhs Pf`bhljs y Cughibmhmjs mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf, gbjgarf mjl @H_ mj lh Ghjstrçh ji Hrtjs y jspj`bhlbsth ji ùlturh frhl frhl y phtrbgfibf bithiebalj. bithiebalj.

Mbsjøf mj pfrthmh; Ghrtch Erh`bjlh _bøh _jmrhzh Blustrh`bði mj pfrthmh; Djl Djlbpj bpj mj Kjsûs Afibllh Gfitbjl @ubmhmf mj lh jmb`bði; Dlfr J. Heubljrh Ihvhrrjtj Ihvhrr jtj

BPAI; 253-4?5-==8-=8=-8 Hmvjrtji`bh; ibieuih phrtj mjl `fitjibmf mj jstj jkjgplhr pujmj rjprfmu`brsj, hlgh`jihrsj f trhisgbtbrsj mj ibieuih dfrgh, ib pfr ibieûi gjmbf, sjh âstj jlj`trðib`f, dftfquçgb`f, gj`èib`f, ðptb`f, mj erhah`bði f mj dftf`fpbh, yh sjh phrh usf pjrsfihl f mj lu`rf, sbi lh prjvbh hutfrbzh`bði pfr js`rbtf mj lfs jmbtfrjs. Bgprjsf y cj`cf ji Gâxb`f _rbitjm him ghmj bi Gjxb`f •

@FI]JIBMF

@H_Ç]ZLF B Lh `fyuiturh mj 822?

5

@H_Ç]ZLF BB Jl mbsjøf erèdb`f ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

00

@H_Ç]ZLF BBB Jl h`frmjði y sus hejitjs sf`bhljs ji Gâxb`f

=:

@H_Ç]ZLF BT Lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs murhitj lh l h mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj

55

@hpçtulf T

Chalhimf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

2:

@hpçtulf TB

Qjmfwh if rjmfvh

882

@H_Ç]ZLF TBB Gâxb`f-@cblj. Lh ruth mjl _h`çdb`f

8=2

@H_Ç]ZLF TBBB Zi gjxb`hif ji Gjmjllçi

828

@H_Ç]ZLF BS Lfs `cbljifs hghi Gâxb`f

82:

@H_Ç]ZLF S ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!

1?:

@H_Ç]ZLF SB Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh ji Brhpuhtf

188

@H_Ç]ZLF SBB Lfù`bði ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

18:

@H_Ç]ZLF SBBB Lh prbgjrh jsth`bði mj rhmbf ji jl Ahkçf gjxb`hif

110

Dujitjs `fisulthmhs

112

@H_Ç]ZLF B LH @FRZI]ZQH MJ 822?

H

dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823? y prbi`bpbfs mj 822?, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh, pfr bikjrji`bh mj lh bimustrbh mjl jitrjtjibgbjitf (]jljvbsh), sj `fivbrtbð ji sbiðibgf mj gûsb`h erupjrh. Frehibzh`bfijs bistrugjitbsths `fgf Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs y `fgf Arfi`f prfthefibzhrfi pjlçùlhs, hleuihs mj lhs ùhljs sughrfi jl hpfrtj mj mbrj`tfrjs mj lh js`jih `bijghtferèdb`h gjxb`hih `fgf Qfmfldf mj Himh, rjspfishalj mjl dblgj mjmb`hmf h lfs ihtbvfs mj [h`htj`hs. 8 Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj dujrfi ftrfs hrtbsths “erupjrfs‗ “er upjrfs‗ quj murhitj jsth âpf`h dbeurhrfi `fgf h`tfrjs mj ùtçùlhs prfmu`bmhs `fi rjùrsfs prfpbfs. Mjdbibmh `fgf uih `fgjmbh `hgpbrhih, Lh _ujrth Ijerh duj prfthefibzhmh pfr Mhvbm Qjyifsf, Lu`ch Tbllh, Jrbn mjl @hstbllf y Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. _jlçùlhs `fgf Lh _ujrth Ijerh sbrvbjrfi `fgf plhthdfrghs, phrh mbduimbr h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh y h lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj.1 _rbi`bpbfs mj 822?, duj ui tbjgpf ji jl quj BG@BIJ vjimbð h ih`bfijs `fgf Arhsbl, Hrejitbih, @cblj y Zrueuhy, Zrueuhy, mjrj`cfs mj pjlçùlhs gjxb`hihs `fgf Lh gukjr mj Ajikhgçi, Mhizði, @hajzh mj

8

“Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs mjauthi ji `bij‗, `bij‗, ji Ifrfjstj, Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, ghrtjs 5 mj harbl, 8221. 1 “Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj dbeurhrfi ji Lh _ujrth Ijerh‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 8232.

^5W

Th`h, Pðlf `fi tu phrjkh y Gb qujrbmf ]fg Gbx , hlef quj if su`jmbð ji lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, ùhimf jl llhghmf `bij mj db`cjrhs mfgbið jl phifrhgh.0Ji harbl mj 8221, ]jljvbsh, jl jgpfrbf gjxb`hif mj lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði, hmqubrbð Zibvbsbði, “lh `hmjih mj tjljvbsbði cbsphih gès bgpfrthitj mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs‗,=h`fitj`bgbjitf quj jxtjimbð lh bidluji`bh mj lhs prfmu``bfijs gjxb`hihs. Jstfs cj`cfs mjaji jitjimjrsj `fgf jl rjdljkf mj uih afihizh hrtçstb`h quj jxpjrbgjitð Gâxb`f h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, y quj rjpjrùtbð ji Lhtbifhgârb`h. Hpfyhmf ji jl mbsùrsf `bijghtferèdb`f, jl gfvbgbjitf erupjrf ji`hajzhmf pfr Arfi`f y Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, dfrgð phrtj mj jsj abjijsthr gjmbètb`f. Jl âxbtf mj lhs prfmu``bfijs gjxb`hihs gj xb`hihs sj trhslhmð hl guimf mj lhs tjljifvjlhs. tjljifvjlhs. Ji sjptbjgarj mj 8220, Jl _frvjibr mj Gfitjrrjy hiui`bð jl bierjsf mj Arfi`f h lh dèarb`h mj sujøfs `fi Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif, tjljsjrbj quj efzð mj âxbtf guimbhl, hl erhmf mj sjr trhmu`bmh hl drhi`âs, hl rusf y hl `cbif.:Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif ji`husð jl eustf mj lfs aflbvbhifs pfr lh gûsb`h erupjrh, mjitrf mj lh ùhl, lh ifrtjøh fùph ui luehr `jitrhl h trhvâs mj Arfi`f y mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Jl 82 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8220, Jl _frvjibr mj Gfitjrrjy pualb`ð uih iftb`bh quj mjthllh lh biùrsbði mj Arfi`f h lhs tjljifvjlhs. _fr lh rjljvhi`bh quj tuvf jstj h`fitj`bgbjitf ji lh ih`bði aflbvbhih trhis`rbaf lh bidfrgh`bði; Arfi`f mhrè h `fif`jr h lfs rjebfs, pfr prbgjrh vjz ji `fi`bjrtf, su tjgh ifvjljrf. Jl erupf rjebfgfithif sj prjsjithrè jstj 1: mj sjptbjgarj ji lh jxplhihmh j xplhihmh mjl _hrquj Duimbmfrh ji Gfitjrrjy phrh bitjrprjthr ji vbvf y ji jx`lusbvh jl sji`bllf Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif, ifgarj mj lh tjljifvjlh mfimj mjauthrèi `fgf h`tfrjs. Pu prbgjrh prjsjith`bði mjl høf phshmf ji jsth `bumhm, Lupj, Qhgbrf, Khvbjr y Kfsâ Lubs, rj`babjrfi jl prjgbf @jrrf mj lh Pbllh, rj`fif`bgbjitf quj ji høfs hitjrbfrjs sj ftfreð h

0 “Tjimj BG@BIJ lfs mjrj`cfs mj

`bi`f pjlçùlhs hl jxtrhikjrf‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, Pbihlfh, vbjrijs 2 mj harbl, 8221. “]jljvbsh “]jlj vbsh `fgprh h Zibvbsbði‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, vbjrijs 2 mj harbl, 8221. : “Arfi`f jitrh mj lljif h tjljifvjlhs‗, tjljifvjlhs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, h 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. =

3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Kuhi Eharbjl. Hl beuhl quj ji jsh f`hsbði, sj hgplbhrè ji lhs bisthlh`bfijs mjl phrquj uih cj`tèrjh gès phrh mhr `habmh h `jr`h mj `bji gbl hmgbrhmfrjs, lfs ùhljs h phrtbr mj lhs 83 cfrhs cfr hs pfmrèi jsù`chr âxbtfs `fgf [hphtfs mj th`ði, Pjrebf jl ahblhmfr y Gb hgbef Arfi`f. Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif js frbebihl mj Kfsâ Euhmhlupj Jsphrzh y tjgh `jitrhl mj lh prfmu``bði mj Jgblbf Lhrrfsh Lhrrf sh quj mjsmj jl 84 mj hefstf sj trhisgbtj ji lh phithllh `cb`h, ghr`h su mjaut ji lhs tjljifvjlhs. Pjeûi lhs lbsths mj pfpulhrbmhm, jsth `hi`bði sj ch pjrdblhmf ji sðlf mfs gjsjs ji uih mj lhs gjlfmçhs gès sflb`bthmhs ji lh rhmbf ih`bfihl. Ji jsth cbstfrbh, mfimj prjmfgbihi js`jihs mj h``bði, `fidlb`tfs hgfrfsfs y vjiehizh, thgabâi mh lh fpfrtuibmhm mj quj jl tjljspj`thmfr mbsdrutj mj hleuifs âxbtfs mj uif mj lfs erupfs bib`bhmfrjs mj lh fimh erupjrh. Ji uif mj lfs `hpçtulfs erhahmfs ji ]bkuhih, jl ùhrtjtf mj Hpfmh`h sj prjsjith ji `fi`bjrtf hl ùhl hùmj ]hibh (Abab Ehytèi), qubji js uih mj lhs gès djrvbjitjs hmgbrhmfrhs mjl erupf> su sbgphtçh `hutbvh h lfs mjl erupf, y mj`bmji ch`jrlh su hgbeh hmjgès mj pjrgbtbrlj suabr hl js`jihrbf h `hithr `fi jllfs. Qj`bjitjgjitj jl jqubpf mj erhah`bði mj lh tjljifvjlh vbhkð h Gfitjrrjy phrh rjhlbzhr ftrhs ftrh s js`jihs, ji lhs quj jl rfl prbi`bphl `frrj h `href mj lfs bitârprjtjs mj ahlhmh ifrtjøh, frbebihrbfs mj Hpfmh`h.4

PÐ@QH]JP QB[[F Lh jxpjrbji`bh sj rjpbtbð ji 8224, ùhimf Jgblbf Lhrrfsh lfs bivbtð h phrtb`bphr mj lh tjljsjrbj ]û y Rf, Rf, prfthefibzhmh pfr Ghrbajl Euhrmbh y pfr Kfhi Pjahstbhi. Kfsâ Euhmhlupj Jsphrzh arbimð thl sjrbjmhm h lh jxcfrth`bði mjl prfmu`tfr mj ]jljvbsh quj mj`bmbð tfghr `lhsjs mj jxprjsbði `frpfrhl y prfmu``bði mj vfz `fi Ijih Mjlehmf, ji jl tjhtrf mj lh HIMH.5 Jl bgph`tf sf`bhl mj lh gûsb`h erupjrh duj thitf quj pjrbfmbsths rjebfgfithifs sj ùjstbfihrfi sb lh ùlturh rjyijrh jsthah ji lfs

4

“Arfi`f. _rjsjithrèi hquç Mfs gukjrjs‗, gukjrjs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, 82 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 5 “]fgh Lupj `lhsjs `fi lh Ijih Mjlehmf‗, Mjlehmf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, h ghrtjs 80 mj hefstf, 8224.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

2

ahbljs rjebfihljs, ji jl `harbtf f ji jl hgfr hl trhahkf. Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf, efajrihmfr mj Iujvf Ljði jitrj 8228 y 8224, jxprjsð, j xprjsð, ji rjpjtbmhs f`hsbfijs, quj jrh falbeh`bði mjl Jsthmf hpfyhr lh ùlturh pfpulhr> “pfrquj js lh quj `fisugji lhs ghshs‗.3@fgf phrtj mj su jstrhtjebh, Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf hphrj`bð ji iugjrfsfs h`tfs pûalb`fs, jihltj`bjimf lh `hrrjrh mjl erupf Arfi`f, ih`bmf ji Hpfmh`h, Iujvf Ljði, Gâxb`f. Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf hdbrgð quj lhs tjljifvjlhs mjaji jitjimjrsj `fgf “lh ùlturh mj lhs ghshs‗, if js `hsuhl quj lh gûsb`h erupjrh sj chyh hpfyhmf ji âsths phrh lljehr h Pumhgârb`h. Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf hsjeurð quj jl gfvbgbjitf erupjrf jxbstj mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, pjrf quj erh`bhs h lfs jsph`bfs quj lj ch arbimhmf lh tjljvbsfrh mj Phi Èiejl, Èiejl, sj ch pfpulhrbzhmf h ibvjl `fitbijithl. `fitbijithl. “Ji lh ùlturh pfpulhr sj mbstbieuji suaùlturhs `fgf lh mj lfs ùgabhgajrfs‗, sjitji`bð Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf.2 Jl pflçtb`f ijflfiâs jsthah sjeurf quj lh ùlturh mj ghshs jrh bgpujsth pfr lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði, ui jkjgplf js lh lu`ch lbarj gjxb`hih quj “sbjgprj duj ui mjpfrtj chsth quj ]jljvbsh dfrgð jl sbimb`htf mj lh HHH `fi 8?? lu`chmfrjs> jitfi`js frehibzð pjljhs y lhs trhisgbtbð pfr tjljvbsbði. Jstf mjsvbrtûf h lh lu`ch lbarj gjxb`hih. Ftrf jkjgplf sfi lfs çmflfs mj phpjl `fgf @rbstbhi @hstrf‗.8?]jl ]jljvbsh jvbsh duj ui `hihl quj trhisdbrbð h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh, mbsdrhzhmh mj erupjrh, e rupjrh, h rjhlbmhmjs sumhgjrb`hihs `fgf lh aflbvbhih.

3

“Mjdbibjimf lh ùlturh pfpulhr‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, gbâr`fljs 8 mj sjptbjgarj, sjp tbjgarj, 8220. 2 Çmjg. 8? Çmjg. Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf prjeuith; ¶Pj mjaji prfgfvjr prfgfvjr lhs dui`bfijs mj lu`ch lbarj ji lhs plhzhs6 ¶Frehibzhr `jrtègjijs mj `frrbmfs6 ¶Aus`hr hl mfalj mj Lupj, jl `hithitj mj Arfi`f6 ¶Xuâ Eharbjl Efizèljz cheh lh vjrsbði fpjrh mj lh tjljifvjlh Ghrçh Gjr`jmjs6

8?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

MZJLF MJ EBEHI]JP 8221 jstuvf `hrehmf mj lhs gjkfrjs iftb`bhs phrh Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Ji djarjrf mj jsj høf, lfs frbuimfs mj Qfshgfrhmh, Pbihlfh, dujrfi ifgbihmfs hl Erhggy  quj quj ftfreh lh H`hmjgbh Ih`bfihl mj Hrtjs y @bji`bhs Dfiferèdb`hs mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj jstuvbjrfi h`fgphøhmfs pfr Lfs Aunbs `fi H trhvâs mj tus fkfs y pfr Hljkhimrh Euzgèi `fi Dlfr mj phpjl. Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, Lfs Aunbs y Hljkhimrh Euzgèi jrhi jx`lusbvfs mjl sjllf Gjlfmy (]jljvbsh). Jl Erhggy if jrh hlef iujvf phrh Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, pujs ji 8233 lf fatuvbjrfi `fi su èlaug Hgârb`h sbi drfitjrhs.88 Lh mj 8221 duj su sjxth ifgbih`bði ji lh `htjefrçh mj Gjkfr Èlaug mj Gûsb`h Gâxb`fHgjrb`hih `fi su mbs`f _hrh hmflfrbmfs.81 H dbihljs mjl gbsgf djarjrf mj 8221, Lfs ]berjs ]be rjs mjl Ifrtj sj rjuibjrfi ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f `fi Ghr`f Quaç, Mbrj`tfr Ejijrhl mj Gjlfmy, phrh jsthgphr dbrghs y jxtjimjr su `fitrhtf. “Lh dhgblbh Gjlfmy sj cfirh ji ghitjijr jitrj sus dblhs hl `fikuitf ifrtjøf mj ghyfr trhmb`bði‗, hdbrgð Kfsâ Lubs Qhgçrjz, kjdj mj prjish mj lh mbsqujrh. 80 Ji harbl mj 8221, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj hiui`bhrfi ui vbhkj h Hljghibh; Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj vbhkhrèi h Hljghibh jl prðxbgf = mj ghyf phrh fdrj`jr ùhtrf `fi`bjrtfs h lh `fguibmhm lhtbih quj rhmb`h ji Jurfph. Chalhgfs `fi Jmuhrmf Cjrièimjz murhitj su jsthi`bh ji Gfitjrrjy. Jmuhrmf js h`frmjði y shxfdfibsth mjl erupf ifrtjøf gès ehlhrmfihmf mj Gâxb`f. Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj dujrfi jljebmfs phrh h`tuhr ji Hljghibh murhitj lfs djstjkfs mjl : mj ghyf quj trhmb`bfihlgjitj rjhlbzhi lfs gjxb`hifs rhmb`hmfs ji Hljghibh. Dujrfi bivbthmfs pfr lfs lhtbifs quj trhahkhi ji lhs `bi`f ahsjs gblbthrjs quj tbjij Jsthmfs Zibmfs ji Hljghibh. Ji jsh ahsj gblbthr trhahkhi gès mj 1: gbl sflmhmfs. 8=

88 “Hljkhimrh Euzgèi, ]berjs mjl Ifrtj y Lfs Aunbs mbsputhrèi mbsputhrè i Erhggy‗, ji

Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h ghrtjs = mj djarjrf, 8221. 81 “Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj rjifvhrfi `fitrhtf `fi `fi Gjlfmy‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h kujvjs 15 mj djarjrf, 8221. 80 Çmjg. 8= “Tbhkhi Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj h Hljghibh; fdrj`jrèi ùhtrf `fi`bjrtfs‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h gbâr`fljs 3 mj harbl, 8221.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

88

Arfi`f if sj qujmhah htrès. Ji 8228 jstrjihrfi su mbs`f Phlvhkj y tbjrif, ji mfimj efzhrfi mjl h`fgphøhgbjitf mjl Ghrbh`cb Threhs mj ]j`hlbtlèi, hmjgès mj su yh `fif`bmh bistrugjith`bði ifrtjøh. Dujrfi ehlhrmfihmfs `fi lfs prjgbfs Jstrjllh mj Khlbs`f, Jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh `fgf jl erue rupf gès thqublljrf y Lf Iujstrf h lh gûsb`h lhtbih. Ji f`tuarj mj 8228, vbhkhrfi h Jsphøh mfimj prfgf`bfihrfi su gûsb`h ji prjish, rhmbf y tjljvbsbði. _hrh ifvbjgarj mj 8228, lfs pujstfs mj rjvbsths `fgjr`bhlbzhrfi jl `fgb`  Arfi`f, Arfi`f, y ji mb`bjgarj lfs ihtbvfs mj Hpfmh`h `flhpshrfi lhs shlhs mj `bijs, mfimj prjsji`bhrfi lh pjlçùlh cfgðibgh.8: Ji 8221, Arfi`f rj`babð pfr sjeuimf høf `fisjùtbvf Jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh, prjgbf quj lfs mbstbieubð `fgf jl gjkfr erupf e rupf mj gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Jl rj`fif`bgbjitf duj jitrjehmf pfr Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf Ehr`çh, efajrihmfr `fistbtu`bfihl mj Iujvf Ljði. Lh prjgbh`bði fùrrbð murhitj jl ahblj ghsbvf y lfs djstjkfs pfr lh bihueurh`bði b ihueurh`bði mj lh Jxplhihmh mjl _hrquj Duimbmfrh Duimbmfrh mj Gfitjrrjy. Mjl jvjitf phrtb`bphrfi jl Erupf rrjy. Er upf Ghzz, ]rfpb`hl _hihgè, Lfs Ahrði mj Hpfmh`h y Lh Pfifrh Phithijrh> lfs `fgjishljs hs`jimbjrfi h 3? gbl. 84 Jl ahblj sj mjshrrfllð jl sèahmf = mj harbl mj 8221, mjsmj lhs 83;?? cfrhs. H lh gbsgh cfrh y ji lh gbsgh `bumhm, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj mbjrfi ui `fi`bjrtf ji lh Jxpf mj Iujvf Ljði. 85 Jsh if`cj sj js`rbabð uif mj lfs `hpçtulfs gès pflâgb`fs mj lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h erupjrh.

ZI AHBLJ CBP]ÐQB@F Jl sèahmf = mj harbl mj 8221, jl jsthmf mj Iujvf Ljði js`rbabð uif mj lfs `hpçtulfs gès mj`bsbvfs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh `fitjgpfrèijh. Jrhi mfs lfs prfyj`tfs gusb`hljs quj sj mbs-

8:

“Ehlfph trbuidhl sbi sbi ahrrjrhs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, 82 mj jijrf, 8221.

84

“Arfi`f rj`baj jl gèxbgf ehlhrmði mj Gfitjrrjy; Jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh‗, ji ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, gbâr`fljs 3 mj harbl, 8221. 85 Çmjg.

81

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

puthahi lh `ûspbmj mjl âxbtf; Arfi`f (Iujvf Ljði) y Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj (Pbihlfh). Lh if`cj mjl = mj harbl mj 8221, jl ifrjstj (Arfi`f) y jl ifrfjstj (Lfs ]berjs ]be rjs mjl Ifrtj) sj s j ahtbjrfi ji ui mujlf phrh mjgfstrhr qubâi jrh jl gèxbgf jsthimhrtj mj lh gûsb`h erupjrh. erupjr h. Ibieuif fdrj`bð vjithkhs. vjithkhs. Lh `fgpjtji`bh sj mbf thgabâi ji jl plhif tjìflðeb`f> Arfi`f, pfr jkjgplf, rjùrrbð hl usf mj lu`js, mj phithllhs ebehitjs y mj uih `frjferhdçh jstru`turhmh `fi `hitbihs, `jrrfs mj lh sbllh j bgèejijs `hrb`hturbzhmhs mj sus ùhtrf bitjerhitjs bitjer hitjs rjtfghmhs mj Lfs `hstbehmfs y @uhtrf `hahllfs.83 Jl mbijrf rj`humhmf murhitj jl `fi`bjrtf ji jl _hrquj Duimbmfrh mj Gfitjrrjy, Arfi`f lf mfið hl MBD, `fgf phrtj mj su jstrhtjebh. Ji puitf mj lh gjmbh if`cj mjl sèahmf = mj harbl mj 8221, lfs ùhtrf gûsb`fs mj Hpfmh`h, Iujvf Ljði, shlbjrfi `fabkhmfs pfr ui jspj`tèùlf mj lu`js gultb`flfr, kujefs pbrftâìb`fs y lh mjmb`htfrbh mjl `fi`bjrtf hl sjøfr Cfgjrf Cjrièimjz, su ftrfrh rjprjsjithitj hrtçstb`f. Duj thith lh pfgph quj Hpfmh`h Qjprjsjith`bfijs mjl sjøfr Fs`hr Dlfrjs, `fitrhtð h lh jgprjsh ifrtjhgjrb`hih Qjjlsfuim Qj`frmbie  phrh phrh quj erhahrh jl jvjitf. “Jrh lh prbgjrh vjz quj lh gji`bfihmh jgprjsh erhahah h ui erupf er upf gjxb`hif, pujs sðlf chaçh trhahkhmf phrh Gb`chjl Afltfi y Hlb`j @ffpjr‗.82 Hl dbihlbzhr jl ahblj, ahblj, lfs bitjerhitjs mj Arfi`f y jl Mbrj`tfr Ejijrhl mj su sjllf mbs`ferèdb`f, mbs`ferèdb`f, mj`lhrhrfi h lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði quj duj lh if`cj gès bgpfrthitj mj sus `hrrjrhs pfrquj erhahrfi er hahrfi mbs`f y vbmjf ji vbvf> pfrquj dujrfi dujrfi prjgbhmfs pfr jl efabjrif mj Iujvf Ljði y pfrquj hpfrthrfi mbijrf hl MBD jsththl.1? Pjrvhimf @hif, mujøf mj PJQ@H Qjprjsjith`bfijs Qjprjsjith`bfijs,, hdbrgð quj ji 8233, âl y Fs`hr Dlfrjs, sj hsf`bhrfi phrh frehibzhr ahbljs ji Gfitjrrjy. Gfitjrrjy. “Ji hqujllh âpf`h Fs`hr Dlfrjs D lfrjs ghijkhah lfs mjstbifs mj Arfi`f y ui sjrvbmfr jl mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj‗. 18 Jl prbgjr bi`fivjibjitj surebð ùhimf Fs`hr

83 Çmjg. 82 Çmjg. 1? Çmjg. 18 P`cnflibn,

Nhtbh, Pjrvhimf @hif. Bgpulsfr y vbsbfihrbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh , Gâxb`f, Lhef Jmb`bfijs, 1?88, p. 8?0.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

80

Dlfrjs qubsf frehibzhr ui ahblj ji lh Jxpf mj Euhmhlupj h jsphlmhs mj Pjrvhimf @hif, ji 8228. _fstjrbfrgjitj, y h shabjimhs mj quj @hif yh tjiçh prferhghmf ui ahblj `fi Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, Fs`hr Dlfrjs `hljimhrbzð ui `fi`bjrtf `fi Arfi`f, ji jl phrquj Duimbmfrh mj Gfitjrrjy. 11Lh pualb`bmhm cj`ch pfr Fs`hr Dlfrjs duj gès herjsbvh quj lh gfithmh pfr Pjrvhimf @hif. Jl mujøf mj Hpfmh`h Qjprjsjith`bfijs Qjprjsjith`bfijs `fivf`ð `fivf`ð h gjmbfs bitjrih`bfihljs `fi jl fakjtbvf fakjtbvf mj arbimhrlj uih ghyfr prfyj``bði h su jvjitf.10 Lljeð jl sèahmf = mj harbl mj 8221, Pjrvhimf @hif fdrj`bð h Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, h Lfs Cugblmjs, h Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y h Lh Ghdbh> pfr su phrtj, Fs`hr Dlfrjs prfpusf h Arfi`f y hl Ghrbh`cb Threhs Threhs `fgf af`hmf prbi`bphl. Mjsmj guy tjgprhif hrrbahrfi hl ahblj mj Lfs ]berjs ]be rjs mjl Ifrtj gès mj :?,??? pjrsfihs. Pjeurhgjitj `fitrbauyð quj “lh ejitj jsthah prjimbmh, pujs sj `rjð uih `fsh mj js`èimhlf. _fr prbgjrh vjz ji lh cbstfrbh, jl pjrbðmb`f Jl Ifrtj tjiçh `fithmfrjs ji lfs mfs ahbljs. Jrhi `fgf `bi`f rjpfrtjhs, tfmhs lljvhimf jl `fitjf `fi `fithmfrjs‗.1=Lhs `bdrhs mjdbibtbvhs mbkjrfi quj hl ahblj mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj hùmbjrfi 2?,??? pjrsfihs y hl mj Arfi`f 0:,??? bimbvbmufs.1: Jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi mjthllð lf su`jmbmf lh if`cj mjl = mj harbl ji lh sbeubjitj ghijrh; Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj lj ehihrfi h Arfi`f ji su prfpbf jsthalf. Mj hùjrmf `fi lh jiùjsth ljvhithmh pfr lfs pjrbfmbsths mj Jl Ifrtj mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjr rjy,, sj `frrfafrð jl mfalj mj hdluji`bh phrh prjsji`bhr jl ahblj mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, mjsprj`bhimf jl jspj`tèùlf mj Arfi`f quj jsthah hbrhmf mj vb`tfrbh. Arfi`f, hl beuhl quj Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs, surebð ji jsh rjebði mjl phçs, mfimj jgprjshrbfs y prfgftfrjs chi jihltj`bmf lh dhgh mj hgafs erupfs mj gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih mj ahlhmh `cb`hih. Lfs Aunbs y Lfs

11 Çmjg. 10 Babm , p. 8?=.

Babm , p. 8?:. 1: Babm , p. 8?3. 1=

8=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Rfib`s quj uih vjz dujrfi lfs prbgjrfs ji lhs lbsths mj âxbtfs y ji`hajzhrfi ahbljs pfpulhrjs, qujmhrfi htrès. Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj sj chi jsthalj`bmf ji lh `bgh mjl âxbtf erh`bhs e rh`bhs h sus `fitbiuhs prfmu``bfijs mbs`ferèdb`hs `fi `hi`bfijs surebmhs mjsmj jl sjif mj su ùlturh ih`bfihl ifrtjøh. Fs`hr Dlfrjs Jlbzfimf, jgprjshrbf mjl ahblj mj Arfi`f, sj ijeð h chalhr mj `bdrhs. Arfi`f if pumf `fi Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj ib rjùrrbjimf hl gbsgf Kuhi Eharbjl, ib h Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf Ehr`çh, efajrihmfr mj Iujvf Ljði, qubjijs dujrfi bivbthmfs pfr Fs`hr Dlfrjs phrh quj lj jitrjehrhi ui rj`fif`bgbjitf h Arfi`f, `fgf jl erupf gès thqublljrf mj 8228. Hitjs mj quj Arfi`f tjrgbihrh su prjsjith`bði, cbzf su hphrb`bði jl Ghrbh`cb Threhs mj ]j`hlbtlèi, phrh bitjrprjthr Chzgj sføhr y Mâkhgj hghrtj ftrh vjz. Hgafs ahbljs tjrgbihrfi h lhs sbjtj mj lh ghøhih. 14

H phrtbr mj jsh if`cj “Arfi`f yh if dui`bfið beuhl‗. 15 Ji 8224 sj mjsbitjerð, mhimf pfr dbihlbzhmh lh rjlh`bði lhafrhl quj euhrmhahi `fi Fs`hr Dlfrjs, mjsmj 8231. Ji jl 1??0 rjerjshrfi h lfs js`jihrbfs `fgf Jl Ebehitj mj Hgârb`h, trhahkhi pf`f ji Gâxb`f y mjghsbhmf ji Pumhgârb`h. 13 Huiquj lh ehrrh  chyh chyh cj`cf ehrrhs h Arfi`f lh if`cj mjl = mj harbl mj 8221, lfs frbebihrbfs mj Hpfmh`h, Iujvf Ljði, mjkhrfi uih cujllh bgafrrhalj ji jl sur mjl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif, prujahs `fituimjitjs sfi lfs `fi`bjrtfs quj Jl Ebehitj mj Hgârb`h sbeuj fdrj`bjimf ji @frrbjitjs, Hrejitbih, Phith @ruz, Aflbvbh y Hsui`bði, _hrheuhy.12 Jl `fidlb`tf jitrj Pjrvhimf @hif y Fs`hr Dlfrjs `fitbiûf. Jl luijs 80 mj harbl mj 8221, jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi mjiui`bð quj Arfi`f y Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj jrhi vç`tbghs mjl pbquj jitrj lfs jgprjshrbfs rjebfgfithifs qubjijs lfs falbehahi h trhahkhr jl gbsgf mçh, h lh gbsgh cfrh y ji lhs gbsghs `bumhmjs. _fr _fr jkjgplf, jl sèahmf 88 mj harbl mj 8221, Arfi`f jstuvf ji Ihu`hlphi, h`fgph-

14

“Jl ruebmf mjl erupf mj Pbihlfh duj gès dujrtj quj jl rjlbi`cf mj Arfi`f‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, kujvjs 2 mj harbl, 8221. 15 P`cnflibn, p. 8?3. 13

Çmjg.

12

Hrtjheh, Jusjabf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Lh ifrtjøh ji LhtbifLhtbifhgjrb`hih f jl trhisih`bfihlbsgf gusb`hl `fsgfpflbth ji lhs pjrbdjrbhs.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8:

øhmf mj Lh Pfifrh Phithijrh, mj Lfs Rfib`s Rfib`s y mj Lfs Ahrði mj Hpfmh`h> gbjitrhs quj ji Htbzhpèi mj [hrhefzh, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj hgjibzhrfi ui ahblj `fi Lh Ghdbh, Lfs Arhvfs mjl Ifrtj, Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y @hrrf Pcfw. 0?

AQFI@F TP M JQ JQ  L L J__HQM J__HQM Jl 1? mj ifvbjgarj mj 8220, Jl _frvjibr mj Gfitjrrjy bivbtð “h gfvjr jl jsqujljtf‗ ji jl ahblj quj sj `jljarð jl 1: mj sjptbjgarj mjl gbsgf høf, ji lh jxplhihmh mjl _hrquj Duimbmfrh. @fgf phtrf`bihmfr mj Arfi`f, Jl _frvjibr rjehlð afljtfs mj jitrhmh, hl`hi`çhs `fi jl lfeftbpf mj lh heruph`bði, `hsjtjs mj lfs frbuimfs mj Hpfmh`h pfr jl guimf y plhyjrhs hutferhdbhmhs pfr Qhgbrf, Euhmhlupj, @cf`cj y Kfsâ Lubs.08 Jl ahblj mj Arfi`f vflvbð h ejijrhr pflâgb`h. Âstj sj prferhgð kuitf hl `fi`bjrtf mj lh ahimh bieljsh Mj Mjdd Ljp Ljpph phrrm , ji bmâitb`f mçh y ji jl gbsgf `fgpljkf mj lh Duimbmfrh.01Gjifs ghl quj lh cfrh if sj jgphlgð, pujs mj chajr sbmf hsç, lfs prfaljghs h rjsflvjr cuabjrhi sbmf `fisbmjrhaljs. Mj hùjrmf `fi lh Kjdh mj _rjish mj Hpfmh`h Qjprjsjith`bfijs, Qjprjsjith`bfijs, Arfi`f prjsugçh mj ui “sfibmf gès pfmjrfsf y gfmjrif quj jl mj Mjr Ljpphrm ‗. ‗.00 Jl `fi`bjrtf mj lfs bieljsjs bib`bð h lhs 1?;0? cfrhs y jl mj Arfi`f mjspuâs, “ùhimf jl jitusbhsgf mj lfs rf`njrfs phsð y lh judfrbh pfr lh gûsb`h erupjrh lljeð‗.0= Jl “ahblj cbstðrb`f‗, `fgf duj `hthlfehmf pfr lh prjish, sj rjhlbzð ji lh Jxplhihmh mjl _hrquj Duimbmfrh mj Gfitjrrjy. Mjl gbsgf phrtb`bphrfi Jgblbf Ihvhbrh, Ghzz, Lh Pfgarh, Ghimbief

0? “Jstèi

jidrjithimf jgprjshrbfs h Arfi`f Arfi`f y h Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 80 mj harbl, 8221. 8221 . 08 “R phrh lfs erupjrfs Arfi`f‗, Arfi`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 01 “Lljeð lh fimh bieljsh‗, ji Jl _frvjibr, _frvjibr, Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, sèahmf 14 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 00 “Arfi`f tjimrè ahblj cbstðrb`f‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr , 1: mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 0= Çmjg.

84

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

y Lfs Dhithsghs mjl @hrbaj, heruph`bði vjijzflhih. Jl jvjitf duj hprfvj`chmf phrh quj ]jljvbsh erhahrh hleuifs phshkjs mj su tjljifvjlh Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif> gjlfmrhgh jstjlhrbzhmf pfr Abab Ehytèi. Zih mj lhs js`jihs quj sj erhahrfi e rhahrfi murhitj jl ahblj duj lh prfthefibzhmh pfr Abab Ehytèi, ùhimf âsth `hith h mûf `fi Euhmhlupj Jsphrzh jl tjgh Lbarfs tfitfs. @fi jstf, Jgblbf Lhrrfsh prjtjimçh mhrlj gès rjhl`j h lh tjljsjrbj y hprfvj`chr jsph`bfs `fgf Durbh Gusb`hl phrh `fgphrtbr lfs pfrgjifrjs mjl `fi`bjrtf ji`hajzhmf pfr Arfi`f, Jgblbf Ihvhbrh y Ghimbief.0:Hl ahblj hsbstbjrfi gès mj 3?,??? pjrsfihs 04

LFP ]BEQJP MJL IFQ]J Jl sèahmf 88 mj ghrzf mj 8232, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj sj prjsjithrfi ji jl @lua Mjpfrtbvf Gurhthllh mj Ghzhtlèi `fgf phrtj mj uih ebrh pfr jl _h`çdb`f gjxb`hif quj frehibzð _jpj @harjrh, su prfgftfr.. Hitjs mjl ahblj, Kfrej Cjrièimjz, lçmjr mj lh ahimh, mj`lhrf quj sus prfgftfr s us `frrbmfs sbjgprj chi hafrmhmf prfaljghs sf`bhljs y quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh sj mbvuleh pf`f ji lh tjljvbsbði pfrquj chy bitjrjsjs mj `lhsj quj lh rjljehi h ui tjr`jr plhif. Mjiui`bð quj h gjmbhmfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, ]jljvbsh ]jl jvbsh shaftjð jl @fiùrsf mj lh @hi`bði Qhi`cjrh, bihueurhmf ji 8252, y quj vjtð “`fi lukf mj mjspftbsgf‗ h Lu`ch Tbllh pfr mjdjimjr lfs bitjrjsjs mjl erjgbf hrtçstb`f hl ghibdjsthrsj `fitrh lh mj`bsbði mj lh tjljvbsfrh mj Phi Èiejl.05 Lfs frbuimfs mj Qfshgfrhmh, Pbihlfh, ih`bjrfi prfdjsbfihlgjitj ji 8244, pjrf su `hrrjrh hrtçstb`h sj `fisflbmð h gjmbhmfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 825? `fi Lh ahimh mjl `hrrf rfkf y @hgjlbh lh tjxhih (@fitrhahimf y trhb`bði). Mjspuâs mjl âxbtf bib`bhl, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj rj`babjrfi fdjrths

0: Çmjg. 04

“¡Xuj Arfi`fs!‗, Arfi`fs!‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, luijs 15 mj sjptbjgarj, sj ptbjgarj, 8220. 05 “Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Zih ljyjimh ljyjimh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh‗, ji Ifrfjstj , mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 8232.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

85

mj mbrj`tfrjs quj lfs bi`frpfrhrfi hl mbsùrsf `bijghtferèdb`f gjxb`hif, lferhimf dblghr gès mj 8= pjlçùlhs. Kfrej Cjrièimjz rjgjgfrð quj ji sus bib`bfs jrhi llhghmfs “Lfs mj @cbcuhcuh‗ y hsjeurð quj ùhimf ibøf jkjùthah jl h`frmjði `fi su haujlf. H lfs 81 høfs hprjimbð h tf`hr lh eubthrrh `fi ui gûsb`f pjruhif quj sj rhmb`ð ji Pbihlfh.03 Ji 8232, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj sj prjsjithrfi ji jl _hlh`bf mj lfs Mjpfrtjs mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f.02 Jrhi lfs prfmu`tfrjs mj @chvjlh y su Erupf Jxprjss, erhahahi phrh Gusbvbsh (Dfifvbsh]jljvbsh) ]jl jvbsh) y dujrfi ifgbihmfs kuitf h Lbimh Qfisthmt hl Erhggy , prjgbf quj h lh pfstrj sjrçh ftfrehmf h lh ih`bmh ji ]u`sfi, Hrbzfih, Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj rjebstrhrfi su ifgarj ji jl høf mj 8243, pfr bimb`h`bfijs mj Hrturf Uhlnjr Uhlnjr,, prfmu`tfr bielâs mj sus prbgjrhs erhah`bfijs; Mj ui rhi`cf h ftrf y Kuhibth lh trhb`bfijrh.=? Ji 8221, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj sj pfsb`bfihrfi ji jl eustf mj lfs aflbvbhifs `fi Jl `jlulhr, h`fgphøhimf hl arhsbljøf Qhbguimf Dheijr `fi Auraukhs mj hgfr, h Lubs Gbeujl `fi Zstjm, h Lu`jrf `fi Llfrhr y h Elfrbh ]rjvb `fi ]u èiejl mj lh euhrmh. =8 Jl 13 mj ghrzf mj 8221, Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj hltjrihrfi `fi Lfs Qj`fmbtfs, `fi Jl Gjxb`hif (prfgftfrjs mj lh ahimh sbitjtbzhmh) y `fi Lfs Rfib`s, Rfib`s, ji lh plhzh mj tfrfs Lh Pbihlfjisj mj @ulbh`èi. Xubzès lf gès rjljvhitj mj lh iftb`bh js quj hl ahblj hùmbjrfi 0? sumhgjrb`hifs, qubjijs erh`bhs h uih prfgf`bði mj lh `jrvjzh ]j`htj, “pumbjrfi vbhkhr mjsmj sus cfehrjs phrh mbsdruthr h tfmf `flfr h sus çmflfs gjxb`hifs quj ji sus pjihs lfs chi h`fgphøhmf `fi `hi`bfijs‗.=1 Jitrj lfs hsbstjitjs sj `fithablbzhrfi h sjbs aflbvbhifs, tfmfs frbebihrbfs mj Phith @ruz mj lh Pbjrrh. Pbjrr h.

03 Çmjg. 02 Çmjg. =? Çmjg. =8

“Jl `jlulhr‗, `jlulhr‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h mfgbief 81 mj harbl, 8221. =1 “Jl Gjxb`hif y Lfs Rfib`s Rfib`s ji ahblj ghsbvf‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, ghrtjs 1= mj ghrzf, 8221.

83

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

AQFI@F Lh rjljvhi`bh mj Arfi`f duj thith quj ji 8221, jl hrtbsth Zlbsjs _bijmh jxpusf ji lh ehljrçh Ptjimchl mj Arfhmwhy, Iujvh Rfrn, Arfhmwhy, Rfrn, su `flj``bði “_bithimf h Arfi`f‗, `fgf phrtj mj lfs djstjkfs mj lh Bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Zlbsjs _bijmh `fith`tð h lfs bitjerhitjs mj Arfi`f ùhimf lh jmbtfrbhl mfimj lhafrhah `fgjizð h pualb`hr lh rjvbsth Pjish`bfihl mj Arfi`f. Frbebihrbf mj Gfitjrrjy, Iujvf Ljði, Zlbsjs _bijmh duj jtbqujthmf `fgf uif mj lfs gèxbgfs rjprjsjithitjs mjl hrtj pfp gjxb`hif h `fgbjizfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?. Lh jxpfsb`bði duj bihueurhmh pfr Kfrej _hsùhl Quabf, Puasj`rjthrbf mj Qj`rjh`bði y @ulturh mjl _QB, Ghiujl Hlfisf, Jgahkhmfr mj Gâxb`f ji lh FIZ, y pfr Kfrej Gfithif, @ðisul mj Gâxb`f ji Iujvh Rfrn. “Pfi pbiturhs `flfrbmhs mj erhi thghøf quj jxplfthi jl sjitbmf mjl cugfr `fgf lhs cbstfrbjths‗, h`ftð Zlbsjs _bijmh, `rjhmfr mj lh farh hrtçstb`h. =0 Jl rj`fif`bgbjitf h lhs `fitrbau`bfijs mj Arfi`f thgabâi lljeð mj lh Hsf`bh`bði Ih`bfihl mj Bitârprjtjs mj Gâxb`f (HIMB). Ji sjptbjgarj mj 8220, lh HIMB jitrjeð 05 prjsjhs h hrtbsths mj `bij, gûsb`h, mfalhkj, rhmbf y tjljvbsbði, quj mjsth`hrfi ji 8221. Jitrj lfs cfgjihkjhmfs jstuvbjrfi Ghrbf Gfrjif “@hitbidlhs‗, Lhurjhif Arbzujlh, Qbef ]fvhr fvhr,, Rurb, Mhibjl Ebgâijz @h`cf, Ajhtrbz Heubrrj, Kulbf Hljgèi, Ghrbih Bsflmh, Câ`tfr Puèrjz, Hghrhith Qubz, Hljkhimrh Gjyjr, Ghrçh Hlb`bh Mjlehmf, Khqujlbij Himjrj, Qhdhjl Ahljmði, Ehjl Ehr`çh Ajrihl, Bthtç @hitfrhl, Hmhlajrtf Ghrtçijz “Qjsfrtjs‗ y Arfi`f. _fr _fr lfs jljgjitfs sf`bhljs quj `fitbjij lh iftb`bh, pfimjrf ij`jshrbf `fgphrtbrlh mj dfrgh çitjerh; Jl Arhvf hl gjkfr h`tfr mj rhmbf lj duj jitrjehmf h Kulbf Hljgèi, pfr su lhafr ji lh rhmbfifvjlh cbstðrb`h @rbstðahl @flði. Jl mj Hljgèi duj ui prjgbf jspj`bhl. Lh gjkfr h`trbz mj 8221, ji jl gbsgf ruarf duj Ghrbih Bsflmh quj phrtb`bpð ji lh gbsgh rhmbfifvjlh. Ji tjljvbsbði jl gjkfr h`tfr `ðgb`f lf rj`babð Câ`tfr Puèrjz pfr su prferhgh Lh @fsh. Hghrhith Qubz fatuvf jl ehlhrmði `fgf gjkfr

=0

“Arfi`f sj prjsjithrè ji Gusjf mj Iujvh Rfrn‗, Rfrn‗, ji Jl _frvjibr, _frvjibr, 4 mj sjptbjgarj, 8221.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

82

h`trbz `ðgb`h pfr lh gbsgh sjrbj. Lh tjrih jstuvf bitjerhmh pfr Hljkhimrh Gjyjr (@èimbmf _ârjz) y Ghrçh Hlb`bh Mjlehmf (Hihajl). Khqujlbij Himjrj fatuvf jl prjgbf h lh gjkfr h`trbz mj sjrbj mrhgètb`h ji tjljvbsbði pfr su h`tuh`bði ji Gukjr `hsfs mj lh vbmh rjhl. Qhdhjl Ahljmði duj ji jsj ruarf jl gjkfr h`tfr pfr su lhafr ji Lh ]jlhrhøh. Lfs prjgbfs h lhs gjkfrjs h`tuh`bfijs bidhitbljs ji tjljifvjlhs dujrfi phrh Hihcç (Èiejljs sbi phrhçsf) y Ehjl Ehr`çh Ajrihl (Jl haujlf y yf). Bthtç @hitfrhl duj lh rjvjlh`bði djgjibih ji tjljifvjlhs pfr su phrtb`bph`bði ji Mj drjitj hl sfl y Hrbjl Lðpjz _hmbllh rj`babð jl prjgbf `fgf rjvjlh`bði ghsùlbih ji lh gbsgh tjljifvjlh. Ji phpjljs mj ùhmrf mj tjljifvjlh lfs ehlhrmfihmfs dujrfi Hmhlajrtf Ghrtçijz Qjsfrtjs pfr Jl haujlf y yf> @hrgji Phlbihs pfr su phrtb`bph`bði ji Ghrçh Gjr`jmjs. _fr sus `fh`tuh`bfijs rj`babjrfi prjgbf Kfsâ Jlçhs Gfrjif pfr Mj drjitj hl sfl y Pblvbh _hsqujl pfr Lhs sj`rjths bitji`bfijs. @fgf gjkfrjs h`tfrjs jstjlhrjs mj tjljifvjlh lfs prjgbhmfs dujrfi Jmuhrmf @hpjtbllf (Ahblh `figbef) y ]chlçh (Ghrçh Gjr`jmjs) ji lh `htjefrçh kuvjibl. Ji jstj gbsgf ruarf lh gjkfr h`trbz mjl høf duj Ghrçh Pfrtâ pfr Mj drjitj hl sfl y Kfrej Ghrtçijz mj Cfyfs pfr su bitjrprjth`bði ji Jl haujlf y yf. Ji lh `htjefrçh mj gûsb`h, Arfi`f duj jl erupf gès jxbtfsf mj 8221, y `fgf prjùrsfrjs mj lfs erupfs trfpb`hljs rj`babð jl prjgbf Qbef ]fvhr. Hitfibf Heublhr Ahrrhzh fatuvf jl ehlhrmði pfr tfmh uih vbmh mjmb`hmh h `hithr gûsb`h rhi`cjrh. Lubs Gbeujl y Lu`jrf, husjitjs ji lh `jrjgfibh, dujrfi prjgbhmfs `fgf lfs vf`hlbsths mj 8221, y jl erupf mj rf`n Lh Ghlmbth Tj`bimhm y Lfs Cbkfs mjl Xubitf _htbf rj`babjrfi lh prjsjh `fgf tjstbgfibf mj rj`fif`bgbjitf hl mfgbibf mj bistrugjitfs. ==

Lfs bitjerhitjs mj Arfi`f jrhi rjqujrbmfs phrh bihueurhr jvjitfs ùlturhljs `fgf su`jmbð jl 1: mj sjptbjgarj mj 8220, `fi lh Jxpf Hpfmh`h mj Iujvf Ljði. Arfi`f sj cbzf h`fgphøhr mj pjrsfihlbmhmjs mjl guimf pflçtb`f `fgf Qhgbrf Ehrzh Tbllhrrjhl y Qhygu Qhyguimf imf Dlfrjs, prjsbmjitj guib`bphl mj Hpfmh`h. ]hgabâi jstuvbjrfi lfs h`tfrjs Jrbn Jstrhmh Jstr hmh y Abab Ehytèi, prfthefibsths mj lh tjljifvjlh tjljifvj lh Mfs gukjrjs ui `hgbif. “Lujef mj `frthr jl lbstði, lfs hplhusfs if sj cb`bjrfi jspjrhr hl

==

“_rjgbfs lf gjkfr gjkfr mj 8221‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 2 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220.

1?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

gfgjitf quj jrhi lhizhmfs hl hbrj elfafs y dujefs pbrftâìb`fs. Zi ghrbh`cb jitfihah dhidhrrbhs y gûsb`h gjxb`hih phrh hljerhr h lh ejitj‗.=:

AHIMHP MJ TBJI]F PBIHLFJIPJP Jl huej mj lh llhghmh “gûsb`h erupjrh‗, `fbi`bmbð `fi jl affg jl affg  mj mj lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj, h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?. Lh bidluji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ch sbmf thi `fisthitj `fgf vbejitj. Hsç lf mjgujstrh jl djiðgjif `fgjr`bhl h`hj`bmf h dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823? y prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, hl quj Cjljih Pbgfijtt ahutbzð `fgf “tjìf ahimh‗ y quj jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi llhgð “ahimh sbitjtbzhmh‗. H prbi`bpbfs mj 8233, sj hiui`bð ui cfgjihkj h @ruz Lbzèrrheh, lçmjr mj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf. Lh iftb`bh vh gès hllè mj lf hij`mðtb`f sb pfimjrhgfs quj âsth ahimh sbihlfjisj js `fisbmjrhmh “Lh ahimh mj Gâxb`f‗, “Lh ghmrj mj tfmhs lhs ahimhs‗ f “Lh ahimh gès gjmbètb`h mj Gâxb`f‗. _hrh ghrzf mj 8233, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf jsthah ljkfs mj bi`frpfrhr vf`hlbsths, huiquj sç ahshah su âxbtf y trhs`jimji`bh hrtçstb`h ji jl gjr`hmjf mj erhah`bfijs mbs`ferèdb`hs, `fgf lf mjgujstrh jl L_ 8: Âxbtfs `fi lh Ahimh Pbihlfjisj Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh , jmbthmf ji 823=, pfr lh Q@H Tç`tfr. Jl rjebstrf dfiferèdb`f js bgpfrthitj pfrquj mjgujstrh quj phrh 823=, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh bitjrprjthah rjpjrtfrbf rhi`cjrf `fgf _fr uih gukjr `hshmh  mj mj Djlbpj Thlmâs Ljhl y Lh ljy mjl gfitj  mj mj Dj Djrrusqubllh. rrusqubllh.=4 Zih iftb`bh pualb`hmh pfr jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi hyumhrè h `fgprjimjr lh bgpfrthi`bh quj tjiçh, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, lh vjith mj mbs`fs phrh lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf;

=:

“Bihueurhi Jxpf Hpfmh`h‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 14 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220 . =4 Bitjrijt; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhrbhs.alfespft.gx/ > h``jsf; gbâr`fljs 0? mj harbl mjl 1?8=.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

18

Lfs sfijs mj lh thgafrh rjsfihrfi ji lh _lhzujlh Qjpûalb`h lh thrmj mjl gbâr`fljs 2, ùhimf gbljs mj pjrsfihs sj hahrrfthrfi phrh jsthr prjsjitjs ji jl cfgjihkj hl cfgarj quj ch mhmf dhgh hl dflnlfrj sbihlfjisj, @ruz Lbzèrrheh. Jl cfgjihkj sj lf rbimbð jl `hihl 5 mj lh tjljvbsbði lf`hl mjitrf mjl prferhgh Pèahmf h Pèahmf quj `fimu`j Arhulbf Ajiçtjz. Jl gftbvf mjl cfgjihkj duj lh `jljarh`bði mjl =3 hibvjrshrbf mj lh dfrgh`bði mj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf, quj ch lljvhmf iujstrh gûsb`h rjebfihl pfr tfmf jl guimf. Jl ghjstrf Lbzèrrheh, qubji `jljarhrè jl prðxbgf gjs mj hefstf su :? Hibvjrshrbf `fgf gûsb`f, rj`babð jsh thrmj vhrbfs rj`fif`bgbjitfs pfr phrtj phr tj mj lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði mj Ghzhtlèi. ]hgabâi rj`babð ui Mbs`f mj Frf, ftfrehmf pfr lh `fgphøçh mbsqujrh Q@H-Tç`tfr, `hsh erhahmfrh phrh lh quj trhahkh mjsmj ch`j 03 høfs. Jl rj`fif`bgbjitf lf rj`babð mj ghifs mj Kfsâ Mfgçieujz, ejrjitj mj _rfgf`bði y _ualb`bmhm, qubji vbif ji rjprjsjith`bði mj Jirbquj mj Ifrbjeh, Mbrj`tfr Ejijrhl. Mjl cfgjihkj phrtb`bpð Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh Djrrusqubllh, `hithutfr sbihlfjisj. Jl _rjsbmjitj Guib`bphl, Lb`. Kfsâ Èiejl _js`hmfr Fsuih, thgabâi jstuvf prjsjitj y mbrbebð hleuihs phlharhs h @ruz Lbzèrrheh, h`fgphøhmf pfr su jspfsh, Ghrçh mj Kjsûs Lbzèrrheh. Js Ghrçh mj Kjsûs qubji ghijkh lfs mjstbifs mj jsth frehibzh`bði, quj hl phsf mj lfs høfs sj ch `fivjrtbmf ji tfmh uih bistbtu`bði mjitrf mj lh gûsb`h sbihlfjisj. @fgf auji frqujsthmfr, @ruz mbrbebð sbi phrtbturhs> tf`hrfi Jl Pbihlfjisj y hljerjs ùgabhs quj pusbjrfi h ahblhr ahb lhr h lfs jspj`thmfrjs. @ruz Lbzèrrheh herhmj`bð her hmj`bð hl pûalb`f hsbstjitj, “pfrquj sfi ustjmjs lfs quj `fgprhi lfs mbs`fs, y `fi su hpfyf lh ahimh ch lferhmf ui ibvjl mjitrf mjl eustf pfpulhr‗.=5

@fgf lf mjgujstrh Cjljih Pbgfijtt phrh jl `hsf gjxb`hif, lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj dujrfi lhs prbgjrhs ji erhahr mbs`fs mj h`jthtf, h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?. _hrh lferhrlf, sj hprfvj`cð uih `fyuiturh pflçtb`h. Mj hùjrmf `fi Cjljih Pbgfijtt, bivjstbehmfrh subzh, ji sjptbjgarj mj 82:1, Lfs Euhgu`cbljøfs mj @ulbh`èi vbhkhrfi h lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f `fi jl fakjtbvf mj hpfyhr lh `himbmhturh mjl pflçtb`f sbihlfjisj, Gbeujl Cjirçqujz Euzgèi. Lh ahimh phrtb`bpð mj lh

=5 “Erhi djstbvhl pfpulhr phrh cfgjihkjhr h Mfi @ruz Lbzèrrheh‗, ji

11

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ghr zf, 8233. Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, vbjrijs 88 mj ghrzf,

`hgphøh pflçtb`h, mfimj `fif`bð hl thgabâi sbihlfjisj, Ghrbhif Qbvjrh @fimj, Mbrj`tfr Hrtçstb`f mj lh Q@H-Tç`tfr. If js farh mj lh `hsuhlbmhm quj lh prbgjrh erhah`bði mbs`ferèdb`h mj uih ahimh sbihlfjisj (Lfs Euhgu`cbljøfs mj @ulbh`èi) chyh su`jmbmf ji 82:1. =3Lfs ]hghzulhs mj @ulbh`èi y lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh erhahrfi ji 82:0 phrh Mbs`fs Hztj`h y Q@H-Tç`tfr, rjspj`tbvhgjitj.=2 Htjimbjimf h lh bidfrgh`bði ejijrhmh pfr Pbgfijtt, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf, mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, sj bitjerð h lhs mbiègb`hs mj lh `fgjr`bhlbzh`bði gusb`hl. Jllf sbeibdb`h quj lf su`jmbmf h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, mjaj jitjimjrsj `fgf ui h`fitj`bgbjitf quj mjifth `fitbiubmhm cbstðrb`h. @fgf h`jrthmhgjitj lf jxprjsh j xprjsh Pbgfijtt, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh Lbzèrr heh sj mbstbieubð pfr sjr uih heruph`bði biifvhmfrh. Mj hùjrmf `fi Cjljih Pbgfijtt, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mjsth`ð pfr sjr lh prbgjrh ji uibdfrghrsj, rjùrrbjimf h euhyhajrhs alhi`hs y h phithlfijs hzul ghrbif> mjsmj sus bib`bfs, rj`lutð gûsb`fs `hph`js mj ljjr phrtbturhs y tf`hr mj fçmf> jsthimhrbzð ui jstblf quj lujef sj pfpulhrbzð ji lh rhmbf.:? Lh jitrjvbsth mjl 8: mj ifvbjgarj mj 8245, jitrj Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl, _rjsbmjitj mj Mbs`fs Dhl`ði mj G` Hllji, ]jxhs, ]jxhs, y jl sjøfr Kuhi Kfsâ Tb`jitj Lhvjheh, Lhvjheh, Mbrj`tfr Ejijrhl mj Mbs`fs ]hgafrh mj Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, ghibdbjsth lhs rjlh`bfijs `fgjr`bhljs quj chi jxbstbmf jitrj jl ifrfjstj y jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif> jitrj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh y lh ahimh sbihlfjisj. :8Mj hùjrmf `fi Jl Ifrtj mj Gfitjrrjy, ji lh rjuibði `jljarhmh pfr Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl y Kuhi Kfsâ Tb`jitj Lhvjheh, sj h`frmð bitjr`hgabhr y erhahr e rhahr rjpjrtfrbfs, hsç `fgf prfgfvjr hrtbsths mjl _h`çdb`f ji jl ifrjstj y

=3

Pbgfijtt, Cjljih, Ji Pbihlfh ih`ç. Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h mj ahimh , Ghzhtlèi, Hsf`bh`bði mj Ejstfrjs mjl _htrbgfibf Cbstðrb`f y @ulturhl mj Ghzhtlèi, 1??=, p.804. p.804. Lfs Euhgu`cbljøfs sj mjsbitjerhrfi ji 82:3. =2 Babm , p.8:=. Duj ji 824? quj pfr prbgjrh vjz hphrj`j h ùhmrf uih uih ahimh sbihlfjisj. Lh heruph`bði heruph`bði jljebmh duj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh y jl dblgj sj llhgð; @fitrh vbjitf y ghrjh . Babm , p.88?. :?

Babm , p.8:3, 848 y 852.

:8

“Jl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl rjerjsð mj Ghzhtlèi‗, Ghzhtlèi‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 83 mj ifvbjgarj, 8245.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

10

vb`jvjrsh.:1Jl jiùjitrf sj mbf ui høf hitjs mj quj Kfsâ Hldrjmf Kbgâijz Phimfvhl erhahrh ui mbs`f `fi sus gès erhimjs e rhimjs âxbtfs, h`fgphøhmf pfr lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh. Lbzèrr heh. Lh `fyuiturh mj 822?, js uih jthph quj sj jighr`h ji jl prf`jsf mj bitjr`hgabf gusb`hl jitrj jl ifrjstj y jl ifrfjstj gjxb`hif. Duj ji 8243, quj sj pusf h lh vjith jl mbs`f Kfsâ Hldrjmf Kbgâijz `hith sus âxbtfs `fi lh Ahimh Pbihlfjisj Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh. H phrtbr phr tbr mj jitfi`js, sj vflvbð h`jpthalj jl quj bitârprjtjs gjxb`hifs mj mbdjrjitjs eâijrfs sj cb`bjrhi h`fgphøhr pfr ahimh sbihlfjisj. Jl djiðgjif mjaj jitjimjrsj `fgf uih jstrhtjebh gjr`hitbl, bi`jitbvhmh pfr lhs mbsqujrhs, `fi jl prfpðsbtf mj hugjithr sus vjiths. Hgâi mj Kfsâ Hldrjmf Kbgâijz Phimfvhl, Hitfibf Heublhr Ahrrhzh Ahr rhzh duj mjtjrgbihitj mjtjr gbihitj ji lh mbdusbði y ljebtbgh`bði mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj, pujs `flf`ð h âsth ji lfs prbgjrfs plhifs, erh`bhs h Lhgajrtf Xubitjrf (8235) y Jl Cbkf mj Lhgajrtf Xubitjrf (822?), :0dblgjs quj elfahlbzhrfi h lh gûsb`h mj lfs efgjrfs sbihlfjisjs. Chalhimf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, duj Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf jl prbgjrf ji erhahr @fi ahimh sbihlfjisj (8230), Mj jsth sbjrrh h lh ftrh sbjrrh (823:) y Afljrfs mj sbjgprj `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj (8233). Pjr frbebihrbf mj Murhief bidluyð ji lh hpjrturh gusb`hl mj Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf. Murhief mbvbmj f uij hl ifrfjstj `fi jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, rjebfijs bmjitbdb`hmhs `fi mfs trhmb`bfijs gusb`hljs; lh ahimh sbihlfjisj y lh ifrtjøh mj h`frmjði y ahkf sjxtf. Jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi rjebstrð ji dfrgh pfrgjifrbzhmh lhs biùrsbfijs mj Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf, bitârprjtj mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, ji lfs `hgbifs mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj; Jl `hithitj ifrtjøf Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf, `fi qubji lfs mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj mj lfs Cjrghifs Js`hgbllh erhahrèi su mbs`f mj ghyfr âxbtf. Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf js ui bitârprjtj mj rhi`cjrhs, ih`bmf ji ui pujalf mj Murhief. Pu `hrrjrh hrtçstb`h `fgjizð ji 82:3, ji jl prferhgh rhmbfdðib`f

:1 Çmjg. :0

1=

Bitjrijt; cttp;//www.hitfibfheublhrfdb`bhl.`fg > h``jsf; gbâr`fljs 0? mj harbl mjl 1?8=.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Hdb`bfihmfs mj lhs mfs, trhisgbtbmf ji ]frrjði. Mj su pujalf ihthl mj Murhief shlj h ]frrjði, @cbcuhcuh, @bumhm Kuèrjz y Gfitjrrjy, mfimj sj pfij h trhahkhr ji jl Qbi`ði Afcjgbf Gbiefs Ahr. Hcç lf jsù`ch jl mujøf mj uih `fgphøçh mbs`ferèdb`h, quj lf bivbth h erhahr su prbgjrh lhreh murh`bði, ji 8241 (cfy ùjith `fi gès :0 L_s). Ji su gès rj`bjitj prfmu``bði, Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf prjsjith ahlhmhs, afljrfs, `frrbmfs y ùgabhs. Jstj ûltbgf ghtjrbhl mj Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf sj tbtulh Pbi lçgbtj mj tbjgpf, bitjerhmf pfr tjghs mj Kuhi Eharbjl, Kfhi Pjahstbhi, Flgfs Thllj y Cfgjrf Heublhr. Jsth iujvh prfmu``bði sj lljvð h `haf ji lh mjshphrj`bmh @AP (hmqubrbmh pfr khpfijsjs), hcfrh llhghmh Pfiy Gusb`. Pj jspjrh quj jl mbs`f tjieh lh gbsgh h`jpth`bði quj jl erhahmf `fi lh Ahimh mj lfs Cjrghifs Js`hgbllh, mfimj bitjrprjtð Gb eustf js y Mj jsth sbjrrh h lh ftrh sbjrrh. :=

Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf if duj jl ûib`f bitârprjtj mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh quj erhað `fi ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, thgabâi Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh trhisbthrfi jstj sjimjrf. Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh js uif mj lfs mujtfs gès bgpfrthitjs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Bitjerhmf pfr _hulbif Threhs Threhs Kbgâijz y Kh Khvbjr vbjr Iûøjz, hgafs ih`bmfs ji Murhief, dbkhrfi mfs mbs`fs `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj ji 823=. Mj hùjrmf `fi _hulbif Threhs Threhs cbkf, lfs mbs`fs shlmrçhi h lh vjith ji 823:, “pjrf _jjrljss tuvf gbjmf y tjrgbihrfi lhizèimflfs h dbihljs mj 8234 y 8232‗. :: _jjrljss hprfvj`cð lh `fyuiturh mj dbihljs mj 823?, ùhimf `hyjrfi lfs kjdjs mjl `èrtjl mj Khlbs`f (Gbeujl Èiejl Dâlbx Ehllhrmf y Qhdhjl @hrf Xubitjrf), phrh `fgjr`bhlbzhr lhs erhah`bfijs mj Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh.:4 Gu`cfs mj lfs tjghs bi`lubmfs ji lfs mbs`fs erhahmfs `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj pfr Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh, tjiçhi `fgf tjgh `jitrhl cbstfrbhs rjlh`bfihmhs `fi pjrsfihkjs, bitjerhitjs y su`jsfs

:=

“Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf prjphrh hleuifs iûgjrfs phrh su prðxbgf L_‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 8? mj djarjrf, 8221. Threhs,, _hulbif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Threhs Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. :4 Çmjg. ::

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1:

hlrjmjmfr mjl `èrtjl mj Khlbs`f, mj hcç quj _jjrljss pusbjrh h lh vjith jl sjeuimf mbs`f, ji 8232. Jl bitjrâs mj _jjrljss hl tfghr jsth mjtjrgbih`bði, jrh ajijdb`bhrsj j`fiðgb`hgjitj. Lfs mfs ghtjrbhljs mbs`ferèdb`fs efzhrfi mjl h`fgphøhgbjitf mj Ahimh Lh @fstjøh mj Qhgði Lðpjz Hlvhrhmf. Ji jl prbgjr mbs`f sj bi`luyð Lh pujrth ijerh, tjgh quj høfs mjspuâs chrçhi dhgfsf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Ji lh gbsgh mâ`hmh mj 823?, _hulbif Threhs Kbgâijz erhað phrh JGB jl jl Q-8, `frrbmf quj ihrrh mj dfrgh `rçtb`h lh cbstfrbh mjl ihr`ftrhdb`hitj Qhdhjl @hrf Xubitjrf. Jl Q-8 tuvf jl h`fgphøhgbjitf gusb`hl mj lh gbsgh ahimh sbihlfjisj frbebihrbh mj Ghzhtlèi. 823? duj uih âpf`h ji quj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj efzhrfi mjl rjsphlmf `rjhtbvf mj _hulbif Threhs Threhs Kbgâijz, lçmjr mj Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh, pfr lf quj jl cfgarj ih`bmf ji _rfgfitfrbf, Murhief, pjrgbtbð h lfs cjrghifs Cjrièimjz Hieulf bi`lubr ji su èlaug @frrbmfs _rfcbabmfs, jmbthmf ji 8232, jl `frrbmf mjl Q-8.:5 _fr jl huej mj lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði ghsbvh, pfr lhs ij`jsbmhmjs mjl ihr`ftrèdb`f sbihlfjisj y pfr lfs bitjrjsjs j`fiðgb`fs mj ]jljvbsh, lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj bgph`tð, `fgf iui`h hitjs, h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh, ji lh `fyuiturh mj prbi`bpbfs mj 822?. Lh bidluji`bh mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh js gjmbalj, erh`bhs h èlaugjs jmbthmfs pfr Jlbsjf Qfaljs (Qhgjx 8232), Câ`tfr Gfitjghyfr Gfitjghyfr (Mbsh 8228) y Lhlf Gfrh (8220), h`fgphøhmf pfr Ahimh Lh @fstjøh mj Qhgði Lðpjz Hlvhrhmf. Jlbsjf Qfaljs duj vf`hlbsth mj Lfs Arhvfs mjl Ifrtj y Lhlf Gfrh mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði, heruph`bfijs b`fifs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. ifr tjøh. Jlbsjf Qfaljs mjkð h Lfs Arhvfs mjl Ifrtj ji 8233 y Jmuhrmf Gfrh shlbð mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs ji 8220, “ùhimf tfmf guimf qujrçh erhahr `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj‗.:3 @fgf lf prj`bsh Pbgfijtt, lh erhi gjmbhtbzh`bði mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf gjxb`hihs `fgjizð ji 8231, ùhimf mbs`fs Dfifrhgh mj Euhmhlhkhrh, Khlbs`f, erhað h lh Ahimh Nfrh. :2Âsth sj hpfyð

:5 Çmjg. :3

Ajihvbmjs, Khvbjr ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1??4, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. :2 Pbgfijtt, Cjljih, Ji Pbihlfh ih`ç. Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h mj ahimh, Ghzhtlèi, Hsf`bh`bði mj Ejstfrjs mjl _htrbgfibf Cbstðrb`f y @ulturhl mj Ghzhtlèi, 1??=, p.140.

14

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ji tjghs rj`fif`bmfs `fgf phrtj mjl rjpjrtfrbf trhmb`bfihl sbihlfjisj (Jl ibøf pjrmbmf y Jl sbihlfjisj). Mj hùjrmf `fi Pbgfijtt, lh ahimh Thqujrfs Gusb`hl duj `fitjgpfrèijh mj lh Ahimh Nfrh y thgabâi erhað phrh Dfifrhgh mj Euhmhlhkhrh, Gâxb`f. 4? Jitrj 822? y 8221, tuvf luehr jl âxbtf mj ftrhs ahimhs sbitjtbzhmhs `fgf Lh Gðvbl, Lh Q-8:, Lh Gh`cfs y lh _jqujøfs Gusb`hl> lhs mfs prbgjrhs mj Ihyhrbt y lhs sjeuimhs frbebihrbhs mj Khlbs`f. Khlbs`f. Lh elfrbh mj lhs ahimhs sbitjtbzhmhs jstuvf duimhgjithmh ji lh bi`frpfrh`bði mj vf`hlbsths vf`hlbsths,, ji lh gjr`hmftjìbh y ji jl usf mj vjstbgjiths `flfrbmhs.48 Pbgfijtt mb`j quj lh ahimh sbitjtbzhmh ih`bð ji Euhmhlhkhrh, Euhmhlhkhrh, phrh lujef jgberhr jgber hr h @hlbdfribh j Bllbifbs, Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Qjerjsð Qjerjsð h Gâxb`f `fivjrtbmh ji ui djiðgjif mj `fisugf ghsbvf. ghsbvf. Lh prbgjrh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj ji erhahr ui mbs`f rjùrrbjimf h ui vf`hlbsth duj lh Ahimh Jl Lbgði (cfy Lh Frbebihl Ahimh Jl Lbgði mj Phlvhmfr Lbzèrrheh) ji 822?, hl ùhl bitbtulð _urf Ghzhtlèi. Jl èlaug duj erhahmf ji Dfifrhgh mj Euhmhlhkhrh `fi jl vf`hlbsth Kulbf @âshr _rj`bhmf Xujvjmf. Jl ghtjrbhl mbs`ferèdb`f `fitbjij tjghs rhi`cjrfs `fgf Hpjihs tj dubstj hyjr, Gj vfy ljkfs y Lh euhrj`bth> thgabâi dbeurhrfi dbeur hrfi Jl htfl mj jlftj y Jl khahlç, `hi`bði frbebihrbh mj Jl Phlvhmfr y ui sfi sbihlfjisj, rjspj`tbvhgjitj.41 Jl trbuidf mj lh ahimh sbitjtbzhmh duj uif mj lfs dh`tfrjs quj falbeð h lh ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh h jxpjrbgjithr `fi prfyj`tfs `fgf Lfs Qj`fmbtfs, hitjs mj rj`luthr h Kulbf @âshr _rj`bhmf Xujvjmf (jx gbjgarf mj lh Ahimh Jl Lbgði) `fgf su vf`hlbsth, ji ghrzf mj 8221. Ahimh Lfs Qj`fmbtfs sbrvbð `fgf ui lhafrhtfrbf gusb`hl, hitjs mj quj @ruz @r uz Lbzèrrheh mj`bmbjrh bi`frpfrhr h Kulbf _rj`bhmf `fgf vf`hlbsth mj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf Qj`fmf.. Erh`bhs hl Ifrfjstj shajgfs quj Lfs Qj`fmbtfs ih`bjrfi ji djarjrf mj 8232, ùhimf phrtb`bphrfi mj ui cfgjihkj h Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh Djrrusqubllh. Bitjrvbibjrfi ji ui jvjitf `fi lh ahimh sbitjtbzhmh Jl Gjxb`hif, `fi Lh Ahimh Frqujsth mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh, y `fi lhs `hithitjs Ghrçh mj Lfurmjs y Hieâlb`h Hrheði. Hr heði. Kfsâ

4? Babm , p.14=. 48 Babm , p.14: y 12?. 41

(Bitjrijt; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhrbhs.alfespft.gx/ > h``jsf; gbâr`fljs 0? mj harbl mjl 1?8=).

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

15

Èiejl _js`hmfr Fsuih y Lubs Tblljehs Tblljehs,, prjsbmjitjs guib`bphljs mj Ghzhtlèi y Jl Qfshrbf Qfshrbf,, Pbihlfh, rjspj`tbvhgjitj, jstuvbjrfi prjsjitjs.40 Jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi rjlhtð lfs djstjkfs pfr jl tjr`jr hibvjrshrbf mj Ahimh Lfs Qj`fmbtfs. Lfs Qj`fmbtfs fdrj`bjrfi uih “tugultufsh prjsjith`bði ji lh plhzh mj tfrfs mj Ghzhtlèi‗, phrh lujef hsbstbr hl lbjizf `chrrf mfimj sj mbspusf mj ui `fivbvbf ji su cfifr. Lfs Qj`fmbtfs dujrfi uih bmjh mj Bsbmfrf Qhgçrjz @cblflf j bib`bhlgjitj sj llhghrçhi Lfs Kuibfrs mjl Qj`fmf. _hrh su tjr`jr hibvjrshrbf, Ahimh Lfs Qj`fmbtfs rj`bâi chaçh hmqubrbmf `fgf vf`hlbsth h Drhi`bs`f Khvbjr Ahrrhzh. Ji 8221, Lfs Qj`fmbtfs `fithahi `fi mfs `hsjtjs mj shlbmh rj`bjitj hl gjr`hmf y `fi jl hpfyf mj lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði.4= @fi lfs hitj`jmjs mjs`rbtfs, lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh fdb`bhlbzð lh hmqubsb`bði mj Kulbf @âshr _rj`bhmf Xujvjmf, jl 12 mj ghrzf mj 8221. _fr lh bgpfrthi`bh mjl su`jsf, js vèlbmf `fgphrtbr mj dfrgh çitjerh çitje rh lh iftb`bh pualb`hmh pfr Jl Ifrfjstj mj Ghzhtlèi; Lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh Lbzèrr heh hmqubrbð lh vfz mj Kulbf “Jl hrrfehitj‗, bitârprjtj mj rhi`cjrhs quj pjrtjij`bð h lh Ahimh Lbgði mj Ghzhtlèi. Lh iftb`bh duj rjvjlhmh pfr lh vf`jrh mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj `fi thgafrh gès sfarjshlbjitj h ibvjl bitjrih`bfihl, pbfijrh mj jstj eâijrf gusb`hl rjebfihl. Lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf phrtbð hyjr h ]bkuhih, ji mfimj cfy tjimrèi uih h`tuh`bði. @ruz Lbzèrrheh y jl rjstf mj lfs jljgjitfs mjkhrfi Ghzhtlèi `fi jl dbi mj ùgplbr sus `fgprfgbsfs y tjrgbihr lh erhah`bði mj ui iujvf mbs`f. ]rhs prjsjithrsj ji ]bkuhih, `ruzhrfi lh lçijh y jl sèahmf h`tuhrfi ji Phi Mbjef, @hlbdfribh. Lfs ahbljs sj ch`ji `fi drjùji`bh phrh ajijplè`btf mj lfs gjxb`hifs quj vbvji ji @hlbdfribh. Lh sjghih jitrhitj vbhkhrè h Lfs Èiejljs phrh mjkhr cj`chs uihs erhah`bfijs mj jljpâ h prf`jshrsj, pfr lf ùhl pjrghij`jrèi trhahkhimf ji lfs jstumbfs mj Pbjrrh Qj`frms, `fgphøçh quj lfs

40

“Pj rbimbð cfgjihkj cfgjihkj h thi qujrbmf, qujrbmf, Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh‗, ji ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 4 mj djarjrf, 8232. “]ugultufsf djstjkf mjl mjl tjr`jr hibvjrshrbf mj lh Ahimh Lfs Qj`fmbtfs‗, ji ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, mfgbief 2 mj djarjrf, 8221. 4=

13

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

rjprjsjith y mbstrbauyj jl ghtjrbhl mbs`ferèdb`f ji lh Zibði Hgjrb`hih. Jl mfgbief mj jsh gbsgh sjghih sj trhslhmhrèi h Hrbzfih, mfimj rj`babrèi ui rj`fif`bgbjitf mj Qhmbf SX]L, ji ui djstbvhl hl quj chi hsbstbmf murhitj lfs ûltbgfs sjbs høfs. Jsthrèi h`fgphøhmfs pfr Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh Djrrusqubllh. R ji 8: mçhs gès, lfs bitjerhitjs mj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf rjtfrihrèi h su phçs phrh jsthr ji @ulbh`èi, h dbi mj `fitbiuhr lh prfmu``bði mj lhreh murh`bði ji lfs jstumbfs mj _jpj @harjrh, mfimj rj`bjitjgjitj jstuvbjrfi ch`bjimf lf gbsgf `hithitjs mj lh rjebði `fgf ftrfs bitârprjtjs mj gûsb`h pfpulhr mj dhgh `fisflbmhmh. Jl mbs`f sj llhghrè Mj Pbihlfh phrh jl guimf…`fi shafr h lf iujstrf Tfl. B. Lujef mj erhahrsj lfs ûltbgfs tjghs ji @ulbh`èi, sjrèi lljvhmfs h lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f phrh gjz`lhr lhs vf`js, vf`js, mj jsh ghijrh qujmhrè lbstf jl ghtjrbhl frbebihl mjl h`jthtf. h`jthtf. Jl L_ bi`luyj @lhvj @lhvj prbvhmh, _hlfgh sbi ibmf y Jisâøhgj h flvbmhr. Lh iftb`bh mj lh rj`bjitj hmqubsb`bði mjl vf`hlbsth, Kulbf @âshr _rj`bhmf Xujvjmf, sfrprjimbð, pujs âstj trhahkhah phrh lh Ahimh Lbgði mj Ghzhtlèi. Hsç, lh gès trhmb`bfihl mj lhs ahimhs sbihlfjisj `hithrè `fi lh vfz mjl bitârprjtj mj rhi`cjrf quj trbuidð `fi uih mj lhs gjkfrjs ahimhs mj lh rjebði, lh Ahimh Jl Lbgði, `fi lh quj erhað âxbtfs `fgf Jl `cbrftjf y Ghrçh mj Kjsûs. Kulbf, jl jx hrrfehitj, bi`lubrè su vfz ji lh erhah`bði mj lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf. Tbhkhrè `fi lh ahimh h Lfs Èiejljs, thgabâi jsthrè ji lhs erhah`bfijs mj lfs jstumbfs K@H mj @ulbh`èi, lujef vbhkhrè hl MD phrh `fi`lubr lh prfmu``bði mjl mbs`f, Mj Pbihlfh phrh jl guimf. 4:

Huiquj ahimhs sbitjtbzhmhs `fgf lh Gh`cfs, lh Gðvbl, Jl Gjxb`hif, lh Qèdheh, lh Hrnhiejl Q-8: y lh _jqujøfs Gusb`hl, efzhrfi mj âxbtf `fgjr`bhl murhitj lh prbgjrh gbthm mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, dujrfi ahimhs sbihlfjisjs `fgf Jl Lbgði, Lh @fstjøh, Lfs Qj`fmbtfs y Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh, qubjijs lferhrfi `fistrubr pujitjs gusb`hljs `fi lh ifrtjøh. Xubzès jl `hsf gès jgaljgètb`f quj jkjgplbdb`h jstj djiðgjif js jl mj Jmuhrmf Gfrh Cjrièimjz, duimhmfr, ahkf sjxtf y prbgjrh vfz mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði.

4:

“Lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf `fitrhth hl vf`hlbsth Kulbf Kulbf Jl Hrrfehitj‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, mfgbief 12 mj ghrzf, 8221.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

12

]rhs su sjphrh`bði sjphr h`bði mj lh heruph`bði her uph`bði frbebihrbh mj Lfs Qhgfijs, Iujvf Ljði, ji 8220, Jmuhrmf Gfrh Cjrièimjz `fgjizð h erhahr `fi jl h`fgphøhgbjitf mj ahimh sbihlfjisj. Mj hùjrmf `fi Khvbjr Kh vbjr Ajihvbmjs, bitjerhitj mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði, lh mj`bsbði mj Lhlf Gfrh Gfr h sj jxplb`hrçh ji jl ajijdb`bf j`fiðgb`f quj sbeibdb`hah erhahr `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj, h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?.44 Lh rjhlbmhm if ch `hgabhmf gu`cf, pujs shlvf pfr ui pjrbfmf mj sjbs høfs (1??1-1??3), murhitj jl ùhl, “Jl phsbtf murhieujisj‗ gfifpflbzð lfs jsph`bfs rhmbfdðib`fs mj Gâxb`f y mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj ch ghitjibmf su rjithablbmhm, pfr lf quj erhahr e rhahr `fi jllh sbeuj sbjimf s bjimf hlthgjitj lu`rhtbvf. Qhûl Cjrièimjz duj phrtj mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj chsth 8224, høf quj ghr`ð su sjphrh`bði y su prbgjrh erhah`bði `fgf sflbsth. Mjsmj sus bib`bfs `fgf sflbsth ji 8224, Qhûl Cjrièimjz ch erhahmf `fisthitjgjitj `fi ahimh sbihlfjisj. _fr chajr pjrtjij`bmf h uih mj lhs heruph`bfijs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gès bgpfrthitjs bgpfr thitjs mj tfmfs lfs tbjgpfs, Qhûl Cjrièimjz Hieulf sbeuj jsthimf prjsjitj ji jl eustf mj qubjijs `fisugji lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. gj xb`hih. Qhûl Cjrièimjz, `fgf `hsb tfmfs sus cjrghifs y sus phmrjs, ih`bð ji jl jsthmf mj Pbihlfh, rhzði quj jxplb`hrçh pfr quâ mj`bmbð bi`lbihrsj pfr lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj.45 Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj, frbebihrbfs mj @ulbh`èi, Pbihlfh, erhahrfi ji 8232 ui mbs`f `fi Ahimh Lfs @fyfiqubs> ji 822? ftrf `fi Ahimh Lfs Js`hgbllhs mjl Bimbf Qhgçrjz, y ji 8224, ui sjeuimf ghtjrbhl mbs`ferèdb`f `fi Lfs @fyfiqubs. 43 Jsh biqubjtum quj Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj ghibdjsthrfi mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, `fitbiûf ji jl iujvf gbljibf, pujs ji jl 1?81 shlbð h lh vjith Hibvjrshrbf `fi lh ahimh, mbs`f `figjgfrhtbvf quj bi`luyj Lh ruabh mjl gføf ijerf mj _hulbif Threhs Kbgâijz, jl prbgjr âxbtf `fgjr`bhl mj lh heruph`bði sbihlfjisj, ji 8255. _hrh ]jfmfsf

44

Ajihvbmjs, Khvbjr ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1??4, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 45 Threhs Threhs,, _hulbif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 43 Lfs Bitf`haljs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj, ]jsfrfs mj @flj``bði , Gâxb`f, Pfiy-AGE, 1??5.

0?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr, Phlhzhr, lfùtfr sbihlfjisj, Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj Ifr tj dujrfi jl prbgjr `fikuitf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh ji jxpjrbgjithr `fi dusbfijs quj hcfrh lh bimustrbh ùlturhl lbmjrhmh pfr ]jljvbsh rjdbjrj `fgf Ifrtjøf-Ahimh y Ahimjøf.42 Jl pfpulhr bitârprjtj mj `frrbmfs mj ihr`ftrèdb`f, Qfshlbif “@chlbif‗ Pèi`cjz Dâlbx, erhað ui èlaug `fi lh ahimh Thqujrfs Thqujrfs Gusb`hl y ftrf `fi lh Ahimh Arhvh. Ib Kuhi Eharbjl, ib Lhs Kbleujrbllhs js`hphrfi hl jgarukf mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj> jl prbgjrf jmbtð ui mbs`f `fi lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf mj @ruz Lbzèrrheh (822=), gbjitrhs quj Lhs Kbleujrbllhs cb`bjrfi lf prfpbf `fi Ahimh Lh @fstjøh mj Qhgði Lðpjz Hlvhrhmf (8232).5? _fr `bjrtf, thitf Kuhi Eharbjl `fgf Lhs Kbleujrbllhs, ih`bjrfi ji Gb`cfh`èi, ui jsthmf lbehmf `fi lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf purâpj`chs. Ji jl 1?8? y ji jl 1?88, sj pusbjrfi h lh vjith lfs mbs`fs `fgph`tfs; Hgbefs mjsmj jl Qhi`cf Tfl. B y Hgbefs mjsmj jl Qhi`cf Tfl. BB. Ji âstfs sj bi`luyji lfs tjghs; ¶_fr quâ if vbjijs6 y Xubjrf vjr tus fkfs, hgafs bitjrprjthmfs pfr Câ`tfr Gfitjghyfr, qubji erhað phrh Mbsh, ji 8228, ui èlaug `fi lh Ahimh Pbihlfjisj Lfs @fyfiqubs mj Pjrebf ]hpbh.58 Lh bidluji`bh mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj hl bitjrbfr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh sbeuj vbejitj. Ji jl 1?88, Qfajrtf [hphth Gfithlvf, Gfithlvf, lçmjr duimhmfr mjl Erupf Er upf _jshmf, _jshmf, erhað e rhað phrh Mbsh y Zibvjrshl, jl mbs`f _rbsbfijrf mj tus arhzfs, ar hzfs, `fi jl h`fgphøhgbjitf mj uih ahimh sbihlfjisj. Jl ghtjrbhl mbs`ferèdb`f duj prfmu`bmf pfr Mfgbief @cèvjz y erhahmf ji Ptumbf 18 mj Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh. ]jibjimf `fgf biejibjrf mj erhah`bði h Qhgði Pèi`cjz Lbzèrrheh, jl mbs`f fdrj`j ui mujtf `fi lh thgabâi rjebfgfithih, Elfrbh ]rjvb. Ji lh rj`fpblh`bði sj bi`luyji tjghs mj lfs `fgpfsbtfrjs Djlbpj Thlmâs Thlmâs Ljhl

42

Ihvbmhm, ]jfmfsf ]jfmfsf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 5? Lh Kbleujrbllhs (Bgjlmh y Hgphrf), @fi Ahimh Lh @fstjøh mj Qhgði Lðpjz Hlvhrhmf, Euhmhlhkhrh, Hzul y Frf, 8232. Ji jl èlaug sj bi`luyji mfs mj lfs tjghs gès bgpfrthitjs mjl `fgpfsbtfr sbihlfjisj, Dhustbif Lðpjz Fsuih, gj rjdjrf h Xuâ `hsf tbjij y ]hgabâi lhs lluvbhs sj vhi. 58 Câ`tfr

Gfitjghyfr, @fi Ahimh Pbihlfjisj Lfs @fyfiqubs mj Pjrebf ]hpbh , Phi Ib`flès mj lfs Ehrzh, Mbsh, 8228.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

08

y Qhgði Frtjeh @fitrjrhs, mfs mj lfs gès prflçdb`fs `rjhmfrjs mjl eâijrf rhi`cjrf. 51 Jstj mbs`f `fbi`bmj `fi jl gfgjitf mj ghy ghyfr fr âxbtf `fgjr`bhl mjl Erupf _jshmf, _jshmf, lujef mj vjimjr gbllfijs mj sus èlaugjs; Mjsmj lh @hitbih Tfl. B y Tfl. BB, prfmu`bmfs pfr Mbsh y `fgjr`bhlbzhmfs ji lfs høfs mjl 1??2 y mjl 1?8?.50 Lh `fyuiturh mj dbihljs mj 823? y prbi`bpbfs mj 822?, js trhs`jimjithl phrh `fgprjimjr jl gfgjitf h`tuhl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Ji jsth absherh cbstðrb`h sj jxplb`h j xplb`h lh vbejitj rjlh`bði jitrj lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbihlfjisj y lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Jitjimjr jl huej mj lh ùlturh ihr`f sbi jstumbhr lf su`jmbmf h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, rjsulth bgpfsbalj. Js ji jl iðmulf mj dbihljs mj 823? y prbi`bpbfs mj 822?, mfimj sj jiùjitrhi lhs rjspujsths h bitjrrfehitjs h`tuhljs `fgf lh fgibprjsji`bh mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj ji lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði.

51 Ajtf

[hphth, _rbsbfijrf mj tus arhz arhzfs fs , Gâxb`f, Mbsh-Zibvjrshl, 1?88. Ihvbmhm, ]jfmfsf ]jfmfsf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 50

01

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@H_Ç]ZLF BB JL MBPJØF EQÈDB@F JI LH GÛPB@H IFQ]JØH GJSB@HIH

H

l jstumbhr jl prfaljgh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, beifrhgfs jl rfl ùgplbmf pfr prfdjsbfijs surebmhs hl sjif mj lhs gbsghs trhisdfrgh`bfijs `bjitçdb`hs y tjìflðeb`hs quj chi `fitrbaubmf hl `flhpsf mj lh bimustrbh mjl mbs`f. _jisjgfs ji lfs mbsjøhmfrjs erèdb`fs, thi bgpfrthitjs phrh `fi`jabr iujstrf guimf lljif mj `flfrjs, bgèejijs y sçgaflfs. Tbvbgfs shturhmfs mj `fi`jptfs hastrh`tfs quj ifs `fguib`hi su`jsfs hrtçstb`fs. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh if js`hph h jsths mbiègb`hs ùlturhljs. Jl gbâr`fljs 2 mj ghyf mjl 1?81, Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh, mujøf mj Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm, gj htjimbð ji sus fdb`bihs mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, uab`hmhs ji lfs hlrjmjmfrjs mjl Hjrfpujrtf Bitjrih`bfihl Ajibtf Kuèrjz. Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh ih`bð jl 8 mj harbl mj 8255, sbjtj høfs hitjs mj quj su phmrj bihueurhrh Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm, ji 823=. @fgjizhrfi trhahkhimf ji lh prfgf`bði mj djrbhs mj pujalf y mjspuâs sj bi`frpfrhrfi hl gfvbgbjitf sfibmjrf mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f. Qbjs`h sj ji`hrehah mj gfithr lh pualb`bmhm mj jvjitfs sfibmjrfs jdj`tuhmfs ji shlfijs `fgf jl @hlbdfribh, @hlbdfr ibh, Lfs Èiejljs, ]rfpb`hih y Lh Ghrh`h mjl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl. Ji lh gbsgh âpf`h dujrfi bivbthmfs phrh bitjerhrsj h lh jstru`turh prfgf`bfihl mj hrtbsths `fgf Qbef ]fvhr, ]fvhr, Jl Pûpjr Pcfw mj lfs Tèzqujz, @cb`f @cj, Gbnj Lhurj,

^ 00 W

Lfs Èiejljs Ijerfs y Lfs _hstjljs Tjrmjs, cfy `fisbmjrhmfs prjùrsfrjs mj lh gûsb`h erupjrh. Mjsmj jitfi`js chi trhahkhmf `fi lfs gjkfrjs y chi vbstf jl `flhpsf mj gfmhs gusb`hljs. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh lljeð hl Mbstrbtf Dj Djmjrhl mjrhl mj lh ghif mj lfs gberhitjs quj sj jsthalj`bjrfi ji jllh, murhitj lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SS. Ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f vbvj ejitj mj tfmfs lfs jsthmfs mj lh Qjpûalb`h Gjxb`hih, “pfr jsf duj dè`bl frehibzhr ahbljs ifrtjøfs ji lh `hpbthl‗. 5= Lfs Qbvjrh trhahkhrfi prbgjrf `fi rj`frtjs, lujef `fi `èghrhs mj jxpfsb`bði y mjspuâs sj bgauyjrfi ji lfs prferhghs mj `fgputhmfrh y ji lhs dblghmfrhs. “Dujrfi lfs sfibmjrfs mjdjøfs qubjijs bitrfmukjrfi lfs `hrtjljs `fgf cjrrhgbjith prfgf`bfihl mj jvjitfs gusb`hljs murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?‗.5: Lfs mbsjøhmfrjs quj trhahkhahi phrh sfibmfs `fgf Lh @chieh, _flyghr`cs y @ðimfr, mbjrfi pjrsfihlbmhm vbsuhl h lh gûsb`h pfpulhr `fitjgpfrèijh mj Gâxb`f. H Lh @chieh lf bmjitbdb`hah ui efrblh, h _flyghr`cs _flyghr`cs rhsefs jebp`bfs y h @ðimfr Jrijstf “@cj‗ Eujvhrh. Lfs erupjrfs, `htjefrçh mfimj mfimj sj bi`luyji bi`luyji h lfs mujtfs y `fikuitfs mj gûsb`h gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, bgbthrfi thrmçhgjitj lh `hgphøh pualb`bthrbh quj lfs sfibmjrfs mjdjøfs ghtjrbhlbzh ghtjrbhlbzhrfi rfi mjsmj lh sjeuimh gbthm mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?. Lh jstrhtjebh pualb`bthrbh mj lfs sfibmjrfs duj gfithmh pfr “mbsjøhmfrjs erèdb`fs‗ y sus hitj`jsfrjs. Lfs phsfs phrh quj jl pûalb`f pujmh vjr ui `hrtjl erupjrf e rupjrf hiui`bhimf jl ahblj mj sus bitârprjtjs dhvfrbtfs dhv frbtfs js jl sbeubjitj; sj jlhafrh ui mbsjøf `fi ahsj ji ùhtrf `flfrjs, sj fatbjiji lhs lègbihs, shlj mj lhs gèqubihs y sj pjeh ji lfs pfstjs mj luz. Hcfrh tfmf js gès dè`bl pfrquj lh tjìflfeçh ch hvhizhmf, “ji lh jrh mj lfs `hrtjljs sfibmjrfs s fibmjrfs tj pfmçhs lljvhr chsth trjs mçhs ji mbsjøhr uif, cfy pujmjs tjrgbihr `bi`f mbsjøfs ji vjbitj cfrhs‗. 54 Lh `lhvj phrh quj jl trhisjûitj sj sbjith htrhçmf pfr ui `hrtjl pjehmf ji jl `jitrf cbstðrb`f mj ùhlqubjr `bumhm mj Gâxb`f, jstè ji jl ghijkf mj `flfrjs, mj

5=

Qbvjrh, Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Çmjg.

5:

54

0=

Çmjg.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

hùjrmf `fi Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh. “If js lf gbsgf ui `hrtjl cj`cf phrh jl MD quj uif pjishmf phrh Ru`htèi‗. Ru`htèi‗. Kuhi Djrihimf Djrihimf Qbvjrh mjthllh lhs `lhvjs phrh quj ui `hrtjl erupjrf tjieh âxbtf; Mjajs `hpthr lh htji`bði mj pjrsfihs quj vbvji ji jitfrifs mbdjrjitjs. Mjajs tfghr ji ùjith quj chy luehrjs `fi `lbghs sjvjrfs pfr lf quj js pfsbalj quj lfs `flfrjs jljebmfs if rjsbsthi. Lh `hrtulbih sj pjeh ui gjs y gjmbf hitjs mjl jvjitf phrh bidfrghr, jitfi`js mjajs `fisbmjrhr ùèljs sjrèi lhs `fimb`bfijs `lbghtflðeb`hs h lhs quj jsthrè jxpujsth. Lh jxpjrbji`bh tj pjrgbtj shajr quâ `flfrjs sbrvji phrh quj lhs `hrtulbihs murji jl tbjgpf `frrj`tf. _fr supujstf quj chy pualb`bmhm quj sj pjeh ji luehrjs `jrrhmfs. Pb js ui `hrtjl phrh Tjrh`ruz lf lljihs mj vjrmj, hghrbllf y rfkf, pfrquj tbjij quj vjr `fi lh ejitj mjl luehr. Pb vhs h ch`jr ui `hrtjl phrh jl Humbtfrbf Ih`bfihl ij`jsbths hlef sfarbf pfrquj lh ejitj quj brè, jsthrè sjithmh, charè phehmf pfr ui sbtbf iugjrhmf. ]bjijs quj pjishr ji lf quj jstès mbsjøhimf y ji quâ ghtjrbhl shlmrè bgprjsf. Ji jl Ahkçf chy gu`cf khrbpjf, pfr jsf ij`jsbths ij`jsbth s jljgjitfs `fgf gfiths, hlef quj tjieh quj vjr `fi lh ùlturh rhi`cjrh mj lh rjebði, y gji`bfihr h lfs erupfs quj vhi h hgjibzhr. _hrh lfs ahbljs ji Gfitjrrjy fùphs ui dfimf ijerf, ije rf, hzul y rfkf, ji plhsths. Ji lhs zfihs bimustrbhljs lh ejitj himh hpurhmh, pbjish ji br hl trhahkf, jl fakjtbvf mjl `hrtjl mjaj sjr quj lhs pjrsfihs sj jitjrji qubâi vh h jsthr y mðimj h`tuhrè. Lfs `hrtjljs sfi rjghthmfs `fi lhs ahrmhs, pfr jsf sj tj qujmh erhahmh lh bidfrgh`bði. Js ui trhahkf mj jqubpf, trhahkhgfs lh rhmbf, lh bgprjith, lhs ahrmhs y jl pjrbdfijf. Lfs `hrtjljs f `hrtulbihs sj ch`ji ji phpjl afim. 55

Lfs `hrtjljs quj mbsjøh Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm dfrghi phrtj mj uih jstrhtjebh pualb`bthrbh quj js `fgpljgjithmh pfr jl gb`rfdfijf y lhs ahrmhs pbithmhs> âsths rjplb`hi ji mbgjisbfijs ghyfrjs lh bidfrgh`bði vjrtbmh ji lfs `hrtjljs. Lhs ahrmhs y lhs `hrtulbihs sfi pualb`bmhm cfrbzfithl y vjrtb`hl, rjspj`tbvhgjitj. Lhs ahrmhs gbmji 8? x = y lfs `hrtjljs :5 x 35. Ji lhs ahrmhs sj pbith jl lfeftbpf mjl dfrf mfimj sj chrè jl ahblj, sj gji`bfih lh dj`ch y sj jilbsth jl ifgarj mj lfs erupfs quj tf`hrèi.

55 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

0:

Ji lfs `hrtjljs sj `flf`h jl luehr, lh dj`ch, lfs puitfs mj vjith, ùèitf `fsthrè lh jitrhmh, jl erupf prbi`bphl y sus hltjrihitjs. Jl trhahkf mj lfs `hrtjljs js hpfrthmf pfr mbsjøhmfrjs erèdb`fs, pfr sus `fgputhmfrhs y prferhghs. prfe rhghs. “Hitjs “Hitjs lhs `hrtulbihs `hr tulbihs sj jlhafrhahi `fi phpjl ghimhrbih, ch`çhgfs rj`frtjs, lf pfiçhs h lh plh`h, lf qujghahs, lf jivbhahs jivbhahs h bgprjsbði y h rjphrtbr‗. r jphrtbr‗.53 @hmh vjz quj sj rjhlbzh ui ahblj f hleûi khrbpjf, jl jgprjshrbf `fitrhth `fitr hth h lfs bitârprjtjs quj h`tuhrèi, fatbjij lfs pjrgbsfs mj lh Pj`rjthrçh mj Ch`bjimh y Dbs`hlbzh`bði. @fi lh phpjljrçh ljehl ji frmji, rjsujlvji lh prfgf`bði mjl jvjitf. _fr ljy, lfs jsph`bfs mfimj sj mjsjivujlvji jvjitfs gusb`hljs ghsbvfs mjaji jsthr `jr`hmfs, mbspfijr mj lfihs pfr sb llujvj, `fitrhthr uih plhith mj luz, tjijr :?? jljgjitfs mj sjeurbmhm y `fivf`hr h vjimjmfrjs mj `fgbmh, mul`jrfs, `behrrjrfs y dftðerhdfs. “Lfs ahbljs erupjrfs er upjrfs js uih bimustrbh mj lh quj sj ghitbjiji gbljs mj dhgblbhs gjxb`hihs‗. Pb jl ghsbvf ghsb vf tbjij luehr ji uih plhzh erhimj `fgf J`htjpj` f Ljði, sj ij`jsbthi 0? gbl `hrtulbihs, y sb jl `fi`bjrtf `fi`bjr tf js ji ui pujalf pjqujøf sj mbstrbaubrèi 0 gbl `hrtjljs, mbkf Djrihimf Qbvjrh mj Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm. Erh`bhs h Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm, erupfs `fgf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj Ifr tj dujrfi pjrsfihlbzhmfs h trhvâs mj lfs `hrtjljs quj hiui`bhi sus ahbljs. Jl trhahkf mj Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh js bgpfrthitj pfrquj hyumh h quj lfs erupfs ifrtjøfs ifr tjøfs sjhi bmjitbdb`hmfs `fi uih bgheji. Lh thrjh mj Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm js `hpthr lh htji`bði vbsuhl mj gjitjs gjxb`hihs, gjxb`hihs, rjùrrbjimf h sçgaflfs, `flfrjs j bgèejijs. bgèejijs. Jl trhahkf mj Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm `fivbjrtj h lfs iugjrfsfs prfyj`tfs gusb`hljs quj phrtb`bphi mj lfs ahbljs erupjrfs ji ghr`hs, ji prfmu`tfs `fgjr`bhljs quj sj bmjitbdb`hi `fi dfrghs `rjhmhs pfr mbsjøhmfrjs erèdb`fs. “Js gès dè`bl mbejrbr uih bgheji quj ui tjxtf. @uhimf gurbð @ruz Lbzèrrheh lj arbimhgfs bmjitbmhm h lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf Qj`fmf,, jxplfthimf lh bgheji mjl phmrj mj lh ahimh sbihlfjisj‗.52 Lh bmjh mj pualb`bthr ahbljs erupjrfs e rupjrfs `fi `hrtjljs quj thpbzhi lhs `hlljs, ih`bð ji jl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl. Lfs `hrtjljs mj jgprjshs `fgf Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm, Bgprjsfs Gf`tjzugh j Bgprjsfs F`hgpf, arbimhi pjrsfihlbmhm h lfs hrtbsths tf`hmfs pfr su `rjhtbvbmhm. “Ifsftrfs kuehgfs h rjprjsjithr h

53 Çmjg. 52 Çmjg.

04

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

lfs hrtbsths gjmbhitj bgèejijs, lfs prfyj`thgfs. @fi`blbhgfs hl erupf `fi lh ejitj, hl pujalf `fi jl pujalf. Ifs eusth biifvhr, biifvhr, sfgfs ui jqubpf mj trhahkf, sfgfs uih dhgblbh mj `fi`jptfs y pjishgbjitfs‗, rjvbrð Kuhi Djrihimf Djrihimf Qbvjrh. 3? Ji jl mbsjøf mj lfs `hrtjljs jxbstj j xbstj uih vhrbhitj quj lbgbth lh `rjhtbvbmhm mj Bgprjsfs Gf`tjzugh, Qbjs`h _ualb`bmhm j Bgprjsfs F`hgpf. Pj trhth mj lh `jisurh quj bgpfiji Erupf Gfmjlf y lh @jrvj`jrçh @uhuctâgf` Gf`tjzugh, prbi`bphljs phtrf`bihmfrjs mj lfs mujtfs y `fikuitfs ifrtjøfs. Lfs mfs jgpfrbfs `jrvj`jrfs tbjiji sus lbijhgbjitfs, bimb`hi ui phtrði, uih jstru`turh h sjeubr ji jl hrghmf mj lfs `hrtjljs erupjrfs; `flfrjs, thghøf mjl lfeftbpf, ji`hajzhmfs y dftfs, jstèi mjtjrgbihmfs. Jl ifgarj mjl erupf jstjlhr fùph lh phrtj supjrbfr y lfs hltjrihitjs sj js`rbaji ji ljtrhs pjqujøhs ji lh phrtj bidjrbfr mjl `hrtjl. “Jllfs tj ghimhi sjbs f sbjtj jkjgplfs y lf quj ch`js js pfijr jl ifgarj mjl erupf e rupf ji`bgh, pfrquj jstè tfthlgjitj bivflu`rhmh lh ghr`h ji lh mbdusbði mjl erupf. Hcç if pujmjs kuehr gu`cf, kujehs gès ùhimf if chy phtrf`bihmfrjs `jrvj`jrfs gjtbmfs‗.38 Jl phtrf`bibf `jrvj`jrf ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh sj mjabð h lh bib`bhtbvh `fgjr`bhl mj lh @uhuctâgf` Gf`tjzugh y mjl Erupf Gfmjlf. Lh prbgjrh sj `fivbrtbð ji jl phtrf`bihmfr mj lfs mujtfs y erupfs e rupfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, gbjitrhs quj lh sjeuimh ch rjsphlmhmf h ahimhs sbihlfjisjs `fgf Jl Qj`fmf. “Jl prbi`bphl fakjtbvf jrh harbr gjr`hmfs y ch`jr quj mfimj if sj `fisugçh su prfmu`tf, hcfrh lh ejitj lf biebrbjrh, gjmbhmh pfr lfs ahbljs erupjrfs‗. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh y lh ahimh sbihlfjisj (gûsb`h erupjrh), lferhrfi quj lhs ghr`hs `jrvj`jrhs sj pfsb`bfihrhi ji rjebfijs mfimj hitjs jrhi mjsmjøhmhs. Lfs gbsgfs trèbljrjs mj sflbsths y heruph`bfijs sfi rftulhmfs pfr lfs phtrf`bihmfrjs `fi lh bmjh mj quj âstfs sj `fivbjrthi ji pualb`bmhm gðvbl quj trhisbth lhs `hrrjtjrhs `hrrjtjr hs mj Gâxb`f y Jsthmfs Zibmfs. “Pb tû ghimhs tu erupf e rupf h `bjrtf luehr luehr,, sj tbjij quj vjimjr su prfmu`tf, sb tû vhs h Gfitjrrjy y lljvhs ui erupf er upf mj @frfih, pujs tbjijs quj vjimjr @frfih pfrquj js jl lbijhgbjitf‗.

3? Çmjg. 38 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

05

LH @HQHTHIH MJ JP]QJLLHP @FQFIH Lfs phtrf`bibfs mj jgprjshs `jrvj`jrhs h jspj`tèùlfs gusb`hljs gjxb`hifs, surebjrfi ji 82:4 `fi Lh @hrhvhih mj Jstrjllhs @frfih. Âsth jxbstbð mj 82:4 h 8231. 31 Murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, lh @jrvj`jrçh @uhuctâgf` Gf`tjzugh tjiçh alfqujhmf, `fgjr`bhlgjitj, hl Erupf Gfmjlf, ji `bjrths rjebfijs mjl phçs `fgf jl Efldf. 30 Jl quj Ijgjsbf Mbjz y Eublljrgf Thlljkf, `rjhmfrjs mj lh @hrhvhih @frfih, chyhi jljebmf Gbihtbtlèi, phrh lljvhr h `haf su prbgjr jspj`tèùlf `fi _jmrf Bidhitj @ruz h lh `hajzh, sj mjabð h lh bgpfrthi`bh j`fiðgb`h quj Tjrh`ruz tjiçh phrh lh @jrvj`jrçh @uhuctâgf` Gf`tjzugh, su prbi`bphl `fgpjtbmfr.3= @fgf rjdjrjitj pjtrfljrf, Gbihtbtlèi sj `fivbrtbð ji uih `bumhm quj sj rj`fidbeurð mjgferèdb`hgjitj `fi lhs gberh`bfijs quj rj`babð mj tfmhs lhs rjebfijs mjl Gâxb`f `fitjgpfrèijf. Jsth `brùisthi`bh lh `fivbrtbð ji ui tjrgðgjtrf quj hyumð h gjmbr jl pfsbalj âxbtf mj Lh @hrhvhih mj Jstrjllhs @frfih, ji tfmf Gâxb`f.3: Murhitj lfs `fi`bjrtfs fdrj`bmfs pfr Lh @hrhvhih @hr hvhih mj Jstrjllhs @frfih sj rjehlð `jrvjzh, `fgf uih jstrhtjebh phrh pfsb`bfihr su ghr`h ji zfihs mj Gâxb`f mfimj bgpjrhah lh `fgpjtji`bh. 34 Lh @hrhvhih @frfih duj jitfi`js “ui jspj`tèùlf hrtçstb`f quj h`tuhah ji tfmf Gâxb`f h prj`bfs pfpulhrjs, y h lh vjz duj ui gjmbf phrh prfgfvjr lfs prfmu`tfs mjl Erupf Gfmjlf‗. 35 Lh @hrhvhih @frfih duj uih cjrrhgbjith gjr`hitbl quj lujef mj jsthr ji Gbihtbtlèi, Tjrh`ruz, trbuidð ji Lh Lheuih, mfimj bi`lusf, bi`lusf, lh `fgpjtji`bh jitrj lhs ghr`hs `jrvj`jrhs sj lbarð ji jl plhif dutaflçstb`f.

31 @chf,

Eublljrgf, Lh @hrhvhih @frfih. @uih mjl Jspj`tèùlf ji Gâxb`f , @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, Bgprjith Ghmjrf, 822:, p.13.

30 Babm , p.84 3= Babm , p.10. 3: Babm , p.18. 34 Babm,

p.15. 35 Babm , p.8:.

03

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ji ]frrjði, @fhcublh, jxbstbjrfi mfs jsthmbfs mj dûtafl sf``jr ahutbzhmfs `fi lfs ifgarjs mj Jsthmbf Gf`tjzugh y Jsthmbf @frfih.33 Lh @hrhvhih @frfih tfgð `fgf rjdjrjitj h lhs `fgphøçhs mj zhrzujlh y ji su prfpujsth bi`frpfrð h eâijrfs mbvjrsfs j bitârprjtjs mj mbdjrjitjs âpf`hs. Lhs ebrhs mj lh @hrhvhih @frfih sj mbvbmçhi ji _h`çdb`f, Efldf, Purjstj y Ahkçf, jsth ûltbgh `fi uih murh`bði mj mfs gjsjs. 32 Lh @hrhvhih @frfih hyumð hyumð phrh quj lfs hrtbsths hr tbsths pfpulhrjs sj ghituvbjrhi vbejitjs, ji uih âpf`h mfimj lh rhmbf jrh gès bgpfrthitj b gpfrthitj quj lh tjljvbsbði. Lh @hrhvhih @frfih rjsultð thi jdj`tbvh quj sjllfs mbs`ferèdb`fs `fgf Q@H Tç`tfr, h trhvâs mj su Tb`jprjsbmjitj Bitjrih`bfihl, Ghrbhif Qbvjrh @fimj, phehrfi h Eublljrgf Thlljkf `fi jl fakjtbvf mj quj sus hrtbsths dujrhi prfgfvbmfs ji Lh @hrhvhih mj Jstrjllhs @frfih.2? Ji 8250, dhllj`bð Eublljrgf Eublljr gf Thlljkf. Thlljkf. Jitfi`js Lh @hrhvhih @frfih qujmð ahkf lh mbrj``bði mj Ghrtch Ahmhejr, Ahmhejr, jspfsh mj Thlljkf. Thlljkf. Lh mhgh gfmbdb`ð lh lfeçstb`h. Zif mj lfs prbi`bphljs `hgabfs quj fùrrbjrfi `fi lh gujrtj mj Eublljrgf Thlljkf `fisbstbð ji prferhghr mfs `hrhvhihs pfr mçh, ji mbdjrjitjs `bumhmjs mj Gâxb`f> Kfsâ Hldrjmf Thlljkf Thlljkf Ahmhejr sj cbzf `href mj uih y su cjrghih ghyfr sj rjspfishablbzð mj lh ftrh. Lh sjøfrh Ghrtch Ahmhejr sj `fi`jitrð ji lh hmgbibstrh`bði mjl ]jhtrf Alhiqubth.28 Lh tjljvbsbði vbif h sustbtubr lh thrjh mjshrrfllhmh pfr Lh @hrhvhih @frfih. Duj hsç `fgf Qhûl Tjlhs`f, Tjlhs`f, mjsmj ]jljvbsh, hsugbð jl lbmjrhzef ji lh mbdusbði mj hrtbsths pfpulhrjs gjxb`hifs. Js pfsbalj quj Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh, sj jqubvfquj ùhimf hsjeurh quj “dujrfi lfs sfibmjrfs mjdjøfs qubjijs bitrfmukjrfi lfs `hrtjljs `fgf cjrrhgbjith prfgf`bfihl mj jvjitfs gusb`hljs ji Gâxb`f‗. @fgf `fisth ji lh @hrhvhih @frfih. @uih mjl Jspj`tèùlf ji Gâxb`f, lbarf jmbthmf ji

33 Babm , p.08. 32 Babm , p.==. 2? Babm , p.15. 28

Babm , p.13.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

02

822: pfr Bgprjith Ghmjrf, mjsmj lh prbgjrh `hrhvhih `jljarhmh ji 82:4, lh dhgblbh Thlljkf `fguib`ð sus jvjitfs gusb`hljs h trhvâs mj `hrtjljs mbsjøhmfs ji mfs `flfrjs; rfkf y hzul. Gbsgfs `flfrjs quj sfarjshlji ji jl lfeftbpf mjl Erupf Gfmjlf. Lhs `hrtulbihs ushmhs pfr jl Erupf Gfmjlf phrh prfgf`bfihr sus `hrhvhihs jrhi cfrbzfithljs y thgabâi vjrtb`hljs. Ji jl prbgjr `hsf, jl hzul sj `flf`hah mjl lhmf bzqubjrmf y ji jl sjeuimf jkjgplf, jl rfkf fùphah lh phrtj ahkh mjl `hrtjl. Lh prfphehimhh utblbzhmh pfr Erupf prfphehim Er upf Gfmjlf sbjgprj tjiçh uih gbthm ji hzul y ftrh ftr h ji rfkf. Ji lh phrtj supjrbfr bzqubjrmh, lfs `hrtjljs mjl Erupf Gfmjlf, sbjgprj `flf`hahi jl ifgarj mjl phtrf`bihmfr (@jrvjzh @frfih). Hl lhmf mjrj`cf dbeurhah lh ljyjimh; “_rjsjith su Bgpfijitj @hrhvhih mj Jstrjllhs Guimbhljs‗. Mjahkf mjl ji`hajzhmf sj gfstrhah jl ifgarj mj lfs hltjrihitjs `fi uih bgheji mj lfs sflbsths y heruph`bfijs. Ji lh phrtj bidjrbfr bidjrbfr,, kustf ji jl `jitrf, sj `flf`hah lh dj`ch, lh cfrh, jl luehr, lfs prj`bfs mjl afljtf y lfs cfrhrbfs mj lhs dui`bfijs. H vj`js prjsjithahi ji jl gbsgf `bij, mfs dui`bfijs mbhrbhs. Js vjrmhm quj lfs `hrtjljs ushmfs phrh prfgf`bfihr Lh @hrhvhih @frfih if jrhi guy jstâtb`fs, pjrf rjsulthahi jdj`tbvfs jdj`tbvfs pfrquj bidfrghahi. Ji lh âpf`h mj Lh @hrhvhih @frfih if jxbstçh jl mbsjøf erèdb`f `fgf thl, pjrf lfs `hrtjljs utblbzhmfs pfr jl Erupf Gfmjlf, abji pujmji `fisbmjrhrsj ui hitj`jmjitj mjl mbsjøf erèdb`f, hplb`hmf h lh prfgf`bði mj jvjitfs hrtçstb`fs. Hl jvf`hr jl `fi`jptf “hrtj‗, tjijgfs quj pjishr quj Lh @hrhvhih mj Jstrjllhs @frfih if sðlf `fivf`hah `hithitjs y gûsb`fs, thgabâi `ðgb`fs, gbgfs y heruph`bfijs bitjrih`bfihljs `fgf Lfs @fguijrfs mjl _hrheuhy, Kulbf Beljsbhs, Abjivjibmf Erhimh, Kuhi Ljebmf, _ârjz _rhmf y @jlbh @ruz. Mj lh @hrhvhih @frfih phrtb`bphrfi mujtfs y `fikuitfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl lbarf js`rbtf pfr Eublljrgf @chf Jajrejiyb, ji 822:, hyumh h sbtuhr lfs høfs ji quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sj cbzf prjsjitj. Jl mfgbief 82 mj jijrf mj 824=, ji jl @bij @flfibhl mj @jlhyh, Euhihkuhtf,, h`tûf Julhlbf Efizèljz “_bpfrrf‗ kuitf h Lfs Arhvjrfs mjl Ifrtj> ihkuhtf Ifr tj> jl vbjrijs vbjr ijs 10 mj jijrf mj 825?, jl mujtf Nbnf y @cuy, `fidfrghmf pfr Nbnf Gfithlvf y Kjsûs P`ftt Qjyjs, trhahkð ji jl @bij Euhihkuhtf mj lh `hpbthl hahkjøh> jl mfgbief 8= mj jijrf mj 8250, ji lh _lhzh mj ]frfs Tb`tfrbh mj @bumhm Tb`tfrbh, ]hghulbphs, jstuvf Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf `fi Kuhi Eharbjl, @jlbh @ruz y ]føh Lh Ijerh> jl mfgbief 88 mj djarjrf mj 8250, thgabâi ji lh plhzh mj tfrfs mj @bumhm Tb`tfrbh, ]h-

=?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ghulbphs, `hitð Kuhi Phlhzhr> jl kujvjs : mj djarjrf mj 8254, ji lh Hrjih @flbsjf mj Euhmhlhkhrh, sj prjsjithrfi Lhs Cjrghihs Cjr ghihs Cujrth, @cjlf Pblvh, @frijlbf @fr ijlbf Qjyih, Lfs Mhimys, Mhimys, Kuhi Eharbjl y Jl _hlfgf y Jl Efrrbði. Lh @hrhvhih @frfih. @uih mjl Jspj`tèùlf ji Gâxb`f, mj Eublljrgf @chf Jajrejiyb, `fgphrtj jl prferhgh prfer hgh mj uih `hrhvhih quj tuvf luehr luehr jl mfgbief 80 mj djarjrf mj 8251, ji lh _lhzh mj ]frfs Jl _rferjsf mj Euhmhlhkhrh, Khlbs`f. Duj ui cfgjihkj h Pblvjstrj Threhs, lçmjr mjl “_rbgjr Ghrbh`cb Gjxb`hif Bitjrih`bfihl‗. Lh dhgblbh Thlljkf ahutbzð hl sbieulhr `fi`bjrtf `fgf “H`frmjfijs `fitrh Tbflbijs‗. Jl rj`bthl bib`bð h lhs = p.g. y ùlgbið h lhs 3;0? p.g. Mjsdblhrfi pfr jl js`jihrbf @u`f Pèi`cjz, Lhs Kbleujrbllhs, _jmrf Rjrjih, Kuhi Phlhzhr y Kuhi Gfitfyh. Rjrjih, Phlhzhr y Gfitfyh, `fisbmjrhmfs lfs phmrjs mjl afljrf ifrtjøf gjxb`hif. Jsth `hrhvhih js bgpfrthitj pfrquj lh dhgblbh Thlljkf Ahmhejr `fidrfitð h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh y hl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth (jl quj ush trfgpjth), bivjitf mj Lèzhrf @èrmjihs mjl Qçf.21 If flvbmjgfs h Luz y Hurfrh, Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth. Frbebihrbhs mj ]hgpb`f, ]hghulbphs, Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth dujrfi mj lhs hrtbsths gès `fisthitjs ji Lh @hrhvhih @frfih, mjsmj su ih`bgbjitf ji 82:4, chsth su bihib`bði ji 8231. Eublljrgf Thlljkf lhs `fif`bð mj pjqujøhs, ùhimf sj ehihah lh vbmh `fgjr`bhlbzhimf phljths ji jl pujrtf thghulbpj`f. 20 Lujef mj qujmhr cuârdhihs mj ghmrj, Luz y Hurfrh Cujrth sj lljvhrfi ui `fiùrsf mj hdb`bfihmfs frehibzhmf pfr lh SJDU mj ]hgpb`f, ushimf jl ifgarj mj Luz y Lu`jrbtf. _fr ðrmjijs mj su phmrj, hmfpthrfi jl ifgarj hrtçstb`f mj Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth.2= Eublljrgf Thlljkf duj qubji lhs bitjerð hl jlji`f mj lh SJX y lh SJU, ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f. Lujef sj `fivbrtbjrfi ji bidhlthaljs mj Lh @hrhvhih @frfih. Eublljrgf Thlljkf duj ui phmrj phrh Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth, pfr jsf ljs hyumð h quj erhahrhi phrh @AP> pfstjrbfrgjitj bitjrvbif phrh quj gfstrhrhi gfstrhr hi su thljitf pfr tjljvbsbði. Eublljrgf Thlljkf duj

21

Puebjrf vbsbthr jl jl alfe; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhhrbhs.alfespft.gx  (Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Gjxb`hih).

20 Babm , p.:8. 2=

Babm , p. :1.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

=8

thi bgpfrthitj phrh lh `hrrjrh mj Luz y Hurfrh Cujrth, quj jl prbgjr trfdjf quj rj`babjrfi ji su `hrrjrh sj lfs jitrjeð âl. Ji `hmh prjsjith`bði, Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth sj cb`bjrfi h`fgphøhr pfr ui ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth (trfgpjth) y pfr ui `fikuitf ifrtjøf gjxb`hif.2: Js prfahalj quj jl mbsjøf erèdb`f er èdb`f hplb`hmf h lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs gjxb`hihs if chyh prbi`bpbhmf `fi lfs sfibmjrfs mjdjøfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, ib `fi lh @hrhvhih @frfih mj 82:4, sbif `fi uifs `hi`bfijrfs jmbthmfs ji 82:1, ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f. Ji tfmf `hsf, lhs dujitjs jxbstjitjs j xbstjitjs bimb`hi quj lh hplb`h`bði mjl mbsjøf erèdb`f h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgjizð ji jl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl. Jl Hr`cbvf Cbstðrb`f Guib`bphl mj Brhpuhtf rjseuhrmh jl dfimf Ghrehrbtf @hljrf Ghrtçijz “Jl h`frmjði mjl Ahkçf‗. Ji âl sj pujmji `fisulthr gès mj 4?? `hi`bfijrfs jmbthmfs mjsmj prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, ji jl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl> sfarjshlji @hi`bfijrf Jl Ifrtjøhzf y @hi`bfijrf Ifrtjøf. Lhs pfrthmhs mj jstfs `hi`bfijrfs gujstrhi lh `fgabih`bði mj mfs `flfrjs; rfkf y hzul, alhi`f y hzul. Hl mbsjøf ab`flfr sj lj sughi bgèejijs jstjrjftçpb`hs quj rjtrhthi hl ifrtjøf `fgf uih pjrsfih rfausth j bisjisbalj, sbjgprj h`fgphøhmf pfr h`frmjði y ahkf sjxtf, `frmðdfif mjl Ahkçf gjxb`hif.24 Lfs `hi`bfijrfs dfrghrfi phrtj mj uih jstrhtjebh mbdusbfibsth quj bi`luçh h lhs rf`nflhs f trhehiçqujljs, h lhs sbllhs y h lhs gjshs `hitbijrhs, h lhs pfsthljs, h lfs `hljimhrbfs, h lfs llhvjrfs, h lh pualb`bmhm rhmbfdðib`h phehmh pfr lhs jgprjshs `jrvj`jrhs y h lfs hrtçùlfs ihvbmjøfs `fgf `chrflhs quj jstfs gbsgfs jgpfrbfs `hgabhahi pfr `fr`cflhths. _hrh llhghr lh htji`bði mjl trhisjûitj, lfs `hi`bfijrfs mjaçhi pfsjjr pfrthmhs htrh`tbvhs, mbsjøhmhs pfr mbaukhitjs quj jxplfthahi lfs jstjrjftbpfs rjebfihljs. Pb jl `hi`bfijrf jsthah jspj`bhlbzhmf ji rjpjrtfrbf phrh sjr jkjùthmf pfr ghrbh`cb, hphrj`çh jl `chrrf `fi rhsefs dh`bhljs mjlbijhmfs> sb sj trhthah mj ui rjpjrtfrbf phrh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, lh fajsbmhm, jl sfgarjrf mj phlgh y lhs `hgbshs `fi aftfihmurhs mj gjthl, jrhi pujsths h ùhmrf. Lh bitji`bði mj lfs mbaukhitjs duj rjprfmu`br jstjrjftbpfs rjebfihljs rj ebfihljs lbehmfs

2: Çmjg. 24

=1

Puebjrf vbsbthr jl jl alfe; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhhrbhs.alfespft.gx  (Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Gjxb`hih).

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

h lhs gûsb`hs, hsç `fgf ch`jr vbsuhlgjitj htrh`tbvf su prfmu`tf. Blustrhr lhs `hi`bfijs rhi`cjrhs, lfs afljrfs y lfs `frrbmfs, quj sj pualb`hahi hl bitjrbfr mj lfs `hi`bfijrfs gjxb`hifs jrh phrtj mj lh gbsgh jstrhtjebh `fgjr`bhl.25

25 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

=0

@H_Ç]ZLF BBB JL H@FQMJÐI R PZP HEJI]JP PF@BHLJP JI GÂSB@F

J

l ahkf sjxtf y jl h`frmjði sfi lfs bistrugjitfs ahsj mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. _jishr ji jl prbgjrf `fgf jl rjprjsjithi rj prjsjithitj tj mjl rfstrf trhmb`bfihl mj âsth gûsb`h y ji jl sjeuimf `fgf ui sçgaflf mjl prf`jsf mj bimustrbhlbzh`bði f``bmjithl murhitj jl sbelf SBS, sbjgprj hyumhrè h mjlbgbthr lfs plhitjhgbjitfs. Pfarj jl ahkf sjxtf jxbstji pf`hs dujitjs y `fithmhs rjdjrji`bhs. Ji `hgabf sfarj jl h`frmjði mbspfijgfs mj ui iûgjrf sbeibdb`htbvf mj harjvhmjrfs quj pjrgbtji tjkjr jstj `hpçtulf. Jl h`frmjði pujmj sjr jitjimbmf `fgf rjsulthmf mjl prf`jsf mj bimustrbhlbzh`bði ejijrhmf ji F``bmjitj murhitj jl sbelf SBS.

JL H@FQMJÐI JI JL PBELF SS Lh jxbstji`bh y h``bði sf`bhl mjl h`frmjði jstuvf prjsjitj ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif mj lh ghif mjl prf`jsf mj bimustrbhlbzh`bði quj erhimjs urajs `fgf Gfitjrrjy jxpjrbgjithrfi, y mj lhs gjkfrhs tjìflðeb`hs quj âsths gftbvhrfi ji lhs h`tbvbmhmjs herç`flhs he rç`flhs mj lh rjebði. rj ebði. Jsh afihizh j`fiðgb`h

^ =: W

gfvbð `hpbthljs y `fi jllf `rj`bjrfi lhs pfsbablbmhmjs mj hmqubrbr fakjtfs mj jsphr`bgbjitf `flj`tbvf `fgf lfs h`frmjfijs. Duj h trhvâs mjl djrrf`hrrbl quj lljehrfi h`frmjfijs h lh rjebði `btrç`flh mjl sur mj Iujvf Ljði, `fgf lf mjgujstrh Jl Bgphr`bhl mj Gâxb`f. Mj hùjrmf `fi jstj pjrbðmb`f jmbthmf ji lh `hpbthl mjl phçs, ji 82??, jl `fgjr`bf mjl h`frmjði yh jsthah `fisflbmhmf ji jl ifrtj mj Gâxb`f, “pumbjimf lfs `hgpjsbifs ch`jrsj mj bistrugjitfs h``jsbaljs y `ðgfmfs‗.23Ji Ejijrhl ]jrèi, ]jrè i, pfr jkjgplf, sj rjpfrtð rjpfr tð lh lljehmh mj ui `hrehgjitf mj 1?? h`frmjfijs Cfcijr ji 82?8.22Lh dèarb`h Cfcijr vjimçh h`frmjfijs ghiudh`turhmfs ji Hljghibh h prj`bfs quj fs`blhahi jitrj $:.?? y $4=.?? pjsfs gjxb`hifs mj lh âpf`h. 8?? Jl 8 mj jijrf mj 82=8, sj bihueurhrfi lfs jstumbfs y lhs fdb`bihs mj lh SJGQ, ji jl @bij Dlfrbmh mj Gfitjrrjy. Lh iujvh jgbsfrh trhisgbtbð mj 5 mj lh ghøhih h 3 mj lh if`cj `fi uih pftji`bh mj 8,8?? nblf`b`lfs.8?8Zi høf mjspuâs, jl 8= mj jijrf mj 82=1, Jl _frvjibr mj Gfitjrrjy hiui`bð lfs djstjkfs pfr jl prbgjr hibvjrshrbf mj lh SJGQ, `fif`bmh `fgf lh prfpulsfrh mj lh rhmbf. Mj lfs djstjkfs pfr jl prbgjr hibvjrshrbf mj lh SJGQ phrtb`bphrfi _h`f ]rjvbøf, jl erhi `fgpfsbtfr mj Gfitjrrjy> Lhs ]rjs Gfrjihs, `hi`bfijrhs mj lh SJU> SJU> Jstrjllbth Gjkçh, rjvjlh`bði bitârprjtj mj 82=1> Eublljrgf Tbvjrfs, `hi`bfijrf quj trbuidð ji Iujvh Rfrn, y _jmrf “Jl Ghef‗ Pjptbji, lfùtfr mj lh SJX. Jl jvjitf tuvf luehr jl 83 mj jijrf mj 82=1 y sj pumf lljvhr h `haf erh`bhs hl hpfyf mj lh @èghrh mj lh Bimustrbh y @fgjr`bf mj Gfitjrrjy. Lh iftb`bh pjrgbtj `fisththr quj Lhs ]rjs Ghrçhs y Jstrjllbth Gjkçh `hithrfi `fi jl h`fgphøhgbjitf mj lh h`frmjfibsth Julfebh Ehrzh Qhgçrjz, ihtbvh mj Lbihrjs,8?1lf quj mjgujstrh lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs gukjrjs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, uih gûsb`h th`chmh pfr lhs jlbtjs `fgf gh`cbsth y gbsðebih, prfgftfrh mjl ihr`ftrèdb`f.

23 Jl

Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 10 mj ghrzf, 82??. 22 Jl Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 81 mj sjptbjgarj, 82?8. 8?? Jl Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 8: mj mb`bjgarj, 828?. 8?8 “Pj bihueurh lh SJGQ mj Gfitjrrjy‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , sèahmf 88 mj jijrf, 82=8. 8?1 “Tbjij jl _rbgjr Hibvjrshrbf Hibvjrshrbf mj lh SJGQ‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs 8= mj jijrf, 82=1.

=4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jl gbâr`fljs = mj djarjrf mj 82=1, lh SJDA hiui`bð su prferhgh`bði, prfe rhgh`bði, gbsgh quj `fgjizð h lhs 4;1? h.g. `fi jl jsph`bf Gâxb`f @hith, sjeubmf pfr lh phrtb`bph`bði ji vbvf mjl mujtf Ghrtch y Ghrçh h lhs 2 h.g., phrh lujef jilhzhr `fi gûsb`h pfpulhr h lhs 2;=: h.g. @jrrð jl mçh `fi lh prjsjith`bði mj Lfs Cuhstj`fs h lhs 8?;=? p.g. y `fi ui jspj`bhl mj gûsb`h pfpulhr h lhs 81;0? mj lh if`cj.8?0 Jl kujvjs = mj djarjrf mj 82=1, 82=1, Jl _frvjibr _frvjibr cbzf pûalb`h lh prjsjith`bði mjl mjl mujtf djgjibif bitjerhmf pfr @cjlh y Hieâlb`h h lh 8;0? p.g., hmjgès mj ui jspj`bhl sfarj `hi`bfijs gjxb`hihs h lhs 88;=: h.g., ji jl ghr`f mjl prferhgh Lhs Qhi`cjrhs mj lh SJDA.8?= Lh prferhgh`bði mj lh SJDA phrh jl vbjrijs 1? mj djarjrf mj 82=1, js gès bitjrjshitj, if sðlf pfrquj rjpbtj jl mujtf Ghrtch y Ghrçh h lhs 2;?? h.g., sbif pfrquj h lhs 1;0? p.g. dbeurhi Lfs ]hrbhùrb, y h lhs :;0? p.g. sj mh lh prjsjith`bði jstjlhr mj lh gjxb`hih Lymbh Gjimfzh, `fif`bmh `fgf Lh Hlfimrh mj lh Drfitjrh f Lh Elfrbh mj ]jxhs. Jl prferhgh mjl 1? mj djarjrf mj 82=1, js `fgpljthmf pfr ui Gfshb`f Qhi`cjrf h lhs 5;=: h.g., sjeubmf pfr Lhs Qhi`cjrhs mj lh SJDA h lhs 81;=? mjl mçh y ùlgbihmf pfr ui prferhgh prfer hgh ji vbvf, vbvf, h lhs 4;?? p.g. Jstj jsph`bf duj ji`hajzhmf pfr Lfs @hithrjs mj Gâxb`f>8?: prfyj`tf quj uih mâ`hmh mjspuâs duj rjplb`hmf ji Hitbfqubh, @flfgabh, ùhimf lljeð jl huej mj lh bimustrbh mbs`ferèdb`h h Gjmjllçi, ji lh zfih phbsh. Lhs phrtb`bph`bfijs mj Lymbh Gjimfzh ji drjùji`bhs rhmbfdðib`hs mj Gfitjrrjy `fgf lh SJDA tuvbjrfi luehr, luehr, pfr lf gjifs, mjsmj 82=1. _jrf Lymbh Gjimfzh if duj lh ûib`h bitârprjtj mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih mj bgpfrthi`bh quj phrtb`bpð mj jsph`bfs rhmbfdðib`fs mj Gfitjrrjy, thgabâi Ihr`bsf Ghrtçijz “Jl Curh`èi mjl Thllj‗ y Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs `fgphrtbjrfi jl thalhmf `fi Lymbh Gjimfzh.8?4 Ftrfs bitârprjtjs pfpulhrjs mj hlth `fivf`htfrbh quj sj prjsjithrfi murhitj 82=1, ji lh SJDA mj Gfitjrrjy dujrfi; Lu`ch Qjyjs, _jmrf Dlfrjs, Ghrbh`cb ]hphtçf, Qhy y Lhurbth, _jmrf

8?0

“Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs = mj djarjrf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , kujvjs : mj djarjrf, 82=1. 8?: “Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , vbjrijs 1? mj djarjrf, 82=1. 8?4 “Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , mfgbief 80 mj ghrzf, 82=1. 8?=

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

=5

Threhs y Lfs Afcjgbfs Hljerjs> Hljer js> hmjgès mj lhs frqujsths Gfmjlf, _fpulhr, _fpulhr, @fitbijithl, Hrejitbih y lh ]rfpb`hl.8?5 Murhitj ghrzf y harbl mj 82=1, lh SJDA mj Gfitjrrjy fdrj`bð h sus rhmbfjsù`chs jsph`bfs mj gûsb`h pfpulhr, `hi`bfijs pfpulhrjs, `hi`bfijs trfpb`hljs, `hi`bfijs mj gfmh, frqujsths trfpb`hljs, gûsb`h hrejitbih, `hi`bfijs tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs, gûsb`h vbjijsh, rj`bthljs mj ðrehif, rbtgfs trfpb`hljs, gûsb`h mj vbjitf `fi lh Ahimh Tb`tfrbh y hl ]rçf Euhmhlhkhrh h`fgphøhimf hl mujtf mj Ghrtch y Ghrçh.8?3 Ji jl prferhgh `frrjspfimbjitj hl kujvjs 10 mj harbl mj 82=1, lh SJDA fdrj`bð ui rj`bthl mj pflnhs `fi h`frmjði h lhs 8?;0? h.g., jvjitf quj `fidbrgh lh prjsji`bh `ftbmbhih y ghsbvh mj jstj bistrugjitf, ji lhs drjùji`bhs rhmbfdðib`hs mjl ifrjstj gjxb`hif (Iujvf Ljði, @fhcublh y ]hghulbphs), h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82=?.8?2 Ji 82:8, jl h`frmjði sbeuj jsthimf vbsbalj y prjsjitj ji Gfitjrrjy, pjrf jsth vjz ji dfrgh mj `fiùrsf. Jl gbâr`fljs 1 mj kulbf, h lhs 2 p.g., ji jl ]jhtrf Jstumbf mj lh SJ], sj rbdð ui rhmbf Q@H-Tç`tfr Q@H-T ç`tfr `fi vhlfr mj $0=:.?? pjsfs y mfs h`frmjfijs ghr`h Cfcijr. Cfcijr. Jl sfrtjf sj mjshrrfllð ji jl prferhgh If`cj mj _rjeuiths @hp`bfshs, `fimu`bmf pfr _jpj _jøh> _jøh> `fi jl phtrf`bibf mj Hphrhtfs Mfgâstb`fs mj _hmrj Gbjr y Js`fajmf.88? Qjdjrbrgj hl phtrf`bihmfr mjl `fiùrsf js bgpfrthitj pujs, ji ejijrhl, lh jxbstji`bh mj prferhghs rhmbfdðib`fs sfarj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sbjgprj mjpjimçh mjl rjsphlmf mj uif f vhrbfs phtrf`bihmfrjs. Jl pjrbðmb`f Jl _frvjibr if duj jl ûib`f quj rjebstrð lfs mjrrftjrfs mjl h`frmjði pfr jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, sjgjkhitj thrjh duj ùgplbmh pfr Jl Ifrtj. _fr jkjgplf, jl sèahmf 5 mj jijrf mj 82:?, hiui`bð su prferhgh`bði, ji lh ùhl sfarjshlj lh prjsji`bh mjl ]rçf Hlgh IfrIfr tjøh, ]rçf Lfs Pulthijs, ]rçf @fph`hahih, Lfs Chl`fijs mj lh Tbllh mj Phitbhef, jl prferhgh

8?5

“Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , 1: mj ghrzf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , ghrtjs 18 mj harbl, 82=1. 8?2 “Lh SJDA hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , kujvjs 10 mj harbl, 82=1. 88? “Qbdh mj h`frmjfijs‗, h`frmjfijs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs 1 mj kulbf, 82:8. 8?3

=3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Gâxb`f y sus `hi`bfijs y lh rhmbfifvjlh Lh Cbpð`rbth. 888_hrh ghrzf mj 82:?, Jl Ifrtj mj Gfitjrrjy `fguib`ð lh phrtb`bph`bði mj lh `hi`bfijrh gjxb`hih, @cjlf Tjlhs`f, mjl ]rçf Lfs Pulthijs y mjl @fikuitf mj Qhûl Phi Ajrihl ji su prferhgh vjspjrtbif `fif`bmf `fgf Lh Quljth Gusb`hl; “ui jsph`bf mfimj jl pûalb`f sj mbvbjrtj `fi `hi`bfijs, `fiùrsfs, `fiùrsfs, gûsb`h ji vbvf 881 y ahbljs rjebfihljs‗. Lh Quljth Gusb`hl `fitð `fi jl phtrf`bibf mj @hsh @fi`cbth, Afijtjrçh Jl _hrhçsf, @hsh Efizhlf, Efizhlf, Jstumbf Ehr`çh Ljhl y Jl Phlði mj Ajlljzh. Jl jsph`bf mj Lh Quljth Gusb`hl jrh ghijkhmf pfr Ghiujl Gâimjz y Qhûl @jkumf. Jitrj lfs bitârprjtjs phrtb`bphitjs ji Lh Quljth Gusb`hl, Lfs Chl`fijs mj lh Tbllh mj Phitbhef y jl @fikuitf mj Qhûl Phi Ajr ihl, fdrj`bjrfi pflnhs y cuhphiefs ji sus s us prjsjith`bfijs, `hsb sbjgprj `fi h`frmjði y vbflçi, `fgf lf jxplb`h lh dujitj `fisulthmh. 880

QHMBFIFTJLHP Erh`bhs hl pjrbðmb`f Jl Ifrtj , shajgfs quj mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 82=?, y chsth lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, lhs rhmbfifvjlhs jstuvbjrfi ji afeh. Ji ghrzf mj 82:?, pfr jkjgplf, sj jstrjið lh sjrbj rurhl, Ghrtçi @frfih, “uih jpfpjyh mj cfgarjs quj lu`chrfi ji lh rjajlmçh mj sus bmjhljs. Jsù`cj lhs hzhrfshs hvjiturhs mj jstj ifrtjøf ljejimhrbf, Ghrtçi @frfih‗.88= Lh rhmbfifvjlh sj trhisgbtbð mj luijs h vbjrijs h lhs 5;0? p.g., h trhvâs mj lhs fimhs cjrtzbhihs mj lh SJ] mj Gfitjrrjy. Duj js`rbth pfr @ljgjitj Zrbaj Zehrtj, sfifrbzhmh pfr Qfejlbf Efizèljz ]rjvbøf y prfthefibzhmh pfr jl ùhmrf js`âib`f mj lh prfpbh rhmbfmbdusfrh. r hmbfmbdusfrh. Jl jlji`f jstuvf `fidfrghmf pfr _fi`cf Efizèljz `fgf Ghr-

888

“Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 5 mj jijrf, 82:?. “Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , vbjrijs 1= mj ghrzf, 82:?. 880 Çmjg. 88= “Ghrtçi @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , vbjrijs 1= mj ghrzf, 82:?. 881

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

=2

tçi @frfih, Ghrçh Hurfrh Jlbzfimf `fgf @chajlh y @ljgjitj Zrbaj Zehrtj `fgf prfmu`tfr mj lh rhmbfifvjlh.88: Gji`bfihr lh rhmbfifvjlh mj Ghrtçi @frfih js bgpfrthitj pfrquj h trhvâs mj âsth sj mbduimbð gûsb`h mj h`frmjði. Lh rhmbfifvjlh mj Ghrtçi @frfih sj jstrjið ji 82:?> y ji 82:1, lh pjlçùlh, Hcç vbjij Ghrtçi @frfih, prfthefibzhmh pfr _jmrf Bidhitj y pfr Phrbth Gfitbjl, sj prfyj`tð ji lfs `bijs mj Gfitjrrjy.884 Jl cj`cf bivbth h pjishr quj ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, chaçh ui mbèlfef y uih rjtrfhlbgjith`bði mbsùrsbvh jitrj lh rhmbf y jl `bij. Ji 82:?, jl @bij Qjx mj Gfitjrrjy fdrj`bð uih Ghtbiâ `fi lh pjlçùlh “Hehpbtf ]rjvbøf “@hahllf alhi`f‗. @uhimf llfrhi lfs vhlbjitjs‗, prfthefibzhmh pfr _jmrf Bidhitj y pfr Alhi`h Jstjlh _hvði.885 Pb abji, jsth ùtçùlh sj jstrjið ji 82=:, ji 82:? duj rjjstrjihmh `fi jl dbihi`bhgbjitf mjl efabjrif mj Iujvf Ljði, `fgf phrtj mj lh bivji`bði ùlturhl mjl ifrjstj gjxb`hif. Jstj dblgj mbduimbð jl @frrbmf mj Gfitjrrjy, rjdjrjitj ji lh `fistru``bði bmjitbthrbh mjl ifrtj y mj sus chabthitjs. Lh hutfrçh mjl @frrbmf mj Gfitjrrjy js htrbaubmh hl `fgpfsbtfr pftfsbif, Pjvjrbhif Arbsjøf, Arbsjøf, mhtf quj mjgujstrh quj ji lh `fistru``bði ùlturhl mjl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, sughrfi h`tfrjs sf`bhljs pjrtjij`bjitjs h mbdjrjitjs rjebfijs mjl Gâxb`f h`tuhl.883 Jl pjrbðmb`f Jl _frvjibr mj Gfitjrrjy rjebstrð lh jxbstji`bh mj uih rhmbfifvj r hmbfifvjlh lh sfarj Hehpbtf ]rjvbøf, rjlhthimf rjlhthimf ji lh sbeubjitj dfrgh lhs `hrh`tjrçstb`hs mj lh prfmu``bði;

88: Çmjg. 884

“Hcç vbjij Ghrtçi @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , kujvjs 13 mj hefstf, 82:1. ji Jl Ifrtj , mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 82:?. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl cbstfrbhmfr jerjshmf mj lh ZIHG, Jmuhrmf Ghrtçijz Guøfz, lh pjlçùlh mj Hehpbtf ]rjvbøf sj jstrjið ji 82=: y mjsth`h pfr bi`frpfrhr ji su gusb`hlbzh`bði jl @frrbmf mj Gfitjrrjy. Ghrtçijz Guøfz, Jmuhrmf, “_rjsji`bh mjl ghrbh`cb ji lh gûsb`h g ûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih‗, ji ¡Hrrbah ¡Hrrba h jl Ifrtj!, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?80, p.41. 883 Ghrtçijz Guøfz, Jmuhrmf, “_rjsji`bh mjl ghrbh`cb ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih‗, ji ¡Hrrbah ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?80, p.41. 885 “Ghtbiâ‗,

:?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lh vbmh biqubjth y hzhrfsh mj Hehpbtf ]rjvbøf, @hahllf Alhi`f, jl `âljarj ahimbmf, tjrrfr mjl Cuhku`f. Mrhgh ahshmf ji lfs prf`jsfs quj farhi ji pfmjr mjl C. ]rbauihl Pupjrbfr mj Kustb`bh mj Iujvf Ljði y lfs mhtfs dh`blbthmfs pfr jl cbstfrbhmfr, Phitbhef Qfjl. Hmhpth`bði rhmbfdðib`h mj _jpj _jøh. ]rhisgbtj tfmfs lfs gbâr`fljs y sèahmfs pfr lh SJ], SJ], mj lhs 2 h lhs 2;0? mj lh if`cj. _htrf`bihmf pfr Hphrhtfs Mfgâstb`fs mj _hmrj Gbjr y Js`fajmf.882

_fr lf gjifs, mjsmj prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, jxbstbð uih habjrth `fgpjtji`bh jitrj lh SJ] y lh SJA, pueih quj bi`luçh h lhs rhmbfifvjlhs. rhmbfifvjlhs. Jl 08 mj kulbf mj 82:?, pfr jkjgplf, Jl Ifrtj mj Gfitjrrjy mbf ùjith mj lh bivbth`bði quj cbzf lh SJDA phrh sbitfibzhr “lh gès bitjrjshitj db``bði mj hvjiturhs js`rbth pfr Cugajrtf @hlmjrði‗,81? llhghmh Jl ]jsfrf mj @hahllf Alhi`f. Lh rhmbfifvjlh duj trhisgbtbmh mj luijs h vbjrijs, h lh 8 p.g. Jl phtrf`bihmfr mj lh rhmbfifvjlh duj Abgaf, “jl rjdrjs`f mj luijs h mfgbief‗.818 Ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, lh SJ] mj Gfitjrrjy fdrj`bð uih prferhgh`bði sfpfrthmh ji lh phrtb`bph`bði mj Lhs Cjrghihs Lðpjz, mj lfs trçfs Lfs Pulthijs y @lèsb`f Himrhmj> mj lhs rhmbfifvjlhs Ghrbhijlh y Ghrtçi @frfih. Lh prferhgh`bði mj lh SJ] duj rjmfimjhmh pfr Lh Cfrh mj lfs Hdb`bfihmfs, gbsgh quj sj trhisgbtbð ji vbvf mjsmj jl ]jhtrf Jstumbf mj lh SJ]> hmjgès mj 5? Gbiutfs mj @hi`bfijs Qjebfihljs, Mbs`ftj`h h sus ðrmjijs y jl prferhgh Gâxb`f y sus @hi`bfijs. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl pjrbðmb`f Jl Ifrtj mj Gfitjrrjy, jl 80 mj kuibf mj 82:?, jl prferhgh Gâxb`f y sus @hi`bfijs, efzð mj lh prjsji`bh mjl Ghrbh`cb mj @ljtf Tbllhiujvh, mj Lh [jihbmh Bierhth, Bier hth, mj Lh Gfrjibth y mj Lhs Eujrrblljrhs mjl Ifrtj. Jl prferhgh duj trhisgbtbmf mj luijs h vbjrijs h lh 80;0? p.g. y sj `hrh`tjrbzð pfr mbduimbr gûsb`h rjebfihl `fgf lh bitjrprjthmh pfr Lhs Eujrrblljrhs mjl Ifrtj.811

882

“@hahllf Alhi`f‗, Alhi`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs 1 mj kulbf, 82:8. 81? “Jl ]jsfrf ]jsfrf mj @hahllf Alhi`f‗, ji ji Jl Ifrtj , luijs 08 mj kulbf, 82:?. 818 Çmjg. 811 “Lh SJ] hiui`bh hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji ji Jl Ifrtj , 80 mj kuibf, 82:?.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

:8

H@FQMJFIBP]HP JI LH MÂ@HMH MJ 82:?. H gjmbhmfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, jl h`frmjfibsth Qhgbrf ]frrjs pbshah dujrtj ji lh rurhlbmhm ijflfijsh, `fgf lf ch`j jvbmjitj Jl Ifrtj. Mb`cf h`frmjfibsth jrh sflb`bthmf `fi rjeulhrbmhm phrh hgjibzhr dbjsths f “euhtjqujs‗ ji rhi`cfs mj Lbihrjs y mj @bumhm Hiècuh`, Iujvf Ljði> 810 hltjrihimf, `hsb sbjgprj, `fi Lfs ]hgafrbljrfs mj Hlljimj ji sbtbfs `fgf Lh Ch`bjimh mj lh Dlfr. 81=Lh dhgh mjl h`frmjfibsth jrh thl, quj bi`lusf lhs hlugihs mjl ]jìflðeb`f mj Gfitjrrjy lf `fitrhthrfi phrh hgjibzhr ui “Ahblj Qhi`cjrf‗, jl 80 mj ghyf mj 82:8. 81: Lh dhgh mj Qhgbrf ]frrjs duj thith quj jl ghrtjs 80 mj kuibf mj 82:? jstuvf `fgf bivbthmf, bivbthmf, hl lhmf mj [jihbmh Bierhth (`hi`bfijrh rjebfgfithih), mjl trçf Lfs Hrrbjrfs y mj Lhs Eujrrblljrhs Eujrrblljr hs mjl Ifrtj, ji lh SJ] mj Gfitjrrjy. Gfitjrrjy.814@hsb ui gjs mjspuâs, lh gbsgh SJ] `jmbð ui jsph`bf mj 0? gbiutfs phrh quj Qhgbrf ]frrjs fdrj`bjrh humb`bfijs h sus rhmbfjsù`chs, ahkf jl ifgarj mj “_rferhgh `fi h`frmjði‗. Jl gbsgf mçh quj Qhgbrf ]frrjs tf`hah su h`frmjði ji lh SJ], SJ], Lhs Cjrghihs Cjr ghihs Lðpjz (h`fgphøhmhs pfr jl pbhibsth Qhûl Phi Ajrihl) trbuidhahi ji lfs gb`rðdfifs mj Jl _rjefijrf mjl Ifrtj. 815 If `hrh`tjrbzhmf pfr ui rjpjrtfrbf prfpbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ji ghyf mj 82:? h`tûf ji Gfitjrrjy uih `hrhvhih hrtçstb`h `fi gftbvf mjl `biùjitjihrbf mj lh SJ], mj lh ùhl phrtb`bpð lh heruph`bði jsphøflh, Lfs Af`cjrfs, qubjijs tjiçhi ji jl h`frmjði su bistrugjitf gès bgpfrthitj.813 Mj hùjrmf `fi Jl Ifrt j, j, jitrj lfs hrtbsths hrtbs ths bivbthmfs hl hehshkf dbeurhrfi lh `hi`bfijrh Mfrh Ghrçh, “gheiçdb`h bitârprjtj mj lh gûsb`h rhi`cjrh gjxb`hih‗, jl `ðgb`f _hisj`f, jl lfùtfr

810

“Pj hiui`bh euhtjquj‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 14 mj kulbf, 82:?. “Erhi ahblj rhi`cjrf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 80 mj kuibf, 82:?. 81: “_rjphrhi ahblj rhi`cjrf‗, rhi`cjrf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , ghrtjs 2 mj ghyf, 82:8. 814 “Pj prjsjith lh pfpulhr `hi`bfijrh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , ghrtjs 80 mj kuibf, 82:?. 815 “Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 12 mj kulbf, 82:?. 81=

813

:1

“Mfrh Ghrçh vbjij h lh SJ] `fi lh `hrhvhih hrtçstb`h‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , kujvjs = mj ghyf ghyf,, 82:?.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ehgafh, “jl gjxb`hiçsbgf‗ ]rçf Lfs ]hrbhùrb, y “lh `hi`bfijrh mjl jstblf bi`fiduimbalj‗, Hgphrf Gfitjs. Jl djstbvhl duj frehibzhmf pfr lh @fgphøçh Duimbmfrh mj Dbjrrf y H`jrf, `fi gftbvf mjl `biùjitjihrbf mj lh SJ]> jvjitf quj tuvf h abji mjshrrfllhrsj jl : mj ghyf mj 82:?, h lhs 81 mjl mçh, ji jl _hrquj Jsphøh mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy.. Jl jvjitf duj trhisgbtbmf h `fitrfl rjgftf pfr lh “pfpulhr jgbsfrh rjebfgfithih. Zi jsdujrzf gès mj SJ] pfr sjrvbr h su humbtfrbf‗.812 Xubjijs ji`hajzhrfi jl prferhgh dujrfi Lfs Af`cjrfs mj Jsphøh, “`fitrhthmfs pfr ushr h`frmjði, bmjitbdb`èimfsj hsç, `fi jl sjitbr mj iujstrh gûsb`h rjebfihl‗. rj ebfihl‗.80? Thlj lh pjih ljjr uih mj lhs ifths quj sj mbvulehrfi ji lfs mbhrbfs mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy,, h prfpðsbtf mj jsth `hrhvhih gusb`hl; Jl jstupjimf `fikuitf Lfs Af`cjrfs, lljehrè cfy h Gfitjrrjy, h afrmf mjl prbgjr hvbði prf`jmjitj mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, `fitrhthmfs pfr lh @fgphøçh Duimbmfrh mj Dbjrrf y H`jrf mj Gfitjrrjy, y lh SJ], phrh phrtb`bphr ji jl djstbvhl quj âsth pfmjrfsh jgprjsh bimustrbhl vbjij prjphrhimf phrh ghøhih, h lhs 81;?? cfrhs, `fi gftbvf mj lh `jljarh`bði mj su `biùjitjihrbf. Jstfs jxtrhfrmbihrbfs hrtbsths tjimrèi, hmjgès, mjsmj jl ]jhtrf Jstumbf mj lh SJ], SJ], jl mçh mj cfy, cfy, uih sjrbj rjlègphef mj prferhghs prfe rhghs pfr `frtjsçh mj lh @hsh Euhkhrmf, Euhkhr mf, jgaftjllhmfrh mj _J_ y Mfalj @flh, quj hiui`bh lh prðxbgh bihueurh`bði mj su iujvh plhith jgaftjllhmfrh. Jstfs prferhghs sjrèi h lh 8;8: p.g. y h lhs 5;8: p.g. Ji jl djstbvhl mj lh `fgphøçh Duimbmfrh mj Dbjrrf y H`jrf mj Gfitjrrjy, h`tuhrèi `fi Lfs Af`cjrfs, jl prbgjr `ðgb`f mj rhmbf ji Gâxb`f, jl _hizði _hisj`f, h`fgphøhmf mjl lfùtfr Ehgafh, jl gjxb`hiçsbgf gjxb`hiç sbgf ]rçf ]hrbhùrb, lh `hi`bfijrh mjl jstblf bi`fiduimbalj, Hgphrf Gfitjs y lh kfvji bitârprjtj mj iujstrh gûsb`h rhi`cjrh, Mfrh Ghrçh. Zih `fistjlh`bði mj hrtbsths mj prbgjrh gheibtum, prjsjithmhs h trhvâs mj lh SJ], SJ], `fgf ui iujvf jsdujrzf phrh phr h sjrvbr h su ejitj. 808

812 Çmjg. 80?

Çmjg. 808 “Lfs Af`cjrfs mjsmj cfy ji lh SJ]‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , = mj ghyf, 82:?.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

:0

LLJEHQFI LFP HØFP PJPJI]H Lh thrmj mjl gbâr`fljs 4 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8245, lh @hrhvhih @frfih cbzf h`tf mj prjsji`bh ji jl @bij Dlfrbmh mj Gfitjrrjy, `fi Julhlbf Efizèljz _bpfrrf `fgf su gèxbgh jstrjllh, js`flthmf pfr Lu`ch Tbllh, Tbtflh, Jgblbf ]ujrf, Lblbh _rhmf y Lfs ]hrbhùrb. Gbsgf høf ji quj dbeurhahi ji lhs phithllhs mj Gâxb`f pjlçùlhs `fgf Lh Pflmhmjrh `fi Pblvbh _bihl, Ihr`bsf Ausqujts y Khbgj Djrièimjz> Lfs Hljerjs Hlje rjs Heublhrjs `fi Hitfibf Heublhr Heublhr,, Ghrçh Muvhl y Jlsh @èrmjihs> Qçf Arhvf `fi Kfhquçi Kfhqu çi @frmjrf y Kulbf Hljgèi> Gb `hahllf prbjtf rjajlmj `fi Kfhquçi @frmjrf, @frmjrf, Lu`ch Tbllh y Kulbf Hlmhgh> _bpfrrf `fi Quljtjrf h tfmh ghr`ch> Lfs Cjrghifs @jitjllh `fi Khbgj Djrièimjz, @cjljlf y Ghitjqubllh> @hahllf prbjtf hzhah`cj `fi Hitfibf Heublhr, Dlfr Pblvjstrj y Khbgj Djrièimjz> Lfs @hbdhijs `fi Fs`hr @cèvjz, Jl Ifrtjøf Htrhvjshmf, y Khvbjr Pflçs ji Kuhi _bstflhs, su ûltbgh ùtçùlh.801 Lh SJDA hiui`bð sus rhmbfifvjlhs; Jl èiejl pjrvjrsf, Jl mflfr mj ih`jr gukjr y Jl prj`bf mj ui pj`hmf, “farhs js`rbths phrh tfmhs lhs gukjrjs‗.800 Pj bihueurð lh SJQI mj Gfitjgfrjlfs, Iujvf Ljði> sj bivbtð hl “Erhi Ahblj Qhi`cjrf‗ ji jl @lua mj Ljfijs mj Gfitjrrjy, y sj hiui`bð lh h`tuh`bði mj _bpfrrf, Lymbh Gjimfzh, Lu`ch Tbllh, Lhs Eujrrblljrhs mjl Ifrtj y mjl h`frmjfibsth Qhgbrf ]frrjs, ji jl @hrihvhl mjl Hlefmði, `jljarhmf lfs mçhs 8=, 8: y 84 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8245, ji Arfwisvbllj, ]jxhs, JJZZ.80= Jl høf mj 8245 `jrrð `fi mfs iftb`bhs bgpfrthitjs phrh lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. _rbgjrf, jl rjerjsf mj Ghzhtlèi mjl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl, _rjsbmjitj mj Mbs`fs Dhl`fi mj G` Hllji, ]jxhs, mfimj sj jitrjvbstð ji plhi mj ijef`bfs `fi jl sjøfr Kuhi Kfsâ Tb`jitj Lhvjheh, Mbrj`tfr

801

“Lljeh lh @hrhvhih @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. 80= “Jl @hrihvhl mjl Hlefmði‗, Hlefmði‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. 800 “_rferhgh`bði‗,

:=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ejijrhl mj Mbs`fs ]hgafrh.80: Pjeuimf, Mbs`fs @AP prjsjitð h Tb`jitj Djrièimjz, su iujvh hmqubsb`bði, “kfvji pfsjjmfr mj uih dujrtj, cjrgfsh y arbllhitj vfz quj sj pjrdblh `fgf uih dbeurh mj lh `hi`bði rhi`cjrh‗.804 Djrièimjz sj jstrjið ji lh bimustrbh mjl mbs`f “`fi mfs afljrfs rhi`cjrfs quj dfrghi su prbgjr mbs`f sji`bllf‗.805 Lh gûsb`h mjl h`frmjfibsth Hitfibf ]hieugh mjsth`ð `fgf phrtj `ru`bhl ji lhs prjsjith`bfijs mjl ahlljt mj Iujvf Ljði, quj murhitj jl gjs mj jijrf mj 825?, fdrj`bð rj`bthljs ji Gfitjrrjy. Gfitjrrjy. Lhs phrtb`bph`bfijs mjl ahlljt  mj mj Iujvf Ljði dujrfi trhisgbtbmhs pfr Qhmbf Pbstjgh Qurhl mjl Ifrtj, `fisfr`bf rhmbfdðib`f bitjerhmf pfr lh SJQ, pfr lh SJQI y pfr lh SJLI. 803 Ji uih jitrjvbsth cj`ch h mfi Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf, âstj gji`bfið quj Eèimhrh, tbjimh mj bistrugjitfs y jlj`trfmfgâstb`fs, lj jitrjeð ui iujvf h`frmjði, “`fgf phrtj mjl phtrf`bibf quj efzh jl gûsb`f ijfljfiâs‗.802 H dbihljs mj 825?, sj hiui`bð lh prjsjith`bði mj @cjlf Pblvh ji Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, ji jl ghr`f mj uih rjvbsth gusb`hl> hmjgès mjl jstrjif mjl ]ui`f Gh`lfvbf, ùtçùlh prfthefibzhmh pfr Kulbf Hljgèi, Ghrbf Hlghmh y Ifrh @hitû, mfimj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih fùph ui luehr `jitrhl. 8=? Jl 2 mj harbl mj 825?, lljeð lh @hrhvhih @frfih h Gfitjrrjy, `fi lh prjsji`bh mj _jmrf Rjrjih, Kuhi Gfitfyh, Kuhi Kuhi Phlhzhr, _fi`cf _fi`cf Tbllheðgjz, Lhs _jrlbths y Lfs Ehllbtfs mjl Ifrtj. Ifr tj.8=8Jl gbsgf høf sj prfyj`thrfi ji lfs `bijs mj Gfitjrrjy pjlçùlhs `fgf Jl mçh mj lfs hlahøbljs BBB, Gb `fgphmrj

80:

“Jl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl rjerjsð mj Ghzhtlèi‗, Ghzhtlèi‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 83 mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. 804 “Mbs`fs @AP mjsùarj h Tb`jitj Tb`jitj Djrièimjz‗, Djrièimjz‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 1: mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. Pj hiui`bh lh vjith mj @fisflhs Erhdd, “freullf mj lh bimustrbh jurfpjh‗, ji jl @jitrf Gjr`hitbl mj Gfitjrrjy. Gfitjrrjy. Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 1: mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. Jl 15 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8243 sj jstrjih ji lfs `bijs mj Gfitjrrjy lh pjlçùlh, Thljitçi mj lh Pbjrrh, prfthefibzhmh pfr Hitfibf Heublhr y Kfrej Ghrtçijz mj Cfyfs Cfyfs.. Jl _frvjibr , 15 mj sjptbjgarj, 8243. 805

Çmjg. 803 “Jl ghjstrf Hitfibf Hitfibf ]hieugh‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr , vbjrijs 10 mj jijrf, 825?. 802 Çmjg. 8=? “Qjvbsth Gusb`hl‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs = mj ifvbjgarj, 825?. 8=8 “@hrhvhih mj hrtbsths‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 2 mj harbl, 825?.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

::

@hpulbih, Kfhquçi Kfhquçi Gurrbjth `fi Qb`hrmf Gfithlaèi, Tujlvj Tujlvj jl fkf mj vbmrbf `fi Hitfibf Heublhr y Jl pf`cf h `flfrjs, `fi Julhlbf Efizèljz “_bpfrrf‗.8=1

CFGJIHKJHIMF HL H@FQMJÐI _hrh dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih efzhah mj ui rj`fif`bgbjitf sf`bhl bgpfrthitj, `fgf lf mjgujstrhi vhrbhs ifths pjrbfmçstb`hs jmbthmhs pfr jsfs høfs. H dbihljs mj 8233, pfr jkjgplf, jl Hyuithgbjitf mj Lbihrjs, Iujvf Ljði, frehibzð ui bgpfrthitj cfgjihkj h mjsth`hmfs `fgpfsbtfrjs j bitârprjtjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgf jl h`frmjfibsth Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf, `fgf lfs mujtfs Jl _hlfgf y Jl Efrrbði, @hrlfs y Kfsâ, Lubs y Kulbèi. Jl h`frmjfibsth Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf js `fgpfsbtfr mj gjlfmçhs `fgf Jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh y `fgf Jvhiejlbih, “gbsghs quj mbjrfi frbeji h lh `hrh`tjrbzh`bði gusb`hl mj Iujvf Ljði‗. 8=0 Jl mujtf Lubs y Kulbèi mjsth`ð ji jl hgabjitj ifrtjøf pfr sjr lfs `rjhmfrjs mj `frrbmfs `fgf Lhs trjs tugahs y Pj jstè `hyjimf jl kh`hl. Jl cfgjihkj sj rjhlbzð ji jl ghr`f mj lh `lhusurh mj lh BB Djrbh mj lh Ghrqujth ji Tbllhsj`h, Lbihrjs, Iujvf Ljði, h lhs 3;0? p.g. mjl mfgbief 8= mj hefstf mj 8233. Jl jvjitf sj lljvð h `haf ji Lbihrjs pfr `fisbmjrhrlf lh `htjmrhl mjl dfl`lfrj ijflfiâs. Lfs sflbsths y mujtfs cfgjihkjhmfs dujrfi prjgbhmfs “pfr arbimhr bmjitbmhm y vhlfr hl ifrtj ifr tj mj Gâxb`f‗.8== _hrh jstfs høfs, lh gûsb`h mj h`frmjði yh js sbiðibgf mj bmjitbmhm ifrtjøh-ifrjstjisj. Ji ifvbjgarj mj 8220, sj rjhlbzð ui rj`fif`bgbjitf h lfs bgpulsfrjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lh sjlj``bði mj lfs cfgjihkjhmfs rjspfimbð hl bgpulsf quj âstfs lj chi mhmf hl guib`bpbf mj Euhmhlupj, Iujvf Ljði. Lh mbstbi`bði sj cbzf jl mçh mj Phith @j`blbh, lh phtrfih mj lfs gûsb`fs.

8=1 “@hrtjljrh‗,

ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs = mj ifvbjgarj, 825?. “Cfgjihkjhrèi h gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , sèahmf 80 mj hefstf, 8233. 8== “Cfgjihkjhrèi h gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , sèahmf 80 mj hefstf, 8233. 8=0

:4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lfs prjgbfs dujrfi jitrjehmfs pfr Qhgbrf Eujrrh, Hl`hlmj mj Euhmhlupj, pfr jl mbputhmf Bsghjl Dlfrjs @hitû, pfr lh mbputhmh @rbstbih Mçhz y pfr _blf Jlbzfimf, Pj`rjthrbf Ejijrhl mj lh Pj``bði =:: mj Gûsb`fs mj Euhmhlupj, Iujvf Iujvf Ljði. Lhs heruph`bfijs quj phrtb`bphrfi mjl cfgjihkj dujrfi Lhlf Gfrh, Lfs ]rhbljrfs mjl Ifrtj, Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf. Murhitj lh vjlhmh, Jmuhrmf Gfrh Cjrièimjz, bitjrprjtð sus iujvfs tjghs h rbtgf mj ahimh sbihlfjisj. “Lh prjgbh`bði sj jdj`tûf ji jl @jitrf mj @fivji`bfijs Dbjsth Euhmhlupj, h mfimj thgabâi hsbstbjrfi iujvfs erupfs `fgf Durbh mjl Ifrtj, _rfyj``bði, Erupf Qjvðlvjr y Lfs Èiejljs mjl Ifrtj‗. 8=: Jl kujvjs 82 mj ifvbjgarj mj 8221, sj hiui`bð jl ih`bgbjitf mjl Phlði mj lh Dhgh mj lh Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Gjxb`hih. Mj hùjrmf `fi Jl _frvjibr, jl gusjf sj uab`hrçh ji lhs bisthlh`bfijs mj lh Duimbmfrh mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, `fi jl hpfyf j`fiðgb`f mjl Efabjrif Efabjr if mjl Jsthmf, h trhvâs mj lh Pj`rjthrçh mj @ulturh mbrbebmh pfr Pfibh Ehrzh Qhppfrt y @hrlfs Eðgjz. Jl rjsphlmf bistbtu`bfihl sj mjabð, ji erhi gjmbmh, hl hugjitf prjsupujsthl quj Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf, efajrihmfr mj Iujvf Ljði, hprfað, kuitf `fi jl @fierjsf mjl Jsthmf, h lfs prfyj`tfs mj `hrè`tjr ùlturhl. Bib`bhlgjitj, Bib`bhlgjitj, jl rj`bitf cbstðrb`f `fithrçh `fi prjimhs, dftferhdçhs dftferhdçhs j bistrugjitfs prfpbjmhm mjl h`frmjfibsth Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf, mj Qfajrtf _ulbmf, mj Lfs Mfiijøfs y mj Lfs Gfithøjsjs mjl Èlhgf. Jl hiui`bf mj jstj prfyj`tf sj mbf ji jl ghr`f mj lh rjhlbzh`bði mjl _rbgjr @fierjsf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj jl @frrbmf, jdj`tuhmf mjl 14 hl 13 mj ifvbjgarj mj 8221, ji lhs bisthlh`bfijs mj lh ZHIL.8=4 Murhitj lh erhah`bði mj uif mj sus prferhghs ji jl tjhtrf mjl pujalf mj lh djrbh mj Gfitjrrjy,, jmb`bði 8220, Kfciy @hihljs, rrjy @hihljs, rj`fif`bmf prjsjithmfr mj tjljvbsbði ji ]jxhs ]jxhs,, bidfrgð quj Abll @lbitfi, prjsbmjitj mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, lf ifgarð Jgahkhmfr mj lh gûsb`h tjxhih. Lh `jrjgfibh tuvf luehr ji jl `fierjsf mj lh ih`bði y phrtb`bpð mj lh gbsgh Phlfgði Frtbz, `fierjsbsth

8=:

“Qj`fif`ji h lhs gûsb`hs ifrtjøhs‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr , 1= mj ifvbjgarj, 8220. 8=4 “Phlði mj lh dhgh mj lh Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Ifrtjøh h Duimbmfrh‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , kujvjs 82 mj ifvbjgarj, 8221. Ji 822?, surebð lh prbgjrh pr bgjrh bib`bhtbvh mj `fi`rjthr jl prfyj`tf mjl gusjf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh, sbi sb i jgahref lhs pbjzhs quj sjrçhi jxpujsths dujrfi hahimfihmhs ji uih `hsfih uab`hmh ji lh `hllj Hlljimj, jitrj Mr. @fss y Mbjef mj Gfitjghyfr, ji Gfitjrrjy, Iujvf Ljði, Gâxb`f.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

:5

rjprjsjithitj mjl sur mj ]jxhs. “Jl Pcfw mj Kfciy @hihljs lljvh gès mj 8? høfs mj trhisgbsbði bibitjrrugpbmh y tbjij pfr fakjtbvf bgpulshr lh gûsb`h tjxhih, ifrtjøh y trfpb`hl‗. 8=5 Jl Pcfw mj Kfciyy @hihljs sbrvbð mj js`hphrhtj h bitârprjtjs quj ji lhs mâ`hmhs mj 823? y 822?, mjsth`hrfi ji lh Kfci js`jih gusb`hl `fgf Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs, `fgf Jgblbf Ihvhbrh, `fgf Lfs Gbjr, `fgf Lfs Ahrði mj Hpfmh`h, `fgf Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs, `fgf Dbtf Flbvhrjs, `fgf jl Erupf Ghzz, `fgf Lh Pfgarh y `fgf Arfi`f. Jl Pcfw mj Kfciy @hihljs sj dblgð ji jl tjhtrf mjl pujalf mj Gfitjrrjy pfr bivbth`bði mjl efajrihmfr mj Iujvf Ljði, Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf. Mjl jvjitf phrtb`bphrfi Lfs Thlljihtfs mj lh @ugabh y Lfs Ahrði mj Hpfmh`h, mfs heruph`bfijs duimhmhs ji Iujvf I ujvf Ljði, Gâxb`f. Gâxb`f.8=3 @fgf ui rj`fif`bgbjitf h lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, jl dhgfsf prjsjithmfr mj lh tjljvbsbði gjxb`hih, Qhûl Tjlhs`f, erhað uih jmb`bði mj su prferhgh Pbjgprj ji Mfgbief, ji lh _lhzh Gfiugjithl mj Gfitjrrjy. Mjl jspj`bhl phrtb`bphrfi Lfs @hrmjihljs mj Iujvf Ljði, Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði, Erupf Ghzz, Lfs Dhithsghs mjl @hrbaj, Ghimbief, Ehrbahlmb, Rurb, Rurb, Kuhi _half Ghizhijrf, Blsj, @hlð, Dlhvbf @âshr, _jmrf Djrièimjz y Hljkhimrh Euzgèi. “H lhs 82;0? cfrhs, hl erbtf mj Tbvh Iujvf Ljði, Qhûl Tjlhs`f cbzf jl `fitjf bib`bhl phrh `fgjizhr `fi lh erhah`bði mjl sjegjitf prbgjrf mjl prferhgh‗. 8=2 Jl prferhgh duj trhisgbtbmf ji `hmjih ih`bfihl jl 12 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8220, y jl mbijrf rj`humhmf mj lhs jitrhmhs duj mjstbihmf h lhs vç`tbghs mjl curh`èi Eblajrtf.8:?

8=5

“@lbitfi rj`fif`jrè h Kfciy Kfciy @hihljs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220.

8=3 Çmjg. 8=2

“Pbjgprj ji Mfgbief. Mfgbief. Eusth h gjmbfs jlji`f jstjlhr‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 8:? “Pbjgprj ji Mfgbief Mfgbief hquç‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220.

:3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

H@FQMJÐI EQZ_JQF Lh prbgjrh gbthm mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, ghr`h, ji mjdbibtbvh, lh elfahlbzh`bði mj lh “erupjrh‗, uih gûsb`h quj sj ahsh ji ui `frpus bitjrprjthtbvf `fistbtubmf pfr ahlhmhs y pfr ùgabhs. Huiquj Huiquj `jmj ui hltf erhmf mj prfthefibsgf h lfs tj`lhmfs, jl h`frmjði sbeuj vbejitj ji lhs heruph`bfijs mj gûsb`h erupjrh `fgf Pjljih, Jgblbf Ihvhbrh y Arfi`f. Duj h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, quj bitârprjtjs tjxhifs trhahkhrfi mj ghijrh `fisthitj ji js`jihrbfs mj Gfitjrrjy. Lh Mbs`f ]bthibug, pfr jkjgplf, fdrj`bð ji su prferhgh`bði “Jl vbjrijs tjxhif‗, tj xhif‗, jsph`bf mfimj Jgblbf Ihvhbrh Ihvhbrh y su Erupf Qçf, tf`hrfi. Lh sbeubjitj rjsjøh pjrbfmçstb`h hyumhrè h mjs`rbabr lh rjhlbmhm mj lh âpf`h; @fi sus `lèsb`fs gfvbgbjitfs mj ahblj, Jgblbf Ihvhbrh y su Erupf Qçf, sj prjsjithrfi ji jl vbjrijs tjxhif mj lh Mbs`f ]bthibug. Jgblbf bib`bð `fi jl tjgh quj lf mbjrh h `fif`jr ji Gfitjrrjy, @ðgf lj chrâ. R phrh mjgfstrhr su vjrshtblbmhm, bitjrprjtð lh ùgabh ]û gb hgfr. Lh prbgjrh phrtb`bph`bði mj Jgblbf Ihvhbrh `fi`luyð `fi Pbjgprj kuitfs y Lh L h rhgh mjl gjzqubtj. Jl erupf e rupf ch cj`cf mj Gfitjrrjy su plhthdfrgh hl prjsjithrsj ji jl rfmjf mj gjmbh if`cj mj Phith Qfsh y ji lh Djrbh mj Gfitjrrjy, jl mçh mj hyjr. Jl bitârprjtj tjxhif ch sbmf llhghmf Jl Qjy mjl Qfmjf ji Gfitjrrjy, Cfustfi y ji Phi Hitfibf, ]jxhs, su tbjrrh ihthl. Jl erupf ch lljehmf h tjijr erhi dhgh hl jitrhr dujrtjgjitj h lh rhmbf hl gbsgf tbjgpf quj Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs, `fi qubjijs ch `fgphrtbmf ahbljs ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. H`tuhlgjitj, Jgblbf Ihvhbrh sj jiùjitrh prfgf`bfihimf su sjeuimf h`jthtf mj ifgarj J`lbpsj, mjl ùhl yh jstè sfihimf jl tjgh, Rh if gj pfijs htji`bði. Ji su prbgjr jljpâ jstuvf guy dujrtj lh gjlfmçh, @ðgf lj chrâ. Ji su iujvf mbs`f `fitbiûh `fi su `hrh`tjrçstb`f jstblf phrh bitjrprjthr ùgabhs, rhi`cjrhs y `cb`hihs> hmjgès bi`luyj uih ahlhmh mj su prfpbh bispbrh`bði tbtulhmh Kuitfs. 8:8

8:8

“Ch`j Jgblbf if`cj if`cj tjxhih‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

:2

Jgblbf Ihvhbrh if duj jl ûib`f erupjrf quj ji`fitrð ji Gfitjrrjy uih plhthdfrgh mj lhizhgbjitf prfdjsbfihl, pujs ftrfs bitârprjtjs `fgf Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs, rjùrrbjrfi h bmâitb`h dðrgulh. Ji jl gbsgf høf mj 8220, Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs cb`bjrfi h`tf mj prjsji`bh ji jl Jsthmbf mj Ajbsafl mj Gfitjrrjy, jsph`bf h`fimb`bfihmf `fgf ]jhtrf mjl _ujalf, ji jl ghr`f mj lh Djrbh Gfitjrrjy 8220. Gfitjrrjy, “Huiquj lh prjsjith`bði jsthah prferhghmh prfer hghmh phrh lhs 8?;0? cfrhs, duj chsth uih cfrh mjspuâs ùhimf jl efajrihmfr mjl Jsthmf, Pð`rhtjs Qbzzf Ehr`çh, kuitf `fi lhs hutfrbmhmjs, suabð hl js`jihrbf phrh bihueurhr jl ]jhtrf mjl _ujalf‗.8:1 Lh rjspfishablbmhm mj prjsjithr h Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs jstuvf ji Kjsûs Pfltjrf, rj`fif`bmh dbeurh mj lfs gjmbfs ghsbvfs mj `fguib`h`bði ji Iujvf Ljði y ]jxhs. Jl jvjitf duj erhahmf, y pfstjrbfrgjitj, trhisgbtbmf pfr Ehlhvbsbði. Pjljih hphrj`bð ji jl js`jihrbf “hthvbhmhh `fi afths, ghllhs y tfps ji `flfr ijerf “hthvbhm ije rf quj ghr`hahi sus jstupjimfs elûtjfs‗. 8:0 Jl ghrtjs 13 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8220, Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y jl erupf Lbajrh`bði h`tuhrfi ji jl Jsthmbf mj Ajbsafl mj Gfitjrrjy, `fgf phrtj mjl prferhgh fdrj`bmf pfr jl tjhtrf mjl pujalf mj lh Djrbh Gfitjrrjy 20. Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði harbjrfi jl `fi`bjrtf ji puitf mj lhs 3;0? mj lh if`cj `fi su tjgh, ]j lljvhstj lf gjkfr. “Lfs 4? gbiutfs quj murð lh prjsjith`bði mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs sj rjspbrð ui hgabjitj ifrtjøf‗.8:= H vjr sb `hpjh, Jslhaði pfr jslhaði, @bjlf, Gb `hsh iujvh y Xuj vhlfr mj gukjr, dujrfi hleuihs mj lhs `hi`bfijs quj bitjrprjtð jl erupf e rupf quj ji`hajzhrh Jmuhrmf “Lhlf‗ Gfrh. H gbthm mj lh prjsjith`bði mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði, Fvbmbf Jlbzfimf, @ffrmbihmfr mjl _htrfihtf, _htrfihtf, jitrjeð ui rj`fif`bgbjitf h lfs frbuimfs mj Lfs Qhgfijs, hitj lh hlehrhaçh mj lfs `fgjishljs. Lh dbjsth tjrgbið h lh gjmbh if`cj `fi lh h`tuh`bði mj Lbajrh`bði.8::

8:1

“Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs `fi jl pbj mjrj`cf‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 82 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 8:0 Çmjg. 8:= “Bivhsfrjs y Lbajrh`bði mhi tfmf pfr jl pûalb`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, kujvjs 0? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. 8:: Çmjg.

4?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ji 8225, Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs “vflvbjrfi h rjdrjimhr quj lh ahlhmh rfgèitb`h sbeuj tjibjimf erhi âxbtf mjitrf mjl eâijrf erupjrf‗.8:4 Lh prjsjith`bði mjl erupf e rupf zh`htj`hif ji lh Jxpf mj Euhmhlupj, duj `frjhmh pfr gès mj 4?,??? pjrsfihs. Hltjrihrfi `fi Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs heruph`bfijs j bitârprjtjs `fgf Jxtjrgbihmfr, Lfs ]rhbljrfs mjl Ifrtj, Lymbh @hvhzfs, @hvhzfs, Qhgði Hyhlh y Lfs Arhv Ar hvfs fs mjl Ifrtj. If flvbmhr quj murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, lh Jxpf mj Euhmhlupj hlajreð lfs gès bgpfrthib gpfrthitjs jvjitfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih y erupjrh. er upjrh. _fr jkjgplf, ji lh gbsgh Jxpf mj Euhmhlupj, jl Erupf Lçgbtj mj Phi Ib`flès mj lfs Ehrzh, Iujvf Ljði, tuvf su erhmuh`bði gusb`hl jl 1 mj hefstf mj 8225, ùhimf h`tuhrfi hl lhmf mj Jgblbf Ihvhbrh, Qhgði Hyhlh cbkf, Lfs _hlfgbifs, Lh Qjvhi`ch y Lfs ]berbllfs.8:5

H@FQMJFIBP]HP @FI]JG_FQÈIJFP Gfitjrrjy Murhitj lfs gjsjs mj jijrf, djarjrf y ghrzf mjl 1?81, rjhlb`â trhahkf mj `hgpf ji Gfitjrrjy, Iujvf Ljði. Hmjgès mj hsbstbr h `fi`bjrtfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, pumj jitrjvbsthr h Bsghjl Kfsuâ Lðpjz Hl`f`jr j Bvèi Hljkhimrf mj lh Ehrzh Ehr`çh, mfs h`frmjfibsths kðvjijs `fi dfrgh`bði h`hmâgb`h. Zi rhsef quj `fgphrtji lfs mfs jkjùthitjs js quj lh gûsb`h quj lfs lljvð hl h`frmjði duj jl vhlljihtf, if lh ifrtjøh. Mj lh Ehrzh hdbrgð quj mj pjqujøf “jsù`chah lh @ugabh Mfrbs y dbieçh quj tf`hah jl h`frmjði‗,8:3 gbjitrhs quj Lðpjz Hl`f`jr hsjeurð quj h lfs 8: høfs mj jmhm sj

8:4

“Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs ]jgjrhrbfs lh hrghi ji erhimj‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, luijs 84 mj kuibf, 8225. “Hlb`bh Tbllhrrjhl lj pfij gu`chs ehihs‗, ji ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, 1? mj kulbf, 8225. 8:3 Mj lh Ehrzh, Bvèi Hljkhimrf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 8:5

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

48

jihgfrð mjl vhlljihtf.8:2 Ji su hmfljs`ji`bh, lfs gûsb`fs rjyijrfs `fgprhahi gûsb`h `flfgabhih ji jl Gjr`hmf Kuèrjz y ji lfs pujstfs hgaulhitjs mj lh Hvjibmh Qjdfrgh> lujef `fgjizhrfi h hsbstbr h `fi`bjrtfs erhtubtfs e rhtubtfs quj fdrj`çhi hrtbsths vhlljihtfs `fgf @jlsf _bøh ji lh Gh`rf _lhzh mj Gfitjrrjy. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, hgafs gûsb`fs mb`ji chajrsj hljkhmf mjl vhlljihtf y sj chi h`jr`hmf h Gfitjrrjy. lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih pfrquj lh `fisbmjrhi phrtj mj su bmjitbmhm, “hlef `jr`hif, hlef dhgblbhr, hlef iujstrf‗.84? Bsghjl Kfsuâ Lðpjz Hl`f`jr sj prjimbð mjl vhlljihtf pfrquj sus ljtrhs y sus h`frmjfibsths lj phrj`çhi hutâitb`fs. H`hmâgb`hgjitj, h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih lh tfgð ji sjrbf chsth quj sj bis`rbabð hl @JMHQ], ji jl 1??0. Ji jsth bistbtu`bði rj`babð dfrgh`bði ji pbhif y `fgpfsb`bði. Bsghjl Kfsuâ Lðpjz Hl`f`jr ih`bð jl 1: mj harbl mj 823:, ji Gfitjrrjy, Iujvf Ljði. Qjùjrmh quj mj ibøf, su phmrj h`fstugarhah h jsù`chr gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji uih hitbeuh `fisflh, hiâ`mfth ji lh quj cfy `bgjith jl hgfr pfr jllh. H lfs 8: høfs mj jmhm `fgjizð h tf`hr ui h`frmjði mj tj`lhs. Hl tjrgbihr sus ùrsfs ji jl @JMHQ], Lðpjz Hl`f`jr qujrçh jspj`bhlbzhrsj ji `fgpfsb`bði gusb`hl, hsç quj sj bis`rbabð ji lh Dhùlthm mj Gûsb`h mj lh ZHIL. Zih vjz ji lh ZHIL, Bsghjl Kfsuâ Lðpjz Hl`f`jr `fif`bð h Kjsûs Hitfibf ]hieugh, ibjtf mjl ljejimhrbf h`frmjfibsth Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf, qubji lf bivbtð h su thlljr sfarj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 848 Lh jisjøhizh mj Kjsûs Hitfibf ]hieugh hgplbf lh vbsbði quj Bsghjl Kfsuâ Lðpjz Hl`f`jr tjiçh sfarj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Mjkð mj `fgprhr mbs`fs mj ùgabh `flfgabhih y sj `fgprfgjtbð jxbstji`bhlgjitj `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, pfr jsf cfy jstè htjitf mj sus mbdjrjitjs jstblfs, mj sus `fgpfsbtfrjs y mj sus vhrbhitjs rjebfihljs. Cfy vj hl vhlljihtf “`fgf dfl`lfr, dfl`lfr, pjrf if `fgf gûsb`h mj rhçz‗.841 @fisbmjrh quj lh tâìb`h phrh jkjùthr jl h`frmjði ifrtjøf, `hmh qubji lh `fis-

8:2

Çmjg. 84? Çmjg. 848 Lðpjz, Bsghjl ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 841 Çmjg.

41

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

truyj, sbi bgpfrthr quj jstumbjs ji uih jsùjlh mj gûsb`h uibvjrsbthrbh. Fpbih quj tjijr heblbmhm y dujrzh ji lfs mjmfs, sfi rjqubsbtfs bimbspjishaljs phrh tf`hr jl h`frmjði ifrtjøf. ifr tjøf. Js mj lh bmjh quj ùhlqubjr kfvji bitjrjshmf ji jspj`bhlbzhrsj ji lh jkjù`bði mjl h`frmjði ifrtjøf, mjaj `fgjizhr jishyhimf pflnhs, rjmfwhs, y sfarj tfmf, cuhphiefs, “pfrquj mj jsth ghijrh sj hprfvj`chi lfs ah kfs y tj `fij`ths `fi lh prfduimbmhm mj lhs rhç`js mj lh tbjrrh gjxb`hih‗.840 Bvèi Hljkhimrf mj lh Ehrzh ih`bð jl 4 mj kulbf mj 8233, ji Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy,, Iujvf Ljði. Pus phmrjs sfi jgberhitjs frbebihrbfs frb ebihrbfs mj Gfi`lfvh, @fhcublh. H lfs 80 høfs jmhm `fgprð su prbgjr h`frmjði, `fi jl quj jgpjzð h tf`hr rjpjrtfrbf prfpbf mjl vhlljihtf. H lfs 85 høfs, su ghmrj lj rjehlð ui iujvf h`frmjði mj tjìflfeçh bthlbhih. Zi høf mjspuâs bierjsð h lh Dhùlthm mj Gûsb`h mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Iujvf Ljði. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, Bvèi Hljkhimrf mj lh Ehrzh sj jspj`bhlbzh ji gûsb`h ifrtjøh y jstumbh dblfsfdçh ji lh ZHIL. Mj lh Ehrzh fpbih quj jl h`frmjði “js `fgf lh vfz mj Mbfs quj jl gûsb`f mjaj rjprjsjithr‗. 84=

@HI]BIHP JI LH PZL]HIH MJL IFQ]J Hmjgès mj jitrjvbsthr h`frmjfibsths, murhitj gb jsthi`bh ji lh Pulthih mjl Ifrtj, `fisultâ jl Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy. Ji jstj h`jrvf mfùgjithl rjvbsâ h`ths mj `hablmf `frrjspfimbjitjs h lfs høfs mj 82=4, 82:0, 82:=, 82::, 82:2, 824? y 824:. Ji 82=4, pfr jkjgplf, sj `fi`jsbfihrfi mfs pjrgbsfs phrh quj lhs `hitbihs Jl Thbvâi y jl Phlði Gfrhljs harbjrhi>84: ji 82:0 sj ftfrehrfi sjbs

840 Çmjg. 84=

Mj lh Ehrzh, Bvèi Hljkhimrf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 84: Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82=4/?8?, dfkhs 81, 8=/?4/82=4, 8: pèebihs.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

40

pjrgbsfs phrh jl jsthalj`bgbjitf mj iujvj `hitbihs>844 ji 82:= `fgjizhrfi h jxpjmbrsj pjrgbsfs phrh `jrvj`jrçhs.845 _hrh 82::, jl iûgjrf mj pjrgbsfs phrh harbr `hitbihs y `jrvj`jrçhs hugjitð ji ui 1??%. Jsj gbsgf høf sj hutfrbzð quj lhs gukjrjs pumbjrhi bierjshr `fgf `lbjitjs h `hitbihs y `jrvj`jrçhs.843 Ji 82:2, lfs @fgbsbfihmfs mj _flb`çh y Phibmhm dujrfi mjstbtubmfs pfr jl iûgjrf js`himhlfsf mj `hitbihs quj dui`bfihahi ji Gfitjrrjy, chabjimf ùhmrhs `fgf lh mj lh Jsùjlh Gfitjrrjy, quj `fithahi `fi 1? `hitbihs.842 Ji 824?, hmqubjrj pjrsfihlbmhm kurçmb`h lh Zibði mj _rfpbjthrbfs mj @hitbihs mj Gfitjrrjy>85? ji 824?, Fs`hr ]rjvbøf Ehrzh rjeulð lfs cfrhrbfs mj `hitbihs y `jrvj`jrçhs, ji rjspujsth h uih fljhmh mj hsjsbihtfs jdj`tuhmfs ji jstfs sbtbfs. 858 Ji 824:, `fgjizhrfi h rj`babrsj sflb`btumjs phrh `hgabhr jl ebrf mj lhs `hitbihs h rjsthurhit-ahr, 851 ji mbèlfef `fi lhs trhisdfrgh`bfijs urahihs mj Gfitjrrjy. Gfitjrrjy.

844

Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy,, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:0/??=, dfkhs 3, 82/?1/82:0, 1 pèebihs. Mj lfs sjbs pjrgbsfs ftfrehmfs pfr jl guib`bpbf mj Gfitjrrjy, trjs dujrfi jitrjehmfs jitrjehmfs h lhs sjøfrhs Ejifvjvh @chzhrrjth ji Ehljhih Ifrtj #=884, h Qfsh Ghrtçijz Gfrhljs ji @uhuctâgf` Ifrtj #8=80, y h Ghrçh Mflfrjs Rjarh ji Gj`èib`f #1105, `flfibh ]hlljrjs. 845 Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy,, H`ths mj @hablmf, @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:=/??5, dfkhs :, 10/?=/82:=. Hleuifs pjrgbsfs dujrfi ftfrehmfs h Uji`jslhf Ahrrði Hldfisf, Tç`tfr Tbllhrrjhl, Ljfijl Tjeh Qfgjrf, Ajlbshrbf Phlbihs y Ghiujl Mçhz Af`hrmf. 843

Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy , H`ths @hablmf,`hitbihs vflugjigbxths vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj dfkhs 5, 82/?3/82::. Hleuifs `bumhmhifs quj fatuvbjrfi pjrgbsf phrhmjghijkhr dujrfi; Kfsâ82::/?0:, @hitû Thlmâs, Drhi`bs`f Mçhz mj Ljði, Kuhih Ghirbquj, Hajl Qfmrçeujz, Hldrjmf Pjeurh, Kjsûs _bihljs, Mhvbm _hlfghrjs, Ghiujl Efizèljz Arbfijs, Qfajrtf @hitû, Ljfahrmf Ljfahrmf Phlmbvhr y Lhurf Eutbârrjz @hvhmh. 842 Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:2/?8:, dfkhs 8:, 18/?3/82:2. Efizhlf Jstrhmh, Qjebmfr mj Gfitjrrjy, duj qubji ejstbfið lh mjstbtu`bði mj lfs @fgbsbfihmfs mj _flb`çh y Phibmhm, hreugjithimf quj jl Qjelhgjitf mj @jrvj`jrçh y @hitbihs jsthah rjahshmf. 85? Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824?/?8?, dfkhs =, 1=/?4/824?. 858 Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824?/?88, dfkhs3, 11/?5/824?. 851 Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824:/?8?, dfkhs 10, 13/?=/824:.

4=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Mj hùjrmf `fi Kfsâ @hitû Thlmâs, jl huej mj lhs `hitbihs ji Gfitjrrjy, sj mjabð hl âxbtf gjmbètb`f quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih jgpjzð h jxpjrbgjithr ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, pujs lfs cfgarjs ij`jsbthahi gès jsph`bfs mfimj jsù`chr gûsb`h rjebfihl. 850 Kfsâ @hitû Thlmâs duj ui `bumhmhif h qubji ji 82::, jl Guib`bpbf mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy,, Iujvf Ljði, ftfreð ui pjrgbsf phrh harbr uih `hitbih. Jl hugjitf mj lfs pjrgbsfs phrh harbr `hitbihs, h phrtbr mj 82::, `fbi`bmbð `fi lh jxplfsbði gjmbètb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Qj`frmjgfs quj ji lhs `hitbihs, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sj ch mbvulehmf erh`bhs h lhs sbidfiflhs. Lhs `hitbihs sfi ui jsph`bf guy bgpfrthitj phrh js`rbabr lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

G@ HLLJI, ]JSHP Jl 0 mj djarjrf mjl 1?81, jitrjvbstâ ji _ujalf Iujvf, Euhihkuhtf, h Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh, h`frmjfibsth ih`bmf jl 15 mj djarjrf mj 8235, ji G` Hllji, ]jxhs. H lfs trjs høfs, Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh jgpjzð h tf`hr jl h`frmjði, h lfs sbjtj su phpè lj `fgprð ui Cfcijr @frfih BB. _half _half Pblvh, haujlf ghtjrif mj Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh, duj h`frmjfibsth y duimhmfr mj Lfs Ifrtjøfs mj ]jrèi, kuitf h Ahlmfgjrf Jlbzfimf.85= Lfs Ifrtjøfs mj ]jrèi erhahrfi phrh lfs sjllfs Bmjhl, @flugabh, Dâibx, Dfehth Bitjrih`bfihl y Gushrt. @fgf js ihturhl, mfi _half Pblvh duj qubji jisjøð h tf`hr jl h`frmjði h su ibjtf, Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh. Jl haujlf mjl jitrjvbsthmf lj rj`fgjimð jsù`chr mbs`fs mj h`jthtf phrh hprjimjr rjpjrtfrbf hitbeuf, y sbitfibzhr jsth`bfijs mj rhmbf phrh `fif`jr lhs ifvjmhmjs gusb`hljs. gusb`hljs. If js jxtrhøf jitfi`js quj Ehr`çh Pblvh sj mjdbih

850

Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf, vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82::/?0:, dfkhs 5, 82/?3/82::. Hitjs mj dfrghr h Lfs Ifrtjøfs mj ]jrèi, ]jrèi, _half _half Pblvh trhahkð `fi Jmjlgbrf Èarjef, Èarjef, quj lujef bitjerhrçh h Lfs Lçrb`fs mj ]jrèi. _half Pblvh ih`bð ji 82=0, ji Ejijrhl ]jrèi, Iujvf Ljði. 85=

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

4:

`fgf “`flj``bfibsth mj gûsb`h hitbeuh‗.85: Erh`bhs h su phsbði pfr lf hitbeuf, `fif`bð h Quaâi @hstbllf Kuèrjz. Ji 8225, `fi 8? høfs mj jmhm, Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh jsù`cð pfr vjz prbgjrh gûsb`h mj Lfs _bieübifs mjl Ifrtj. If phsð gu`cf tbjgpf phrh quj lj pbmbjrh h su ghmrj quj chalhrh h SJGZ Lh Qhi`cjrbth mjl Hbrj, rhmbf uab`hmh ji _bjmrhs _bjmr hs Ijerhs, Ijer hs, @fhcublh, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj jivbhr shlumfs y pjmbr quj lj rjehlhrhi mbs`fs mj Lfs _bieübifs mjl Ifrtj. Jl prferhghmfr mj lh jsth`bði if sðlf lj jivbð gûsb`h mjl mujtf ifrtjøf frbebihrbf mj _bjmrhs Ijerhs, Ije rhs, sbif quj ji jl phqujtj thgabâi lj bi`luyð ghtjrbhl mj Lfs Hlh`rhijs mj Murhief. Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh sj `fivbrtbð ji hmgbrhmfr mj Quaâi @hstbllf Kuèrjz Kuèrjz y sj pusf `fgf gjth jl “rjprfmu`br lf gès dbjlgjitj pfsbalj‗,854 jl jstblf mj Lfs _bieübifs mjl Ifrtj. Ifr tj. Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh sj mjdbij `fgf prftj`tfr mjl jstblf ifrtjøf hitbeuf pfr `fisbmjrhrlf “gès `fgpljtf‗.855 Jstè prjfùphmf pfrquj jstbgh quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih hitbeuh sj jstè pjrmbjimf, mjabmf h lh husji`bh mj âsth, ji lh prferhgh`bði mj lhs jsth`bfijs mj rhmbf. Pjeûi âl, ib sbqubjrh jl Thllj mj ]jxhs sj shlvh mj lh qujgh. H trhvâs mj kðvjijs `fgf Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh, `frrfafrhgfs quj mujtfs mj hithøf `fgf Lfs _bieübifs mjl Ifrtj, sbrvji mj bispbrh`bði h iujvhs ejijrh`bfijs mj gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs. Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh y Quaâi @hstbllf Kuèrjz Kuèrjz sj `fif`bjrfi tjljdðib`hgjitj ji jl 1??5> gbjitrhs quj pjrsfihlgjitj lf cb`bjrfi jl 81 mj harbl mjl 1?8?, ji Iujvf Lhrjmf, ]hghulbphs. ]hghulbphs. Murhitj jstj jiùjitrf, @hstbllf Kuèrjz lj rjehlð uif mj sus h`frmjfijs y lj pbmbð h Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh, quj lf h`fgphøhrè ji uih ebrh quj jl gûsb`f iberfpjtjisj tjiçh prferhghmh pfr guib`bpbfs mj Euhihkuhtf phrh djarjrf mjl 1?81. 853 Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh h``jmbð y lfs mfs gûsb`fs trhahkhrfi

85:

Ehr`çh, Efizhlf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 854 Çmjg. 855 Çmjg. 853 Çmjg. Jl h`frmjði quj lj rjehlð Quaâi @hstbllf Kuèrjz jstè ji DH DH sfstjibmf, ui tfif if guy hltf ib guy ahkf phrh phr h `hithr.

44

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ji `bumhmjs `fgf Brhpuhtf, Phlhghi`h, Ljði, _âikhgf y _ujalf Iujvf, Euhihkuhtf, utblbzhimf jl ifgarj mj Lfs _bieübifs mjl Ifrtj. Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh js ui h`frmjfibsth bivbmjitj. H`tuhlgjitj sj ehih lh vbmh `hithimf ji ahrjs, `hitbihs y rjsthurhitjs mj `fgbmh ji jl Thllj mj ]jxhs `fgf Jl Qhi`cf Erhimj, @hdâ Phi Kuhi, Lh @culh Ahr, Jl ]jihgph ]jihgph y ]hqujrçh Lh Gjxb`hih. Gj xb`hih. Mb`j quj lh vjithkh mj vbvbr ji lh drfitjrh, lhafrhlgjitj chalhimf, chalhimf, js quj “chy gès gjxb`hifs quj erbiefs‗. e rbiefs‗.852 R js quj sfi lfs lhtbifs lhtbifs,, lfs cbsphifs y lfs gjxb`hifs, qubjijs phehi pfr jsù`chr gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Ji jl 1?80, erhað mfs mbs`fs `fi Hmèi Flvjrh Tjlh Tjlh ji jl ahkf sjxtf y Kjsûs Hlvhrhmf ]âlljz ji lh prfmu``bði gusb`hl, lfs ùhljs pujmji hmqubrbrsj ji ]jxhs, JJZZ.

H@FQMJFIBP]HP FHSHXZJØFP JI EZHIHKZH]F Lh `bumhm mj Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, js ui puitf rj`jptfr mj h`frmjfibsths gberhitjs fhxhqujøfs mjsmj ch`j, pfr lf gjifs, 1? høfs. @fi ahsj ji uih jitrjvbsth cj`ch hl h`frmjfibsth Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz, jl sèahmf 3 mj jijrf mjl 1?88, ji lhs bigjmbh`bfijs mj lh _lhzh Kuhi Èlvhrjz, ji jl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mj lh `bumhm drjsjrh, js Phi Pbgði [hcuhtlèi, guib`bpbf mj Cuhkuhphi mj Ljði, jl frbeji mj lfs h`frmjfibsths ifrtjøfs fhxhqujøfs quj trhahkhi pfr tbjrrhs mjl Ahkçf. Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz ih`bð jl 1= mj f`tuarj mj 8235, ji Phi Pbgði [hcuhtlèi, Fhxh`h> rj`babð dfrgh`bði gusb`hl phtjrih ji jl h`frmjði mj tj`lhs, y jkjùth ûib`hgjitj `hi`bfijs rhi`cjrhs `fgf Fkbtfs ijerfs, Mfs cfkhs sbi rugaf y Zi puøf mj tbjrrh. Lfs `frrbmfs ghdbfsfs if lfs tf`h. Lfs h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs if tf`hi gûsb`h mj su tbjrrh, jl 8??% mj su rjpjrtfrbf js gjstbzf, prfpbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz mbkf quj lfs

852 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

45

h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs “sj vhi h trhahkhr h gu`chs phrtjs‗, 83? pfrquj ji sus pujalfs rjbih jl mjsjgpljf. Ejijrhlgjitj, lhafrhi ui gjs ji Brhpuhtf, pfr jkjgplf, lujef rjerjshi mfs gjsjs h Fhxh`h, y pfstjrbfrgjitj vujlvji hl Ahkçf, pjrf if h Brhpuhtf, sbif h Phlhghi`h f h @jlhyh. Ghxbgbif Ghrtçijz hdbrgð quj ch trhahkhmf `fgf h`frmjfibsth ji Phi Lubs _ftfsç, ji Farjeði, Cjrgfsbllf y ji Ifehljs, Ifehljs, Pfifrh, “pfr jsf js dè`bl hprjimjrsj lhs `hi`bfijs rhi`cjrhs‗.838 _hrh herhimhr su rjpjrtfrbf, Ghxbgbif Ghrtçijz hmqubjrj mbs`fs `fgph`tfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji lh pbrhtjrçh, lfs jsù`ch y sj hprjimj iujvhs `hi`bfijs. `hi`bfijs. Htjimbjimf h lfs `fi`jptfs vjrtbmfs pfr Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz, lh mbèspfrh gusb`hl mj lfs h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs rjspfimj h lðeb`hs j`fiðgb`hs bgpujsths pfr lfs `b`lfs ihturhljs mj lh sbjgarh y lh `fsj`ch. Mbkf quj ji kulbf lfs gûsb`fs gès erhimjs er himjs if trhahkhi pfrquj chy quj sjgarhr, ji su luehr sfi jivbhmfs ibøfs quj pfr jshs dj`chs efzhi mj vh`h`bfijs js`flhrjs. 831 Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz hdbrgð quj sus mfs cjrghifs y sus f`cf tçfs, thgabâi vbhkhi pfr jl `jitrf y pfr jl ifrtj mj Gâxb`f, tf`himf jl h`frmjði. Jstj h`frmjfibsth fhxhqujøf if `hith, ib ahblh, ûib`hgjitj jkjùth vjrsbfijs bistrugjithljs mj pbjzhs rhi`cjrhs quj vh bi`frpfrhimf ji su pjrjerbihr pfr Gâxb`f. Jl : mj hefstf mjl 1?81, ui høf y gjmbf mjspuâs mj chajr jitrjvbsthmf h Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz ji lh `bumhm mj Brhpuhtf, plhtbquâ ji Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl `fi Eblajrtf Cjrièimjz Lðpjz, h`frmjfibsth frbebihrbf mj Phi Pbgði [hcuhtlèi, guib`bpbf mj Cuhkuhphi mj Ljði, Fhxh`h.830 Eblajrtf Cjrièimjz Lðpjz Lðpj z sj dhgblbhrbzð `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih mjsmj lfs `bi`f høfs mj jmhm, pujs h`fgphøhah h su phmrj ji lhs jsthi`bhs quj âstj ch`çh ji mbdjrjitjs `bumhmjs mjl ifrtj mj Gâxb83? Ghrtçijz,

Ghxbgbif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 838 Çmjg. 831 Çmjg. 830 Cjrièimjz, Eblajrtf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

43

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

`f `fgf Phltbllf, @fhcublh y Lbihrjs, Iujvf Ljði. H mbdjrji`bh mj Ghrtçijz, Eblajrtf Eblajr tf Cjrièimjz sj sj jspj`bhlbzh ji lh bitjrprjth`bði mj eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf cuhphiefs, pflnhs y rjmfwhs (rjmfvh `fi T sj rjdbjrj hl bistrugjitf).83= Jl mçh quj jitrjvbstâ h Eblajrtf Cjrièimjz Lðpjz, jrh mj if`cj, sj ji`fitrhah sjithmf sfarj lh ahiqujth, h uifs phsfs mjl ]jhtrf Kuèrjz, ji pljif @jitrf Cbstðrb`f. Eblajrtf Cjrièimjz Lðpjz jkjùthah ui h`frmjði `cbif mj =1 ahkfs quj `fgprð ji @jlhyh. Mjsmj lfs sbjtj høfs mj jmhm bitjrprjth jl h`frmjði tbpf pbhif. Jl tf`hr h`frmjði lf mjdbibð “`fgf ui fdb`bf pfr tjgpfrhmhs quj lj cjrjmð su phmrj‗.83: Ji ejijrhl, lhs fpbibfijs jxpujsths pfr Eblajrtf Cjrièimjz Lðpjz `fbi`bmbjrfi `fi lhs jgbtbmhs pfr Ghxbgbif Beih`bf Ghrtçijz Efizèljz. Xubzès uih mbdjrji`bh susthi`bhl jitrj lhs mfs dujitjs jstrbah ji jl luehr ji mfimj sj jdj`tuhrfi lhs jitrjvbsths; Brhpuhtf js uih `bumhm herfbimustrbhl `fi uih vbeblhi`bh rjlhkhmh, ji `hgabf Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl js ui rjdjrjitj turçstb`f y uibvjrsbthrbf ji jl Ahkçf. Ji Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuh tf `hpbthl lh mbs`rbgbih`bði `fitrh lfs bimçejihs js ui prfaljgh quj lhs hutfrbmhmjs jvhmji. jvhmji.

@HI]BIHP JI EZHIHKZH]F @H_B]HL Hmjgès mj lfs h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs quj mbduimji h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih pfr lhs `hlljs mj Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, ji jl Khrmçi Zibði sj jiùjitrhi jkjùthitjs mj h`frmjði y ahkf sjxtf sj xtf quj fdrj`ji sus sjrvb`bfs h turbsths gjxb`hifs y jxtrhikjrfs. Lfs rjsthurhitjs mjl Khrmçi Zibði sbjgprj jstèi rjafshitjs mj turbsths quj h`fgphøhi sus hlbgjitfs `fi lhs ifths mj ghrbh`cbs ih`bfihlbsths (lfs quj ushi trfgpjths) y lfs h`frmjs mjl ahkf sjxtf y jl h`frmjði. Lfs jstumbhitjs uibvjrsbthrbfs quj sfi `lbjitjs mj ahkf prjsupujstf, mbsdruthi mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih ji lhs `hitbihs mj @uâvhif, quj sughi gès mj 1? jsthalj`bgbjitfs.

83= Çmjg. 83: Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

42

Pb pjisèrhgfs ji uih ruth mj lhs `hitbihs ji Euhihkuhtf, jl rj`frrbmf bib`bhrçh ji Lh _jrlh, uab`hmh ji jl ahrrbf mj _hstbth. Jsth prbgjrh `hitbih js htjimbmh pfr ui `bumhmhif `cbif hl quj hpfmhi Jl Qulhs> jl ijef`bf pfsjj uih rf`nflh quj bi`luyj ji su `htèlfef gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Lh sjeuimh `hitbih ji vbsbthr sjrçh Lh Ifrtjøh. Duimhmh ji 82:?, Lh Ifrtjøh sj lf`hlbzh ji jl Ahrrbf mj Jgahkhmfrhs. Lh Ifrtjøh js uih `hitbih `jr`hih hl phrquj mj ajbsafl, pfr lf quj ji jstj sbtbf sj `fierjehi lfs hghitjs mjl rjy mj lfs mjpfrtjs. Lh Ifrtjøh duj bib`bhmh pfr ui arh`jrf quj trhahkð ji ]jxhs, y sj llhgh hsç ji cfifr h uih gukjr jsthmfuibmjisj mj qubji sj jihgfrð jl gberhitj gjxb`hif. Hl bitjrbfr mj Lh Ifrtjøh sj pujmji vjr ùhmrfs mj jqubpfs mj ajbsafl j bi`lusf ui gurhl `fi pjlftjrfs cbstðrb`fs. Lh tjr`jrh phrhmh js ji Lh @uahih, uih `hitbih quj lljvh jstj ifgarj `fgf ui cfgjihkj h lhs gukjrjs ùahihs, lujef mj ui vbhkj quj su mujøf cb`bjrh pfr lh bslh `hrbajøh. Lh @uahih js uih `hitbih phrh cfgfsjxuhljs quj sj jiùjitrh ji lh `hllj Phierj mj @rbstf. Llhghtbvhgjitj, Llhghtbvhgjitj, ji jstj luehr if chy rf`nflhs, jl sfibmf js ghijkhmf pfr jl `hitbijrf. Lh ùhrth ahsj js jl Ahr Bi`jimbf, `hitbih quj sj jiùjitrh drjitj hl ]jhtrf _rbi`bphl, guy `jr`h mjl Khrmçi Zibði. Jl Ahr Bi`jimbf sj duimð ji 8285, sj `hrh`tjrbzh pfr sjr jstumbhitbl y pfr tjijr uifs gurhljs mj `frtj ih`bfihlbsth mjl hrtbsth euhihkuhtjisj, Kuhi Tbllhlphimf. Lh sbeubjitj phrhmh js ji Lfs Ahrrblbtfs, `hitbih uab`hmh ji lh Hvjibmh Kuèrjz Kuèrjz jsqubih `fi @høði Qfkf, h ui `fsthmf mjl Gjr`hmf Cbmhlef. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl `hitbijrf, Aruif Tjrehrh Ehr`çh, Lfs Ahrrblbtfs ih`bjrfi ji 8202. 834 Pu prbgjrh uab`h`bði duj sfarj jl pujitj mj ]jpjthph. Ji su lf`hlbzh`bði h`tuhl, lh `hitbih tbjij 0? høfs. Pj llhgh Lfs Ahrrblbtfs pfrquj sj vjimçh `jrvjzh mj ahrrbl. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm fdrj`j ûib`hgjitj `jrvjzh bimustrbhl. Lh ruth mj lhs `hitbihs ùjvhijisjs dbihlbzh ji Euhihkuhtf lbarj y Hquç gj qujmf> jsths `hitbihs sj s j uab`hi sfarj jl pujitj mj ]jpjthph ]jpjthph.. Jl cfrhrbf mj lhs `hitbihs jstè ji dui`bði mj lhs zfihs mfimj sj uabquji, pfr jkjgplf Euhihkuhtf

834

Tjrehrh, Aruif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Tjrehrh, Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

5?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

lbarj harj h lhs 4 h.g. y Hquç gj qujmf bib`bh h`tbvbmhmjs h lhs : h.g. Lfs Ahrrblbtfs harji h lhs 2 h.g. y `bjrrhi h lh 8 h.g.835 Lhs mj ]jpjthph tbjiji ji lfs gbijrfs h sus prbi`bphljs `lbjitjs, gbjitrhs quj Lfs Ahrrblbtfs h`fej uibvjrsbthrbfs. Pjeûi Aruif Tjrehrh Ehr`çh, lhs `hitbihs mj Euhihkuhtf chi rfthmf sus luehrjs, pfr jkjgplf Jl Ahrhtbllf lljeð h hlajrehr hl Jmâi, h Lh @flgjih, hl Bi`jimbf, hl Phlði _hrçs, hl Ahr @frfih y hl ]jihgph. Mfimj cfy jstè lh `hitbih Hquç gj qujmf, mjsph`cð jl Phlði Gâxb`f> h su vjz, Hquç gj qujmf jstuvf ji jl _ujitj mjl @hgphijrf. Hitjs mj quj Lfs Ahrrblbtfs htjimbjrhi ji su mbrj``bði h`tuhl, jl lf`hl jstuvf fùphmf pfr Jl @cbcuhcuh. Lhs `hitbihs gès vbjkhs quj sj ghitbjiji vbejitjs ji Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl sfi Jl Bi`jimbf y Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf lbarj. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm lhs ûib`hs `hitbihs quj sfi mujøhs mj lfs pjrgbsfs y mj sus lf`hljs sfi Lfs Ahrrblbtfs Ahrr blbtfs y Jl Bi`jimbf. Jl mujøf mj lh `hitbih Lfs Ahrrblbtfs trhahkð pfr gu`cfs høfs ji lh @ffpjrhtbvh Gbijrh, hsç quj sus `lbjitjs gès drjùjitjs sfi f dujrfi gbijrfs, hmjgès mj lfs uibvjrsbthrbfs. @hitbihs `fgf Hquç gj qujmf, harji h lhs : h.g. pjishimf ji jl `hgabf mj turif mj lfs gbijrfs. Lfs Ahrrblbtfs sbjgprj chi `fithmf `fi rf`nflhs, prbgjrf ghiuhljs y hcfrh shtjlbthljs shtjlbthljs.. Lhs prbgjrhs rf`nflhs tf`hahi mbs`fs mj =: rpg, lujef lljehrfi lfs `ms, y dbihlgjitj, lh gûsb`h mbebthl. @uhimf lhs rf`nflhs fpjrhahi ghiuhlgjitj, jl mujøf mj lh `hitbih jrh jl rjspfishalj mj `fgprhr y `hgabhr lh gûsb`h, htjimbjimf lhs pjtb`bfijs mj lh `lbjitjlh. Lhs rf`nflhs shtjlbthljs lljehrfi h Lfs Ahrrblbtfs ji jl 1??5, pfr bimb`h`bfijs mj lh Pf`bjmhm mj Hutfrjs y @fgpfsbtfrjs mj Gâxb`f ( PH@G). “H uih rf`nflh shtjlbthl lj `haj gbljs mj `hi`bfijs. Erh`bhs hl sbstjgh shtjlbthl sj jsù`chi ji jstj `hitbih, eâijrfs quj hitjs jrhi bgpjishaljs phrh uih `hitbih‗.833 @fi lh bgpfsb`bði mj lhs rf`nflhs shtjlbthljs ji lhs `hitbihs, lh PH@G aus`h tjijr ghyfr `fitrfl sfarj jl phef mj rjehlçhs. Jl `hitbijrf Aruif Tjrehrh Ehr`çh ih`bð ji 82=3, ji Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl. Mjautð `fgf jgpljhmf mj Lfs Ahrrblbtfs ji 8231, ùhimf lh `hitbih jsthah ji ]jpjthph. Hitjs mj `fivjrtbrsj ji

835 Çmjg. 833 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

58

`hitbijrf, Tjrehrh Tjrehrh duj gbijrf. Ji lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, duj lh gûsb`h mj trçfs lh quj prjmfgbið ji lhs `hitbihs mj Euhihkuhtf> cfy lh gûsb`h quj gès sujih js lh ahimh sbihlfjisj y lh ifrtjøh. ]fmhvçh ji lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, sj vjçhi hleuifs trçfs `hithimf ji Lfs Ahrrblbtfs, pjrf h dbihljs mj 8223, dujrfi mjsplhzhmfs pfr lfs mujtfs ifrtjøfs, “pfrquj `farhi lhs `hi`bfijs gès ahrhths‗. 832 Pfarj lfs ghrbh`cbs sjøhlð quj âstfs sj hljkhrfi mj lhs `hitbihs, h phrtbr mj 8233, ùhimf lh ZIJP@F mj`lhrð h Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl, _htrbgfibf _htrbgfibf @ulturhl mj lh Cughibmhm. Mjsmj jl høf 1???, sj pjrgbtj jl h``jsf mj gukjrjs h lhs `hitbihs mj Euhihkuhtf, sbjgprj y ùhimf if hùmhi `fi lh bitji`bði mj prjsthr sjrvb`bfs sjxuhljs. Tjrehrh Tjrehrh hdbrgð quj jl turbsgf jxtrhikjrf js bgpfrthitj bgpfr thitj phrh lh j`fifgçh mj lhs `hitbihs mj Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf..

]QHAHKF MJ @HG_F JI GFI]JQQJR Murhitj lh jsthi`bh mj bivjstbeh`bði quj cb`j ji Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, h prbi`bpbfs mjl 1?81, hsbstç h `fi`bjrtfs pfpulhrjs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl sèahmf 83 mj djarjrf, pfr jkjgplf, prjsji`bâ lh h`tuh`bði mj Lh Dbrgh, mj Lfs Cjrjmjrfs mj Iujvf Ljði y mjl Mujlf, ji lhs bisthlh`bfijs mj Lh Dj Gusb` Chll . Jl 8? mj ghrzf mbsdrutâ mjl `fi`bjrtf arbimhmf pfr Lh Ljyjimh, Lfs Cjrjmjrfs mj Iujvf Ljði y Lh Dbrgh, ji jl Dhr Ujst . Jl 84 mj ghrzf jstuvj ji Jl Tfl`èi, murhitj lh prjsjith`bði mj erupfs ifrtjøfs lf`hljs jgjrejitjs. Lujef mj plhtb`hr, ji lh `ftbmbhijbmhm, `fi iugjrfsfs chabthitjs mj Iujvf Ljði, `fi`luç quj ji Gfitjrrjy sj chi `fi`jitrhmf lfs mbijrfs y hleuihs mj lhs mbsqujrhs gès bgpfrthitjs jspj`bhlbzhmhs ji gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih `fgf MLT y MGR> MGR> ji Phi Ib`flès mj lfs Ehrzh sj chi uab`hmf lfs rj`bitfs quj hlajrehi lfs ahbljs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih> y ji Euhmhlupj jstèi lhs `hitbihs gès bgpfrthitjs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgf _blfs Ahr y jl Ahr Ejijrfsf.

832 Çmjg.

51

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@uhimf sj chalj mj Gfitjrrjy `fgf lh `hpbthl cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, mjajgfs `fisbmjrhr quj lhs `bumhmjs quj dfrghi phrtj mj lh ghi`ch urahih, thgabâi chi sbmf bgpfrthitjs. ]hgabâi jstuvj ji `fi`bjrtfs mj erupfs e rupfs ùlturhljs `fgf ]h ]hyjr yjr mj Kfsâ Drhi`bs`f Ehrzh Phitfs y Lubsh Djrihimh _htrði, quj ji sus bib`bfs utblbzhrfi jl ifgarj mj _bfijrf. Jl mfgbief 82 mj djarjrf mjl 1?81, fdrj`bjrfi ui rj`bthl r j`bthl ji Lh Hlhgjmh mj Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, y jl mfgbief 14 mjl gbsgf gjs y høf, djstjkhrfi `fi su pûalb`f, jl 1? hibvjrshrbf mjl erupf ]hyjr, ji jl ]jhtrf mj lh @bumhm, ji jl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mj Gfitjrrjy Gfitjrrjy.. Jsh ghøhih vjimbjrfi jl mbs`f Qçf Arhvf/Qçf Erhimj, jmbthmf pfr ]hyjr Dfiferhghs ji Gfitjrrjy, Iujvf Ljði. Ji jstj ghtjrbhl sj bi`luyji tjghs `fgf @lhvjlbtf `cbif, Jrrj `fi jrrj, Lh ifrtjøh y Thrsfvbhih. Ji sus bib`bfs `fgf _bfijrf, hmjgès mj erhahr `hi`bfijs rjebfihljs mj su hutfrçh `fgf Mj Pfgarjrjtbllf h Phabihs y Gh`ch`hmf `fi cujvf, cujvf, bitjrprjthrfi dfl`lfr lhtbifhgjrb`hif lhtbifhgjrb`hif..82? ]hyjr js h`fgphøhmf pfr jl Erupf ]berj ]hyjr ]be rj mj lh ZHIL y pfr Ghrblû ]rjvbøf. Jstfs trjs prfyj`tfs hlbgjithi h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih mjsmj trbi`cjrhs ùlturhljs. Jl Erupf ]berj surebð ji 822?, pfr bib`bhtbvh mj Erjefrbf Dhrçhs Lfiefrbh, Qj`tfr mj lh ZHIL. Duj jl gbsgf dui`bfihrbf qubji mjljeð h Lubs @hrlfs Lðpjz Efizèljz “Ghb`f‗, lh rjspfishablbmhm mj sjr jl mbrj`tfr mjl prfyj`tf gusb`hl. Jl fakjtbvf mjl Erupf ]berjs js “rjs`hthr lhs trhmb`bfijs mj lh rjebði y mj lfs rbi`fijs mj Lhtbifhgârb`h, hpjehmfs h lh bistrugjith`bði frbebihl‗.828 Jitrj jl phlghrâs mjl Erupf ]berj ]be rj mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Iujvf Iujvf Ljði, jstè jl chajr erhahmf e rhahmf jl mbs`f _urf Iujvf Ljði `fi Fs`hr @cèvjz ji jl 1??: y @frrbmfs mj Iujvf Ljði `fi Beih`bf Lðpjz ]hrsf ji jl 1??3.821

82?

Puebjrf vbsbthr jl alfe alfe;; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhrbhs.alfespft.gx/ Drhi`bs`f “_jpj @chrhief‗ ih`bð ji 82:=, ji Qçf Arhvf, ]hghulbphs. Lubsh Djrihimh _htrði ih`bð ji Gfitjrrjy, jl 4 mj jijrf mj 824?. Hitfibf _htrði Ib`flb, phmrj mj Lubsh Djrihimh, duj gbjgarf mjl trçf yu`htj`f Lfs Dhbshijs, h`tbvf h`tbvf chsth prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 825?. 82 5?. Hyhlh Muhrtj, Hldfisf, “8? høfs mj gu`cf ]hy ]hyjr‗, jr‗, ji Gûsb`h ji Gfitjrrjy , vflugji 8, iûgjrf =, sjptbjgarj-f`tuarj mjl 1??1, 1??1 , p.1?. 828 Hlhiçs, Kuhi, @rfiflfeçh mj Jl ]berj , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Iujvf Ljði, 8224, p.82. 821 Lðpjz, Lubs @hrlfs ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

50

@fi Ghrblû ]rjvbøf gj jitrjvbstâ ji mfs f`hsbfijs; jl vbjrijs 1= mj djarjrf y jl luijs 15 mj djarjrf mjl 1?81. Pu `hrrjrh `hrrjr h mjspuitð pfrquj ch tjibmf jl hpfyf mjl Efabjrif mjl Jsthmf mj Iujvf Ljði, mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?. Ghrblû ]rjvbøf jgpjzð ji lh mhizh y mj hcç sj gfvbð h lh gûsb`h. Mjtj`tð ui vh`çf ji jl rjs`htj y ji lh mbdusbði mjl rjpjrtfrbf rjpjrtfrb f gusb`hl rjebfihl ifrjstjisj. @fgjizð prfdjsbfihlgjitj `fi uih ebrh quj cbzf ji 8234, pfr mbdjrjitjs ih`bfijs mj lh hitbeuh Zibði mj Qjpûalb`hss Pf`bhlbsths Pfvbâtb`hs (ZQPP). Qjpûalb`h Gfitjrrjy js ui puitf jstrhtâeb`f phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Pb sj trhth mj `fitrhthr hleûi mujtf f trçf ifrtjøf phrh quj hgjib`j uih dbjsth f rjuibði, lf gès rj`fgjimhalj js vbsbthr lhs `hlljs mj @uhuctâgf` y @flði, _bif Puèrjz y Qjdfrgh. Pç lf quj sj prjtjimj js `fgprhr mbs`fs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, lf mjsjhalj js hùmbr hl Gjr`hmf Kuèrjz, h lh `hllj Eujrrjrf f hl _hshkj Gfrjlfs. Jl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mj Gfitjrrjy sbeuj hlajrehimf `hitbihs, mfimj sj mbvuleh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ji rf`nflh f ji vbvf.

@FI@LZPBFIJP Jl h`frmjði, bistrugjitf `lhvj mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ch efzhmf mj h``bði sf`bhl mjsmj lh sjeuimh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS. Ji ui prbi`bpbf, jl h`frmjði dbeurð `fi jkjùthitjs sflbsths quj phrj`ji sustbtubr h lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs quj hithøf hgjibzhahi lfs ahbljs ji lhs rhi`cjrçhs y ji lfs pujalfs mj Iujvf Ljði. Duj ji lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, quj lfs jkjùthitjs sflbsths `fgjizhrfi h `jmjr jsph`bfs h lfs mujtfs y h lhs heruph`bfijs her uph`bfijs quj prjsjithi jitrj mfs y sjbs bistrugjitfs. Js llhghtbvf quj chyh chyh sbmf ji lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, ùhimf lfs h`frmjfibsths sflbsths pjrmbjrfi bgpfrthi`bh sf`bhl y `jmbjrfi sus jsph`bfs h prfyj`tfs gjmbètb`hs mj dhgh guimbhl `fgf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Chy quj sjøhlhr quj mjsmj su ejsth`bði, prfyj`tfs `fgf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj dujrfi hlbgjithmfs, mbsùrsbvhgjitj, pfr jl ihr`ftrèdb`f. Jl h`frmjði lljeð h Gâxb`f ji 83=:, mj hùjrmf `fi lhs dujitjs quj lf`hlb`â, pfr trjs vçhs; Tjrh`ruz, ]hgpb`f y @hlbdfribh. Lfs bistrugjitfs jrhi jgahr`hmfs mjsmj lfs pujrtfs drhi`jsjs

5=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

mj Afrmjhux y Lj Chvrj, sbtuh`bði quj sj gfmbdb`hrçh ji 835?, ùhimf lfs h`frmjfijs jgpjzhrfi h jgphqujthrsj mjsmj Chgauref, Chgauref, Hljghibh. Gberhimf sflf y ji erhimjs `hitbmhmjs, murhitj jl sbelf SBS, jl prbi`bphl gjmbf mj trhispfrtj h trhvâs mjl ùhl lfs h`frmjfijs sj mjsplhzhrfi mj Jurfph h Hgârb`h duj jl ahr`f. Ji 833?, hphrj`ji lfs h`frmjfijs vbiùlhmfs `fi lfs `fgjr`bhitjs, ejijrèimfsj hsç, ui jslhaði gès ji lh `fgpljkh rjm mj rjlh`bfijs sf`bhljs quj gfvbjrfi hl bistrugjitf murhitj jl sbelf SBS. Ji jl sbelf SS jitrhrfi ji h``bði mfs iujvfs h`tfrjs sf`bhljs; jl djrrf`hrrbl y lh rhmbf. Mj jsth ghijrh sj ejsthrfi iujvfs jsph`bfs phrh jl h`frmjði y sus jkjùthitjs. Murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 82=?, lfs pjrbðmb`fs mj Gfitjrrjy arbimhi mjthlljs sfarj lh prjsji`bh mj h`frmjfibsths `fgf Ihr`bsf Ghrtçijz ji prferhghs prfer hghs ji vbvf trhisgbtbmfs mjsmj Lh Pulthih mjl Ifrtj. Ifr tj. Ji 824?, lh @hrhvhih @frfih bi`frpfrð h Julhlbf Efizèljz “_bpfrrf‗ `fgf phrtj mj su jlji`f> `fi âl, y mj lh ghif mjl `bij, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgjizð h pfpulhrbzhrsj ji tfmf jl tjrrbtfrbf gjxb`hif. Lhs mâ`hmhs trhisùrrbjrfi y phrh phr h dbihljs mj 823?, h`frmjfibsths `fgf Hitfibf ]hieugh Euhkhrmf, jgpjzhrfi h rj`babr cfgjihkjs. Hpfyhmf ji jl trhahkf mj `hgpf, chalâ chalâ mj h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs quj pfr ij`jsbmhm vbhkhi, hprjimji y tf`hi rjpjrtfrbf ifrtjøf ji mbdjrjitjs `bumhmjs mj Gâxb`f. Lh bidfrgh`bði ifs sbrvj phrh `fisththr quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih jgpjzð sbjimf jurfpjh, `fitbiuð gjstbzh y `frfið sbjimf bimçejih. Lfs h`frmjfibsths fhxhqujøfs `fgphrtji su gûsb`h ji lhs `hlljs, if ji `hitbihs ib ji ahrjs. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih tjrgbið jsthimf prjsjitj ji mbstbitfs jsph`bfs, rjprjsjithmh pfr h`tfrjs sf`bhljs mj mbdjrjitj hs`jimji`bh âtib`h. Lh mbvjrsbmhm mjl h`frmjði ifrtjøf sj ch`j iftfrbh ùhimf llhgð h js`jih h Quaâi @hstbllf Kuèrjz mj _bjmrhs Ijerhs, Ije rhs, @fhcublh y h Efizhlf Kjsûs Ehr`çh Pblvh mj G` Hllji, ]jxhs.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

5:

@H_Ç]ZLF BT LHP GÛPB@HP GJSB@HIHP MZQHI]J LH MB@]HMZQH MJ HZEZP]F _BIF@CJ] ZEHQ]J

J

l 13 mj harbl mjl 1?88, _jrû, @flfgabh, @cblj y Gâxb`f, ghtjrbhlbzhrfi lh Hlbhizh mjl _h`çdb`f, gbsgh quj tbjij pfr fakjtbvf bitjerhr `fgjr`bhlgjitj h lfs ùhtrf sf`bfs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs. Mj lfs gbjgarfs jilbsthmfs, @cblj phrj`j sjr jl lçmjr j`fiðgb`f mj lh rjebði. Pu `fimb`bði mj kheuhr, duj hmqubrbmh hl dbihlbzhr lh mb`thmurh pbif`cjtbsth. @fi jl efabjrif mj lh `fi`jrth`bði, lh ih`bði trhshimbih phsð h dfrghr phrtj mj uih `fguibmhm bitjrih`bfihl sjlj`th. Ji jsth ji`ru`bkhmh, jl Jsthmf `cbljif `fgjizð h vjimjr ui jstjrjftbpf mj alhiùrh, jxhltð sus rhç`js hljghihs y ijeð su cjrji`bh ghpu`cj. @fi jstfs hitj`jmjitjs, rjsulth bgpjishalj quj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs tjiehi hleuih bgpfrthi`bh cbstðrb`h phrh lfs `cbljifs. Lh rjhlbmhm js guy mbdjrjitj h lf quj gbllfijs mj lhtbifhgjrb`hifs pfmrçhi bghebihr. Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz, `flj``bfibsth `cbljif mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, rjùjrmh quj jl eflpj gblbthr jgpjzð h lhs 3 h.g. mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250. Âl bah h trhahkhr y mj prfitf `fgjizð h vjr gblbthrjs pfr tfmfs lhmfs, hvbfijs sfarjvflhimf Phitbhef. Mjsmj lhs 4 h.g. lhs rhmbfs bidfrghrfi quj Lh Gfijmh jsthah rfmjhmh. Hl lljehr h lh dèarb`h mfimj lhafrhah, Thljizujlh Djr-

^ 55 W

ièimjz ji`fitrð lh jitrhmh alfqujhmh pfr gblbthrjs y pfr `hrhabijrfs. @fgf h lhs 8? h.g. sj hvbsð pfr lh rhmbf; “ifs cjgfs mhmf ùjith quj chy ui eflpj gblbthr, jl efabjrif mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj sjrè mjrrf`hmf pfr lhs dujrzhs gblbthrjs‗.820 Lfs hvbfijs pfr hbrj y lfs thiqujs pfr tbjrrh. “Ji lh Hlhgjmh sj chaçh jgpjzhmf h `fistrubr lh lçijh 8 mjl gjtrf, jitfi`js chaçh ui ghisf cfyf. cfyf. If jrh lh gbsgh tjìflfeçh quj hcfrh, ji jsj jitfi`js cb`bjrfi jl cfyf y mjspuâs pusbjrfi alfqujs mj `jgjitf, y shajs quj tû gbrhahs hl ftrf mçh y mjitrf mj jsh dfsh jsthah ùhlqubjr ehllf gujrtf, dhgblbhs `fgpljths y tfmhs lhs tbrhahi hmjitrf mj jsh ùjstbði. Lujef, jl ejif`bmbf sj jxtjimbð h tfmf @cblj, cuaf pfalh`bfijs jitjrhs quj mjshphrj`bjrfi ji jl sur‗,82= hsjeurð jl `flj``bfibsth ih`bmf ji @urb`ð, @cblj.

QJ_QBGJI H LHP GÛPB@HP GJSB@HIHP Jl 12 mj kuibf mj 8250, fùrrbð jl prbgjr bitjitð mj mjrrf`hgbjitf `fitrh jl efabjrif efabjr if mj lh Zibmhm _fpulhr ji`hajzhmf pfr Phlvhmfr Hlljimj. Hl h`fitj`bgbjitf sj lj `fif`j `fgf “]hiqujthzf‗ f “]hi`hzf‗. Ji jsh f`hsbði, lh sualjvh`bði duj sfdf`hmh pfr jl Ejijrhl @hrlfs _rhts. Pbrvh lh jdjgârbmj phrh ghtjrbhlbzhr lh rjlh`bði quj jxbstj jitrj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs y jl efabjrif pfpulhr mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj. Zih sjghih mjspuâs mj h`fitj`bmf jl ]hiqujthzf, jl mujtf ifrtjøf `cbljif `fif`bmf `fgf Lfs ]jxhifs mj Hgârb`h y su mbsqujrh Pfl mj Hgârb`h, pusbjrfi h `brùlhr jl `frrbmf Ejsth Cjrfb`h.82: Hmjgès mj jstj `frrbmf, ftrfs tjghs gjxb`hifs prfcbabmfs pfr lh Kuith Gblbthr, dujrfi Jl hibghlbtf `fi Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj (825:) y Lh pbrblh`ch `fi Iblmh Gfyh (8253).

820

Thljizujlh, Thljizuj lh, Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW

82= Çmjg. 82:

Jl `frrbmf mb`j tjxtuhlgjitj; Zi 12 mj kuibf kuibf sbi quj ihmbj lf `rjyjrh / ui rjebgbjitf albimhmf albimhmf dfrghah uih ahlh`jrh / lfs thiqujs quj mbrbeçh ui kjdj bisuafrmbihmf / mbsphrhahi h ghthr h `bvbljs y sflmhmfs / H mjrrf`hr jl efabjrif shlbjrfi uih ghøhih / pjrf lhs trfphs ljhljs ljs qubthrfi jshs ehihs / mfs cfrhs mj ahlh`jrh y gfgjitfs mj tjisbði / pbmbjimf lfs bisurejitjs h Lh Gfijmh su rjimb`bði / H lh gbjrmh jl jijgbef, ihmbj ifs pujmj vji`jr.

53

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Llhghtbvhgjitj, jl `frrbmf if duj jl ûib`f eâijrf `jisurhmf murhitj jl efabjrif mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj> pfr bi`rjçalj quj rjsultj, lh ùgabh Jl hibghlbtf, thgabâi duj vjthmf. Jl `frrbmf Ejsth cjrfb`h duj `jisurhmf pfr ùjstbfijs pflçtb`hs, gbjitrhs quj lh rjprjsbði mj lh quj dujrfi fakjtf Jl hibghlbtf y Lh pbrblh`ch, fajmj`bð h tjghs gfrhljs. “Lh `fgpfsb`bði mjl hibghlbtf duj lh prbgjrh ji su jspj`bj, y jl efabjrif gblbthr lh `jisurð pfrquj ji jsfs tbjgpfs lh Beljsbh @htðlb`h tjiçh gu`cf pfmjr. Ftrh `hi`bði prfcbabmh duj Jl `cbibtf `fistru`tfr `fi Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj‗,824 sjitji`bð Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz.

@CBLJIFP HL EQB]F MJ EZJQQH Ibahlmf Thljizujlh if duj jl ûib`f pjrsfihkj rjlh`bfihmf `fi lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs quj phmj`bð lhs `fisjùji`bhs mj lh mb`thmurh. Djrihimf Austfs, h`frmjfibsth mj Lfs Cjrghifs Cjr ghifs Austfs, prbgjr mujtf ifrtjøf mj frbeji `cbljif, duimhmf ji 824:, 824:, ihrrð su jxpjrbji`bh; Ifsftrfs ifs qujmhgfs `fi tfmf lbstf phrh br h Gâxb`f, duj ùhimf jl eflpj gblbthr. Mfi _bif`cf if mjkð shlbr h ihmbj. Gj hùjrmf quj ùhimf cuaf jl eflpj sjeubgfs trhahkhimf. Jl eflpj hdj`tð h lfs gûsb`fs pfrquj tjiçhgfs pjrgbsf mj trhahkhr sflf chsth lhs sjbs mj lh thrmj. Gb cjrghif Bsghjl bah h sh`hr lfs pjrgbsfs guib`bphljs y sbjgprj pfiçhi fastèùlfs. Ifsftrfs, Lfs Cjrghifs Austfs, dubgfs hùshmfs mj trhb`bði h lh phtrbh pfr `hithr gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Lfs gblb`fs ifs mbkjrfi quj ifsftrfs ârhgfs uifs trhbmfrjs pfr `hithr gûsb`h mj ui phçs quj chaçh rftf rjlh`bfijs `fi @cblj. Ifsftrfs ifs mjdjimbgfs, ljs mbkbgfs quj jsf if tjiçh ihmh quj vjr pfrquj lh gûsb`h js ùlturh. Ifsftrfs ifs ji`hreèahgfs mj lljvhrlj hljerçh h lh ejitj. Ifs mhahi lfs pjrgbsfs, pjrf hl h`tuhr sbjgprj chaçh phtrullhs vbeblèimfifs. Murhitj lh mb`thmurh sudrbgfs pjrsjù`bði. Lh ejitj jitrhah

824

Thljizujlh, Thljizuj lh, Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

52

hl `fi`bjrtf y sj bah. Lfs gblb`fs `rjçhi quj ifsftrfs himèahgfs gjtbjimf pflçtb`h y ihmh quj vjr. Ifsftrfs iui`h rjlh`bfihgfs jl `hitf `fi lh pflçtb`h. Ji jsfs høfs if sj pfmçh ch`jr ihmh. @fi jl tbjgpf sj mbkf quj Lfs Cjrghifs Austfs dujrfi hgbefs `jr`hifs mj _bif`cf, lf quj js gjitbrh, pujs ùhimf ifs tf`ð brlj h trhahkhr, sbjgprj lf cb`bgfs ahkf hgjihzhs mj gujrtj. Ifsftrfs, Lfs Cjrghifs Austfs, iui`h dubgfs `fgphrshs mj lh mb`thmurh, ifsftrfs sbjgprj jstuvbgfs `fitrh jllh. Lj mbef mfi Lubs, çahgfs h br h Gâxb`f pfr gjmbf mjl sjllf Hsdfih, ji 8250, pjrf yh if dubgfs pfrquj jl vbhkj jsthah prferhghmf phrh jl 13 mj sjptbjgarj y jl eflpj sj mbf jl 88. Jsj ghlmbtf su`jsf ifs `hgabð lh vbmh. Lh mb`thmurh ifs hdj`tð pfrquj sj tjrgbið lh afcjgbh, if chaçh trhahkfs pfr lhs if`cjs. H lhs mbsqujrhs lhs hdj`tð pfrquj mjkhrfi mj vjimjr. vjimjr. Ifsftrfs mj aujih ehih ifs cuabârhgfs jxblbhmf ji Gâxb`f, pjrf gb cjrghif Bsghjl if qubsf.825

H rhçz mjl eflpj gblbthr, jl `flj``bfibsth mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz, jstuvf h puitf mj jxblbhrsj ji Gâxb`f. Ji 8250, Thljizujlh Djrièimjz Djrièimjz phshah gu`cf tbjgpf `fi ui `fgphøjrf mj trhahkf, `fi qubji h`frmð brsj mj @cblj y jsthalj`jrsj ji Gâxb`f. Dujrfi h chalhr `fi ui sh`jrmftj `htðlb`f, lj jxplb`hrfi lhs rhzfijs pfr lhs quj sj qujrçhi br mj @cblj. H prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, jrh `fgûi quj lh lj`cj sj rjphrtbjrh ji trb`b`lfs. Lh Beljsbh @htðlb`h vbf ji lh rjphrtb`bði ghtutbih mj lj`cj, ui gjmbf jdb`hz phrh lferhr jl jxblbf mj `bjitfs mj `cbljifs. “]j dbieçhs vjimjmfr mj lj`cj, `fisjeuçhs ui trb`b`lf, phshahs drjitj h lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f, tf`hahs lh pujrth y jitrhahs. Zih vjz hmjitrf mj lh Jgahkhmh, `hrhabijrfs if pfmçh ch`jr ihmh‗. 823 Mj ûltbgf gfgjitf, Ibahlmf Thljizujlh sj hrrjpbitbð, su hgbef sj jxblbð j xblbð ji Gâxb`f y âl sj qujmð ji Phitbhef, prjfùphmf pfr jl mjlb`hmf jsthmf mj shlum quj jidrjithah su ghmrj. “Jl eflpj duj ji sjptbjgarj sj ptbjgarj y jl ehllf sj duj ji ifvbjgarj. Lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f sbjgprj hpfyð hl pujalf `cbljif, pujs jsth ùjstbði duj guy murh. H lf

825

Austfs, Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW 823 Thljizuj Thljizujlh, lh, Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW

3?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

gjkfr pfr jsf lfs `cbljifs hghgfs thitf h Gâxb`f, pfrquj ùhimf lh mb`thmurh, sj `fgpfrtð `fgf jl cjrghif ghy ghyfr‗. fr‗.822 Jl 84 mj ifvbjgarj mjl 1?81, ji Qhi`heuh, @cblj, jitrjvbstâ h Fs`hr Bizuizh Pftf, quj kuitf h Qhdhjl Hl`hbif Ljyvh, dfrgh dfrgh phrtj mj Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj, uif mj lfs mujtfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gès bidluyjitjs mj @cblj. Lh prbgjrh erhah`bði mj Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj tuvf luehr ji 825=, ji pljih mb`thmurh. _fr `fisbeubjitj, lhs fpbibfijs mj Fs`hr Bizuizh Pftf sfi bgpfrthitjs. Fs`hr Bizuizh Pftf `fgphrtbð hleuihs hiâ`mfths `fgf quj ji 825: Jl Hibghlbtf duj prfcbabmf pfr lh jspfsh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt hreugjithimf quj “htjithah `fitrh lh gfrhl y lhs aujihs `fstugarjs‗.1?? Lh gukjr mjl mb`thmfr lj mbf thith bgpfrthi`bh hl tjgh quj bi`lusf ebrð ui `fguib`hmf mj prjish phrh quj tfmhs lhs rhmbfs sj mbjrhi pfr jitjrhmhs mj lh prfcbab`bði. Jl rjsulthmf duj lh hmqubsb`bði `fgpulsbvh mjl ghtjrbhl mbs`ferèdb`f, hl puitf mj tjijr quj prjgbhr h Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj pfr lhs hlths vjiths mj su L_ L_.. Jl Hibghlbtf js uih `hi`bði ji rbtgf mj ùgabh, lljih mj pb`hrmçh y hlaur `cbljif quj jihraflh lh `hph`bmhm hmbvbihtfrbh mj ui cfgfsjxuhl llhghmf ]jrjsf.

JL MBP@F Lh mb`thmurh hdj`tð h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj, pujs gfmbdb`ð lfs `brùbtfs h trhvâs mj lfs ùhljs sj gfvçhi ji jl phçs himbif. Jsh gbsgh `brùisthi`bh lljvð hl `bjrrj mj lhs mbsqujrhs trhsih`bfihljs jsthalj`bmhs ji Phitbhef, quj chsth hitjs mjl eflpj jrhi lhs prbi`bphljs mbstrbaubmfrhs mj mbs`fs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj. H rhçz mjl eflpj gblbthr mjkhrfi mj lljehr mbs`fs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs h @cblj.

822 Çmjg. 1??

Bizuizh, Fs`hr ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

38

Lfs mbs`fs quj pfmçhs `fisjeubr jrh pfrquj chaçhi bierjshmf h @cblj hitjs mj lh mb`thmurh y sj ji`fitrhahi ji lhs afmjehs mj lhs tbjimhs mj mbs`fs‗. 1?8 Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz, `flj``bfibsth mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, rjùjrmh quj ji jl høf mj 825:, ji pljih mb`thmurh, pumf `fisjeubr ui L_ mj Lfs ]rjgjimfs Ehvblhijs, jl quj duj trhçmf mjsmj @hlbdfribh, ji ui lftj bierjshmf h @cblj ji jl høf mj 8251. “Lhs mbsqujrhs sh`hrfi lf ûltbgf quj ljs qujmhah phrh vjimjrlf tfmf j brsj mj @cblj. _hrh 823? lfs mbs`fs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs jsthahi hefthmfs. 1?1

_hrh 8250, høf ji quj `fgjizð lh mb`thmurh pbif`cjtbsth, jl eustf pfr lhs gûsb`hs cj`chs ji lh ih`bði hztj`h, jsthah jxtjimbmf mjl sur hl ifrtj `cbljif. Ji târgbifs `fgjr`bhljs, jxbstçh ui gjr`hmf `fisugbmfr quj duj hprfvj`chmf pfr jgprjshrbfs `cbljifs phrh `fisflbmhr lh bimustrbh mjl mbs`f ji @cblj. Pb abji, sjllfs `fgf Hsdfih y Pfl mj Hgârb`h, ih`bjrfi ji 8240 y 8251, rjspj`tbvhgjitj, duj ji lh mb`thmurh quj hl`hizhrfi sus ibvjljs gès hltfs mj prfmu`tbvbmhm. Jl sjllf Hsdfih tjiçh `fgf su `hrth gès dujrtj h Lfs Cjrghifs Austfs, mujtf pbfijrf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ji @cblj, bitjerhmf pfr Bsghjl y Djrihimf Austfs> gbjitrhs quj Pfl mj Hgârb`h prjsugçh mj lh jx`lusbvbmhm mj Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj, mujtf ifrtjøf `cbljif frbebihrbf mj Qhi`heuh, `bumhm lf`hlbzhmh h mfs cfrhs mj Phitbhef, Phitbhef, ch`çh jl sur mj @cblj. Jl mujtf mj Lfs Cjrghifs Cjr ghifs Austfs mjdbibð su jstblf `fi tfthl hpjehmf hl ùltbvf ùltbvf mj lh `hi`bði rhi`cjrh-ifrtjøh, prfgfvbmh ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:? pfr mujtfs b`fifs `fgf Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh y Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi. _fr su phrtj, Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj mjaji sjr `fisbmjrhmfs lfs phmrjs mj lh ùgabh rhi`cjrh r hi`cjrh ji @cblj. Jl sjllf Pfl mj Hgârb`h sj uab`ð sfarj lh Erhi Hvjibmh. Erh`bhs h jsth jgprjsh `cbljih, ui iûgjrf `fisbmjrhalj mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih quj chaçh jitrhmf h @cblj hitjs mjl eflpj, duj rjerhahmh ji `hsjtj. Ibahlmf Thljizujlh rjùjrmh chajr `fgprhmf `hsjtjs mj Hitfibf Heublhr y mj Gjr`jmjs @hstrf, jmbthmfs pfr Pfl mj Hgârb`h, murhitj lfs høfs mj lh mb`thmurh. Cuaf rhmbfs `fgf Phrejitf @hi-

1?8 Thljizujlh,

1?81. 1?1 Thljizujlh, 1?80.

31

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

mjlhrbh quj pusbjrfi h lh vjith su h`jrvf mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. Ftrh jstrhtjebh phrh hlljehrsj mbs`fs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hih, `fisbstbð ji hprfvj`chr `brùbtfs gberhtfrbfs, tjkbmfs `fi lfs `fgphøjrfs mj trhahkf quj vbhkhahi h Gâxb`f `fi drjùji`bh. Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz ihrrh hsç, lf fùrrbmf; ]jiçh hgbefs mjl trhahkf quj gj rjehlhahi gûsb`h. ]rhahkhah ji uih jgprjsh dhrgh`âutb`h, jitfi`js vjiçhi gu`cfs quçgb`fs mj hdujrh, bahi y vflvçhi, y hcç ljs ji`hrehah gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bi`lusf ji`hreuâ h ui euhtjghltj`f quj gj trhkf gûsb`h mj Lhs _hlfghs y mjl Mujtf Hgârb`h. Jrh ui quçgb`f dhiètb`f mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh mj Gâxb`f, tjiçh ùhlqubjr gûsb`h. ]hgabâi tjiçh ui hgbef quj duj h lh Hrejitbih y gj trhkf mbs`fs mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih, ji Aujifs Hbrjs gj `fgprð mbs`fs mj Hitfibf Heublhr. Gb cjrghih thgabâi gj ghimð mbs`fs mjsmj Gâxb`f pfrquj sj `hsð `fi ui jsphøfl. Gb cjrghih vbvj h`tuhlgjitj ji Pubzh. Jllh vjiçh `hmh mfs høfs h @cblj. Gj hùjrmf quj ji 824=, hphrj`çhi pjrsfihs ji rjvbsths quj mjsjhahi jitrhr ji `fith`tf `fi pjrsfihs mj ftrfs phçsjs, jitfi`js lj js`rbaç y gj shlbð uih ibøh cbkh mjl prjsbmjitj guib`bphl mj Thllj Cjrgfsf, ]hghulbphs, ]hghulbphs, Gâxb`f. @fivjrshgfs pfr `hrths, jllh gj ghimð mbs`fs mj Lhs Cjrghihs _hmbllh y Lhs Kbleujrbllhs quj trhçhi mfs `hi`bfijs pfr `hmh lhmf; Fkbtfs ji`hithmfrjs, afqubth `flfrhmbth, Fkbtfs h`jbtuihmfs y Llfrhr y llfrhr. Jsfs lfs mjkj ji @urb`ð, gb cjrghif `fgf if tjiçh gûsb`h, sh`hah lfs mbs`fs h sus dbjsths y mjspuâs if lfs rjerjshah. Jsfs mbs`fs sj pjrmbjrfi pfr ùlph mj gb cjrghif. 1?0

Âsths if dujrfi lhs ûib`hs dfrghs mj rjsbstji`bh quj ji`fitrhrfi lfs `cbljifs phrh sjeubr tjibjimf ji sus vbmhs h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz, Djrièimjz, pfr jkjgplf, sj hpfyð ji uih mj sus cjrghihs jxblbhmh ji Jurfph. H trhvâs mj jllh, Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz pumf mbsdruthr mj lh gûsb`h mj mujtfs `fgf Hlgh Ifrtjøh, Lhs _hlfghs y Lhs Kbleujrbllhs, y mj sflbsths `fgf Gjr`jmjs @hstrf. Ji sus vbhkjs pfr Gâxb`f y pfr Jsphøh, lh cjrghih mj Ibahlmf Thljizujlh `fgprð mbs`fs quj lujef jivçf h @cblj. “@fi lh mb`thmurh lljehrfi hleuifs pf`fs mbs`fs gjxb`hifs,

1?0 Thljizujlh,

1?80.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

30

lfs quj jrhi bitrfmu`bmfs pfr gjmbf mjl `fitrhahimf. Iui`h pumj ch`jrgj mj ibieuif pfrquj jrhi `hrçsbgfs, tj `fsthahi 81 vj`js gès quj hitjs mjl eflpj gblbthr‗, 1?= dbihlbzh jl `flj``bfibsth Thljizujlh Djrièimjz. Lh mb`thmurh if sflf trhkf jl dlfrj`bgbjitf mj lh bimustrbh mbs`ferèdb`h `cbljih, pfr lf gjifs lh jspj`bhlbzhmh ji lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, thgabâi gftbvð jl surebgbjitf mj ui iûgjrf `fisbmjrhalj mj mujtfs ifrtjøfs `fgf Lfs Lu`jrfs y Lfs Qjhljs mjl Thllj. Thllj. Jxbstçh uih ij`jsbmhm, lh ejitj qujrçh jsù`chr gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, jitfi`js “sb hleubji tjiçh ui h`frmjði y uih eubthrrh, `fgjizhah h `hithr y lh ejitj èvbmh mj gfgjitfs djlb`js, lf tbrhah phrh hrrbah‗.1?: Mjsmj jl puitf mj vbsth j`fiðgb`f, uih `lhvj `lhvj quj jxplb`h jl huej y lh ghsbdb`h`bði mj lfs mujtfs rhi`cjrfs `cbljifs ji lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, sfi lfs iugjrfsfs djstbvhljs quj sj frehibzhrfi h lf lhref mj tfmf @cblj, murhitj lfs gjsjs mj jijrf y djarjrf, quj phrh jl `fif sur js vjrhif. @hsb tfmfs lfs djstbvhljs tjiçhi quj vjr `fi jl `hgpf, pfr jsf hleuifs sj llhghahi Djstbvhl mjl @cf`lf y Djstbvhl mj lh Phimçh, pfr `bthr mfs jkjgplfs. “Ji jijrf y djarjrf jstè jl durfr mj lhs `fsj`chs, pfr jsf, ji jsfs gjsjs sj frehibzhi lfs djstbvhljs. Chy mbijrf phrh ehsthr, phrh `fgjr y phehrlj h lfs mujtfs ifrtjøfs‗.1?4

@FI]QH LH MB@]HMZQH Jl lfùtfr Cuef Flbvhrjs @hrahkhl, jspj`bhlbsth ji gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, ih`bð jl = mj kuibf mj 8241, ji Fvhllj, ifrtj mj @cblj. Gberð h Phitbhef ji jl høf mj 8245, kuitf h sus phmrjs. H`tuhlgjitj prfmu`j y `fimu`j mfs prferhghs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs; Mjspjrthr Qhi`cjrf y Lfs @hpfs mj Gâxb`f. Jl prbgjrf js trhisgbtbmf mj luijs h vbjrijs pfr lhs ghøhihs ji @hlbpsf DG, pjrtjij`bjitj

1?=

Çmjg.

1?: Thljizujlh,

1?81. 1?4 Thljizujlh, 1?80.

3=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

hl erupf Qhmbf @flf @flf. Mjspjrthr Qhi`cjrf bib`bð ji jl høf 1???, `fgf uih bmjh frbebihl mjl h`frmjfibsth ifrtjøf, Kuhi @fitrjrhs, duimhmfr mj Lfs Qhi`cjrfs mj Qçf Erhimj. “Kuhi gj jisjøð jl vhlfr mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. gj xb`hih. Duj Kuhi @fitjrhs qubji gj mbkf quj pusbjrh gûsb`h 8??% gjxb`hih, yf if tjiçh ihmh jitfi`js, hsç quj âl trhçh tr hçh tfmf, pfr jsf lf qubjrf‗,1?5 sjitji`bð jl lfùtfr Cuef Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl. Cuef Flbvhrjs sj bi`lbið pfr jl ifgarj mj Lfs @hpfs mj Gâxb`f “pfrquj ji @cblj ui `hpf js jl gjkfr, jl aujif, jl iûgjrf uif. H trhvâs mjl ifgarj lh ejitj shaj quj vh h jsù`chr lf gjkfr mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih‗.1?3 Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl hprfvj`cð lh gûsb`h mjl erupf ifrtjøf, Lfs @hpfs mj Gâxb`f, phrh “hrghr lhs `frtbihs‗. Jl prferhgh, Lfs @hpfs mj Gâxb`f duj trhisgbtbmf pfr prbgjrh vjz, jl 8 mj ghyf mjl 1??=, ji Qhmbf Jsth`bði @uhtrf mj Phitbhef mj @cblj. Jl jsph`bf rhmbfdðib`f sbeuj hgplbhimf sus zfihs mj bidluji`bh. @uhimf jl eflpj gblbthr mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250, jl lfùtfr `cbljif, Cuef Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl tjiçh 88 høfs mj jmhm. _fr jl hgplbf `fif`bgbjitf quj pfsjj mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, y pfr chajr sbmf tjstbef prjsji`bhl mjl jvjitf quj `hgabð phrh sbjgprj lh cbstfrbh mj @cblj, Cuef Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl js uih dujitj `fidbhalj quj arbimh lu`js sfarj lfs ijxfs mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs `fi lh mb`thmurh gblbthr mj Hueustf _bif`cjt _ bif`cjt Zehrtj. Mj hùjrmf `fi Cuef Flbvhrjs, h`tuhlgjitj lhs erhimjs rhmbfs mj @cblj if tf`hi gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs pfrquj lhs `fisbmjrhi mjl pujalf, “vulehrjs, sbi `lhsj, y sfarj tfmf, lhs vji `fgf uih gûsb`h quj trhkf _bif`cjt.‗1?2 Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl hsjeurh quj _bif`cjt iui`h prfgfvbð h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj. @fgphrtf çitjerhgjitj, ui drhegjitf mfimj Flbvhrjs jxplb`h lf su`jmbmf `fi lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji jl ghr`f mj lh mb`thmurh gblbthr;

1?5

Flbvhrjs, Cuef Cuef ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW Çmjg. 1?2 Çmjg. 1?3

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

3:

Murhitj jl eflpj gblbthr cuaf hrtbsths quj if qubsbjrfi vjibr h @cblj. Murhitj lh âpf`h mj _bif`cjt surebð Qhmbf @flf @flf, sj cbzf chrth gûsb`h rhi`cjrh, lf quj phsh js quj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih mj jsfs høfs chalhah mj hgfr, mj rjebfijs ejferèdb`hs, pjrf if mj prfaljghs sf`bhljs, pfr jsf _bif`cjt lh mjkð. Jsf if sbeibdb`h quj _bif`cjt hmf`trbihrh hl pujalf `cbljif `fi lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Lh rhi`cjrh jsthah ji @cblj gu`cf hitjs quj _bif`cf tfghrh jl pfmjr, hsç quj js gjitbrh quj lh mb`thmurh prfgfvbjrh lh beifrhi`bh mjl pujalf `cbljif `fi lh mbdusbði mj lh rhi`cjrh. Murhitj jl efabjrif gblbthr lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih sj vjçh `fgf hlef bif`jitj, bifdjisbvf, pjrf jsf if sbeibdb`h quj mbrj`thgjitj jl efabjrif gblbthr chyh prfgfvbmf h lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Jsf sç, rjùjrmf quj murhitj lh mb`thmurh mj _bif`cf ui lfùtfr mj Phitbhef pusf hl hbrj tjghs mj Hgphrf F`cfh y Fs`hr @cèvjz, jl vhlbjitj lfùtfr duj hsjsbihmf pfr lh mb`thmurh. Murhitj lh mb`thmurh, lh rhmbf quj gès mjsth`ð ji lh mbdusbði mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih duj Qhmbf @flf @flf, quj ih`bð jl 81 mj f`tuarj mj 825=. Qhmbf @flf @flf jrh gûsb`h pfpulhr tfmf jl mçh, ch sbmf lh ghmrj mj tfmhs lhs rhmbfs h`tuhljs. @lhrf quj hitjs mj Qhmbf @flf @flf cuaf ftrhs drjùji`bhs quj mbduimbjrfi lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih `fgf Qhmbf Pjrrhif mj Gjlbpbllh quj duj uih mj lhs gès bgpfrthitjs mbdusfrhs mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 824?. Cfy Qhmbf @flf @flf jstè ji ghifs mj Fghr Ehrhtj, quj duj qubji gj mbf lh fpfrtuibmhm mj trhahkhr ji @hlbpsf DG. Ji Qhmbf @flf @flf sj prfgf`bfið chrth gûsb`h ifrtjøh mj Gâxb`f, rjùjrmf hl mujtf mj @hrlfs y Kfsâ `fi su `hi`bði Hgfrjs dbiebmfs. Ji 825:, Qhmbf @flf @flf tjiçh ui prferhgh mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih, uif pfr lh ghøhih y ftrf ftr f pfr lh if`cj, lf rjùjrmf `fgf sb dujrh hyjr. H pjshr mj tfmf, murhitj lh âpf`h mj _bif`cf, cuaf chrth gûsb`h rhi`cjrh, chrth pfrquj shlbjrfi Lfs Lu`jrfs mjl Thllj, Lfs Hgbefs mj Lfb`h, Lfs Llhijrfs mj lh Drfitjrh, Lfs Qjhljs mjl Thllj y Jlbsjf Eujvhrh> `fitbiuhrfi Lfs Cjrghifs Cjrghi fs 18? Austfs, Euhmhlupj mjl @hrgj, Djrihimf ]rukbllf ]r ukbllf y Qfajrtf Heublhr.

18? Çmjg.

34

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

H DHTFQ MJ LH MB@]HMZQH Chsth jstj puitf, lfs jitrjvbsthmfs sj chi ghibdjsthmf `fitrh lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj, sbi jgahref if tfmfs lfs h`tfrjs quj mhi dfrgh y vbmh h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj sfi mj bzqubjrmh. Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs, duimhmfr y mbrj`tfr mjl Ghrbh`cb @hlb`hitf mj Phitbhef, cjrjmjrf mjl mujtf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, Pjrebf y _flbth, sj mj`lhrh phrtbmhrbf mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs, hsç `fgf su phmrj, mfi Pjrebf [ûøbeh Pftf y su jspfsh Bierbm Euzgèi, dujrfi gblbthrjs. Lh cbstfrbh mj vbmh mj Pjrebf [ûøbeh Pftf pujmj rjsulthr bgph`thitj phrh gu`cfs lj`tfrjs, pujs jl sjøfr sj mjsjgpjøð `fgf hsbstjitj pjrsfihl mjl mb`thmfr Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Pjrebf [ûøbeh phmrj if sflf duj gblbthr, sbif uih mj lhs ghifs mjrj`chs mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Mj hùjrmf `fi Bierbm Euzgèi, jspfsh y ghihejr mj Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs, lh vbmh mj sus sujerfs jstuvf ji pjlberf ùhimf ji 823?, ui `hpbtèi `jr`hif h _bif`cjt mjsùarbð quj jl sjøfr Pjrebf [ûøbeh Pftf y su jspfsh, Cbpðlbth @frtâs, tjiçhi ui mujtf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Ji lh jrh mj lh mb`thmurh jsthah prfcbabmf quj lfs gblbthrjs rjhlbzhrhi h`tbvbmhmjs hrtçstb`hs, hrtçs tb`hs, “pfrquj jl gblbthr jstè cj`cf phrh fajmj`jr, if phrh `rjhr‗. 188 Pjrebf [ûøbeh Pftf j Cbpðlbth @frtâs bib`bhrfi su `hrrjrh hrtçstb`h ji Qhmbf Ruiehy, ji jl høf mj 825=, `fi jl ifgarj hrtçstb`f mj Pjrebf y _flbth. Duj ji 8252 quj jl mujtf Pjrebf y _flbth erhað su prbgjr `hsjtj `fi jl hpfyf mj lh mbsqujrh Purnf, Purnf, ji pljih mb`thmurh gblbthr. Lh rj`fpblh`bði sj llhgð, @frrbmfs y rhi`cjrhs. r hi`cjrhs. Murhitj sjbs høfs, Pjrebf y _flbth ùltbvhrfi h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `lhimjstbihgjitj, chsth quj ji 823? dujrfi mjsùabjrtfs y `fidrfithmfs. Ljs pjrmfihrfi lh vbmh pfrquj Pjrebf [ûøbeh Pftf jrh uif mj lfs hlljehmfs h _bif`cjt. Mj hùjrmf `fi Bierbm Euzgèi, sus sujerfs mjkhrfi mj `hithr pfrquj “shlbjrfi pbllhmfs pfr uif mj lfs kjdjs gblbthrjs. Jl `hpbtèi lj mbkf quj lf mjkhrhi chsth hcç, quj _bif`cjt if sj jitjrhrçh y quj if gji`bfihrhi gès jl tjgh. Bahi h gfrbr pfr `hithr gûsb`h gjxb`hih‗. gj xb`hih‗.181

188

Euzgèi, Bierbm ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW 181 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

35

Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs hdbrgð quj jl eustf mj lfs `cbljifs pfr lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs if tbjij quj vjr `fi sjr mj bzqubjrmh f `fi sjr mjrj`ch. ]hgpf`f jstè hsf`bhmh `fi jl efabjrif mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj, ib `fi jl mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. “Jl eustf pfr lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs pfsjj gu`ch cbstfrbh y sj rjgfith h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS‗.180 Lh mb`thmurh gblbthr bi`jitbvð h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs y thgabâi lhs prfcbabð. Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj hljitð h lhs gûsb`hs quj lljehrfi mj Gâxb`f ji thitf ljs sbrvbjrhi phrh rjdfrzhr jl jstjrjftbpf mjl cuhsf lbehmf hl `hgpf, h lfs `hahllfs y h lh ùj`h. If js `hsuhlbmhm quj uif mj lfs erupfs `fisjitbmfs mj lh mb`thmurh dujrhi Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs.. Lh bgheji mjl `chrrf gjxb`hif hyumð phrh rjdfrzhr hl jstjrjftbpf mjl cuhsf. Xubi`cjrfs Pjrebf [ûøbeh pfimjrh quj hleuifs eâijrfs gjxb`hifs sbrvbjrfi mj mbstrh`tfrjs, beuhl quj hleuihs pjlçùlhs. Lhs pjlçùlhs gjxb`hihs sbi `fitjibmf pflçtb`f jrhi lhs quj sj trhisgbtçhi tr hisgbtçhi ji @cblj, gbjitrhs quj lhs quj plhitjhahi jl tjgh mj lh rjvflu`bði gjxb`hih jrhi `jisurhmhs.18= Lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs hyumhrfi h rjdfrzhr jl pfmjr mj lh mb`thmurh `fi lh ejitj mjl `hgpf, quj js mfimj gès jirhbzhmf jstè jl hgfr pfr Gâxb`f y sus gûsb`hs. “Pb vhs phrh jl `hgpf `cbljif, lhs pjrsfihs quj jitrjvbstjs sj sharèi lhs ljtrhs mjl @hahllf alhi`f  y y mj Lh yjeuh `flfrhmh , j beifrhrhi Pb vhs phrh ‗,18: h`ftð Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs, gûsb`f pbif`cjtbsth. @cblj ‗,

GÛPB@H MJQJ@CBP]H _fr lhs rhzfijs jxpujsths, lfs `cbljifs quj if vbvbjrfi lh mb`thmurh, js mj`br lfs kðvjijs, hmkjtbvhi h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs `fgf mjrj`cbsths y `fisjrvhmfrhs. Js ij`jshrbf prj`bshr quj lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj prfgfvbð `bjrths gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs phrh rjdfrzhr su jstjrjftbpf mjl

180

[ûøbeh @frtâs, Pjrebf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW Çmjg. 18: Çmjg. 18=

33

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

cuhsf, pjrf jllf if sbeibdb`h quj tfmhs lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs sjhi hpflçtb`hs. Lh mb`thmurh prfcbabð `frrbjitjs j bitârprjtjs gjxb`hifs quj pusbjrhi ji rbjsef lh jsthablbmhm sf`bhl mj @cblj. Pjrebf [ûøbeh @frtâs jxplb`h; Murhitj lh mb`thmurh, lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih sj `lhsbdb`ð. @chajlh Threhs, Fs`hr @cèvjz y Hgphrf F`cfh dujrfi hrtbsths gjxb`hifs prfcbabmfs. Gu`ch gûsb`h gjxb`hih quj lljeð h @cblj pfr Thlphrhçsf duj rjqubshmh pfr lfs gblbthrjs, pujs jsthah prfcbabmh. Ftrfs hrtbsths sj vbjrfi ajijdb`bhmfs, pfr jkjgplf Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs. Jllfs sj jrbebjrfi `fgf lfs `fisjitbmfs mj thth _bif`cjt. Qj`bjitjgjitj, ji jl Djstbvhl mj Gûsb`h Gjxb`hih Euhmhlupj mjl @hrgji, `jljarhmf ji djarjrf mj `hmh høf ji @chi`f, hl sur mj @cblj, jstuvbjrfi Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs. Gu`cfs sj prjeuithrèi ¶Xuâ ch`ji Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs ji ui djstbvhl mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih6 Lh ejitj quj eusth mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih ji tfmf @cblj, pfmjgfs mj`br ui 5?%, sj rj`fif`j mj mjrj`ch, js mj`br, ejitj pbif`cjtbsth. Lf quj phsh js quj lh ejitj quj eusth mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih, js mj`br lfs mjl sur, vbvbð uih rjhlbmhm mbdjrjitj h lh quj jxpjrbgjithrfi lfs mj Phitbhef. _fr jkjgplf, tû tjiçhs hibghljs y lfs vjimçhs h Phitbhef, ji jl efabjrif mj Hlljimj sj trhtð quj tfmf lf quj sj prfmukjsj ji lh zfih, sj `fgbjrhi ji lh gbsgh zfih. Jstf ejijrð quj Fsfrif, ui pujalf ehihmjrf mjl sur mj @cblj, if pumbjrhi sh`hr sus hibghljs phrh lljvhrlfs h lh ejitj mj Phitbhef. Ji Phitbhef if chaçh hibghljs phrh `fgjr. Qhi`heuh js ui pujalf herbùltfr, jitfi`js chaçh luehrjs quj tjiçhi purf ghçz phrh `fgjr y ftrfs sflf `hrij. Jitfi`js, sb lf vjs `fgf ui `hgpjsbif, phrh lh ejitj duj ui ghl quj ljs prfcbabjrh quj sus prfmu`tfs if pumbjrhi br h ftrfs lhmfs. _hrh jl herbùltfr y ehihmjrf duj pâsbgf. Hcç jstè pfrquâ lh ejitj mjl sur vj ijehtbvhgjitj hl efabjrif mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj y `fi aujifs fkfs hl efabjrif mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Jsh ejitj mjl sur mj @cblj, js lh quj sj mbvjrtçh vbjimf pjlçùlhs gjxb`hihs. Lhs pjlçùlhs sj hrrhbehrfi pfr lh sbgblbtum mjl `hahllf, lh gbsgh dfrgh mj sjr. @uhimf phsð tfmf jl tjgh mjl eflpj, gu`ch ejitj mjl `hgpf pbmbð quj sj mjrrf`hrh hl efabjrif mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj. Pb tû lf vjs mj jsh ghijrh, jl phçs sj mbvbmbð. _fr jsf ùhimf _bif`cjt jstjrjftbpð lh ùj`h bgpulsð h Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs. Gu`ch ejitj ji jl sur quj js phrtbmhrbh mj _bif`cjt, lf vj `fgf hlef pfsbtbvf pfrquj ji gjifs mj uih sjghih pumf vjimjr sus hibghljs y sus prfmu`tfs mjl `hgpf h ftrhs rjebfijs. _fr jsf sfi phrtbmhrbfs mj lh mjrj`ch, pjrf fkf, jl hsuitf mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih js gjrhgjitj

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

32

`brùisthi`bhl, lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih if sj cbzf jxprjshgjitj phrh quj _bif`cjt lh ushrh, âl lh vbf y pjr`babð quj pfmçh sjrvbrlj. ]fmhvçh cfy lh ejitj mjl sur prjdbjrj h lh mjrj`ch sfarj lh bzqubjrmh. 184

JL QJR Pj mjaj prj`bshr quj lh ùj`h yh dfrghah phrtj mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih. Ajrihrmf Ajr ihrmf Puajr`hsjhux gji`bfih ji su lbarf sfarj lh cbstfrbh mjl lbarf ji @cblj quj mjsmj 833? `fi lfs jx`jmjitjs shlbtrjrfs, jl Jsthmf `cbljif prfgfvbð lh zhrzujlh y lh ùj`h ji jsph`bfs pûalb`fs mj lh `bumhm mj Phitbhef. 185 Lh ùj`h thgabâi duj mbduimbmh gjmbhitj lh lbtjrhturh. Ji 833:, pfr jkjgplf, sj js`rbabð Jl cuhsf ji Phitbhef mj Ghtjf Ghrtçijz Xujvjmf, Xujvjmf, rjlhtf `fstugarbsth quj pusf ji jl `jitrf hl cuhsf y h lh ùj`h, su gûsb`h. “Js uih farh gusb`hlbzhmh quj ihrrh lhs pjrbpj`bhs mj ui cuhsf quj vbsbth h sus dhgblbhrjs ji Phitbhef. Lh farh `fi`luyj `fi uih zhghùj`h quj sj ahblh ji jl js`jihrbf‗.183 Jl mb`thmfr _bif`cjt rjtfgð jljgjitfs mj lh ùlturh pfpulhr `cbljih `fgf jl cuhsf y lh ùj`h phrh tjijr hlbijhmfs h lfs `hgpjsbifs, h`tfrjs sf`bhljs bmjitbdb`hmfs `fi jstfs sçgaflfs. Lhs gjmbmhs dfrghrfi dfr ghrfi phrtj mj uih jstrhtjebh jstr htjebh pflçtb`h mj sbgphtçh pfpulhr. Huiquj lh ùj`h duj mj`rjthmh `fgf lh gûsb`h ih`bfihl mj @cblj, jl mb`thmfr _bif`cjt jxbeçh ghrbh`cbs ji lfs hjrfpujrtfs phrh `hmh uif mj lfs vbhkjs quj ch`çh hl jxtrhikjrf. Lfs ghrbh`cbs mjaçhi jsthr prjsjitjs hl mjspjmbrlf y hl rj`babrlf. rj`b abrlf. Bi`lusf, “lh `hi`bði gès rjprjsjithtbvh mjl efabjrif gblbthr duj Jl Qjy mj Kfsâ Hldrjmf Kbgâijz. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm fdrjz`f sjrjihths ji lhs quj sj gj prfcçaj `hithr Jl Qjy‗,182 hreuyj Pjrebf [ûøbeh. Hueustf _bif`cjt duj ui hphsbfihmf mj Gâxb`f, “ji sus dbjsths

184 Çmjg. 185

Puajr`hsjhux, Ajrihrmf, Cbstfrbh mjl lbarf ji @cblj, Phitbhef, LFG, LFG, 1?8?, p.23.

183 Babm , p.8?1. 182

2?

[ûøbeh @frtâs, @frtâs, 1?80.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

sbjgprj lljvð h Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs, qubjijs lj `hithahi Gâxb`f lbimf y qujrbmf, _hlfgh qujrbmh y @bjlbtf lbimf. If chy mumh quj Gâxb`f js jl phçs gès prjsjitj ji @cblj‗,11? dbihlbzð [ûøbeh @frtâs. _hrh jl lfùtfr mj Qhmbf @flf @flf, Cuef Flbvhrjs, “@cblj lj mjaj tfmf h Gâxb`f pfrquj ifs cjrjmð uih gûsb`h, bi`lusf ui bmbfgh sb pjishgfs ji @hitbidlhs y ji Jl @chvf mjl 3. Lfs `cbljifs lljvhgfs thtuhmf ji jl `frhzði h iujstrf Gâxb`f. If tj gbjitf sb tj mbef quj gbllfijs mj `cbljifs ifs sjitbgfs freullfsfs mj Gâxb`f, pfrquj thgabâi js iujstrh phtrbh‗.118 Gâxb`f “phrh ifsftrfs lfs `cbljifs js uih gjz`lh mj sjitbgbjitfs. Gâxb`f ifs jvf`h jvf`h lh ibøjz, ifs ch`j vbvbr gfgjitfs djlb`js. Gâxb`f gj rjùjrmh ùhimf dub ibøf, ùhimf jsthahi gbs phmrjs. Gâxb`f phrh gb js lh djlb`bmhm `fgpljth. ]j hgf Gâxb`f‗.111

@FI@LZPBFIJP Lh prjsji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs gj xb`hihs ji @cblj, sj jighr`h ji ui bitjr`hgabf `fgjr`bhl y ùlturhl quj mhth, pfr lf gjifs, mjl sbelf SBS. Lh jxbstji`bh mj gjxb`hifs ji @cblj ch sbmf ui djiðgjif `fisthitj y sfstjibmf mjsmj dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS, ùhimf _frdbrbf Mçhz jivbð ui erupf mj gûsb`fs h lh ih`bði trhshimbih. Lh bikjrji`bh mjl Jsthmf gjxb`hif ch sbmf `fituimjitj ji @cblj> mjsmj jl sbelf SBS lfs ghimhthrbfs hztj`hs chi rjgbtbmf `fitbiejitjs mj gûsb`fs y hrtbsths `fgf Mhvbm Hldhrf Pbqujbrfs, phrh `fitrbaubr ji lhs rj`fistru``bfijs quj lfs `cbljifs chi tjibmf quj ch`jr, lujef mj lfs tjrrjgftfs quj chi phmj`bmf. Murhitj lh mb`thmurh, h pjshr mj quj lhs rjlh`bfijs pflçtb`hs y `fgjr`bhljs jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj sj qujarhrfi, lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs sbeubjrfi lljehimf h lh ih`bði trhshimbih, erh`bhs h lh

11? Çmjg. 118 Flbvhrjs,

1?80.

111 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

28

bitjrvji`bði mj `cbljifs jxblbhmfs ji Gâxb`f, mj `cbljihs rhmb`hmhs ji Jsphøh, mjl `fitrhahimf y mj lh tjih`bmhm quj gjxb`hihs `fgf Bgjlmh [hphth gfstrhrfi. Hui murhitj lh mb`thmurh gblbthr ji`hajzhmh pfr Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj, cuaf gjxb`hifs quj if sðlf vbvbjrfi ji @cblj, sbif quj ùgplbjrfi `fi ui rfl mj bgpfrthi`bh ji lh prfgf`bði y mbdusbði mj lh ùlturh gjxb`hih, ji mfimj sj bis`rbaj, pfr supujstf, sus gûsb`hs. Lh mb`thmurh gblbthr mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj mbsthi`bð hl pujalf `cbljif, mjsehrrð su sf`bjmhm, gutblð sus lhzfs `fguibthrbfs, vflvbð hitheðib`fs h lfs cuhsfs y h lfs bitjlj`tuhljs. Lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, ji ejijrhl, `hrehi jl jstbegh mj sjr mjrj`cbsths, `fisjrvhmfrhs y `fgphrshs mj lh mb`thmurh gblbthr, lf quj jxplb`h jl rj`chzð quj `bjitfs mj `cbljifs ghibdbjsthi rjspj`tf h jllhs. Lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj sfi trhthmhs `fi mjs`fidbhizh pfr lfs sj`tfrjs ljtrhmfs> vji ji jllhs h cuhsfs, js mj`br, h pbif`cjtbsths. H lh phr mj jstj djiðgjif, lfs bitârprjtjs gès vhlfrhmfs, ji târgbifs hrtçstb`fs, pfr lhs âlbtjs bitjlj`tuhljs `cbljihs `fgf Tbfljth _hrh, Tç`tfr Khrh, Xublhphyûi y Ghurb`bf Qjmflâs Austfs, chi bitjrprjthmf y erhahmf gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. Mjsmj jsth pjrspj`tbvh, Pjrebf [ûøbeh tbjij rhzði ùhimf hreugjith quj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj, sfi hitjrbfrjs h lfs efabjrifs mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj y mj Hueustf _bif`cjt. Jstèi gès hllè mj mjrj`chs y mj bzqubjrmhs> thgpf`f sfi prbvhtbvhs mj lfs cuhsfs, js mj`br mj lh ejitj pfarj j bljtrhmh. Lh rjhlbmhm quj ui sjrvbmfr fasjrvð ji @cblj js guy mbdjrjitj h lh quj phsh pfr lfs `hihljs fdb`bhljs `cbljifs. Murhitj gb jsthmçh ji @cblj `fif`ç ejitj cugblmj quj hgh h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, pjrf thgabâi tuvj jiùjitrfs `fi ejitj mj guimf quj rjspjth y jitbjimj lh bgpfrthi`bh quj ch tjibmf Gâxb`f ji lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh ih`bði `cbljih. Lhs âlbtjs `cbljihs, quj sfi qubjijs dbihlgjitj js`rbaji lh cbstfrbh mj lh ih`bði trhshimbih, sj chi jgpjøhmf ji flvbmhr ui phshmf jstrj`chgjitj lbehmf `fi Gâxb`f. Ibjehi lh h`tuhlbmhm mj prè`tb`hs gusb`hljs `fgf lh ifrtjøh y jl ghrbh`cb, hreuyjimf quj “lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs sfi mjl sur mj @cblj‗, mfimj chabthi lfs cuhsfs, ejitj sbi jmu`h`bði ib ùlturh. Lfs `cbljifs sfi Jurfph ji Hgârb`h, pfr jsf lfs shitbheubifs s hitbheubifs sj mbsthi`bhi mj lf `hgpjsbif. H mj`br vjrmhm, ji Phitbhef rhmb`hi `flj``bfibsths y lfùtfrjs> sj jiùjitrhi lhs mbdusfrhs mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs gès bgpfrthitjs mj

21

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@cblj `fgf Qhmbf @flf @flf y `bijhsths `fgf @crbstbhi Ghlmfihmf, qubji ji su mfùgjithl Ifrtjøfs mjl Pur, mh ùjith mj lh prjsji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji lh `hpbthl mj @cblj. Lh rjhlbmhm quj vbvji lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj, js mbdjrjitj h lf rjprfmu`bmf pfr lfs gjmbfs fdb`bhljs. Ji lfs `çrùlfs uibvjrsbthrbfs sj vflvbð ljyjimh jl frbeji surjøf mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. Hl rjpjtbr uih y ftrh vjz jsh cbstfrbh, sj mbsthi`bhi mj lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt, lh quj hsf`bhi `fi lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. _hrh `bjitfs mj `cbljifs uibvjrsbthrbfs, lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs dujrfi hlbhmhs mjl efabjrif gblbthr gblbthr,, ji jl hmf`trbihgbjitf mj lhs ghshs, kuitf h lh tjljvbsbði, lh quj sj `fivbrtbð “ji uih bimustrbh mj prfmu``bði y rjprfmu``bði mj gjishkjs cfgfejijbzhmfrjs phrh jl `fisugf ghsbvf‗.110 Erbsjlmh Iûøjz, pfr jkjgplf, js uih pfjtbsh quj bierjsð h lh js`jih lbtjrhrbh lujef mj hphrj`jr ji jl prferhgh Pèahmf Ebehitj, `fimu`bmf pfr jl kumçf-hljgèi, Ghrbf Nrjutzajrejr “Mfi Drhi`bs`f‗.11= Lujef mjl trhahkf mj `hgpf rjhlbzhmf ji @cblj, gj pjr`htâ quj jl hgfr pfr lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs rjahsh lfs jstrhtfs sf`bhljs. Hitjs mj lljehr h @cblj, bah `fi lh bmjh mj ui phçs lljif mj ejitj `fi rhsefs jurfpjfs, hkjih h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. _jishah _jishah quj lh `fijxbði quj jxplb`hrçh j xplb`hrçh uih pfsbalj hdb`bði mj lfs `cbljifs pfr lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih jsthah ji jl sur mj @cblj, pfr `fi`jitrhr jsth rjebði uih bgpfrthitj gberh`bði gber h`bði mj hljghijs y pflh`fs. Bghebiâ quj hl sjr lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih rjsulthmf mjl gjstbzhkj jitrj jl h`frmjði mj frbeji jurfpjf y jl ahkf sjxtf mj dharb`h`bði gjxb`hih, lhs gberh`bfijs `jitrf-jurfpjhs h @cblj pfmrçhi hyumhr h mblu`bmhr lhs rjspujsths quj pjrgbtbjrhi jxplb`hr jl pfrquâ mj lh jxbstji`bh mj erupfs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh `fgf Pjitbgbjitf Ifrtjøf mj Ghr`f Ghøèi y @frhzði Ifrtjøf mj Qb`hrmf Qfkhs. Qfkhs. Jsthah ljkfs mj bghebihr lh rjhlbmhm rjhlbmhm `fgpljkh, prfduimh y jirhbzhmh quj rjprjsjithi lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj. Zih vjz ji Phitbhef, duj guy sji`bllf `fgjizhr h uab`hr gbs dujitjs. H lfs trjs mçhs mj jsthalj`bmf ji lh `hpbthl mj @cblj, chaçh rjhlbzhmf gb prbgjrh jitrjvbsth `fi Ghrbf Fahimf, dharb`hitj mj

110 Puajr`hsjhux,

p.1?8.

11= Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

20

ahkf sjxtfs, ih`bmf ji Thlmbvbh (sur mj @cblj), pjrf rhmb`hmf ji Phitbhef. Qjùjrmf Qjùjrmf quj gj ji`fitrâ ui sèahmf pfr lh ghøhih `fi jl lhumjrf, qubji duj ejijrfsf hl lljvhrgj pfr hleuihs pb`hmhs f `hitbihs mj Phitbhef, `fgf Jl Cfyf y Lh _bfkjrh, sbtbfs mfimj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs jstèi prjsjitjs. Pfi luehrjs pjishmfs phrh jl turbsgf jurfpjf. Ji Lh _bfkjrh, luehr quj vbsbtâ ji 8? f`hsbfijs, jstèi mj plhith Lfs Pfljs mjl Ifrtj, ui mujtf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih dfrghmf pfr thljitfs `cbljifs. Jl mujtf tbjij gès mj =? høfs bibitjrrugpbmfs mbvulehimf lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji Lh _bf kjrh mj Phitbhef. Phitbhef. Ji lfs bib`bfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, @cblj phsð h dfrghr phrtj phr tj mj uih `fguibmhm bitjrih`bfihl sjlj`th. Jl Dfimf Gfijthrbf Bitjrih`bfihl lj hsbeið lh thrjh mj hsugbrsj `fgf uif mj lfs phçsjs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs ji vçhs mj mjshrrfllf gès jxbtfsfs. 11: Lhs jtbqujths sjgèitb`hs quj sj ushrfi ji lh `hgphøh pualb`bthrbh mj prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822?, hmkjtbvhimf h @cblj `fgf kheuhr kheuhr,, pugh y lçmjr, dfrghi phrtj mj uih jstrhtjebh mj jxhlth`bði quj aus`h dharb`hr ui ih`bfihlbsgf j`fiðgb`f, h lçmjr, phrtbr mj lh bmjh; “sfgfs trbuidhmfrjs‗. tr buidhmfrjs‗.114 @fi jl trbuidf mjl IF y lh jlj``bði mjl prbgjr efabjrif efabjr if mj lh `fi`jrth`bði ji 8232, sj bib`bð uih iujvh âpf`h phrh @cblj. Js ihturhl y jitjimbalj quj lujef mj lhs vjkh`bfijs sudrbmhs pfr lh mb`thmurh, lfs `cbljifs qubsbjrhi hljkhrsj mj tfmf lf quj flbjrh flbjr h h _bif`cjt. Lhgjithaljgjitj, lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs dfrghi phrtj mj jsj phtrbgfibf bightjrbhl cjrjmhmf pfr lh mb`thmurh pbif`cjtbsth. Jl prf`jsf mj hlbhizh jitrj lh mb`thmurh mj _bif`cjt y lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs tjimrçh quj jstumbhrsj `fi ghyfr prfduimbmhm ji trhahkfs duturfs.

11: Lhrrhçi,

Kfrej, Bmjitbmhm `cbljih , Phitbhef, LFG, 1??8, p.1:3. 114 Babm , p.84=.

2=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@H_Ç]ZLF T CHALHIMF MJ GÛPB@H IFQ]JØH GJSB@HIH

J

i jstj `hpçtulf arbimhrâ hleuifs jljgjitfs cbstðrb`fs sfarj lhs frehibzh`bfijs bistrugjitbsths quj sughrfi h lh `fistru``bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Gj rjdbjrf h lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, h lfs thgafrbljrfs y h lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs. Mj hùjrmf `fi Pjrebf Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf sjrçhi trhs`jimjithljs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh pujs h trhvâs mj jllhs sj mbduimbð ùhitbfsf y ifthalj rjpjrtfrbf ahblhalj quj lujef, h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, sj bi`frpfrhrçh y hmhpthrçh hl rbtgf mjl h`frmjði y mjl ahkf sjxtf. Mj hùjrmf `fi Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf phrh lh `fistru``bði sf`bhl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih pfmrçh gjmbrsj h trhvâs mj lh `fisulth y mjl hièlbsbs mj `htèlfefs mfimj sj hiui`bhah lh vjith vjith mj bistrugjitfs gusb`hljs y mj rjpjrtfrbf. Mj gfgjitf gj lbgbthrâ h rjdjrbr hleuihs ejijrhlbmhmjs sfarj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, lfs thgafrbljrfs y lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs> gbsghs quj ifs hyumhrèi h plhitjhr quj ji lh mjdbib`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh phrtb`bphrfi mbdjrjitjs jstblfs, `frrbjitjs y dfrghs dfr ghs mj frehibzh`bði gusb`hl.

^ 2: W

AHIMHP MJ TBJI]F _hrh `fgprjimjr jl mjvjibr mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji Gâxb`f, lfs trhahkfs mj Quaâi G. @hgpfs, Qhdhjl Hitfibf Qubz ]frrjs, ]frrjs, Cjljih Pbgfijtt, Pjrebf Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr y Ejfrebih Dlfrjs Gjr`hmf sfi duimhgjithljs. Quaâi G. @hgpfs duj jl prbgjrf ji rjebstrhr lh prjsji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji lh `ftbmbhijbmhm gjxb`hih mjl sbelf SBS. Jl bitjlj`tuhl euhihkuhtjisj hdbrgð quj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf sfi hitjrbfrjs h lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs y quj surebjrfi ji lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS. “Ahimh mj vbjitf duj uih mjifgbih`bði rjtfghmh mj lhs heruph`bfijs mj `lhrbijs y thgafrjs mjl jkâr`btf `flfibhl jsphøfl‗,115 hsjeurh. Pbeubjimf h Quaâi G. @hgpfs, h dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS y prbi`bpbfs mjl SS, lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf sjrvçhi phrh h`fgphøhr gbshs y phrtb`bphr mj jvjitfs pfpulhrjs `fgf pjljhs mj ehllfs, `frrbmhs mj tfrfs, jitbjrrfs y afmhs.113 “Lh ahimh mj vbjitf sbeuj sb euj sbjimf uih bistbtu`bði pfpulhr pfr jx`jlji`bh, ih`bmh mjl pujalf y phrh jl pujalf‗, 112 hdbrgh jl gbsgf Quaâi G. @hgpfs. _hrh jl bivjstbehmfr bivjstbehmfr hahkjøf, lhs ahimhs gblbthrjs jxbstbjrfi chsth lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS, ùhimf dujrfi mjsplhzhmhs pfr lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf `bvbljs. Mj hùjrmf `fi Quaâi G. @hgpfs, jl dh`tfr quj jxplb`hrçh jl phsf mj lhs ahimhs gblbthrjs h lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf `bvbljs sjrçh lh tjìflfeçh ji lfs bistrugjitfs mj vbjitf. G. @hgpfs mjthllh lf h`fitj`bmf;

Ji `hmh pujalf mj bimbfs, ji `hmh `fierjeh`bði, ji `hmh iû`ljf jitrjehmf h lhs lhafrjs mjl `hgpf, fùph`bði ejijrhl ji ui phçs ph çs ji jl quj if chy bimustrbh, chy sbjgprj ui ghjstrf quj sujih jl trfgaði, jl `frijtçi, jl auelj, y uih vjz mujøf mj lh tâìb`h mj lfs bistrugjitfs mj afqubllh `brùlhr, sj hvjiturh hvjiturh

115

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.825. 113 Babm , p.823. 112 Babm , p.1??.

24

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

h aus`hr lh jgaf`hmurh y lh ifgji`lhturh mj lhs llhvjs mj lfs bistrugjitfs mj `høh. Zih vjz `fif`bmfs lfs bistrugjitfs mj jstrhieul, phsh h bivjstbehr lhs dlhuths y lfs dlhutbijs, y pfr hihlfeçh `fi lfs `lhrbijtjs y lfs rjqubitfs, ji ùhitf vbibjrfi lfs bistrugjitfs mj Phx, quj huiquj `fitjgpfrèijfs mj Ajrlbfz, hphrj`bjrfi ji Gâxb`f `fi lhs ahimhs hustrbh`hs hustrb h`hs mjl Bgpjrbf mj Ghxbgblbhif, hpjihs lj dujrfi `fif`bmfs, sj pusbjrfi h bivjstbehr su tâìb`h, y gçrhlfs hquç, mujøfs mj tfmfs lfs bistrugjitfs mj hlbjitf mj ghmjrh y lhtði, mjsmj lfs gès hitbeufs chsth lfs ûltbgfs. 10?

Pjrebf Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, jspj`bhlbsth ji jl jstumbf mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, `fbi`bmj `fi Quaâi G. @hgpfs hl sjøhlhr quj lh `fidfrgh`bði y pfpulhrbzh`bði mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf js ui djiðgjif mjrbvhmf mjl pjrdj``bfihgbjitf tâìb`f y mj lh bimustrbhlbzh`bði mj lfs bistrugjitfs mj vbjitf ji jl sbelf SBS.108 _hrh Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, jl gjkfrhgbjitf mj lfs sbstjghs mj llhvjs mj ]. Afjcg, ji 8318, sbgplbdb`ð lh mbebthlbzh`bði mj dlhuths, `lhrbijtjs y shxfdfijs. Lh bitrfmu``bði mj vèlvulhs y pbstfijs hyumhrfi ji lh hplb`h`bði mj mbsjøfs cfgfeâijfs, quj lujef ejijrhrfi tjsbturhs gès hgplbhs, phrtbùlhrgjitj ji lh dhgblbh mj lfs shxcfris, quj `fgprjimj h aueljs y afgahrmbifs, bivjithmfs ji 83=4 pfr Hmflpcj Phx. 101 Mj hùjrmf `fi Pjrebf Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, jl gjkfrhgbjitf ji lh `hlbmhm mjl sfibmf mj lfs bistrugjitfs prfpbfs mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, su prfmu``bði ghsbvh, hsç `fgf lh mbsgbiu`bði mj sus prj`bfs, `rjhrfi ui gjr`hmf quj rjvflu`bfið lh gûsb`h h ibvjl elfahl.100

10? Babm , p.825. 108 Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, _jllb`jr, Pjrebf, “Lhs `hpbllhs mj gûsb`h mj vbjitf ji Fhxh`h murhitj jl sbelf SBS‗, ji Cjtjrfdfiçh. Qjvbsth mj

Bivjstbeh`bði Gusb`hl , iûgjrf 81=, Gâxb`f, BIAH, jijrf-kuibf mjl 1??8, p.8?. Lh subzh Cjljih Pbgfijtt, pbjish beuhl quj Pjrebf Ihvhrrjtj y quj Quaâi G. @hgpfs. Jllh mb`j quj; “lfs bistrugjitfs mj vbjitf dharb`hmfs ji ghsh rjdljkhi jl jspçrbtu mj lh jrh bimustrbhl. Ji ui gfgjitf mj jgf`bði tâìb`h, bistrugjitfs gj`èib`fs sfdbstb`hmfs lljehrfi h sbgaflbzhr jl prferjsf y lh gfmjribmhm. Pbgfijtt, Cjljih, “Drfg vbllhej tf wfrlm sthej; ]cj ghlljhablbty fd Pbihlfh pfpulhr arhss ahims‗, bi Arhss ahims fd tcj wfrlm; Gblbthrbsg, Gblbthrbsg, `flfibhl `flfibhl ljeh`bjs, him lf`hl gusb` ghnbie , Puzjlhih Qjbly, Qjbly, jmbtjm, Hscehtj, Hs cehtj, 1?81, p.822. 101 Çmjg. 100 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

25

Lh `bth tjxtuhl mj lh pèebih hitjrbfr, prfpbjmhm mj Quaâi G. @hgpfs, ifs rjgbtj h lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh (8348-8345), ui phshkj mj lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f quj sj jrbej `fgf trhs`jimjithl sb iujstrf bitjrâs js hprfxbghrifs h lh bidluji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji lh `fistru``bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl hreugjitf if js gçf, pfr supujstf, js uih cbpðtjsbs quj chi mjgfstrhmf Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh Eutbârrjz Eutbârr jz y Hldfisf Hyhlh Muhrtj ji sus bivjstbeh bivjstbeh`bfijs. `bfijs. Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh y Hldfisf Hyhlh `fbi`bmji ji lh bgpfrthi`bh quj tuvbjrfi lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf trhçmhs pfr lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh, ji lh `fidfrgh`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. gj xb`hih. Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh Eutbârrjz Eutbârrj z y Hyhlh Muhrtj hreugjithi quj lhs ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði pfpulhrbzhrfi eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh, ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, mj hcç su bgpfrthi`bh phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. If pjrmhgfs mj vbsth quj phrtj vhlbfsh mjl rjpjrtfrbf `fisbmjrhmf hitbeuf, hl bitjrbfr mj lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, jstè duimhgjithmf ji eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c.10= Huiquj js ui cj`cf quj lh pflnh jitrð h Gâxb`f, erh`bhs h lh `fgpfsb`bfijs bgprjshs, hlrjmjmfr mj 83:?, duj `fi lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf trhçmhs pfr lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh quj jl eâijrf mhi`çstb`f sj pfpulhrbzð y hrrhbeð ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif. 10: Hsç, lfs prbgjrfs `fith`tfs quj lfs chabthitjs mj Gfitjrrjy tuvbjrfi `fi lhs ahimhs drhi`jshs, dr hi`jshs, fùrrbjrfi ji harbl mj 834:, ùhimf sj rjebstrhrfi lhs prbgjrhs prbgjr hs humb`bfijs pûalb`hs h `href mj lh Ahimh mjl Qjebgbjitf Jxtrhikjrf. “Duj lh ahimh quj h`fgphøð h lh Ljebði Jxtrhikjrh, lh prbgjrh mj lh gblb`bh drhi`jsh quj lljeð h Gfitjrrjy murhitj lh Bitjrvji`bði, lh gbsgh quj jl pujalf h trhvâs mj ejijrh`bfijs ch bmjitbdb`hmf `fgf lfs zuhvfs zuhv fs mj Ghxbgblbhif‗.104 Lh lljehmh mjl Qjebgbjitf Jxtrhikjrf hl ghimf mjl `frfijl Kjhiibierfs h Gfitjrrjy, ghr`ð jl bib`bf mj lhs sjrjihths y humb`bfijs mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf drhi`jshs, ji lhs plhzhs [hrhefzh y mj Lh Llhvj. Pjeûi Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, lhs humb`bfijs pûalb`hs mj lhs

10=

Hyhlh Muhrtj, Muhrtj, Hldfisf, Hldfisf, Mjsmj jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh. Frbeji y `fisflbmh`bði mjl `fikuitf ifrtjøf ji Gfitjrrjy , Gfitjrrjy, Cjr`h, 1???, 50p. 10: Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4, p.:1. 104 Babm , p.53.

23

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði, mjaji jitjimjrsj `fgf uih jstrhtjebh phrh `hlghr h lh pfalh`bði, jvbthr sualjvh`bfijs sualjvh`bfi js y ejijrhr uih `fivbvji`bh ahshmh ji jl hprjimbzhkj.105 Qjvbshr lfs prferhghs gusb`hljs mj lhs ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði ji Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, js ui jkjr`b`bf bitjrjshitj pfrquj ifs pjrgbtj `fisththr ùèljs dujrfi lfs rbtgfs ùltbvhmfs pfr lhs ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði. @fgji`jgfs pfr lfs `fi`bjrtfs mjl 2 y mjl 88 mj kulbf 834:, ji lfs quj sj jkjùtð jl sbeubjitj rjpjrtfrbf; Qfsh (P`cfttbs`c), Hlbih (rjmfwh), Lh dlfr mj hgfr (s`cfttbs`c), Lubsh (ghzurnh) Qfsh (vhrsfvbhih) y _djbdjr (pflnh).103 Jl 88, 83 y 18 mj ghrzf mj 8344, lh Ahimh mjl Qjebgbjitf Jxtrhikjrf fdrj`bð humb`bfijs pûalb`hs ji lh _lhzh [hrhefzh `fi jl sbeubjitj rjpjrtfrbf; Jl arbllf mj lh luih (ghzurnh), Jl rjùjrmf (pflnh), Qjùjrmfs mjl tbrfl (ghzurnh), Hmbðs h lh Drhi`bh (pflnh) y Lh Pulthih (rjmfwh).102 Jl 15 y 12 mj ghyf mj 8344, lh Ahimh mjl Qjebgbjitf mj @hzhmfrjs fdrj`bð humb`bfijs ji Phltbllf, jl rjpjrtfrbf jkjùthmf duj; Jl erbs (s`cfttbs`c), Kulbjttj (pflnh) y Juejibj (ghzurnh).1=? l lj`tfr charè ifthmf quj jl rjpjrtfrbf mbduimbmf ji jl ifrjstj pfr lhs ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði Bitjr vji`bði drhi`jsh jstuvf ahshmf ji pflnhs, rjmfwhs, ghzurnhs y s`cfttbs`cjs, tfmfs eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs trhs`jimjithljs phrh lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. ]hitf Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh `fgf Hldfisf Hyhlh Muhrtj jstèi mj hùjrmf ji quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh if pujmj jxplb`hrsj sbi lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs, eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs ji afeh murhitj jl sbelf SBS. _hrj`j quj jl hrrhbef mj lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c, ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, rjspfimj h ui pjrbfmf cbstðrb`f `fi`rjtf; lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh. Mbjz høfs mjspuâs mj tjrgbihmh lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh, qujmð frehibzhmh lh Ahimh mjl _rbgjr Ahthllði mj Gfitjrrjy. Ji harbl mj 8355, lfs dblhrgðib`fs `fgjizhrfi h fdrj`jr sjrjihths lfs kujvjs y lfs mfgbiefs, ji lhs plhzhs : mj ghyf y [hrhefzh mj Gfitjrrjy. Jl rjpjrtfrbf quj

105 Babm , p.3=. 103 Çmjg. 102 Babm , p.2=. 1=?

Babm , p.35.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

22

iutrbð lhs humb`bfijs mj lh Ahimh mjl _rbgjr Ahthllði mj Gfitjrrjy jstuvf `fistbtubmf pfr [ulbgh (s`cfttbs`c), Jl harhzf mj mfs hgbefs (ghzurnh), Lh jsgjrhlmh (s`cfttbs`c), ]u sfirbsh (pflnh), Zi rjùjrmf (ghzurnh), Euhrmâ tu dlfr (pflnh), Lh dueh (pflnh), Jl sjitbgbjitf (s`cfttbs`c) Lupj (ghzurnh), H uih dlfr (ghzurnh), ]u mjsjf (pflnh), H jllh (pflnh), Lhs eflfimrbihs (ghzurnh) y Jl mjsjf (pflnh). Lf vhlbfsf, mbdjrjitj y rjs`hthalj mj jstfs `fi`bjrtfs js quj lfs tjghs prjsjithmfs dujrfi `fgpfsb`bfijs mj gûsb`fs ifrjstjisjs.1=8 Mj hùjrmf `fi Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, lh Ahimh mjl _rbgjr Ahthllði mj Gfitjrrjy, y sus `fi`bjrtfs fdrj`bmfs, mjgujstrhi jl bgph`tf mj lhs ahimhs mj lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh ji lh `fidbeurh`bði h`tuhl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. gj xb`hih.

AHIMHP MJ LH BI]JQTJI@BÐI DQHI@JPH _hrh mbgjisbfihr lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf drhi`jshs y ajlehs ji lh `fidfrgh`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, mjajgfs `fitjxtuhlbzhr jl pjrbfmf mj lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh (8348-8345). Mj hùjrmf `fi Qhdhjl Hitfibf Qubz ]frrjs, ji jl gfgjitf mj lh Bitjrvji`bði (Bgpjrbf mj Ghxbgblbhif), lh ùlturh drhi`jsh efzhah mj prjstbebf h ibvjl elfahl, sus ahimhs y su gûsb`h mj vbjitf jrhi `fif`bmhs ji tfmf jl guimf y sus bistrugjitfs jrhi `fgjr`bhlbzhmfs h erhi js`hlh. Qj`frmjgfs quj ji lh gbsgh âpf`h, hmjgès mj Gâxb`f, Ihpfljði BBB y su jkâr`btf (`fisbmjrhmf jl gès pfmjrfsf mjl guimf) jgprjimbjrfi hvjiturhs `flfibhljs ji Bimf`cbih, Hrejlbh y @rbgjh. 1=1 Murhitj jl sbelf SBS Drhi`bh sj `fisbmjrhah, ji gu`cfs sjitbmfs, jl pfrthvfz mj lh ùlturh f``bmjithl. Mjsmj lh dblfsfdçh, lh `bji`bh y jl hrtj, chsth jl vjstbmf y lh `fgbmh, lf drhi`âs jrh gfmjlf h sjeubr. Lh gûsb`h if sj qujmhah

1=8 Babm , p.882. 1=1

Qubz ]frrjs, ]frrjs, Qhdhjl Hitfibf, Cbstfrbh mj lhs ahimhs gblbthrjs mj gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f (8545-821?), (8545-821?), ]jsbs mj Ghjstrçh ji Cbstfrbh, Gâxb`f, ZHG-Bzthphlhph, 1??1, p.4:.

8??

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

htrès, y _hrbs kuitf `fi Tbjih, sj hsugçhi `fgf jl mjstbif dbihl mj `fgpfsbtfrjs y jkjùthitjs.1=0Qhdhjl Hitfibf Qubz ]frrjs jxplb`h pfr quâ lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf drhi`jshs jrhi lhs gjkfrjs; @fi lh Bitjrvji`bði y jl Bgpjrbf lljehrfi h Gâxb`f gès mj 0?,??? jljgjitfs, ahimhs mj gûsb`h frbebihrbhs mj Drhi`bh, Aâleb`h y Hustrbh. Jllhs pfrthahi lfs iujvfs bistrugjitfs mjshrrfllhmfs h gjmbhmfs mjl sbelf SBS ji Drhi`bh y ji Hustrbh. Lhs ahimhs mj Ihpfljði trhkjrfi h Gâxb`f lh vhieuhrmbh ji gûsb`h gblbthr. Hleuihs jrhi mj `hlbmhm, hmjgès quj trhçhi lhs ûltbghs gfmhs gusb`hljs, thitf ji bistrugjith`bði, iûgjrf mj jkjùthitjs y rjpjrtfrbf. ]fmf jllf bgph`tð ji lhs ahimhs gjxb`hihs, thitf `bvbljs `fgf gblbthrjs, y gès hûi, lfs sflmhmfs drhi`jsjs thgabâi mjkhrfi cujllh ji `fstugarjs ùlbihrbhs y `bjrths mhizhs ji hleuihs phrtjs mj Gâxb`f. _fr jkjgplf, ji Eujrrjrf, ji lh zfih mj @cblhph, sj mb`j quj jisjøhrfi lh trhmb`bði mjl phi drhi`âs (hghshmf `fi lfs pbjs) y jl ahblj mj lfs lhi`jrfs. Lh bivhsbði ifrtjhgjrb`hih if mjkð cujllh ji lhs ahimhs gjxb`hihs pfrquj h gjmbhmfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 83=?, lfs gûsb`fs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs if `fithahi `fi lfs iujvfs bistrugjitfs quj jsthahi hphrj`bjimf ji Jurfph, lfs quj bi`lubrçhi chsth lh Eujrrh @bvbl. Lh bidluji`bh ifrtjhgjrb`hih `fgjizð h phlphrsj chsth dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS `fi lh prjsji`bh mj lhs farhs mj Kfci _cblbp Pfush, `fi lh mbdusbði mj gûsb`h bgprjsh y `fi jl dfiðerhdf. @haj sjøhlhr quj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf jsthahi lbehmhs `fi jl ih`bfihlbsgf drhi`âs, sfarj tfmf h phrtbr mj lh Qjvflu`bði mj 8532 y lujef `fi lh pârmbmh mj Hlsh`bh y Lfrjih h ghifs mj _rusbh. _fr jstfs gftbvfs, jitrj 8358 y 828=, sj js`rbabjrfi ghr`chs gblbthrjs quj hljithahi lh `fidbhizh mj lh ih`bði y jl mjsjf mj rjùpjrhr lh mbeibmhm pjrmbmh. Lh gûsb`h jgpjzð h kuehr ui phpjl `hmh vjz ghyfr ji lh dfrgh`bði mjl ih`bfihlbsgf eujrrjrf mj F``bmjitj. 1==

Pb pfijgfs h mbhlfehr lh bidfrgh`bði vjrtbmh pfr Qhdhjl Hitfibf Qubz ]frrjs `fi lh jxpujsth pfr Lubs Ghrtçi Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, lferhrjgfs mbgjisbfihr ji tfmh su `fgpljkbmhm, lh bgpfrthi`bh

1=0 Babm , p.820. 1== Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8?8

gusb`hl quj tuvbjrfi lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh y jl Bgpjrbf mj Ghxbgblbhif phrh Gâxb`f, y ji jspj`bhl, phrh jl ifrjstj (Iujvf Ljði, ]hghulbphs ]hghulbphs y @fhcublh). Pb abji, lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh if trhkf tr hkf lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf h Gâxb`f, sç lhs prfdjsbfihlbzð y prfgfvbð su mjshrrfllf mjshr rfllf h phrtbr mj lh bi`frpfrh`bði mj tâìb`hs, rjpjrtfrbfs y iujvfs bistrugjitfs. “Jstè `fgprfahmf quj trhs lh mjrrfth mj lfs drhi`jsjs, cuaf uih prflbdjrh`bði mj ahimhs mj vbjitf ji lfs pujalfs sjrrhifs y ji lhs `fguibmhmjs rurhljs mj Gâxb`f‗.1=: Lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji ejijrhl, y lhs trhçmhs pfr lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh, ji phrtbùlhr, bidluyjrfi bidluyjrfi ji lh `fistru``bði y pfstjrbfr mjdbib`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.1=4 Lh prjsji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh lh pfmjgfs vjrbdb`hr h trhvâs mjl rjpjrtfrbf y mjl ùltbvf mj eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs mj ghiudh`turh jurfpjh `fgf lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c. Mjsmj jsth pjrspj`tbvh, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih tbjij hlef mj jurfpjh, huiquj if mjajgfs flvbmhr lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs hpfrth`bfijs gjstbzhs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs `fgf jl cuhphief, lh `hi`bði rhi`cjrh, jl afljrf y lh ùgabh `flfgabhih. Zih mj lhs ghyfrjs dfrthljzhs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js su ihturhljzh cbarbmh. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih if js ui `fsh, sbif gu`chs h lh vjz, js rb`h ji eâijrfs y ji rbtgfs, pjrf thgabâi ji bistrugjith`bfijs, sfarj tfmf sb `fisbmjrhgfs lh bidluji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs, mj lhs frqujsths purâpj`chs `fi su tflflf`cj mj trjs ùjrmhs y mj lfs bistrugjitfs `fgf jl ahkf sjxtf, hsf`bhmf h lh Gjsjth _urâpj`ch, hl Ahkçf gjxb`hif y h lh Gbxtj`h fhxhqujøh. Tbsuhlgjitj, Tbsuhlgjitj, y ji târgbifs târ gbifs mj hrrjelfs gusb`hljs, jl mbèlfef jitrj lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih y lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf js thi vbejitj quj jxbstji prfmu`tfs `fgjr`bhljs `fgf jl ifrtjøf-ahimh, jl ahimjøf, Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj y Kulbf @âshr _rj`bhmf, qubjijs chi dusbfihmf h lh tuah `fi jl ahkf sjxtf y hl h`frmjði mbhtðib`f `fi lhs `chr`cjths, lfs trfgafijs, lhs tugahs y lhs trfgpjths.

1=: Babm , p.8=1. 1=4

8?1

Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4, p.81?.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

LFP ]HGAFQBLJQFP Lfs thgafrbljrfs jstèi `fistbtubmfs pfr mfs `lhrbijtjs y uih thgafrh mj mfs phr`cjs tjishmh `fi `frrjhs y pjrùtbmh `fi mfs aflbllfs mj ghmjrh quj eflpjhi jl ùjrf y jl hrf, `fgf su`jmj `fi lfs thgafrjs ji lhs ahimhs mj eujrrh eujrr h gblbthrjs.1=5 Lh thgafrh sj tf`h sfarj lfs cfgarfs. Lh gûsb`h mj lfs thgafrbljrfs jstè hsf`bhmh `fi cjrrhmjrfs mj ehihmf ji ch`bjimhs mjl ifrjstj, `fi afmhs y dbjsths rjlbebfshs.1=3 Ji sjitbmf frehiflðeb`f, lfs thgafrbljrfs mjaji jitjimjrsj `fgf lh vjrsbði gfmjrih mjl `fikuitf mj thgafr y `cbrbgçhs quj tuvbjrh su âpf`h mj elfrbh ji lfs sbelfs STBB y STBBB.1=2 Lh `cbrbgçh js ui bistrugjitf mj vbjitf `fi jgaf`hmurh mj `høh `fi mfalj ljieüjth. “Ji jllfs sj lbehi mfs lègbihs supjrpujsths, `frthmhs mj thl gfmf quj jitrj jllhs jl hbrj pujmh phshr ji dfrgh mj uih `bith jstrj`ch. Hl ch`jr jitrhr jl hbrj jitrj jllhs, lh `høh sj harj y sj `bjrrh, y sj prfmu`ji shùmbmhs y fs`blh`bfijs rjeulhrjs mjl hbrj‗.1:? Jxbstj lh `cbrbgçh mj sjbs frbdb`bfs, y uih dhgblbh mj `fitrhltfs, tjifr, tjifr, ahkf y `fitrhahkf, `fif`bmh `fgf pfggjr `fgf pfggjr  f f afgahrmh.1:8 Lh `cbrbgçh js ui bistrugjitf hitbeuf, `fif`bmf pfr lhs ùlturhs jebp`bh, erbjeh y tur`h. 1:1 Lfs thgafrbljrfs (llhghmfs thgabâi pb`fth, tlhcuhlblfs, thcuhlbljs y tlhcublfs),1:0 sj lf`hlbzhi ji lfs h`tuhljs guib`bpbfs mj Lbihrjs, Ejijrhl ]jrèi, Cuhlhcubsjs, @hmjrjyth Kbgâijz, Gfitjgfrjlfs y Hlljimj, ji jl Jsthmf mj Iujvf Ljði> hmjgès mj lh sbjrrh sbjrr h mj Phi @hrlfs, ji ]hghulbphs.1:= Lfs prbgjrfs rjebs-

1=5 ]jsfrf mj lh Gûsb`h Ifrjstjisj , Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1??1, p.83. 1=3 Ghrtçijz Qjyjs, Pjrebf, “Lh gûsb`h mjl ifrjstj‗, ji ji Pjeuimhs kfrihmhs phrh lh bmjitbmhm mj lh ùlturh ifrjstjisj , Gfi-

tjrrjy, @fisjkf @ulturhl mj Iujvf Ljði, 8234, p.8:=. tjrrjy, 1=2 Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4, p.=1. 1:? Chgjl him him Curlbghii, Ji`b`lfpjmbh mj lh gûsb`h , ]fgf BB, Ahr`jlfih, Erbkhlaf, 82:2, p.03:. 1:8 Çmjg. 1:1 Çmjg. 1:0 Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4, p.80?. 1:= ]jsfrf mj lh gûsb`h ifrjstjisj , Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1??1, p.83.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8?0

trfs mj lfs thgafrbljrfs jstèi dj`chmfs ji 833?, ùhimf jkjùthahi pflnhs, rjmfwhs, s`cfttbs`cjs y cuhphiefs.1:: Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, ji guib`bpbfs `fgf Gfitjgfrjlfs, lfs thgafrbljrfs h`fgphøhi lfs mujlfs, vjlhmhs f tfphmhs mj `fpljrfs> uih trhmb`bði `fgphrtbmh `fi lhs cuhstj`hs pftfsbih y euhihkuhtjisj. 1:4 Lfs thgafrbljrfs, js mj`br, lh dusbði mj lh thgafrh `fi mfs `lhrbijtjs, surej h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 833?, `fisjùji`bh mj lh bidluji`bh quj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf drhi`jshs, ajlehs y hustrbh`hs ejijrhrfi ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif (Iujvf Ljði, ]hghulbphs y @fhcublh). Hitjs mj quj ih`bjrhi lfs thgafrbljrfs, lf quj jxbstçh jrhi lfs `fikuitfs mj `cbrbgçh f `cbrbgbtjrfs, jxphimbmfs h lf lhref mj tfmf Gâxb`f. Jl `lhrbijtj ji lh gûsb`h mj lfs thgafrbljrfs, js uih `lhrh `lhr h bidluji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf mj lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh. 1:5 Js bgpfrthitj mjtjijrsj ji jl `lhrbijtj phrh `fgprjimjr lf quj sbeibdb`ð, cbstðrb`hgjitj, jl surebgbjitf mj lfs thgafrbljrfs. Jl `lhrbijtj js ui bistrugjitf mj uih lègbih mj `høh (ljieüjth) vbarhitj `fif`bmf mjsmj lh Hitbeüjmhm. Duj jljvhmf h lh `htjefrçh mj bistrugjitf sflbsth y mj `fi`bjrtf, h dbihljs mjl sbelf STBB, pfr jl hljgèi Kfchii @rbstfpc Mjiijr, erh`bhs h lh hplb`h`bði mj llhvjs f pbstfijs, bgpljgjith`bði bgpljgjith`bði quj gjkfrð su hdbih`bði y ejijrð uih jitfih`bði gès purh mj lfs sjgbtfifs.1:3 Jl `lhrbijtj, pfr `bjrtf, duj jl bistrugjitf prjmblj`tf mj lfs `fgpfsbtfrjs Gfzhrt y Ujajr> pfstjrbfrgjitj, jl `lhrbijtj ahkf duj hmfpthmf pfr Uheijr. Gfzhrt usð `lhrbijtjs hltfs ji Lh dlhuth gèeb`h, Qâqubjg y Lh `ljgji`bh mj ]btf. Jl `lhrbijtj `fitrhahkf ch sbmf pf`f ushmf ji lh gûsb`h `lèsb`h f``bmjithl.1:2 Jl `lhrbijtj duj jl bistrugjitf bmðijf phrh sustbtubr h lh `cbrbgçh pfrquj pfsjj mfs rjebstrfs sfifrfs; uif sfrmf y hcfehmf `fgf jl mj lh `cbrbgçh, y jl ftrf gjlhi`ðlb`f. Jl `lhrbijtj hdbihmf ji 1::

Ghrtçijz Tbllhrrjhl, Qhûl, Gjgfrbh gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f , Gfitjrrjy, ZHIL, 1?88, p.2?. ]jsfrf mj lh gûsb`h ifrjstjisj , Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1??1, p.83. 1:5 Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl j Cbstðrb`f mj ]jphtbtlèi ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, Khlbs`f Khlbs`f (HGC]G), Lh gûsb`h mj lfs `rbstjrfs , 81 mj sjptbjgarj mj 82=?, 1 dfkhs. 1:3 Chgjl him him Curlbghii, Ji`b`lfpjmbh mj lh gûsb`h , ]fgf BB, Ahr`jlfih, Erbkhlaf, 82:2, p.05:. 1:2 Chgjl him him Curlbghii, Ji`b`lfpjmbh mj lh gûsb`h , ]fgf B, Ahr`jlfih, Erbkhlaf, 82:2, p.58. 1:4

8?=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

MF, duj bi`frpfrhmf h lfs thgafrbljrfs pfrquj jrh jl quj ushahi lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf gblbthrjs trhçMF, mhs pfr lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh (8348-8345).14? Lfs `lhrbijtjs y su hmcjsbði h lh thgafrh murhitj lh sjeuimh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS, mbjrfi dfrgh h lf quj cfy `fif`jgfs `fgf thgafrbljrfs. Lfs thgafrbljrfs dujrfi uih gûsb`h mj tfqujs gblbthrjs quj `fi jl phsf mj lhs mâ`hmhs sj `fivbrtbð ji ui hrtj hr tj mj `hrè`tjr `bvbl. Lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj 828?, js `lhvj phrh jstumbhr lhs dui`bfijs sf`bhljs `fi lhs quj ùgplji lfs thgafrbljrfs ji lh h`tuhlbmhm. Lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih js `ru`bhl phrh jxplb`hr lh hprfpbh`bði quj lfs thgafrbljrfs cb`bjrfi mj rjpjrtfrbf rjpjr tfrbf hsf`bhmf hl F``bmjitj, jl Ahkçf y lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f. Khlbs`f. Lh Eujrrh Eujrr h @rbstjrh (8214-8212) js ftrf jpbsfmbf h `fisbmjrhr, sb sj aus`h bimhehr lh prjsji`bh mj rjpjrtfrbf if ifrjstjisj jitrj lfs thgafrbljrfs, yh quj cuaf ui mbèlfef `fisthitj jitrj lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f Khlbs`f,, Murhief y jl sur mj Iujvf Ljði.148 Lfs thgafrbljrfs sfi trhs`jimjithljs phrh jitjimjr lh hprfpbh`bði ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif mj sfijs mj F``bmjitj `fgf Jl pèvbmf ihvbmf, jl Khrhaj Khrhaj gfrf, Lh `f`fih y Jl cubtlh`f`cj> thgabâi mjl @frrbmf mj lfs _ârjz, trhejmbh su`jmbmh ji Lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f, cfy `lèsb`h pfr lfs thgafrbljrfs. Lfs thgafrbljrfs sfi jl pujitj quj `fij`tð h lhs trhmb`bfijs gusb`hljs mjl F``bmjitj, Lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f y jl Ahkçf gjxb`hif, `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Zi bgpfrthitj iûgjrf mj cuhphiefs `fgf Lfs pjimbjitjs y Jl arbiqubtf, dujrfi bitjrprjthmfs, prbgjrf pfr lfs thgafrbljrfs y mjspuâs pfr lfs mujtfs ifrtjøfs. Jsf sbeibdb`h quj phrtj mjl rjpjrtfrbf `fisbmjrhmf trhmb`bfihl pfr lfs thgafrbljrfs, sj `fivbrtbð ji `fgjr`bhl, ji jl gfgjitf quj âstj bib`bð h sjr erhahmf e rhahmf ji dfrghtf mj mbs`f pfr bitârprjtjs ifrtjøfs `fgf Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y Lfs Arhvfs mjl Ifrtj. Lfs cuhphiefs (sfijs) mjkhrfi mj sjr trhmb`bfihljs ji jl gfgjitf quj lfs mujtfs ifrtjøfs `fgjizhrfi h erhahrlfs e rhahrlfs `fi ljtrhs.141

14? Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl j Cbstðrb`f mj ]jphtbtlèi ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, Khlbs`f Khlbs`f (HGC]G), Lh gûsb`h mj lfs `rbstjrfs , 81 mj sjptbjgarj

mj 82=?, 1 dfkhs. 148 Çmjg. 141 Drhkfzh, Kuhi, ]hcûrjs, dhimhieujrfs y `rbgbihljs ji lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f (8318-8218), (8318-8218), Gâxb`f, Hyuithgbjitf mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, 1?8=, 4=p.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8?:

FQXZJP]HP ]Ç_B@HP Lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih ih`bð jl 8 mj hefstf mj 833=. Gâxb`f vjiçh mj tbjgpfs h`bhefs, mj `rbsbs pflçtb`hs y mj ui js`hsf mjshrrfllf mjshr rfllf bimustrbhl, sbtuh`bði quj lf ghitjiçh dujrh mj lhs mbiègb`hs `hpbthlbsths elfahljs. @fi _frdbrbf Mçhz ji jl efabjrif efabjr if (8354-828?), Gâxb`f `fgjizð h prjfùphrsj pfr lferhr uih bmjitbdb`h`bði h lfs fkfs mjl guimf. Erh`bhs h jsth ij`jsbmhm `rj`bjitj mj bmjitbmhm, jgpjzð h `hithrsj lf quj hitjs sj prfcbaçh, h rj`fpblhr, hmhpthr j bi`frpfrhr gûsb`hs rjebfihljs hsf`bhmhs hl pujalf `fgf lfs khrhabtfs y lfs sfijs mj lh tbjrrh. 140 Ji jstj `fitjxtf ih`j lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih, mjifgbihmh bib`bhlgjitj, @fikuitf Gusb`hl `fi Bistrugjitfs ]çpb`fs Gjxb`hifs.14= Murhitj uih mâ`hmh sj lj `fif`bð `fgf jl @fikuitf Gusb`hl `fi Bistrugjitfs ]çpb`fs Gjxb`hifs f `fgf “lh tbpbqubth‗, chsth quj ji 832= sj fdb`bhlbzð jl ifgarj mj Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih. Jl 1? mj hefstf mj 833=, lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih fdrj`bð su prbgjr `fi`bjrtf ji jl ]jhtrf mjl @fisjrvhtfrbf Ih`bfihl mj Gûsb`h, lf`hlbzhmf ji lh `hpbthl mjl phçs. Lh if`cj mjl 1? mj hefstf mj 833=, lh frqujsth mbrbebmh pfr @hrlfs @urtb jstuvf bitjerhmh pfr 1? jljgjitfs, prfvbsth mj trhkjs mj phøf ijerf, `chqujths `fi afrmhmfs mj plhth, `frahth trb`flfr, phithlfijs `fi mfalj aftfihmurh mj plhth y sfgarjrfs `fi afrmhmfs mjl gbsgf gjthl. Lfs bistrugjitfs `fisbmjrhmfs tçpb`fs gjxb`hifs bitjerhmfs bitjer hmfs h lh frqujsths dujrfi jl shltjrbf, jl ahimflði, jl ahkf sjxtf, sj xtf, jl xblðdfif, xblðdfif, jl vbflçi, lh vbflh, jl `jllf, jl hrph y lh dlhuth.14: Mj hùjrmf `fi Tç`tfr @frfih Humjlhtt, lhs frqujsths mj bistrugjitfs tçpb`fs jxbstçhi mjsmj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS . @frfih Humjlhtt mfùgjith jl `hsf mj uih frqujsth quj h`tûf ji jl høf mj 830:, ji jl ]jh ]jhtrf trf mj Hgârb`h, ji lh `bumhm mj Cuhghitlh, ]lhx`hlh. Lh frqujsth

140 @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Lh “Lh frqujsth tçpb`h mj lh `bumhm mj Gâxb`f‗, ji Frqujsths tçpb`hs mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f,

@fihùlth, 1?8?, p.45. 14= Çmjg. 14: @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Mjsdblj mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. gjxb`hihs. Pbelfs SBS y SS‗, ji R lh gûsb`h sj vflvbð BIHC, 1?8?, p.1?2. gjxb`hih , ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, :8, Gâxb`f, BIHC,

8?4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

jstuvf `fistbtubmh pfr shltjrbf, ahkf mj hrgfiçh (ahkf sjxtf), vbflçi, `fitrhahkf (tflflf`cj), `frijth mj pbstði, dlhuth y ui `lhrbijtj> âstj ûltbgf ch`çh lhs vj`js mj bistrugjitf mbrj`tfr.144 Ftrf prf`jsf mfùgjithmf pfr @frfih Humjlhtt js jl mj lh frqujsth mj Kfsâ [hrbøhih, zhphtjrf quj ji 83:8 fdrj`bð ui `fi`bjrtf h lh ejitj mj lh `hllj mj @f`cjrhs (cfy Qjpûalb`h mj @flfgabh), ji jl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f. Lh frqujsth jstuvf bitjerhmh pfr sus cbkhs, Kuhih y Euhmhlupj, ji lfs ahimflfijs `cb`fs, _jmrf y Kfsâ, thgabâi cbkfs, ji lfs ahimflfijs erhimjs> hsç `fgf su vèsthef Ghtblmf ji lh ghimflbih y jl prfpbf Kfsâ [hrbøhih, ji jl ahkf mj hrgfiçh (ahkf sjxtf). 145 Quaâi G. @hgpfs fdrj`j ui tjr`jr `hsf, jl mj lh Frqujsth Phith @j`blbh, dfrghmh ji 8342> bistbtu`bði quj `fithah `fi “fafjs, dhefts, dhefts, `frifs, `fr ifs, `frijtbijs, trfgafijs y ùjrmhs, pujs `fi lh `rjh`bði mjl @fisjrvhtfrbf shlbjrfi jljgjitfs, y ftrfs mj lhs ahimhs gblbthrjs‗.143 Lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs sj dujrfi ejijrhimf ji ui prf`jsf mj rjh`fgfmf y helutbihgbjitf helutbihgbjitf mj bistrugjitbsths j bistrugjitfs hsf`bhmfs h pjqujøfs erupfs mj ùjrmh y vbjitf quj hauimhahi ji pujalfs y ahrrbfs mj, prè`tb`hgjitj, tfmf Gâxb`f.142 Pbeubjimf hl jtifgusb`ðlfef jtifgusb`ðlfef gjxb`hif, gjxb`hif, Hrturf @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, ui rhsef mbstbitbvf mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs duj, y sbeuj sbjimf, lh `fgabih`bði mj ùjrmhs y hlbjitfs ji jl ùltbvf mj eâijrfs hitbeufs `fgf lfs sfij`btfs rjebfihljs, lfs hahkjøfs, lh ghzurnh y lh pflnh.15? _hrh @chgfrrf, ji ùhitf h bistrugjith`bði, js lh frqujsth mj Gbeujl Ljrmf mj ]jkhmh, duimhmh h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, jl phrègjtrf h sjeubr. Lh frqujsth mj

144 Çmjg. 145 Babm , p.188. 143

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.1?3. 142 @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Mjsdblj mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. gjxb`hihs. Pbelfs SBS y SS‗, ji R lh gûsb`h sj vflvbð gjxb`hih , ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, :8, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?8?, p.18?. 15? @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, Hrturf, Hrturf, “Lh frqujsth frqujsth tçpb`h purâpj`ch‗, ji ji Frqujsths tçpb`hs mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?8?, p.4?.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8?5

Gbeujl Ljrmf mj ]jkhmh rjprjsjith lh cfgfejijbzh`bði bistrugjithl y jl prfthefibsgf gusb`hl mjl shltjrbf, bistrugjitf mj ùjrmh mjifgbihmf “tçpb`f gjxb`hif‗ pfr lhs âlbtjs mjl sbelf SBS.158 Pbi jgahref, jgahref, Hrturf @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj mjgujstrh quj jxbstji mfs trhmb`bfijs mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs, lh prbgjrh gjstbzh, jghihmh ahkf lh tutjlh mjl Jsthmf, y lh sjeuimh bimçejih, rjprjsjithmh pfr lh ùlturh purâpj`ch mj Gb`cfh`èi. Lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs purâpj`chs khgès bi`frpfrhrfi jl shltjrbf, pfr jkjgplf> hmjgès mj quj ejijrhrfi su prfpbf rjpjrtfrbf hl quj llhghi “sfij`btfs rjebfihljs‗ y “hahkjøfs‗.151 Lfs purâpj`chs thgpf`f lhs mbstbieuji `fgf frqujsths tçpb`hs, sbgpljgjitj lhs rjdjrji`bhi `fgf frqujsths. Ftrf rhsef mbstbitbvf mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs purâpj`chs js quj su sf`bhlbzh`bði sj mh, cbstðrb`hgjitj, sfarj jl nbfs`f, mfimj `hmh mfgbief y ji dbjsths rjlbebfshs, phrtb`bph lh frqujsth. Lh vbiùlh`bði mj lhs frqujsths purâpj`chs `fi jl nbfs`f, phrj`j sjr uih prè`tb`h cjrjmhmh pfr lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf mj lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh, sjeûi @chgfrrf.150 Kjsûs Kèurjeub Kbgâijz, mf`tfr ji hitrfpflfeçh pfr jl @BJPHP, `fisbmjrhmf jl bivjstbehmfr gès bgpfrthitj sfarj lfs jstumbfs mjl ghrbh`cb h ibvjl bitjrih`bfihl, ch mjgfstrhmf quj jl gbsgf gfmjlf quj Hrturf @chrrf Js`hlhitj jxpfij phrh jl `hsf mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs, sj rjprfmu`j ji lfs guimfs mjl ghrbh`cb trhmb`bfihl. _hrh Kèurjeub Kbgâijz, jxbstji ghrbh`cbs gjstbzfs y ghrbh`cbs bimçejihs> lfs sjeuimfs sfi lbmjrhmfs pfr erupfs cub`cfljs f wbxèrbnhs lf`hlbzhmfs ji Ihyhrbt, Khlbs`f Khlbs`f y Murhief. Lh phrtbùlhrbmhm mj lfs ghrbh`cbs cub`cfljs jstè ji lh hdbih`bði mj sus bistrugjitfs, y if ji lh bi`frpfrh`bði f ji lh husji`bh mj lfs gbsgfs, `fgf sç su`jmj `fi lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. gj xb`hihs.15=

158

Babm , p.:2.

151 Çmjg. 150 Babm , p.48. 15=

Kèurjeub Kbgâijz, Kjsûs, “Lfs “Lfs phphqubs, ui eâijrf ghrbh`cjrf hr`hb`f vbejitj mjsmj hitjs mj lh Bimjpjimji`bh Bimjpjimji`bh y mjspuâs mj lh Qjvf Qjvflu`bði‗, lu`bði‗, ji Gjgfrbhs mjl @flfqubf Jl Ghrbh`cb. _htrbgfibf _htrbgfibf ùlturhl mj lfs gjxb`hifs. S Jiùjitrf Ih`bfihl mj Ghrbh`cb ]rhmb`bfihl , Gâxb`f, Efabjrif mj Khlbs`f, 1?81, pp.02-885.

8?3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Tç`tfr Ghiujl @frfih Humjlhtt, ihrrh lh `fi`jp`bði mj lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih, mbrbebmh pfr @hrlfs @urtb y dbihi`bhmh pfr jl efabjrif mj _frdbrbf Mçhz; Jl 8? mj djarjrf mj 8330, ji jl jsthmf mj Uhscbietfi, sj jxpbmbð lh ljy quj `rjhah lh Jxpfsb`bði Zibvjrshl Hlefmfijrh, h `jljarhrsj ji Iujvh Frljhis, Lfubssbhih, jitrj jl 84 mj mb`bjgarj mj 833= y jl 08 mj ghyf mj 833:, sf prjtjxtf mj djstjkhr jl `jitjihrbf mjl prbgjr jgahrquj mj hlefmði y jivbhmf pfr Jsthmfs Zibmfs h Bielhtjrrh ji 853=. Mj bigjmbhtf jl jitusbhsgf mjl pujalf y jl efabjrif hidbtrbði sj mjsafrmð ch`bh ftrhs ih`bfijs y Gâxb`f rj`babð lh bivbth`bði h dbijs mj 8330. Jitrj jijrf y kuibf mj 833=, _frdbrbf Mçhz vbsbtð jl @fisjrvhtfrbf Ih`bfihl mj Gûsb`h, mbrbebmf pfr Hldrjmf Ahalft, y murhitj jl rj`frrbmf fasjrvð hleuifs bistrugjitfs utblbzhmfs pfr lfs hlugifs mjl plhitjl phrh lhs prè`tb`hs `ftbmbhihs y tfgð ifth mj lfs quj sj jitjimçhi `fgf bistrugjitfs ih`bfihljs. Lfs rjspfishaljs mj frehibzhr h lh frqujsth tçpb`h dujrfi Hldrjmf Ahalft, Kuhi y @hrlfs @urtb. Jl 8 mj hefstf mj 833=, ji lh rjsbmji`bh mj @hrlfs @urtb, sj rjuibjrfi 1: gûsb`fs phrh duimhr lh Pf`bjmhm Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih. Pus prbgjrfs bitjerhitjs dujrfi; @hrlfs @urtb (xblfdfibsth), Himrâs Mçhz mj lh Tjeh (ahimflfibsth), Ji`hrih`bði Ehr`çh (shltjrbsth), Jirbquj _hlh`bfs (vbflbsth), Hihsthsbf Gjijsjs (dlhutbsth), Kuhi @urtb (hrpbsth), Qhdhjl Ehlbimf y Jmuhrmf Eharbjllb (vbflfi`jlbsths), Hitfibf Dbeujrfh (vbflbibsth), Aujihvjiturh Cjrrjrh (vbflh), _hithljði y _jmrf Èvblh (ahkf mj hrgfiçh).15:

Lh frqujsth tçpb`h trhahkð mjl 8 mj hefstf mj 833= hl 0 mj f`tuarj mj 833:. Ji djarjrf mj 833: sj prjsjithrfi ji tjhtrfs mj _ujalh, Tjrh`ruz, [h`htj`hs, [h`htj`hs, @cbcuhcuh, Xujrâthrf, Ljði y @jlhyh. Jl 13 mj djarjrf mj 833:, hrrbahrfi h Iujvh Frljhis.154 Jl 0 mj f`tuarj mj 833:, lh frqujsth sj mjsbi-

15:

@frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Mjsdblj mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. gjxb`hihs. Pbelfs SBS y SS‗, ji R lh gûsb`h sj vflvbð gjxb`hih , ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, :8, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?8?, p.181. 154 Jl gbsgf høf (833:) y ji jl gbsgf jvjitf, lh lh ahimh mj vbjitf gjxb`hih mbrbebmh pfr Kfsâ Ji`hrih`bði _hyji, _hyji, sj prjsjitð ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Jl høf mj 833:, ghr`ð jl bib`bð mjl ih`bfihlbsgf gusb`hl gjxb`hif. Lh mj`bsbði mj quj uih ahimh mj vbjitf y uih frqujsth tçpb`h rjprjsjithrhi h Gâxb`f ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, duj mjl efabjrif prjsbmbmf pfr

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8?2

tjerð. Lh sjeuimh tçpb`h gjxb`hih duj frehibzhmh thgabâi ahkf lh tutjlh mj lfs @urtb, @ur tb, pjrf suavji`bfihmh pfr jl jgprjshrbf Eublljrgf Zrqubmb. Jl 3 mj jijrf mj 8334, jsth sjeuimh frqujsth vbhkð h [h`htj`hs,, mj hcç h lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, y lujef h @uah. Qjerjsð h Gâxb`f pfr Tjrh`ruz y h`tuð ji [h`htj`hs _ujalh, mfimj sj mbsflvbð jl 10 mj kuibf mj 8335. Beuhl quj lhs `bthmhs, lh tçpb`h mj Hitfibf Ehr`çh tuvf su sjmj ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f (8320). Zif mj lfs bitjerhitjs gès mjsth`hmfs mj lh tçpb`h mj Hitfibf Ehr`çh duj jl vbflbibsth euhihkuhtjisj, Kuvjitbif Qfshs. Lh frqujsth tjiçh jl mbstbitbvf mj `fithr `fi mfs gukjrjs, uih shxfdfibsth y uih ahblhrbih.155 “Zih `fisthitj h lf lhref mj lh cbstfrbh mj lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih, ch sbmf lh mjsth`hmh phrtb`bph`bði mj lh gukjr. H prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih `fitð `fi lh phrtb`bph`bði mj @jlbh ]rjvbøf @hrrhizh, jl prbgjr vbflçi djgjibif mj Hgârb`h Lhtbih, sfarbih mj Tjiustbhif @hrrhizh‗.153 @fgf lf prj`bsh jl jtifgusb`ðlfef euhihkuhtjisj, Quaâi G. @hgpfs, jl rjsphlmf j`fiðgb`f mjl Jsthmf duj `lhvj phrh jl surebgbjitf mj lh Frqujsth ]çpb`h Gjxb`hih; Zih dbjarj mj dflnlfrbsgf mjsji`hmjið su `fithebf jpbmâgb`f ji iujstrh gûsb`h, `fi lh vjlf`bmhm `fi quj sj prfpheh uih ifvjmhm hquç, mfimj tfmf js, sjeûi lh erèdb`h drhsj pfpulhr, “llhghrhmh mj pjthtj‗, hrmfr quj murh ui bisthitj. R jstj hrmfr cuabjrh mjshphrj`bmf, sb if cuabjrh surebmf jl hpfyf fdb`bhl

_frdbrbf Mçhz. H dbihljs mjl mjl sbelf SBS, jl ghrbh`cb if dbeurhah ji jl js`jihrbf ih`bfihlbsth `fistrubmf pfr jl Jsthmf gjxb`hif> gu`cf gjifs lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Lh sjeuimh ahimh mj vbjitf gjxb`hih gj xb`hih quj sj prjsjitð ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs duj lh mjl 3 Ahthllði mj Bidhitjrçh quj ghr`cð h lh Jxpfsb`bði mj Gbiijhpflbs, Gbiijsfth, ji f`tuarj mj 832:, ahkf lh mbrj``bði mj Kuhi Gh`çhs y Kuhi Drhi`bs`f Mèvblh, jx mbrj`tfr mj lh ahimh mjl = Qjebgbjitf mj @hahlljrçh. Ji lh Jxpfsb`bði duj habjrtf ui `fiùrsf bitjrih`bfihl bitjr ih`bfihl mj ahimhs, hl quj `fiùrrbjrfi mfs heruph`bfijs he ruph`bfijs jsthmfuibmjisjs, uih hljghih y lh gjxb`hih mjl 3 Ahthllði mj Bidhitjrçh. _fr suejrji`bh mj Jstjahi _ârjz, Pushif Qfaljs y Hpflfibf Hrbhs, lh ahimh gjxbgj xb`hih jkjùtð lh fajrturh mj Eublljrgf ]jll mj Qfssbib `fi rjlhtbvf âxbtf. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) (8:1:-821:),, Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.1?1. 155 @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Mjsdblj mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. gjxb`hihs. Pbelfs SBS y SS‗, ji R lh gûsb`h sj vflvbð BIHC, 1?8?, p.181. gjxb`hih , ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, :8, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 153 @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Lh “Lh frqujsth tçpb`h mj lh `bumhm mj Gâxb`f‗, ji Frqujsths tçpb`hs mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?8?, p.42.

88?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

phrh mhr pèaulf hl jitusbhsgf `rj`bjitj pfr lh gûsb`h pfpulhr ji uih dfrgh prè`tb`h. Jl vhstf bgpulsf mhmf h lh pfpulhrbzh`bði mj lh gûsb`h vjrièùlh if ch sbmf jstârbl, h pjshr mjl `jr`jihgbjitf cj`cf h lh jisjøhizh mjl `hitf `frhl quj rjmukf su pjrsfihl bistru`tfr h lh qubith phrtj, `fi`rjtèimflf h lh jisjøhizh mjl sfldjf ji lhs jsùjlhs prbghrbhs y chajr rjmu`bmf jl iûgjrf mj frdjfijs mj farjrfs, lh gûsb`h vjrièùlh lljih cfy lfs prferhghs mj tfmfs lfs `fi`bjrtfs y vjlhmhs pfpulhrjs ji luehrjs `jrrhmfs f hl hbrj lbarj> lfs prferhghs mj trjs jsth`bfijs trhisgbsfrhs mj rhmbf sfi mbhrbhgjitj ùabjrtfs pfr `hi`bfijs gjxb`hihs. Mj jshs jsth`bfijs trhisgbsfrhs, lh mj lh Pj`rjthrçh mj Jmu`h`bði _ûalb`h js lh quj sfstbjij hsbmuhgjitj jl bitjrâs pfr iujstrh gûsb`h, pfr lh prfmu``bði iujstrh> y thitf lh gûsb`h mj lfs mf`tfs `fgf lh gûsb`h pfpulhr chllhi jx`jljitjs bitârprjtjs ji iujstrfs jkjùthitjs y `hithitjs, y lljvhi h ljkhihs rjebfijs ji hlhs mj âtjr lh jxprjsbði ejiubih mjl hlgh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih ji jl bmbfgh uibvjrshl. 152

Pbeubjimf h Quaâi G. @hgpfs, lh frehibzh`bði mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs ch sbmf ui djiðgjif gès ljitf quj jl mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, pujs lh jxbstji`bh mj lhs prbgjrhs jstè `fimb`bfihmh pfr lh pjrghiji`bh mj lhs sjeuimhs, ji jl jitjimbmf mj quj lh frqujsth tçpb`h ij`jsbth mj bistrugjitbsths sflbsths prfpbfs mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, `fgf dlhutbsths y `lhrbijtbsths. 13? Mj hùjrmf `fi Quaâi G. @hgpfs, lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf jkjùthrfi pfpurrçs mj hbrjs ih`bfihljs, hitjs quj lf cb`bjrhi lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs pfrdbrbhihs.138 Dujrfi lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, lhs prbgjrhs ji hrrjelhr pfpurrçs ahshmfs ji pflnhs, ghzurnhs, rjmfwhs, vhrsfvbhihs, “y pfr jx`jp`bði, uih fajrturh mj ðpjrh bthlbhih h lh quj llhghi sbidfiçh‗.131 Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf _jøh, `fgphrtj lh vbsbði mj Hrturf @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, y hdbrgh quj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs sbjgprj chi sbmf mj `fgpfsb`bði vhrbhalj, pujs jstèi `fimb`bfihmhs pfr

152

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.8:8. 13? Babm , p.1?5. 138 Babm , p.8:8. 131 Babm , p.1?5.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

888

lh jxbstji`bh mj bistrugjitfs j bistrugjitbsths. 130 Ji jl sur mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, ji jitbmhmjs `fgf Hrbzfih, @hlbdfribh y ]jxhs, frqujsths tçpb`hs `fgf lh H`fsth (erhað phrh Tf`hlbfi mj Phi Drhi`bs`f ji kulbf mj 8212), lh Hrbhs (erhað (e rhað phrh Q@H Tç`tfr ji Phi Hitfibf, ji 8212) y lh Drfitjrbzh (erhað ji Jl _hsf _hsf,, ]jxhs., ji 820?), tjiçhi sbjtj bistrugjitfs frehibzhmfs ji tfrif tfr if hl vbflçi. “Zih tçpb`h `fgûi `fisbstçh ji ui vbflçi, shltjrbf, `fitrhahkf, `fitrhahkf, ahkf sjxtf, sj xtf, ghimflbih, `lhrbijtj y dlhuth‗.13= Mj hùjrmf `fi _jøh, lh tçpb`h lh tçpb`h dlfrj`bð ji ui gfgjitf mj jdjrvjs`ji`bh `fstugarbsth (ih`bfihlbsgf) ji Gâxb`f.13: Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf _jøh _jøh hdbrgh quj ftrf rhsef vhlbfsf vhlbfsf h `fisbmjrhr js lh bidluji`bh bidluji`bh mj lh frqujsth tçpb`h gjxb`hih ji jl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth, `fgjr`bhl f gfmjrif, jl quj sj `hrh`tjrbzh pfr jl usf mj lh trfgpjth y lh dfl`lfrbzh`bði mjl trhkj pfrdbrbhif. _hrh Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf _jøh, lh vjstbgjith mj lh âlbtj pfrdbrbhih, ushmh pfr lh frqujsth tçpb`h, js bmâitb`h h lh bi`frpfrhmh pfr lfs ghrbh`cbs. _fr su phrtj, Kjsûs Kèurjeub Kbgâijz `fi`luyj quj lh `fgjr`bhlbzh`bði mjl ghrbh`cb sj ahsð ji lh bimugjithrbh himhluz-shlghitbih himhluz-shlghitbih quj ihmh tbjij quj vjr `fi lf bimçejih. “Lfs hthvçfs mjl ghrbh`cb gfmjrif f bimugjithrbh `chrrh, sfi sçgaflf mj lh fprjsbði, vbiùlhmh h lh ejitj mj h `hahllf, js mj`br,, lfs `h`bqujs, lfs ch`jimhmfs y lfs rhi`cjrfs, qubjijs js`lhvbzhahi mj`br js`lhvbzhahi h lfs gûsb`fs vjstbmfs `fi ghith y cuhrh`cj. Jl trhkj mj `chrrf js uih `lhrh gujstrh mj bivji`bði mj lh trhmb`bði‗.134 Hmjgès mj ui trhkj hsfihitj, lh frqujsth tçpb`h y jl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth `fgphrtji jl usf mj bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmh `fgf jl vbflçi, y lh bitjrprjth`bði mj rjpjrtfrbf r jpjrtfrbf sbgblhr. ]hitf lh frqujsth tçpb`h `fgf jl ghrbh`cb sj jspj`bhlbzhrfi ji lh mbdusbði mj hbrjs ih`bfihljs.135

130

_jøh, Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf, Cjrbajrtf, Gjxb`hi Hgjrb`hi Frqujsth , Hustbi, Zibvjrsbmhm mj ]jxhs _rjss, 8222, p. 3?. Çmjg. 13: Pb jl lj`tfr qubjrj gbrhr dftferhdçhs hitbeuhs mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs, gjxb`hihs, ljs suebjrf vbsbthr jl alfe; cttp;// lubsfghrgfitfyhrbhs.alfespft.gx/ 134 Kèurjeub, Jl ghrbh`cb. Pçgaflf gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, BIHC/@fihùlth/]hurus, 1??3, p. :?. 135 _jøh, Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf, Cjrbajrtf, Gjxb`hi Hgjrb`hi Frqujsth , Hustbi, Zibvjrsbmhm mj ]jxhs _rjss, 8222, p. 31. 13=

881

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lh vjstbgjith cfy mjifgbihmh “mj `chrrf‗, rjgbtj h ui phshmf `fisjrvhmfr pfrdbrbhif. Âsth duj bi`frpfrhmh pfr lh frqujsth tçpb`h gjxb`hih, mjspuâs pfr jl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth mj dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 820?. “Jl trhkj mj `chrrf js sjgjkhitj hl quj ushahi lfs rurhljs, jl ùjrpf mj euhrmbhs hrghmfs quj _frdbrbf Mçhz mjspljeð ji lhs zfihs rurhljs mj Gâxb`f, phrh ùgplbr `fi thrjhs mj sjeurbmhm‗.133 _jrf lh frqujsth tçpb`h if duj lh ûib`h frehibzh`bði bistrugjitbsth quj hpfrtð ji lh mjdbib`bði mjl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth, lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf cb`bjrfi lf prfpbf. Htjimbjimf h Kjsûs Kèurjeub Kbgâijz, lh trfgpjth sj bi`frpfrð hl ghrbh`cb murhitj lh sjeuimh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS, erh`bhs h lh bidluji`bh mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf lljehmhs `fi lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh. Kjsûs Kèurjeub Kbgâijz fdrj`j ui rjebstrf dftferèdb`f mj ui ghrbh`cb `fi trfgpjth, prf`jmjitj mj Ihyhrbt, dj`chmf ji 8321. 132

LH GÛPB@H IFQ]JØH GJSB@HIH R LHP FQXZJP]HP ]Ç_B@HP _hrh mblu`bmhr lhs rjlh`bfijs jitrj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih y lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs, js `lhvj quj ifs mjtjiehgfs ji lfs bistrugjitfs. Chy quj pfimjrhr quj jxbstji mfs erhimjs e rhimjs dhgblbhs mjl bistrugjitf gusb`hl; lfs `frmðdfifs y lfs hjrðdfifs. Ji jl `hsf phrtbùlhr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, jl ahkf sjxtf pjrtjij`j h lhs ùjrmhs, gbjitrhs quj jl h`frmjði `fi`bjrij h lfs vbjitfs. Jsf sbeibdb`h quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih rjspfimj h mfs trhmb`bfijs tr hmb`bfijs gusb`hljs; lhs ùjrmhs y lfs hrtjdh`tfs hr tjdh`tfs mj gûsb`h gj`èib`h.12? Lfs prbgjrfs sj ejijrhlbzhrfi mjsmj jl sbelf STB, y lfs sjeuimfs sj ghsbdb`hrfi murhitj lh sjeuimh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS.

133 Hiejlfttb _hstjur, _hstjur, Eharbjl, @cbvhs y ]uzfs. Ç`fifs ]uzfs. Ç`fifs mj Gâxb`f. Bmjitbmhmjs `flj`tbvhs y `hpbthlbsgf mj

`fgphmrjs ji

jl dûtafl ih`bfihl, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gb`cfh`èi, 1?8?, p. 083. 132 Kèurjeub, Jl ghrbh`cb. Pçgaflf gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, BIHC/@fihùlth/]hurus, 1??3, p. =2. 12? @bsijrfs, Nhrbih, “Bistrugjitfs mj gûsb`h gj`èib`h ji lh `bumhm mj Gâxb`f Gâxb`f (8355-821:)‗, ji Hitrfpflfeçh. Afljtçi fdb`bhl mjl BIHC , Gâxb`f, BIHC, ghyf-hefstf 1??2, pp.880-885.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

880

Lfs bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmh quj sj dharb`hrfi ji jl h`tuhl Gâxb`f mjsmj jl sbelf STB dujrfi lh eubthrrh mj hr`f, jl vbflçi, lh vbcujlh, jl ðrehif, jl hrph, jl shltjrbf, lh mulzhbih, jl frlf, jl ahkði, lh `frijth, jl rhajl y jl lhûm. 128 Ji jl tjgplf mj Phitbhef Hpðstfl mj Iurçf, pjrtjij`bjitj hl guib`bpbf mj _hrh`cf, ji jl jsthmf gjxb`hif mj Gb`cfh`èi, sj lf`hlbzhi pbiturhs ûib`hs sfarj lfs hrtjsfijs hr tjsfijs mj lh gbsgh. Jl gurhl mhth mjl sbelf STBB y rjebstrh lh prjsji`bh mj `hitfrjs èiejljs gûsb`fs, mjl lhmf bzqubjrmf dbeurh ui rhajl, uih eubthrrh, ui hrph, ui lhûm y mfs bistrugjitfs mj gbibstrbljs. 121 Jl vjstbebf js trhs`jimjithl phrh iujstrfs bitjrjsjs bivjstbehtbvfs bivjstbehtbvfs,, pujs rjtrhth lh jxbstji`bh mj bistrugjitfs `fgf jl vbflçi, quj lujef dfrghrçh phrtj mj lh frqujsth tçpb`h gjxb`hih. “Ji lfs hrtjsfijs mj lh beljsbh mj Phitbhef Hpðstfl, pujmj hprj`bhrsj ui èiejl jkjùthimf uih vbcujlh mj ghif, fasjrvhgfs quj lh `fidbeurh`bði mjl bistrugjitf tbjij rhsefs mj sbgblhrjs jsphøfljs uab`hmfs ji jl sbelf STB; vbcujlh mj ghif, hrph mbhtðib`h mj 83 ùjrmhs y vbflçi mj hr`f mj trjs ùjrmhs‗.120 Mj hùjrmf `fi jl jtifgusb`ðlfef purâpj`ch, Tç`tfr Cjrièimjz Th`h, lhs trjs pbiturhs ji su `fikuitf (vbcujlh, hrph y vbflçi) phrj`ji `fidbrghr lh jxbstji`bh mj ui tbpf mj heruph`bði gusb`hl `flfibhl, quj sj jxtjimbð pfr vhrbhs rjebfijs mj Gâxb`f. Jstj tbpf mj heruph`bfijs ih`bjrfi pjishmhs phrh bi`frpfrhrsj h lh `jrjgfibh mj jvjitfs rjlbebfsfs, `fi jl phsf mjl tbjgpf y `fi lh bitjrh``bði mj lfs erupfs sf`bhljs, lh bistrugjith`bði shlbð h lhs `hlljs y jgpjzð h bitjerhrsj h lfs `fitjxtfs djstbvfs sjelhrjs ji `fikuitfs rjebfihljs. Jl djiðgjif if prj`bsh quj lfs bistrugjitfs mjshphrj`bjrhi ji ui `fitjxtf y pjrghij`bjrfi pjr ghij`bjrfi ji ftrf, gès abji sj ghituvbjrfi sbgultèijhgjitj ji lh mhizh rjlbebfsh y ji jl dhimhief.12=

128

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.=5. 121 Ifths mj trhahkf mj `hgpf mjshrrfllhmf pfr jl dbrghitj mj lh bivjstbeh`bði, bivjstbeh`bði, ji lh `bumhm mj _hrh`cf, _hrh`cf, Gb`cfh`èi (Gâxb`f), ji jl gjs mj mb`bjgarj mjl 1?88. @fi jl hsjsfrhgbjitf mjl jtifgusb`ðlfef jtifgusb`ðlfef purâpj`ch, Tç`tfr Cjrièimjz Th`h. 120 Cjrièimjz Th`h, Tç`tfr, ¡Xuj ¡Xuj sujiji, pjrf quj murji! Cbstfrbh mj lh lhumjrçh ji lh ùji`h mjl ]jphl`htjpj`, ]jphl`htjpj`, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gb`cfh`èi, 1??3, p.818. 12= Babm , p.814.

88=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Zi rhsef ejferèdb`f quj ch`j jspj`bhl h lh Gjsjth _urâpj`ch y quj mjsth`h su prbvbljebhmh uab`h`bði, js su lf`hlbzh`bði jitrj mfs ahkçfs; jl mjl rçf Ljrgh y jl mj lh ùji`h mjl Ahlshs. Quaâi G. @hgpfs sjøhlh quj h dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS, _hrh`cf mjtjithah uif mj lfs tbhieubs gès bgpfrthitjs mj lh Gjsjth _urâpj`ch. Ji âl sj gjr`hahi eubthrrhs, vbflbijs, gflbibllfs, ù`chrhs, sbllhs, trhstjrfs, `fdrjs, “quj sj dharb`hahi jitfi`js y quj sj dharb`hi cfy‗.12: ]hgabâi bistrugjitfs gusb`hljs “thi hdbihmfs `fgf lfs jurfpjfs‗, jitrj lfs quj sfarjshlji vbflbijs, vbflfi`jllfs, `fitrhahkfs, `fitrhahkfs, ahimflhs, ahimflhs, ahimflfijs, “eubthrrhs mj `bi`f ùjrmhs llhghmhs khrhibths, y ahkfs mj ùjrmh llhghmfs ahkfs mj hrgfiçh (sj rjdbjrj hl ahkf sjxtf). Lh dfrgh mj jstfs bistrugjitfs js pjrdj`th y lh sfifrbmhm bisupjrhalj‗. 124 Jitfi`js lfs bistrugjitfs tçpb`fs gjxb`hifs sfi jl shltjrbf, jl ahimflði, lh ahimflh, lh khrhibth, lh vbcujlh y jl ahkf mj ùjrmh f ahkf sjxtf.125 Huiquj su ghtrbz prf`jmj mj frbjitj, y chyh sbmf trhçmh pfr lfs gûsb`fs jsphøfljs h Gâxb`f, lh eubthrrh sâptbgh gjxb`hih jrh `fisbmjrhmh, mjsmj lfs prbgjrfs høfs mjl sbelf SBS, ui bistrugjitf ih`bfihl, pujs duj ji tbjrrhs hztj`hs mfimj sj mbsjøð y dharb`ð pfr prbgjrh vjz jsth vhrbhitj mj lh eubthrrh jsphøflh. Lh eubthrrh sâptbgh js ui bistrugjitf hsf`bhmf h lhs gûsb`hs mjl pujalf, beuhl quj lfs ftrfs bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmh jiugjrhmfs, bi`lubmf jl ahkf sjxtf, `lhvj phrh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ifr tjøh gjxb`hih. ]fmfs, ji `fikuitf, `fidfrghrfi mjsmj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, lhs llhghmhs tbpbqubths, ahutbzhmhs pfr jl Jsthmf `fgf frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs, h dbihljs mjl SBS.123 Mj hùjrmf `fi Quaâi G. @hgpfs, lh prjsji`bh mjl shltjrbf, mj lh khrhibth, mj lh vbcujlh y mjl ahkf mj hrgfiçh f ahkf sjxtf, sj rjgfith h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf STBB, ùhimf dbeurhahi “ji gbshs, fdb`bfs sh`rfs y `fpbfsh prfmu``bði mj gûsb`h phrh ahblj‗.122 Jitrj lh ejitj mj h pbj, jrh `fgûi jl usð 12:

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.3=. 124 Çmjg. 125 @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lh `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.8==. 123 Babm , p.8=:. 122 Babm , p.4.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

88:

mj ui trçf mj ùjrmhs `fidbeurhmf pfr jl hrph, pfr jl ahimflði y pfr jl ahkf mj hrgfiçh (ahkf sjxtf), murhitj tfmf jl sbelf STBB.0?? Lh bidluji`bh mj bistrugjitfs `fgf jl ahkf mj jspbeh f ahkf mj hrgfiçh, if jsthah `brùis`rbtf h uih rjebði rje bði ùlturhl mj Gâxb`f, ji phrtbùlhr, sbif quj âstj phrtb`bphah mj lfs dhimhiefs mj rjebfijs `fgf jl Efldf mj Gâxb`f. Quaâi G. @hgpfs mjs`rbaj ui cuhphief vjrh`ruzhif mj 83=?, ji lh sbeubjitj dfrgh; Chy quj hthvbhr jl bisbstbr gjlðmb`f mj lhs mfs drhsjs `fi vhrbhitjs ji jl h`fgphøhgbjitf, phrh qubthr lh gfiftfiçh mj lh rjpjtb`bði, y h dhlth mjl js`jihrbf `fstjøf mjl khrf`cf rjlhtfr `frjhmf pfr lhs khrf`chs mj fkfs ijerfs ije rfs ji jl tjgalfr mj luz mj frf mjl hthrmj`jr hitj jl ghr, vbjiji lfs h`fgphøhgbjitfs h rj`frmhrifs jl rhseujf mj lhs khrhibths, jl afrmfijf mj lfs ahimflfijs y lh h`jituh`bði mjl ahkf mj ùjrmh f mj hrgfiçh, `fgjithmfrh mjl th`fijf sfarj lh thrbgh sfifrh mjl cuhphief vjrh`ruzhif. Lfs sfijs quj sj ahblhi jitrj lfs khrf`cfs sfarj lh thrbgh sfifrh mjl cuhphief vjrh`ruzhif. Lfs sfijs quj sj ahblhi jitrj lfs khrf`cfs sfi uifs `fgpujstfs pfr jllfs gbsgfs, y ftrfs jsphøfljs f mjl bitjrbfr mj lh Qjpûalb`h> Qjpûal b`h> mj ghijrh quj ahblhi Jl `hijlf, Lh tush, Lh L h euhièahih, Lh Ghiflh, Jl hcuhlul`f y Jl thphtçf. Lhs khrf`cbths ahblhi `fi gu`ch erh`bh, er h`bh, y hleuihs vj`js ji `bjrtfs sfijs `fgf Lh ahgah, hmgbrh lh heblbmhm `fi quj th`fijhi y ih`ji gbl gfvbgbjitfs, lljvhimf lljvhimf ui vhsf lljif mj heuh ji lh `hajzh sbi quj sj mjrrhgj uih sflh efth, f dfrghimf mj uih ahimh quj tbjimji ji jl sujlf, uifs erbllfs e rbllfs quj hkusthi h sus pbjs y quj mjshthi lujef sbi ch`jr usf ibieuif mj sus ghifs. @fgûigjitj, ùhimf jgpbjzh lh gûsb`h h tf`hr ui sfi, sj ljvhith mj sus hsbjitfs f`cf f mbjz ahblhmfrhs, sj pfiji ji pbj sfarj ui thalhmf jljvhmf h hleuihs pulehmhs mjl sujlf, mhi uih vujlth y `fgbjizhi h ahblhr. Zih mj jllhs `hith `fitjsthimf h lfs vjrsfs mj hleuif mj lfs gûsb`fs, y jstfs mbèlfefs sfi lhs gès mj lhs vj`js erh`bfsfs.0?8

0?? Babm , p.8:0. 0?8

@hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.8?5.

884

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ji jstj gfgjitf, gfgjitf, if jxbstj dujitj, pfr lf gjifs quj chyh chyh lljehmf h gbs ghifs, ghifs, quj pjrgbth sjr thkhitj ji ùhitf hl ih`bgbjitf mjl ahkf sjxtf y su bi`frpfrh`bði h lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs gjxb`hihs. Lf quj sç js `fituimjitj, js su prjsji`bh ji lhs gûsb`hs rjebfihljs mj Tjrh`ruz, _ujalh, Euhihkuhtf, Gb`cfh`èi, Fhxh`h y Khlbs`f, mjsmj lfs prbgjrfs høfs mjl sbelf STBB. @fgf tfmfs lfs bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmh hsf`bhmfs h ui iû`ljf dhgblbhr ahutbzhmf pfr jl pujalf `fi jl mbstbitbvf mj “tbpbqubths‗, jl ahkf mj hrgfiçh f ahkf sjxtf, jstuvf vbiùlhmf bib`bhlgjitj h prè`tb`hs rjlbebfshs `fgf abji lf mjs`rbaj Tç`tfr Cjrièimjz Th`h, phrh lujef phshr h lfs jsph`bfs djstbvfs `fif`bmfs `fgf cuhphiefs, dhimhiefs f khrhajs> gbsgfs quj sj jxtjimbjrfi h lf lhref mj tfmh lh Iujvh Jsphøh (Gâxb`f). Lh hsf`bh`bði mjl ahkf mj hrgfiçh `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, pfsbaljgjitj sj mjabð h lh gberh`bði y hl `hrè`tjr, cbstðrb`hgjitj, `fitjsthrbf mjl bistrugjitf. Qj`frmjgfs quj jl ahkf mj hrgfiçh jstuvf çitbghgjitj lbehmf h lh `fgpfsb`bði j bitjrprjth`bði mj rfghi`js murhitj lh ejsth bimjpjimjitbsth mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, y mjspuâs `fi lh jkjù`bði mj `frrbmfs rjvflu`bfihrbfs ji jl ghr`f mjl gfvbgbjitf hrghmf mj 828?.0?1 H su vjz, jl `frrbmf sj vflvbð jstru`turhl phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, bigjmbhthgjitj mjspuâs mj `fisughmh lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj 828?. Zi `lhrf jkjgplf sfi Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs, gjxb`hifs frbebihrbfs mj Pfifrh, quj h dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 821? erhahrfi ji @hlbdfribh tjghs `fgf Pfifrh qujrbmh, Lh Ahlabibth y jl @frrbmf vbllbsth. Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs fùphi ui luehr bgpfrthitj hl bitjrbfr mj lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, rjdjrjitjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, rjerhahrfi ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, aujih phrtj mjl rjpjrtfrbf jmbthmf pfr Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs mj Pfifrh.

0?1 @chgfrrf

Js`hlhitj, Hrturf, “]rjs ejijrh`bfijs ejijrh`bfijs mjl `hi`bfijrf drfitjrbzf‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjr drfitjrhh ifrtj , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232, p.835. Jl ahkf sjxtf tbjij su prfpbh cbstfrbh, lh quj pfmrçh rj`fistrubrsj rj`fistrubrsj mjsmj lh jstâtb`h (sus thghøfs y sus dfrghs) y mjsmj lh jtiflhumjrçh, mbs`bplbih lbmjrhmh ji Gâxb`f pfr jl bivjstbehmfr b ivjstbehmfr gb`cfh`hif mj rhç`js purâpj`chs, Tç`tfr Cjrièimjz Th`h.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

885

@H_Ç]ZLF TB QJMFUH IF QJMFTH

L

h mjifgbihmh “gûsb`h mj shlði‗, `fistbtubmh pfr eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh,0?0jl s`cfttbs`c y jl vhls, lljeð h Gâxb`f ji jl sbelf SBS. Jl bivjstbehmfr Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf _jøh, sbtûh jl hrrbaf mjl vhls ji lh mâ`hmh mj 831?, y jl jl mjl mjl `cftbs, lh rjmfwh, lh ghzur`h, lh mhizh chahijrh y lh pflnh, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 834?.0?= Lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh, jl s`cfttbs`c, lh ghzur`h y jl vhls, sbeuji sbjimf phrtj gjmulhr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. H`hmâgb`fs `fgf Drhi`bs`f Qhgfs Heubrrj y Hldfisf Hyhlh, chi mb`cf quj eâijrfs `fgf lh rjmfwh, jl s`cfttbs`c y lh pflnh, ji`hrihi jl rfstrf jurfpjf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jxbstj ui `fisjisf hl rjspj`tf; lh pflnh js jl eâijrf mhi`çstb`f mj rhç`js jurfpjhs gès bgpfrthitj phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Pb ch`jgfs ui arjvj jkjr`b`bf mj gjgf-

0?0 Jxbstj ui cfgðibgf mjl eâijrf mhi`çstb`f llhghmf rjmfvh, rjmfvh, quj sj rjdbjrj h ui bistrugjitf pjqujøf, cuj`f cuj`f y cfrb-

zfithl, jl ùhl sj dbkh h lh `biturh mjl bitârprjtj y sj eflpjh rjpbqujtjhimf `fi mfs phlbllfs. Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, “Eubði lbtjrhrbf mjl rjpfrthkj; Lh gûsb`h ji Iujvf Ljði mj lh sj``bði Iujvf Ljði hitrfpflðeb`f mj tjljvbsbði, `bji`bh y ùlturh‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjr drfitjrhh ifrt j, j, Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232, p.805. 0?= _jøh, Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf, Cjrbajrtf, Gjxb`hi Hgjrb`hi Frqujsth , Hustbi, Zibvjrsbmhm mj ]jxhs _rjss, 8222, p.:?.

^ 882 W

rbh, h trhvâs mjl rjpjrtfrbf erhahmf bib`bhlgjitj pfr mfs mujtfs pbfijrfs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ifs pjr`hthrjgfs mj jllf. Jsfs mujtfs sfi lfs mj Phitbhef Hlgjbmh y Ihr`bsf Ghrtçijz> Juejibf Èarjef y ]fgès Frtbz mjl Thllj. Lfs prbgjrfs erhahrfi e rhahrfi ji lh mâ`hmh mj 820? mfs pflnhs (Lh `cb`chrrfijrh y Gu`ch`chs hljerjs), mfs rjmfwhs (Jl trfi`fihl y _fqubtf mj tfmf), mfs ghzurnhs (Lu`bth y Jl hgfr mj _hi`cbth) y ui vhls (Qfsbth). 0?: _fr su phrtj, Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi ]j rèi erhahrfi, jitrj 82:1 y 82:=, jl sbeubjitj rjpjrtfrbf; mfs pflnhs (Lh fdb`bih y Lh phlhi`h), uih rjmfwh (Jl `b`lði), trjs `frrbmfs `fr rbmfs (Ghrbhif Qjsâimbz, Cfifrbf Dhrçhs y Jzjqubjl Qfmrçeujz) y uih `hi`bði rhi`cjrh (Dhlsh blusbði).0?4 Jitrj 82=3 y 82:=, Ihr`bsf Ghrtçijz cbzf hleuihs erhah`bfijs `fi jl shxfdfibsth Ajtf Tbllh, mjsth`himf mfs pflnhs (Lhs mjlb`bhs y Gfitjrrjy) y mfs vhlsjs (Gfrbr sføhimf y Qfsbth) Qfsbth)..0?5 If jstè h mbsùsbði quj eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs mj rhç`js jurfpjhs `fgf lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c mjaji sjr `fisbmjrhmfs `fistbtutbvfs `fistbtutbvfs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. @fi`jitrâgfifs ji lh pflnh y ji lh rjmfwh, hgahs frbebihrbhs mj Afcjgbh, h`tuhl Qjpûalb`h @cj`h. @fgf dujrfi mfs eâijrfs hprfpbhmfs pfr lh sf`bjmhm ehlh mj lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS, hleuifs bivjstbehmfrjs `fisbmjrhi quj lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh ji Gâxb`f (8341-8345) duj `lhvj phrh su mbdusbði y hrrhbef ji mbdjrjitjs rjebfijs mjl h`tuhl tjrrbtfrbf hztj`h. 0?3 Chy quj sjr `lhrfs; eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh, if sðlf sj hrrhbehrfi ji jl ifrjstj gjxb`hif, sbif ji ftrhs rjebfijs gusb`hljs mj Gâxb`f `fgf jl sur mj Euhihkuhtf y ji lfs fi`j pujalfs mj Gb`cfh`èi. Lf quj charçh quj rjvbshr js ùèljs dujrfi lfs gj`hibsgfs mj sf`bhablbmhm y lhs heruph`bfijs her uph`bfijs bistrugjitbsths h trhvâs mj lhs ùhljs, lh pflnh, y ftrfs eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs mj rhç`js jurfpjhs, sj bi`frpfrhrfi 0?:

Ehr`çh Ehrzh, Hajl, Lfs @hmjtjs mj Lbihrjs , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??2, p.14. Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi. Erhah`bfijs Erhah`bfijs frbebihljs (82:1-82:=) (82:1-82:=), Jl @jrrbtf, @hlbdfribh, Hrcfflbj (2?=3), 1??=. 0?5 Gjmbih Gfitjlfief, Gfitjlfief, Dblbajrtf, “Iujvf Ljði Ljði y su gûsb`h mj h`frmjði (82=8-8248)‗, (82=8-8248 )‗, ji ]r ]rhmb`bfijs hmb`bfijs y `fstugarjs mj Gfitjrrjy, Efabjrif Efabjr if mj Iujvf Ljði, 822:, p.25. Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, 0?3 Ghrtçijz Qjyjs, Pjrebf, “Lh gûsb`h mjl ifrjstj‗, ji ji Pjeuimhs kfrihmhs phrh lh bmjitbmhm mj lh ùlturh ifrjstjisj , Gfitjrrjy,, @fisjkf @ulturhl mj Iujvf Ljði, 8234, p.8=3. tjrrjy 0?4

81?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

h lhs mbiègb`hs ùlturhljs mj Gâxb`f. Ji jl `hsf phrtbùlhr mj Euhihkuhtf y lh `høhmh mj lfs fi`j pujalfs gb`cfh`hifs, gb`cfh`hifs, lh hsbgblh`bði sj mbf h trhvâs mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf.0?2 Ji su bivjstbeh`bði sfarj lh pflnh, Qhmnf ]b`chvsny ]b`chvsny hsjeurh quj; Lh lljehmh mj lh pflnh hl ifrjstj mj Gâxb`f sj mbf pfr mfs drjitjs, y ji vhrbhs fljhmhs, uih prfvbif mjsmj jl `jitrf, lljehimf pfr Tjrh`ruz h lh `hpbthl y lujef ch`bh jl ifrtj, y ftrh lljeð pf`f mjspuâs mjsmj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, prbgjrf murhitj lh bivhsbði y mjspuâs `fgf rjsulthmf mj lhs bitjrh``bfijs drfitjrbzhs `fi lfs hsjithgbjitfs `cj`fs ji ]jxhs. Lh prbgjrh flh mj pflnhs hrrhsð h Gâxb`f murhitj lh bitjrvji`bði gblbthr jsthmfuibmjisj, ji`hajzhmh pfr jl ejijrhl Ufrtc ji 83=4, huiquj høfs mjspuâs mbsgbiuyð lh bidluji`bh y pfpulhrbmhm mj jsj rbtgf. Ji jl ifrtj y ji jl ifrjstj mj Gâxb`f, lh prjsji`bh mj lh pflnh sj bi`rjgjitð iujvhgjitj h dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS, erh`bhs h lfs pfalhmfrjs `cj`fs y `jitrf-jurfpjfs hsjithmfs ji jl jsthmf mj ]jxhs. Ji hqujl gfgjitf, lh pfalh`bði `cj`h jrh, mjspuâs mj lfs gjxb`hifs, lh sjeuimh gbifrçh gès bgpfrthitj ji jl jsthmf mj ]jxhs. Huiquj gu`cfs mj lfs mjs`jimbjitjs mj lfs llhghmf sjtt- ljrs , qubjijs vjiçhi h trhahkhr `fgf erhikjrfs h lfs plhitçfs mj hlefmði bivbthmfs pfr jl efabjrif tjxhif phrh rjpfalhr y lharhr lhs tbjrrhs, cfy yh if chalhi `cj`f, sç ahblhi y eusthi mj lh pflnh. 08?

Jl mbsùrsf mj ]b`chvsny rjlhtbvbzh lh lljehmh mj lh pflnh h Gâxb`f, ji phrtbùlhr hl ifrjstj (Iujvf Ljði, ]hghulbphs y @fhcublh). Lh tjimji`bh cbstfrbferèdb`h hpuith ji uih sflh mbrj``bði; lh pflnh ahkf mj ]jxhs y sj bitjrið h Gâxb`f. Mj hùjrmf `fi ]b`chvsny, jl pujrtf mj Tjrh`ruz duj uif mj lfs prbi`bphljs h``jsfs mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl `cj`h, h tjrrbtfrbf gjxb`hif. Pu vbsbði `fitrhsth `fi lh lj`turh cjejgðib`h quj chi rjprfmu`bmf hleuifs `çrùlfs h`hmâgb`fs ji tfrif h

0?2

Hl rjspj`tf suejrbgfs `fisulthr lfs lbarfs; @chgfrrf @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, Hrturf, Pfijs mj lh eujrrh , Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gb`cfh`èi, 822=> Gfitfyh Hrbhs, Lubs Fghr, ]rfgpjth ji ghif, sflthimf jl llhitf y ji `fgphøçh mjl mbhalf… Jstumbf cbstðrb`f-ùlturhll mj lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji jl Ahkçf euhihkuhtjisj (824?-822?), cbstðrb`f-ùlturh (824?-822?), Gâxb`f, Lh Qhih, 1?88. 08? ]b`chvs ]b`chvsny ny,, Qhmnf, _flnh. Qhç`js mj uih trhmb`bði gusb`hl , Gfitjrrjy, Pj`rjthrçh mj Qjlh`bfijs Jxtjrbfrjs mj lh Qjpûalb`h @cj`h, 1??:, p.:8.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

818

lh pflnh y ftrfs eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh rjmfwh, jl s`cfttbs`c y jl gbsgf vhls. Lh rjdljxbði mj ]b`chvsny hyumhrçh h rjplhitjhr bimheh`bfijs duturhs quj tjiehi pfr fakjtbvf jl trhthgbjitf mj lh pflnh ji Gâxb`f. Mj hùjrmf `fi ]b`chvsny ]b`chvsny,, js prfahalj quj lh prbgjrh pflnh sj chyh `fgpujstf ji 830:> y quj âsth if mjrbvj mj uih `frjferhdçh gès hitbeuh, `fgf sç su`jmj `fi jl vhls.088H dbihljs mj 830: yh sj chalh mj lh pflnh `fgf ui ahblj prfpbf mj lh rurhlbmhm Afcjgbh. Lhs prbgjrhs pflnhs `cj`hs tjiçhi ljtrh, su dfrgh gusb`hl `fisbstçh ji 84 `fgphsjs, sfarj lfs ùhljs sj prjsjithahi vhrbh`bfijs j bitjrlumbfs, phrh rjerjshr mj iujvf h ftrh jstrfdh. “Jl tjgh, mjghsbhmf arjvj phrh sjr uih pbjzh mj ahblj `fgpljth, sj jstbrhah phrh quj murhrh jitrj mfs y trjs gbiutfs‗. 081 Ji _rheh lh mhizh duj ahutbzhmh `fgf pflnh, quj vbjij mjl `cj`f y sbeibdb`h “gu`ch`ch pflh`h‗. Ji lh âpf`h, lhs pflh`hs efzhahi mj sbgphtçh ji Afcjgbh. Mjabmf h lh fùph`bði gblbthr mj Thrsfvbh Thrsfvbh pfr phrtj mj lfs rusfs, jl 3 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8308, gbljs mj pflh`fs sj jxblbhrfi ji lh h`tuhl Qjpûalb`h @cj`h. “Ahkf jsth dbjarj pflh`h, js `fgprjisbalj quj jl ahblj mj gfmh tfghrh jl ifgarj mj gukjr pflh`h‗. 080 Lh elfahlbzh`bði mj lh pflnh duj bigjmbhth. _hrh 83==, lh mhizh Afcjgbh yh jrh pfpulhr ji _hrçs, gbsgf høf ji quj duj utblbzhmh ji lh `hgphøh pflçtb`h mjl jsthmfuibmjisj, Khgjs Khgjs Nifx _fln.08=Qhmnf ]b`chvsny jstbgh quj ji 83=:, hrrbahrfi lhs prbgjrhs phrtbturhs mj pflnhs h Gâxb`f, h trhvâs mjl pujrtf mj Tjrh`ruz.08:Jstè mfùgjithmf quj lh bigberh`bði `cj`h h lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs `fgjizð ji 8300, `fi jl hrrbaf mj Hitcfiy Gb`chjl Mbeifwbty h Iujvh Rfrn> Rfrn> pfstjrbfrgjitj, ji 83=5, sj cbzf prjsjitj uih iugjrfsh `fguibmhm `cj`h ji lh `bumhm mj Hustbi, ]jxhs. H phrtbr mj jsj gfgjitf, ]jxhs sj `fivbrtbð ji uif mj lfs pflfs mj htrh``bði gès bgpfrthitjs phrh lh `fguibmhm `cj`h hvj088

Lh prbgjrh pflnh duj js`rbth phrh pbhif. ]b`chvsny, ]b`chvsny, Qhmnf, _flnh. Qhç`js mj uih trhmb`bði gusb`hl , Gfitjrrjy, Pj`rjthrçh mj Qjlh`bfijs Jxtjrbfrjs mj lh Qjpûalb`h @cj`h, 1??:, 1??: , p.10. 081 Babm , p.1=. 080 Babm , p.12. 08= Babm , p.05. 08: Babm , p.=0.

811

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

`bimhmh ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. ]hljs `fimb`bfijs cbstðrb`hs bivbthi h pjishr quj jl bitjr`hgabf ùlturhl jitrj jl sur mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs y jl ifrtj mj Gâxb`f, duj `fisthitj murhitj jl sbelf SBS.084 _hrh ]b`chvsny, ]b`chvsny, ftrf gfgjitf `lhvj phrh jitjimjr lh vbeji`bh mj lh pflnh ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh js lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh y jl Bgpjrbf mj Ghxbgblbhif. Mj hùjrmf `fi Qhmnf ]b`chvsny, jl gbsgf 8= mj harbl mj 834= quj lljeð lh phrjkh rjhl mj Ghxbgblbhif y @hrlfth, thgabâi lf cbzf ui `fitbiejitj mj gûsb`fs `cj`fs quj dfrghahi phrtj mj lh ahimh gblbthr rjhl. Lfs gûsb`fs if dujrfi rjebstrhmfs `fgf `cj`fs pfrquj ji jsj gfgjitf, Afcjgbh dfrghah phrtj mjl Bgpjrbf Hustrbh`f. Zih vjz `fisughmh lh mjrrfth mj Ghxbgblbhif, lfs gûsb`fs `cj`fs tuvbjrfi lh fp`bði mj qujmhrsj ji tjrrbtfrbf gjxb`hif. Gu`cfs h`jpthrfi jsthalj`jrsj ji Gâxb`f pfrquj sbeibdb`hah lbajrhrsj mjl yuef mjl Bgpjrbf Hustrçh`f.085 Pbeubjimf h Qhmnf ]b`chvsny, ]b`chvsny, jl phpjl mj lfs gûsb`fs `cj`fs quj sj rhmb`hrfi ji Gâxb`f lujef mj lh gujrtj mj Ghxbgblbhif duj thi bgpfrthitj, quj bi`lusf lhs prbgjrhs trfgpjths mj lhs ahimhs drhi`f-hustrbh`hs, sj bi`frpfrhrfi h lfs ghrbh`cbs mjl F``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f. Qj`frmhr quj Kjsûs Kèurjeub Kbgâijz rjebstrh rjebstr h lh jxbstji`bh mj ui ghrbh`cb `fi trfgpjth, ji jl høf mj 8321. Js guy pfsbalj quj lhs `hvblh`bfijs mj Qhmnf ]b`chvsny sjhi vjrçmb`hs. Mj sjr hsç, lhs hpfrth`bfijs gusb`hljs quj mjkð lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh ji Gâxb`f, if sj hefthrçhi ji lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, sbif quj trhs`jimjrçhi ji jl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth. 083 Qhmnf ]b`chvsny jiùjitrh ji jl hlefmði, ui dh`tfr mjtjrgbihitj phrh quj lhs pflnhs ùltbvhmhs pfr lh `fguibmhm `cj`h ji ]jxhs, dluyjrhi hl ifrjstj gjxb`hif. _hrh ]b`chvsny, lfs hsjithgbjitfs `cj`fs sj rjlh`bfihahi `fi jl ùltbvf mjl hlefmði y `fi lh pflnh. “Jl hlefmði jrh ui prfmu`tf quj sj vjimçhi ji Gâxb`f, h prj`bfs supjrbfrjs h lfs phehmfs ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs‗. 082 Lhs djrbhs mjl hlefmði rjdfrzh-

084 Babm , p.:1. 085 Babm , p.==. 083 Babm , p.==. 082

Babm , p.::.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

810

rfi jl mbèlfef jitrj lhs ùlturhs `cj`h y gjxb`hih> hsç `fgf jl bitjr`hgabf gusb`hl jitrj mfs pujalfs quj `fgphrtçhi lh `fimb`bði cbstðrb`h mj sjr uih gbifrçh rh`bhl hl bitjrbfr mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Zibmfs. Zi hltf pfr`jithkj mj lhs pflnhs gjxb`hihs mj shlði dujrfi js`rbths phrh pbhif ji tfihlbmhmjs ghyfrjs. Jl pbhif, ui bistrugjitf quj prbgjrf ji dfrgh ùhmrblfieh y mjspuâs ji `flh, duj mjl eusghyfrjs. tf mj lh `lhsj h`fgfmhmh pfrdbrbhih. Lhs sjøfrbths mj aujihs dhgblbhs tjiçhi lh falbeh`bði mj hprjimjr h tf`hr jl pbhif, hsç `fgf cfy jxbstj lh ij`jsbmhm mj shajr `fgputh`bði j bielâs.01? Lh dharb`h`bði mj pbhifs jsthah `fisflbmhmh phrh gjmbhmfs mjl sbelf SBS, mjsmj lh hpjrturh ji 8313, mj lh dèarb`h mj Beihz Afsjimfrdjr ji Hustrbh. _fr su phrtj, jl jishgalhmf mj pbhifs ji Hgârb`h, bib`bð ji 83:0, ùhimf jl jgberhitj hljgèi Cjiry Ptjbiwje harbð ji Iujvh Rfrn lh dèarb`h Ptjbiwhy him Pfis .018 Lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c, phshrfi mjl pbhif h lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf, y mj âsths hl h`frmjði y hl ahkf sjxtf (gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih). gj xb`hih).011 Ji 83=2, lljeð h Tjrh`ruz prf`jmjitj mj Chgauref, Hueustbi Uheijr, qubji ji 82?0 harbð lh suùrshl mj @hsh Uheijr ji Gfitjrrjy, mjspuâs cbzf lf prfpbf ji ]hgpb`f, ]frrjði, Phltbllf, Euhmhlhkhrh y _ujalh.010 Pb abji, hitjs mj lh lljehmh mj Hueustbi Uheijr, ji Gâxb`f yh jxbstçhi mfs `hshs lbtferèdb`hs jmbtfrhs mj gûsb`h (@hsh Gureuçh y @hsh Brbhrtj), jl phpjl `fi jl quj ùgplbð @hsh Uheijr ji lh pfpulhrbzh`bði mj eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh,

01? Babm , p.=:. “Lfs pbhifs ùhmrblfiefs jstèi tfmhvçh ùabjrtfs pfr ui ghitði mj Ghiblh hutâitb`f, mj lfs lfs quj trhçh lh Ihf mj @cbih ji lfs tbjgpfs `flfibhljs, y quj murhi høfs y høfs `fi su sjmh bith`th, arbllhitj y lbgpbh, y sus `flfrjs ajllçsbgfs ji lhs dlfrjs quj jieubrihlmhi jieubr ihlmhi lfs èieulfs y quj fstjithi prj`bfsfs `jitrfs sfarj dfimf ijerf, f hzul, f hghrbllf, rhgjhmfs mj dlfrjs ji tfmfs lfs ghtb`js mj uih rjsbstji`bh bimjstru`tbalj h lh luz y hl tbjgpf. Lhs haujlhs lfs euhrmhahi ji hr`fijs mj sèimhlf, mj phlf shitf, mj lbièlfj, y pfiçhi jitrj sjmh aflsbths mj lbif lljihs mj hl`hidfr f mj lhvèimulh, quj hcuyjithah lh pflbllh y euhrmhahi bith`ths lhs sjmhs rb`hs y suitufshs, y jsphr`çhi e rhtf hrfgh hl harbr jl `fdrj‗. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl ji lhs `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.848. 018 Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4, p.==. 011 Babm , p.41. 010 ]b`chvs ]b`chvsny ny,, p.=4.

81=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

lh rjmfwh y jl s`cfttbs`c, duj mjtjrgbihitj.01= Uheijr him Ljvbji Pu`s , sj mjmb`ð h lh vjith mj phrtbturhs j bistrugjitfs gusb`hljs `fgf pbhifs, pbhiflhs y vbtrflhs.01:“Uheijr chaçh pualb`hmf `bjitfs mj pflnhs, rjmfwhs y s`cfttbs`cjs, ùyfs vjstbebfs qujmhrfi mbsjgbihmfs ji cfehrjs gjxb`hifs, mjabmf h quj lh `hsh jmbtfrbhl `fi sjmj ji Gfitjrrjy, sudrbð ui bi`jimbf ji 8214 quj h`hað `fi tfmf su h`jrvf‗. 014 Hutfrjs `fgf @hrlfs Eusthvf Ljhl Tjlhz`f y Pjrebf Ghrtçijz Qjyjs, hsjvjrhi quj jl s`cfttbs`c js mj frbeji js`f`âs. 015 Qhmnf ]b`chvsny `fisbmjrh quj kuitf h lh rjmfwh y h lh pflnh, jl s`cfttbs`c js mj frbeji Afcjgbf, js mj`br, `cj`f. Jl vjraf `cj`f rjkmfvht  sj sj trhmu`j `fgf zbezheujhr y mjs`rbaj jl `hgabf arus`f mj gfvbgbjitf quj h`fgphøhah hl ahblj `fif`bmf `fgf rjmfwh. Lh rjmfwh, beuhl quj lh pflnh, jgberð mj lh rurhlbmhm `cj`h h lfs shlfijs aureujsjs mj _rheh. Hl lljehr llj ehr h _hrçs, jl ifgarj `cj`f, rjkmfvèn , sj trhisdfrgð ji rjmfwh. Ji Drhi`bh sj h`fstugarð h ahblhr ji sflbthrbf, gbjitrhs quj jl frbebihl `cj`f jrh uih mhizh `flj`tbvh. Lhs rjmfwhs frbebihljs jrhi jr hi `hithmhs, mj hùjrmf `fi lhs bib`bhljs b ib`bhljs phrtbturhs jmbthmhs. Lhs prbgjrhs rjmfwhs sj `fgpusbjrfi ji 8312 y 830?. @uhimf sj `fgjizhrfi h `rjhr rjmfwhs ji ih`bfijs `fgf Drhi`bh, Hljghibh y Jsphøh, lfs ifgarjs mj âsths sj hsf`bhrfi `fi lh bmjh-

01= @hgpfs,

Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lhs `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.8:0. Lhs `hshs Gureuçh j Brbhrtj, jivbhahi h Ljbpzbe (Hljghibh) lfs frbebihljs mj lhs `fgpfsb`bfijs gusb`hljs, phrh lujef rjerjshr jmbthmhs `fi phbshkjs gjxb`hifs. Jl trhahkf mj @hsh Gureuçh y @hsh Brbhrtj, if pujmj `fisbmjrhrsj tfthlgjitj gjxb`hif, pujs mjpjimçh mj lh tjìflfeçh hljghih phrh ghtjrbhlbzhrsj. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lhs `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.8::. 01: ]b`chvs ]b`chvsny ny,, p.=4. 014 Çmjg. Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, @hsh Tjjrnhgp, `fgpjtji`bh `fgpjtji`bh mj @hsh Uheijr Uheijr ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, sj jspj`bhlbzh ji lh `fgjr`bhlbzh`bði mj bistrugjitfs gusb`hljs. _fr su phrtj, @hsh Uheijr sj jidf`h ji jl gjr`hmjf mj rjpjrtfrbf gusb`hl bgprjsf. @hsh Uheijr Uheijr sj ch `fi`jitrhmf gès ji lh jmb`bði mj rjpjrtfrbf gusb`hl ji phrtbturh, phr tbturh, y gjifs ji lh vjith mj bistrugjitfs. ]hl rjhlbmhm prj`bsh, quj sb ui bivjstbehmfr mjsjh hcfimhr ji jl jstumbf mj rjpjrtfrbf gusb`hl gusb `hl hitbeuf, tjimrçh quj hùmbr hl hr`cbvf cbstðrb`f mj lh @hsh Uheijr, Uheijr, y if hl mj lh @hsh Tjjrnhgp. 015 Ljhl Tjlhz`f, Tjlhz`f, @hrlfs Eusthvf, “Hitrfpflfeçh “Hitrfpflfeçh gusb`hl ji lhs sf`bjmhmjs bitjrgjmbhs mj lh drfitjrh ifrjstj mj lh Qjpûalb`h gjxb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjr Qjyjs, s, Pjrebf, “Lh gûsb`h mjl ifrjstj‗, drfitjrhh ifrtj , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232, pp.1?5-183> Ghrtçijz Qjyj ji Pjeuimhs kfrihmhs phrh lh bmjitbmhm mj lh ùlturh ifrjstjisj , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fisjkf @ulturh mj Iujvf Ljði, 8234, pp.8=4-8::.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

81:

lbzh`bði mjl hgfr. If chy ibieuih mumh quj lh rjmfwh, lh pflnh y jl s`cfttbs`c `fgphrtbjrfi âpf`h, js`jihrbfs y prjsji`bh guimbhl.013 Lh ghzurnh, ftrh mhizh quj lljeð h Gâxb`f ji jl sbelf SBS y quj sj `fivbrtbð ji phrtj gjmulhr mjl `frpus bitjrprjthtbvf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, js frbebihrbh mj _flfibh. Jl vhls, pfr su phrtj, js `hthlfehmf `fgf prfpbf mj Hustrbh.012 Lh vhrsfvbhih jrh uih hmhpth`bði mj lh ghzurnh y lh `rh`fvbhih uih vhrbh`bði mj lh pflnh. “Lh ùhmrbllh sj bitjerhah bitje rhah pfr ùhtrf phrjkhs quj rjhlbzhahi `fitrhmhizhs> sj `fgpfiçh mj `bi`f iûgjrfs, sbi vhrbhr jl gfvbgbjitf mj sjbs pfr f`cf ghr`himf h mfs tbjgpfs. Lhs phrjkhs sj jitrjlhzhahi, sj jitrj`ruzhahi, y tjrgbihahi pfr ui ji`hmjihgbjitf ji `çrùlf, quj sj mjsch`çh phrh quj `hmh phrjkh ahblhrh lh mhizh dbihl. Chaçh ùhmrbllhs drhi`jshs, hgjrb`hihs, lhi`jrfs, lhi`jrfs, thehrfths> tfmhs mj `bi`f iûgjrfs y `fi mbvjrshs dbeurhs‗. dbeur hs‗.00? ]fmhvçh, h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, jl frmji quj sjeuçhi lhs pbjzhs pbj zhs ji ui ahblj mj lh sf`bjmhm pfrdbrbhih jrh jr h jl sbeubjitj; ui vhls, ui s`cfttbs`c, uih pflnh, uih mhizh, uih ghzurnh y ui mhizði.008 Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, tfmf mujtf, erupf f `fikuitf ifrtjøf quj prjtjimh mjgfstrhr sus `hph`bmhmjs tâìb`hs y mj bgprfvbsh`bði, rjùrrj hl rjpjrtfrbf rj pjrtfrbf mjifgbihmf bistrugjithl> `htjefrçh quj jielfah h lh pflnh, h lh rjmfwh, h lh ghzurnh, hl s`cfttbs`c, hl vhls y hl cuhphief ifrtjøf. Xubzès lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js uih gûsb`h trhsih`bfihl mjsmj jl gfgjitf quj hsbgblð lfs rbtgfs mhi`çstb`fs mj frbeji jurfpjf. Mj lfs sjbs eâijrfs bistrugjithljs quj arbimhi `frpus h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih trjs sfi `cj`fs (pflnh, rjmfwh y s`cfttbs`c), uif js pflh`f (ghzurnh), ftrf gès js hustrbh`f (vhls), y jl ûltbgf js gjstbzf (cuhphief).

013

]b`chvs ny,, p.82. ]b`chvsny 012 @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:) , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.821. 00? Babm , p.80:. Mhizhs quj dbeurhrfi murhitj jl sbelf SBS dujrfi lh phvhih, mj frbeji bthlbhif> lh ehvfth mj rhç`js drhi`jshs> jl gbiuâ thgabâi drhi`âs> lh hljghimh prf`jmjitj mj lh Ahkh Hljghibh> jl zfr`b`f mj hs`jimji`bh hs `jimji`bh vhs`h> lh zhrhahimh mj lh _jiçisulh Baârb`h y lh ebeh hljghih. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:), (8:1:-821:), Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213, p.801. 008 Babm , p.83:.

814

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jl bgph`tf mj lh ùgabh ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, gj xb`hih, js ui djiðgjif quj sj uab`h ji lh mâ`hmh mj 824?. Lh ùgabh, mj hs`jimji`bh `flfgaf-vjijzflhih, `flfgaf-vjijzflhih, js ui jstblf gusb`hl ahblhalj mbdjrjitj h lh pflnh, h lh rjmfwh, h lh ghzurnh, hl vhls y hl s`cfttbs`c. Lh bi`frpfrh`bði bi`frpfr h`bði mjl afljrf h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, js ui h`fitj`bgbjitf mj lh sjeuimh gbthm mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, ùhimf erupfs j bitârprjtjs ifrjstjisjs `fgf Lfs Efrrbfijs mjl ]fpf @cb`f, Lfs Qhi`cjrbtfs mjl ]fpf @cb`f, _jmrf Rjrjih, Kuhi Gfitfyh, Ghrbf Phu`jmh, Kuhi Phlhzhr, Ejrhrmf Flvjrh, Guimf Gbrhimh y @cjlf Pblvh, cb`bjrfi lhs prbgjrhs erhah`bfijs er hah`bfijs..

JL CZH_HIEF IFQ]JØF Mj lh ejijrh`bði mj jtifgusb`ðlfefs ih`bfihlbsths gjxb`hifs mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, qubji gjkfr jitjimbð jl djiðgjif mjl cuhphief duj Eharbjl Phlmbvhr. Frbebihrbf mj ]hghulbphs, Eharbjl Phlmbvhr duj jl prbgjrf ji ch`jr jxplç`bth lh cjrji`bh hdrb`hih ji jl sfi gjxb`hif, pfr jkjgplf. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl gbsgf Phlmbvhr Phlmbvhr,, lh `fplh f `fplbllh, lh ljtrbllh, jl khrhaj, lh khrhih, jl cuhphief, jl aurjf, jl dhimhief, lh sjeubmbllh, lh tfihmbllh, lh tbrhih, lh zhrhahimh y lhs afljrhs, mjaji `fisbmjrhrsj vhrbhitjs rjebfihljs mjl sfi gjxb`hif f dfrghs gusb`hljs quj sj `fgprjimji ahkf lh mjifgbih`bði mj sfi.001 “Thrbfs hbrjs mbdjrjitjs `fgpfiji hl khrhaj, ejijrhlgjitj iujvj, huiquj frbebihlgjitj sjbs, quj vhi mjsmj jl hmhebf chsth jl prjstçsbgf, vhrbjmhmjs sjeûi lhs rjebfijs mfimj sj s j ahblhi‗.000

001

Phlmbvhr, Eharbjl, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Abalbftj`h Ji`b`lfpâmb`h mjl Jsthmf mj Gâxb`f, 823?. Lh prbgjrh jmb`bði mjl lbarf mhth mj 820=, p.1:?. “Khrhih sj mjrbvh mj kh`hrhimh, jl mbhlj`tf mj lfs rudbhijs mj Himhlu`çh. “Mbvjrsbði aullb`bfsh mj ejitj frmbihrbh‗. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.84. 000 Phlmbvhr, p.12?. Lfs bivjstbehmfrjs, bivjstbehmfrjs, Quaâi G. @hgpfs, @hgpfs, ]cfghs Pthidfrm y Kfsjdbih Kfsjdbih Lhvhllj, `fiùjrmhi `fiùjrmhi `fi Eharbjl Phlmbvhr. Jl prbgjrf hdbrgh quj “lhs mbs`rjphi`bhs quj jsthalj`j ji jl khrhaj gjxb`hif lh `brùisthi`bh mj jgpljhr mbvjrsfs `fgphsjs ji lfs vhrbhmfs hbrjs `fif`bmfs `fi jl ifgarj mj khrhaj‗. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lhs `bumhmjs, Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.805. Jl sjeuimf sjøhlh quj “jl khrhaj, lh phvhih y lh zhrhahimh, sjrçhi vhrbhitjs mjl sfi gjxb`hif‗. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif, Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.88. Lh tjr`jrh ji ùjstbði mb`j quj jl `hihrbf mjl

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

815

Charçh quj rjùrrbr h lh cbstfrbh mj lfs `fi`jptfs phrh jspj`bdb`hr jl surebgbjitf `rfiflðeb`f mj `hmh uif mj lfs târgbifs lçijhs hrrbah jiugjrhmfs, uih thrjh quj js`hph h lfs bitjrjsjs mj lh prjsjitj bivjstbeh`bði. Lf `bjrtf js quj, ji tfmf gfgjitf, dhimhief, `fplh, sjeubmbllh, cuhphief, ghlheujøh, rfimjøh, erhihmbih, gur`bhih, `fplh, `fplbllh, ljtrbllh, zhrhahimh, afljrhs y zhphtjhmfs, dujrfi târgbifs quj sj rjdbrbjrfi h ui prf`jsf sf`bhl jlhafrhmf mjl quj phrtb`bphah lh gûsb`h, lh ljtrh y pfr supujstf, lh mhizh y jl ahblj.00= @bthimf h ]cfghs Pthidfrm, jl usf pûalb`f mjl `fi`jptf “sfi‗, mhth, pfr lf gjifs, mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf STBB. Pthidfrm hdbrgh quj ji su farh, Eubthrrh jsphøflh, Ehsphr Phiz rjùrrj jl târgbif “sfi‗ phrh rjdjrbrsj h uih mhizh y h uih sfihmh. 00: Ji ùhitf h su frbeji, ahsthitjs sfi lfs bivjstbehmfrjs quj prfpfiji quj lhs rhç`js mj lfs jstblfs quj `fidfrghi h lh hgplbh dhgblbh mjl sfi gjxb`hgj xb`hif, jstèi ji lh _jiçisulh Baârb`h>004 huiquj chy vf`js mbsbmjitjs `fgf lh mj Kfsjdbih Lhvhllj y lh mjl h`hmâgb`f ùahif, Qflhimf Qflhimf Hitfibf _ârjz Dj Djrièimjz. rièimjz. Kfsjdbih Lhvhllj prj`bsh quj js guy pfsbalj

sbelf STBBB js uih vhrbhitj mjl khrhaj khr haj ih`bfihl. Jl `hihrbf `fgf ftrfs jstblfs, pjrtjij`j h ui `fikuitf mj hbrjs h brjs rjprjsjithtbvfs mj uih âpf`h, prfvjibjitjs mj mbstbitfs luehrjs mjl phçs y hdbijs pfr `brùisthi`bhs cbstðrb`hs. “Jl khrhaj if js ftrh `fsh quj ui sfi, mjrbvhmf mj lfs sfij`btfs mj lh tbjrrh, quj pfsbaljgjitj pfsb aljgjitj tuvf hl ih`jr jl hpjlhtbvf mj khrhaj, if `fgf eâijrf, sbif `fgf jl tçtulf f jl ifgarj mjl sfi‗. Lhvhllj, Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233, p.==. 00= Phlmbvhr, p.1:1. p.1:1. ]cfghs Pthidfrm lfs mjdbij `fgf plhif gusb`hl, lbtjrhrbf y `frjferèdb`f. “Lh phlharh `fiifth uih dfrgh `fi trjs hspj`tfs mbstbitfs; jl gusb`hl, jl lbtjrhrbf y jl `frjferèdb`f. Ifrghlgjitj lf jkjùth ui `fikuitf bistrugjithl quj `fisth mj ui vbflçi, ui iûgjrf mj bistrugjitfs mj lh dhgblbh mj lh eubthrrh y ui hrph> huiquj chy jx`jp`bfijs h jsth ejijrhlbmhm. _fr lf quj tf`h h su dfrgh lbtjrhrbh, jstè ji `fplh, ifrghlgjitj `hithmh `fi rjpjtb`bfijs mj lçijhs mj ghijrh mj pjrgbtbr su jxphisbði mj uihs ùhtrf lçijhs usuhljs mj f`cf sçlhahs `hmh uih, `fi rbgh f hsfihi`bh ji lhs ûltbghs sçlhahs `hmh uih, `fi rbgh f hsfihi`bh ji lhs ûltbghs sçlhahs mj lhs lçijhs sjeuimh y ùhrth, h vhrbhitjs mj `bi`f, sjbs j bi`lusf f`cf lçijhs. Jl `fitjibmf lbtjrhrbf mj jsths `fplhs trhth tr hth `hsb uibvjrshlgjitj mj gukjrjs y hgfr, pjrf jl tjifr mj jstj `fitjibmf if js sjitbgjithl h lh ghijrh mjl sbelf SBS. Ji f`hsbfijs sj lj pfmrçh htrbaubr h lh `fjxbstji`bh mj jstj rjpjrtfrbf `fi lhs zfihs rfkhs mj `fguibmhmjs rurhljs‗. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.8?. 00: Jl lbarf sj Ehsphr Phiz duj jmbthmf pfr prbgjrh vjz ji jl høf mj 845=, ji [hrhefzh, Jsphøh. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.5. 004 Quaâi G. @hgpfs, @hgpfs, ]cfghs Pthidfrm j Cbebibf Tèzqujz Phithih.

813

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

quj lh ghtrbz mjl sfi gjxb`hif sj jiùjitrj ji lfs shrhfs èrhajs> 005 pfr su phrtj, _ârjz Djrièimjz sjøhlh quj dhimhief, y pfr høhmbmurh cuhphief y sfi, jvf`hi uih “dbjsth f jitrjtjibgbjitf ji jl ùhl prjmfgbihi jl aullb`bf, y tjrgbih ji mjsfrmji y hlafrftf, h vj`js ji rbøh‗. 003 @fitbiuhimf `fi _ârjz Djrièimjz, lfs vçiùlfs jitrj jl mjsfrmji y lhs f`hsbfijs gusb`hljs js favbh, pjrf sj mjaj “puituhlbzhr quj lh prbgjrh h`jp`bði mbf frbeji h lh sjeuimh, phshimf h mjsbeihr pfstjrbfrgjitj ui eâijrf gusb`hl jspj`çdb`f‗.002 Lujef jitfi`js, dhimhief, cuhphief cuhphief y sfi, pfmrçhi bitjrprjthrsj `fgf uih `fimb`bði eruphl mfimj bgpjrh jl mjsfrmji. 0=? Ji tfmf `hsf, lh hsbgblh`bði mj lfs ahbljs mj phøf y thrbgh0=8 jitrj lfs ifvfcbsphifs, if duj h`rçtb`h. Lf gès lðeb`f js quj lfs gfvbgbjitfs hrtçstb`fs quj lljehahi prf`jmjitjs mj lh _jiçisulh _jiçisulh Baârb`h, ejijrhrhi su prfpbf biejibf j bi`lusf, pb`hrmçh. “Ihmh mj jxtrhøf tjimrçh quj lh iujvh tbjrrh hpfrthrh h lhs mbdjrjitjs dfrghs mj ahblj pjibisulhr pjibisulhr,, trhslhmhmhs h lh Iujvh Jsphøh, lhs ùhlbmhmjs mj su `lbgh y mj sus cfgarjs, phrh hghlehghrsj ji ui iujvh jxprjsbði mhi`çstb`h quj hl `frrjr mjl tbjgpf sjrçh iujstrf khrhaj, mj vbvjzh ji lfs pbjs y trhiqublbmhm ji lfs arhzfs, `fgf su hitbeuh prfejibtfrh, lh sjeubmbllh jsphøflh‗. 0=1

005 Lhvhllj,

Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233, p.82. 003 _ârjz Djrièimjz, Qflhimf Hitfibf, Hitfibf, “Ifths ji tfrif hl frbeji mjl nbgauimu mj lh vfz vfz dhimhief‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs `ffrmbihmfr,, Gfrjlbh, Gfrjvhllhmf Jmbtfrjs, 1?88, p.885. gusb`hljs mjl F``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f , Mhibjl Eutbârrjz, `ffrmbihmfr 002 Babm , p.882. 0=? “Zi h`fitj`bgbjitf rjlh`bfihmf `fi lh prjsji`bh mj hdrb`hifs chalhitjs mj lh ljieuh nbgauimu ji lh Hgârb`h cbsphih, hsç `fgf ji lh _jiçisulh Baârb`h, lf `fistbtuyj lh gberh`bði ahitû dfrzhmh quj tuvf luehr jitrj 8:2: y 84=?. 84= ?. Jitrj 8:2: y 84=?, Gâxb`f j Bajrfhgârb`h, rjsulthrfi biuimhmfs mj hdrb`hifs mj frbeji ahitû, phrtbùlhrgjitj hieflhifs, `fisjùji`bh mj lh uibði mj lhs @frfihs mj Jsphøh y _frtuehl ahkf Djlbpj BB‗. _ârjz Djrièimjz, Qflhimf Hitfibf, Hitfibf, “Ifths ji tfrif hl frbeji mjl nbgauimu mj lh vfz dhimhief‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs gusb`hljs mjl F``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f , Mhibjl Eutbârrjz, `ffrmbihmfr, Gfrjlbh, Gfrjvhllhmf Jmbtfrjs, 1?88, p.880. 0=8 “Ji f`hsbfijs sj ahblh sfarj uih thrbgh mj ghmjrh ghmjrh quj h`tûh pfr sç gbsgh `fgf bistrugjitf gusb`hl. Lh thrbgh hgplbdb`h jl sfibmf mjl rèpbmf gfvbgbjitf mj lfs pbjs ji jl zhphtjhmf> ch`j humbaljs `fitrh rbtgfs y jvflu`bfijs ji lh mhizh quj pujmji sjr `fgpljgjitfs mj lh gûsb`h mjl `fikuitf bistrugjithl. Ifrghlgjitj, lh mhizh js ui ahblj mj `frtjkf. Jl zhphtjf phrj`j rjprjsjithr lh `fisugh`bði mjl `frtjkf‗. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.88. 0=1 Lhvhllj, Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233, p.12.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

812

Pfarj jl `fi`jptf cuhphief, Eharbjl Phlmbvhr, Rflhimh Rflhimh Gfrjif Qbvhs y Kfsjdbih Lhvhllj, `fbi`bmji quj su sbeibdb`hmf js “sfarj jl thalhmf‗.0=0 Jl cuhphief sjrçh, jitfi`js, ui ahblj mj thrbgh quj rjspfimj h mbdjrjitjs trhmb`bfijs; lh cuhstj`h pftfsbih, lh cuhstj`h euhihkuhtjisj, lh cuhstj`h thghulbpj`h, lh cuhstj`h vjrh`ruzhih, lh cuhstj`h cbmhleujisj, lh rbvbjrh ihyhrbth y lh `fsth sbihlfjisj, jl f``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f (Khlbs`f y Gb`cfh`èi) y jl Ahkçf. “Cuhphief sjrçh uih trhisdfrgh`bði mj lh phlharh dhimhief y rjgbtj h uih dbjsth mfimj sj jkjùthi sfijs‗.0== _hrh ]cfghs Pthidfrm jl cuhphief js “ui djstjkf ji quj sj kuithi vhrbhs pjrsfihs h `hithr y mhizhr, y thgabâi sj tfgh pfr jl gbsgf h`tf mj ahblhr‗.0=: _fr supujstf quj jitrj lhs mbvjrshs trhmb`bfijs mjl sfi gjxb`hif, pjrsbstji mbdjrji`bhs mj `hrè`tjr bistrugjithl y mhi`çstb`f. Hsç pfr jkjgplf, jitrj lfs `fikuitfs tçpb`fs vjrh`ruzhifs, prjmfgbih ui hrph erhimj mbhtðib`h mj 01 ùjrmhs, ui rjqubitf mj ùhtrf ùjrmhs y uih khrhih mj f`cf ùjrmhs.0=4 Jitrj lfs gûsb`fs cuhstj`fs pftfsbifs, jl vbflçi sj jrbej `fgf jl `jitrf gjlðmb`f mjl `fielfgjrhmf gusb`hl> h âstj lf `fgpljgjith lh eubthrrh cuhphieujrh mj f`cf f mbjz ùjrmhs. 0=5 Hui `fgphrtbjimf ui gbsgf bistrugjitf, `fgf su`jmj `fi jl hrph ji Gb`cfh`èi y Tjrh`ruz, lhs mbdjrji`bhs ji ùhitf h lhs jspj`bdb`h`bfijs mj `fistru``bði y jkjù`bði mjl `frmðdfif ejijrhi lh jxbstji`bh mj mbdjrjitjs jstblfs gusb`hljs. Pfarj ùjstbfijs mhi`çstb`hs, chy mbsbgblbtumjs rjlh`bfihmhs `fi lhs dfrghs mj fimulhr jl phøujlf, `fi lhs ghijrhs mj ebrhr y zhphtjhr murhitj lh mhizh. 0=3 Jsfs jljgjitfs ch`ji mbdjrjitjs hl sfi

0=0

Phlmbvhr, Eharbjl, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Abalbftj`h Ji`b`lfpâmb`h mjl Jsthmf mj Gâxb`f, 823?, p.12?> Gfrjif Qbvhs, Rflhimh, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8252, 8252 , p.=1> Lhvhllj, Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj khrh aj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233, p.18. 0== Gfrjif Qbvhs, Rflhimh, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8252, p.=1> Lhvhllj, Kfsjdbih, Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj khrh aj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233, p.=1. 0=: Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=, p.3. 0=4 Gfrjif Qbvhs, Qbvhs, p.=0. p.=0. 0=5 Babm , p.=:. 0=3 Pthidfrm, p.80.

80?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

cuhstj`f mjl sfi vjrh`ruzhif y âstj, h su vjz, mjl sfi hahkjøf. Lfs `fitrhstjs rjebfihljs ji tfrif hl sfi gjxb`hif, aus`hrçhi jsthalj`jrsj mjsmj lhs dfrghs mj ifgarhrlf. Jsths rjdjrji`bhs lbieüçstb`hs prjtjimji rjgbtbr h uih jxhlth`bði mj lf prfpbf, hui ùhimf lh ghyfrçh mj lhs vj`js, jl rjpjrtfrbf quj sj tf`h jitrj lfs `fikuitfs mj hrph erhimj e rhimj gb`cfh`hifs, sjh sjgjkhitj hl jkjùthmf pfr lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf trhmb`bfihljs mjl sur mj Pbihlfh y h lf gfstrhmf pfr lfs trçfs cuhstj`fs. Jl cuhphief jstè lbehmf `fi ùhtrf jljgjitfs ùlturhljs quj h lf lhref mj lh prjsjitj bivjstbeh`bði hafrmhgfs; lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs, lhs `hithmfrhs, lfs `chrrfs y lhs `cbihs. Ib mumh `haj quj tfmfs tbjiji quj vjr `fi jl ih`bfihlbsgf gusb`hl gjxb`hif. Jl cuhphief js jl su`jsfr mjl khrhaj, y âstj, h su vjz, sj hsugj `fgf ljehthrbf mj lfs sfij`btfs mj lh tbjrrh. Lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs sj mjdbiji h phrtbr mj lfs bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmhs rj`fif`bmfs `fgf ih`bfihljs pfr jl efabjrif mj _frdbrbf Mçhz. Lfs shltjrbfs, lfs ahimflfijs, lhs hrphs, lfs vbflbijs, lhs khrhibths y jl ahkf mj hrgfiçh, ùgplbjrfi `fi ui phpjl mjsth`hmf ji jl ih`bgbjitf y ji lh mbdusbði mj tfmfs lfs hbrjs rjebfihljs quj `fidfrghrfi hl sfi gjxb`hif. Pb jl cuhphief jstè lbehmf `fi lfs bistrugjitfs mj ùjrmh, js jitjimbalj quj su cbstfrbh tjieh quj vjr `fi lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs.0=2Dbi gjxb`hihs.0=2Dbihlgjitj, hlgjitj, lfs `chrrfs y lhs `cbihs sfi lfs rjspfishaljs mj ahblhr jl khrhaj, jl cuhphief, y tfmhs lhs dfrghs rjebfihljs ji quj jl sfi gjxb`hif `farð vbmh. Jl `chrrf y su `cbih if sðlf ahblhrfi rhi`cjrhs r hi`cjrhs y `frrbmfs ji jl sbelf sb elf SS> thgabâi sfijs, khrhajs y cuhphiefs ji jl sbelf SBS. Quaâi G. @hgpfs mjthllh lh bitjrh``bði mj lhs `cbihs y sus `chrrfs, ji jl `fitjxtf mj lfs dhimhiefs y lfs cuhphiefs; Pjh jl khrhaj ahblhmf pfr uih phrjkh mj kðvjijs ahblhmfrjs quj mjkhi jl trhkj mj jtbqujth y mj sfbrâj, y hphrj`ji vjstbmfs, jllh `fi jl trhkj mj `cbih pfalhih, trjizhs tjkbmhs `fi lbstfijs quj `hji sfarj jl ùjllf, `hgbsh afrmhmh quj mjkh lbarjs lfs cfgarfs y lfs arhzfs, zhehljkf ji`hrihmf y afrmhmf mj ljitjkujlhs, gjmbhs alhi`hs mj sjmh y zhphtbllhs mj rhsf rhs f alhi`f> y âl, tf`hmf `fi jl sfgarjrf hi`cf afrmhmf

0=2 Tèzqujz,

Cbebibf, Cbstfrbh mj lh `hi`bði gjxb`hih, ]fgf BBB , Gâxb`f, ]hlljrjs Erèdb`fs mj lh Ih`bði, 8208, p.=0.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

808

mj frf> `chqujth `frth `fi ui èeublh afrmhmh ji lh jsphlmh, `chlj`f ahkf y `frahth rfkh, `hgbsh afrmhmh, phithlði jstrj`cf `fi aftfihmurh mj plhth y zhphtfs mj `chrfl `fi pjqujøhs jspujlhs mj plhth, y ui kfrfief mj Phltbllf pljehmf y j`chmf hl cfgarf, hsç `fgf su `fgphøjrh lu`j ui dbif rjafzf mj aflbth pljehmf, quj phsh pfr lh `biturh. _hrh jsfs ahbljs if pfmçh j`chrsj ghif mj lfs hbrjs trhvbjsfs y kh`hrhipljehmf, mfsfs mjl gûsb`f arhvçf, ib mj lfs phsfs hlhghrjs`fs mj lh `cbih ahblhmfrh quj th`fijh llhghimf h elfrbh sfarj lh thrbgh sfifrh ji lfs ahbljs mjl cuhphief. Chaçh quj bgbthr lh `fgpfsturh mj lfs ahbljs trhsplhithmfs mj ftrhs ih`bfijs h iujstrf sujlf, quj pfr turif tur if prbvhrfi ji lfs shrhfs mj ftrhs tbjrrhs y quj pfr su erh`bh e rh`bh dujrfi mjl eustf mj iujstrfs haujlfs. Lfs ahbljs pfpulhrjs jsphøfljs, `fgf jl dhimhief, lh kfth, jl afljrf, jrhi mjghsbhmf rhumfs phrh lh bimflji`bh `rbfllh. Jl dhimhief himhluz tjiçh mjghsbhmf arçf, lhs kfths hrhefijsh y vhlji`bhih, jxbeçhi jl hrmfr mj lh shierj jsphøflh phrh sfstjijr sus shltfs h `fgpès> jl afljrf jrh prjsuitufsf, y su hrrfehi`bh if ùhmrhah `fi lh gjlhi`flçh mjl gjstbzhkj.0:?

Cbebibf Tèzqujz Phithih `fgpljgjith h Quaâi G. @hgpfs; Lh phrjkh sj `fgpfij mj ui `chrrf y uih `cbih; lfs mfs vbstji trhkjs pbitfrjs`fs> ji jllfs ch ji`hrihmf jl jspçrbtu y lh trhmb`bði mj iujstrf pujalf quj lfs kuzeh ih`bfihljs. Lh `cbih gjxb`hih vbstj mj `hstfr mj sjmh quj `jr`h mj lh `biturh js vjrmj y ji jl rjstf rfkf> lugbifsfs mbaukfs mj mfrhmh ljitjkujlh mj`frhi jsth jspj`bj mj dhlmh, mjahkf mj lh ùhl hsfghi lhs tfrijhmhs phitfrrbllhs `hlzhmhs mj dbihs gjmbhs `hlhmhs y ji lfs pbjs, quj lhs gjxb`hihs sujlji tjijr pjqujøbtfs, vjrmjs jstu`cjs mj rhsf rjghthi lh ejitbl dbeurbth mj lh ahblhrbih ih`bfihl> pjrf, sb js ajllh lh gbthm bidjrbfr mj lh `cbih, su austf tbjij ui ji`hitf quj mbdç`blgjitj pujmj supjrhrsj; lh `hgbsh, afrmhmh `fi prbgfrfsfs jgaljghs ji sjmh mj `flfrjs, mjkh hl mjsùabjrtf sbi js`rûpulfs lh phrtj gès ajllh mj lfs cfgarfs, mj lh jsphlmh, mjl pj`cf mj lh gukjr, y jitrj sus arhzfs sj tujr`j `fi brbsh`bfijs tfrihsflhmhs lh rb`h sjmh mj lfs rjafzfs mj aflbth. @fgpljgjithi jl prbgfr mj jstj tbpf ih`bfihl mj gukjr gjxb`hih, lfs fasùrfs fkfs mj lhs thphtçhs y

0:? @hgpfs,

801

Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lhs `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?, p.83:.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

lhs erujshs trjizhs quj jitrjtjkbmhs mj lbstfijs ahkhi chsth gès mjahkf mj lh `biturh. Jl `chrrf js ui tbpf vhrfibl, ji ùyf trhkj sj hmbvbih lh jspljimbmjz y h`hsf lh vhibmhm mj lfs rhi`cjrfs; lh `chqujth `frth mj ehguzh hghrbllh f mj phøf fasùrf, `fi sus afrlfijs, jl khrhif js prbgfr mj hdhghmfs afrmhmfrjs, pfrquj if fasthitj sjr hi`chs sus hlhs `fi jx`jsf, hpjihs pujmji sfpfrthr jl pjsf mj lhs afrmhmurhs mj frf y plhth quj ji arbllhitj prfdusbði lhs ùarji pfr `fgpljtf. 0:8

@bthr h Quaâi G. @hgpfs y h Cbebibf Tèzqujz Phithih if js ui h`tf mjsjspjrhmf pfr trhthr mj lljihr mj phkh lfs fkfs mj gbs lj`tfrjs. Mjgfstrhr lf jgarfllhmf mjl djiðgjif quj jstumbhgfs js jl fa kjtbvf. kjtbv f. Lujef mj lh tbith `frrbm `frrbmhh chsth jl gfgj gfgjitf itf,, jl jl lj`tfr lj`tfr sj ch pjr`h pjr`hthmf thmf quj lh gûsb gûsb`h `h ifrtjø ifrtjøhh gjxb`hih tbjij hrbsths `fgf pfsbablbmhmjs mj jstumbf. Jl cuhphief js hpjihs uif mj vhrbfs hspj`tfs quj `fidbeurhi h uih mj lhs gûsb`hs gès vbefrfshs mj lh h`tuhl js`jih trhmb`bfihl tr hmb`bfihl y gjmbètb`h lhtbifhgjrb`hih. lhtbifhgjrb`hih. Lhs mjs`rbp`bfijs mj Quaâi G. @hgpfs j Cbebibf Tèzqujz Phithih, `fisththi quj jl cuhphief, `fgf uih mj lhs ghibdjsth`bfijs rjebfihljs mjl sfi gjxb`hif, if sj hefth ji uih mjdbib`bði mj mb``bfihrbf. Lhs rjdjrji`bhs tjxtuhljs `frrfafrhi quj lh prjsji`bh mjl `chrrf y mj lh `cbih pfalhih, js hitjrbfr hl ih`bfihlbsgf rjvflu`bfihrbf mj lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SS> tfmf bimb`h quj jl prf`jsf mj `fidbeurh`bði mj uih bmjitbmhm gjxb`hih, bib`bð ji jl sbelf SBS. Pb jl `frrbmf sj jsthalj`bð `fgf jl eâijrf ih`bfihl pfr jx`jlji`bh, h rhçz mj lh Qjvflu`bði mj 828?> jl sfi, `fi tfmhs sus vhrbhitjs rjebfihljs, sj hlzð `fgf jl helutbihmfr mj uih bmjitbmhm ih`bfihl ji `bjrijs, murhitj lfs prbgjrfs høfs mjl sbelf SBS. Pb jl `frrbmf duj lh gûsb`h mj lfs rjvflu`bfihrbfs, rjvflu`bfihrbfs, jl khrhaj sj `fivbrtbð ji ui hlgh `rjhtbvh mj lh lu`ch bimjpjimjitbsth.0:1 Mjdbibtbvhgjitj, jl frbeji mjl sfi gjxb`hif if jstè ji lh Bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f> hsç `fgf thgpf`f lh Qjvflu`bði mj 828? bivjitð hl `frrbmf. _fsbaljgjitj, jstfs h`fitj`bgbjitfs `lhvjs phrh

0:8

Tèzqujz, Cbebibf, p.88:. Jl dblgj gjxb`hif, Cbmhlef. Lh cbstfrbh khgès `fithmh , rjtrhth guy abji lh bgpfrthi`bh mjl sfi, ji lh `ftbmbhijbmhm bisurejitj. _rfthefibzhmh pfr Mjgbèi Ab`cbr y Hih mj lh Qjeujrh, lh ùtçùlh duj jstrjihmh ji jl 1?8?. Ji jl høf 1?81, sj prjsjitð ji lfs `bijs lh sjùjlh bitbtulhmh, Gfrjlfs . 0:1

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

800

lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f, `fisflbmhrfi lhs dui`bfijs sf`bhljs `fi lhs quj yh vjiçhi ùgplbjimf hgafs eâijrfs gusb`hljs. Lf quj sç phrj`j ui cj`cf, js quj `fi lh Bimjpjimji`bh, jl sfi gjxb`hif y sus vhrbhitjs rjebfihljs, vbvbjrfi su gjkfr âpf`h.0:0 Jl djiðgjif sj rjpbtbð ui sbelf mjspuâs `fi jl `frrbmf y su `hph`bmhm mbdusfrh mj iftb`bhs ji jl ghr`f mj lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih. Xubzès lf gès bitjrjshitj mjl tjgh js lh lfiejvh `fijxbði jxbstjitj jitrj lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f, lfs eâijrfs, lhs gûsb`hs y sus bistrugjitfs. Jstfy pjishimf ji `frmðdfifs `fgf lh eubthrrh sâptbgh y ji ahimhs mj vbjitf `fgf lh mj ]lhyh`hphi> hgafs jljgjitfs ùlturhljs quj sj `fivbrtbjrfi ji h`tfrjs prftheðib`fs mj lh lu`ch hrghmh mj 828?. Lh eubthrrh sâptbgh duj hlbhmh bi`fimb`bfihl mj trfvhmfrjs quj bahi rjebstrhimf lh cbstfrbh mj pjrsfihkjs `fgf Drhi`bs`f Tbllh> gbjitrhs quj lh Ahimh ]lhyh`hphi h`fgphøð h Jgblbhif [hphth murhitj sus ahthllhs jgprjimbmhs.0:= Jl sfi jstè prjsjitj ji lh cbstfrbh hitbeuh y rj`bjitj mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih> dfrgh phrtj mj su rjpjrtfrbf `fi jl ifgarj mj “cuhphief ifrtjøf‗. Jl cuhphief, kuitf h lh rjmfwh, hl s`cfttbs`c, h lh pflnh, h lh ghzurnh y hl vhls, js `fisbmjrhmf ui eâijrf trhmb`bfihl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih> sjrè pfrquj mjsmj lhs prbgjrhs erhah`bfijs ji lh mâ`hmh mj 820?, ch pjrghij`bmf vbejitj.0:: Pu prbi`bphl `hrh`tjrçstb`h js lh vbefrfsbmhm quj lj arbimh lh `fgabih`bði mjl ahkf sjxtf `fi bistrugjitfs mj gûsb`h gj`èib`h `fgf jl h`frmjði, jl ahkf jlâ`trb`f y jl shxfdði. Js guy pfsbalj quj lh prjsji`bh mjl cuhphief ji lh gûsb`h mj h`frmjði y ahkf sjxtf, sjh hitjrbfr h lh pfpulhrbzh`bði mjl mbs`f y lh rhmbf, ji 82:?.

0:0 “@fispbrh`bði mj Thllhmflbm ji 8380. Ji su mj`lhrh`bði Kfhquçi _fi`j mj Ljði, `hitfr mj lh @htjmrhl mj hqujllh `bumhm mb`j, rjdbrbâimfsj h ui ahblj quj `jljarhrfi vhrbfs bisurejitjs, quj jl mçh lf fùphrfi ji kujef y hleuifs rhtfs r htfs ji ahblj y hlef mj `hitf, phrtj quj jstuvf h `href mj âl, su gukjr y ui @hghrjih, h`fgphøhmf Tjrehrh `fi lh vbcujlh, chabâimfsj jkjùthmf uih ghr`ch mj @frrhl (mjmb`hmh h Gfrjlfs, gusb`hmh ji `flhafrh`bði `fi Jlçzheh), Lh ghøhibths, uihs afljrhs `fi ljtrh mbdjrjitjs, quj Lhs ghøhibths js uih `fgpfsb`bði bisurejitj> quj ji lfs ahbljs ji `hsh mjl _rjvjimhmf Ehr`çh sj `hitð ji lfs gbsgfs târgbifs y hmjgès jl khrhaj‗. Phlmbvhr, Eharbjl, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Abalbftj`h Ji`b`lfpâmb`h mjl Jsthmf mj Gâxb`f, 823?, p. 153. 0:= Qj`fgjimhgfs `fisulthr jl lbarf, Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh, Gâxb`f, Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88. 0:: Lðpjz, @rbstðahl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

80=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lfs vjrsfs quj h`fgphøhahi hl cuhphief ifrtjøf ji lfs js`jihrbfs trhmb`bfihljs, dujrfi `jmbjimf prfthefibsgf hitj lh cjejgfiçh mj lh gjmbhtbzh`bði. Ji jl f`hsf mj lhs ljtrhs cuhphieujrhs thgabâi bidluyjrfi lfs mj`jsfs mj gûsb`fs vbjkfs mjpfsbthrbfs mj uih trhmb`bði> hsç `fgf lh bimflji`bh mj bisthi`bhs ùlturhljs quj, cbstðrb`hgjitj, pf`f sj chi bitjrjshmf pfr lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, hl `fisbmjrhrlh `fgjr`bhl. H`tuhlgjitj, ib ji lfs rhi`cfs mjl ifrjstj gjxb`hif rjsulth sji`bllf uab`hr h rj`bthmfrjs mj vjrsfs cuhphieujrfs.0:4 Jl sjitbmf `rçtb`f y aurljs`f mj lhs ljtrhs quj h`fgphøhahi h lfs cuhphiefs ifrtjøfs mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, sjrçh lh rhzði pfr lh quj lh bimustrbh mjl mbs`f tfgð lh mj`bsbði mj erhahr sðlf lh phrtj bistrugjithl> `jr`jihimf uih trhmb`bði quj prfpfiçh ui mbèlfef jitrj lh ljtrh, lh gûsb`h y jl ahblj. Cfy mçh, jl cuhphief ifrtjøf js bistrugjithl `hsb ji su tfthlbmhm. Pb abji, ji jl js`jihrbf gjmbètb`f, jxbstji hleuifs jsdujrzfs mj hutfrjs `fgf Kh Khvbjr vbjr Qçfs mj Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y Qfajrtf [hphth Gfithlvf mjl Erupf _jshmf, jl cuhphief ifrtjøf `cf`h hitj lh bimbdjrji`bh mj lfs bitârprjtjs gjmbètb`fs, qubjijs vbvji mjl lu`rf.0:5 If mj dfrgh purh, mjsmj lujef, pjrf jl sfi gjxb`hif jstè prjsjitj ji uih mj lhs gûsb`hs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs gès elfahlbzhmhs mjl sbelf SSB; lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl cuhphief ch tjibmf quj hmhpthrsj h `brùisthi`bhs vhrbhaljs> h pjshr mj jllf, mjajgfs hsugbrlf `fgf ui vjstbebf quj mjgujstrh quj jl sfi gjxb`hif sbeuj prjsjitj ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl cuhphief ifrtjøf vbjij h sjr ui sfi mjs`hdjbihmf pjishmf phrh jl `fisugf ghsbvf. ]hl `fimb`bði if mjs`hrth lh pjrtbiji`bh mj jstumbfs duturfs. _hrj`j chajr pjrmbmf su sjitbmf `fitjsthrbf mj hithøf, pjrf sbeuj ghitjibâimfsj djstbvf y vbefrfsf `fgf sbjgprj.0:3

0:4 Çmjg. 0:5 Çmjg. 0:3

Puebjrf jsù`chr jl mfùgjithl; mfùgjithl; Pfibmfs mj lh cuhstj`h. Jl cuhphief ifrtjøf . Pj lj pujmj mjs`hrehr ji lh mbrj``bði jlj`trðib`h; cttp;//www.j-r cttp;//www.j-rhmbf.jmu.g hmbf.jmu.gx/sfibmfsmjlhcuhstj`h/prbgfcjrghif x/sfibmfsmjlhcuhstj`h/prbgfcjrghifmjlsficuhstj`f-jlcuhphiefifrtjøf mjlsficuhstj`f-jlcuhphiefifrtjøf .

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

80:

JL @FQQBMF Hl dbihlbzhr lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, jl `frrbmf `fgjizð h fùphr ui luehr mj prbvbljebf hl bitjrbfr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.0:2 Rh cj sjøhlhmf quj Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs, heruph`bði frbebihrbh mj Pfifrh, rhmb`hmh ji @hlbdfribh ji lh mâ`hmh mj 821?, mjaj `fisbmjrhrsj `fgf uif mj lfs prbgjrfs hitj`jmjitjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Pjeurhgjitj, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 821? cuaf gès bitârprjtjs mj frbeji gjxb`hif quj erhahrfi `frrbmfs ji jl sur mj Jsthmfs Zibmfs, pjrf gj `fi`jitrf ji Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs pfrquj sfi `lhvjs phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Erh`bhs h Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, ui hltf pfr`jithkj mjl rjpjrtfrbf mj Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs duj rjerhahmf ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?. 04? H dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 821?, Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs erhahrfi `frrbmfs `fgf Ghøhibths h Pflhif, Kfhquçi Kfhq uçi Gurrbjth B y BB, @frrbmf vbllbsth, Lh Ahlabibth y Pfifrh qujrbmh. _hrh lh mâ`hmh mj 82=?, jl Mujtf Ghyh y @hitû, ftrf rjdjrjitj cbstðrb`f mj lh gûsb`h quj jstumbhgfs, lljvð hl h`jthtf, `frrbmfs `fgf Lfs tjqubljrfs, Jl gfkhmf y Hriuldf Efizèljz. Pb rjvbshgfs lhs erhah`bfijs e rhah`bfijs mbs`ferèdb`hs mj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 821?, 820? y 82=?, `fgprfahrjgfs quj hmjgès mj eâijrfs mhi`çstb`fs `fgf lh pflnh, lh rjmfwh, jl vhls y jl s`cfttbs`c> jl cuhphief y jl `frrbmf, arbimhrfi vbthlbmhm h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.048 Pjrçh uih jqubvf`h`bði pjishr quj lh bi`frpfrh`bði mjl `frrbmf hl `frpus mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js ui djiðgjif rj`bjitj quj sj jxplb`h `fi jl huej mjl ihr`ftrèdb`f. _hrj`j _hrj`j gès h`jrthmf chalhr mj âpf`hs, âpf`hs, mj jthphs y mj `b`lfs. Lhs dujitjs bimb`hi quj jl `frrbmf ch phrtb`bphmf phr tb`bphmf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih mjsmj sus `fgbjizfs> lujef sj duj hmhpthimf h lhs gfmhs y h lhs phuths ghr`hmhs pfr lh bimustrbh mjl jitrjtjibgbjitf. Cfy lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih jstè hsf`bhmh `fi ui `frrbmf `fr rbmf hmulhmfr mj ghdbfsfs, pjrf if sbjgprj ch sbmf hsç.

0:2

@harjrh, _jpj _jpj ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 04? Jlbzhlmj, Lubs Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 048

Puebjrf rjvbshr rjvbshr lh `flj``bði `flj``bði Hrcfflbj .

804

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jxbstji ahsthitjs mjdbib`bfijs mj `frrbmf, qubzès lh mj Tb`jitj ]. ]. Gjimfzh sjh lh gès sf`frrbmh pfr lfs h`hmâgb`fs quj chi js`rbtf sfarj s farj jl tðpb`f. H gb kub`bf, lh mjdbib`bði mj Tb`jitj ]. ]. Gjimfzh sj qujmh `frth pfrquj sðlf `fisbmjrh jl hspj`tf lbtjrhrbf, j beifrh lhs dh`jths ahblhalj y gusb`hl mjl eâijrf. Mhibjl @hsthøjmh, `fitjgpfrèijf mj Tb`jitj ]. ]. Gjimfzh, prfaljghtbzh lh ùjstbði. @hsthøjmh hdbrgh quj lh ihturhljzh mjl `frrbmf js gusb`hl y lbtjrhrbh. Mjsmj jl puitf mj vbsth lbtjrhrbf, lbtjr hrbf, lh cjrji`bh mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif sj jiùjitrh ji jl sur mj Jsphøh `fi jl rfghi`j> gusb`hlgjitj, jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif duj jirbquj`bmf `fi uih sugh mj vhrbh`bfijs quj lf ch`ji prfpbf mjl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif. 041 Pjbs mâ`hmhs mjspuâs quj jl tjxtf mj Mhibjl @hsthøjmh vbjrh lh luz, jl jtifgusb`ðlfef `cbcuhcujisj, Quaâi Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih mbduimbð su bivjstbeh`bði ji mfimj hihlbzh jl `fgpfrthgbjitf gjtrfiçgb`f mjl `frrbmf y lhs ghijrhs mj ahblhrlf (0/= y 1/=).040 Chalhimf mj su frbeji, phrj`j bgpfsbalj shajrlf `fi prj`bsbði. Jxbstji hprfxbgh`bfijs `fgf lhs cj`chs pfr jl jtifgusb`ðlfef jsphøfl, Gbeujl Èiejl Ajrlhieh, qubji hdbrgh quj jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif hmqubrbð sus rhsefs `lèsb`fs ji lh Jsphøh mjl sbelf sb elf STB, “âpf`h mfrhmh, ùhimf sj `hithahi rfghi`js ji tfmf luehr y f`hsbði, y vbhkhahi ji plbjefs sujltfs pfr tfmf jl guimf `fif`bmf, bi`lubmf Hgârb`h‗. 04= Mj hùjrmf `fi Ajrlhieh, lh `fbi`bmji`bh cbstðrb`h mj lh `fiqubsth gblbthr y jspbrbtuhl mj Hgârb`h, `fi lh pfpulhrbmhm mjl rfghi`jrf Baârb`f, js `lhvj phrh `fgprjimjr lh vbeji`bh mjl `frrbmf ji Gâxb`f. 04:

041 @hsthøjmh,

Mhibjl, Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Pu tâìb`h lbtjrhrbh y gusb`hl , Gâxb`f, Pur`f, 82=0, p.1:.

040 “Ji `hsb tfmhs lhs ùlturhs mjl guimf, lh mhizh, lh lh gûsb`h y lh lbtjrhturh, ih`ji kuiths y Gâxb`f if js lh jx`jp`bði. Jl `frrbmf js uih ghibdjsth`bði mjl hrtj pfpulhr ji mfimj thgabâi sj jxprjshi mj ghijrh sbgultèijh lf lbtjrhrbf, lf ahblhalj y lf gusb`hl‗. ]bihkjrf ]b ihkjrf Gjmbih, Quaâi, Jl ihr`f`frrbmf ¶]rhmb`bði f gjr`hmf6 , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj @cbcuhcuh, 1??=, p.34. 04= Ajrlhieh, Gbeujl Èiejl, “Qfghi`js “Qfghi`js y `frrbmfs. Zi eâijrf gultbdfrgj ji `fisthitj rj`rjh`bði‗, ji Gjgfrbhs mjl Xubitf @fierjsf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj jl `frrbmf , @ulbh`èi, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh, 1??0, p.8. 04: Lfs rfghi`js vulehrjs mjl sbelf STBBB jrhi thgabâi `fif`bmfs `fgf `frrbmfs. Jsth tjrgbiflfeçh sj `fisjrvh ji lh h`tuhlbmhm, pfr cjrji`bh mj ljieuhkj `flfqubhl, phrh mjsbeihr h lfs rfghi`js ji jl guimf dlhgji`f dlhgji`f.. Çmjg. Gjr`jmjs Mçhz Qfbe `fiùjrmh `fi Gbeujl Èiejl Ajrlhieh. Puebjrf rjvbshr jl lbarf; Jstumbfs y ifths sfarj jl rfghi`jrf, r fghi`jrf, jmbthmf pfr Jl @fljebf mj Gâxb`f, ji 8234.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

805

Jspj`bhlbsths `fgf Gjr`jmjs Mçhz Qfbe, Kumbtc Qjyjs, Qjyjs, Mhibjl @hsthøjmh, Gbeujl Èiejl Ajrlhieh, Rvjttj Rvjttj Kbgâijz Aèjz, Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih y Qb`hrmf _ârjz Gfitdfrt, jstèi mj hùjrmf sfarj jl frbeji baârb`f mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Lfs hutfrjs jilbsthmfs sjøhlhi quj jl rfghi`j js jl harjvhmjrf gès bgpfrthitj mjl quj sj iutrbð jl `frrbmf `fr rbmf mbduimbmf ji jl h`tuhl tjrrbtfrbf tjrr btfrbf gjxb`hif. ]fmfs ]fmfs lfs jtifgusb`ðlfefs rjdjrbmfs, `fbi`bmji quj jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif surebð h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, ùhimf sj `fgjizhrfi h pflbtbzhr sus ljtrhs, djiðgjif quj sj jxplb`h ji lh lu`ch bimjpjimjitbsth. Kumbtc Qjyjs sjøhlh quj lh prbi`bphl mbdjrji`bh jitrj jl rfghi`j y jl `frrbmf jstè ji lfs prfthefibsths, pujs gbjitrhs jl prbgjrf jxhlth vbmhs mj bitjerhitjs mj lh ifaljzh, jl sjeuimf sj jidf`h ji ihrrhr cbstfrbhs mj lfs mjspfsjçmfs.044Htjimbjimf h Gbeujl Èiejl Ajrlhieh, Kumbtc Qjyjs jsthrçh ejijrhlbzhimf, pujs jl sbelf STBB sj mjsth`ð pfr uih rjljvhitj prfmu``bði mj rfghi`js drfitjrbzfs quj ihrrhahi lhs jpfpjyhs mj ahimfljrfs y ghtfijs himhlu`js ji jl sur mj Jsphøh.045 Lh bidluji`bh mjl rfghi`j himhluz if sjrçh prbvhtbvh mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif, pujs ji Arhsbl, Ar hsbl, Tjijzujlh y @cblj, sj htjstbeuh jl gbsgf djiðgjif ji `hitfs pfpulhrjs `fgf lfs `frmhljs, lfs `frrçfs y lh phllh, rjspj`tbvhgjitj. ]jimrçhgfs ]jimrçhgfs quj chalhr mj ihrrhtbvhs quj dujrfi hsugbjimf rhsefs prfpbfs mj hùjrmf h rjebfijs, r jebfijs, j bi`lusf, h ih`bfijs y phçsjs.043 Jl rfghi`j sbeuj prjsjitj ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, erh`bhs h Lh Ghrtbih, Mjlehmbih, Jljih y jl drhi`âs. Mj hùjrmf ji Gjr`jmjs Mçhz Qfbe, jl ifgarj frbebihl mj Lh Ghrtbih duj jl mj Lh hmultjrh, ji jl sbelf STB> gbjitrhs quj jl mj Jljih y jl drhi`âs `frrjspfimj hl mj Ajrihl drhi`âs. Mjlehmbih js uif mj lfs rfghi`js gès mbduimbmfs ji jl guimf cbspèib`f.042

044

Qjyjs, Kumbtc, Jl `frrbmf. _rjsji`bh mjl kuelhr ji lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh @chpbief, 8225, p. =:. 045 Ajrlhieh, Gbeujl Èiejl, “Qfghi`js “Qfghi`js y `frrbmfs. Zi eâijrf gultbdfrgj ji `fisthitj rj`rjh`bði‗, ji Gjgfrbhs mjl Xubitf @fierjsf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj jl `frrbmf , @ulbh`èi, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh, 1??0, p. =. 043 _ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf, Qb`hrmf, “Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs pfpulhrjs y jstjrjftbpfs ji Gâxb`f. Pbelfs SBS  y y SS , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP, 1??3, p. =?. 042 Mçhz Qfbe, Qfbe, Gjr`jmjs, Gjr`jmjs, Jstumbfs y ifths sfarj jl rfghi`jrf , Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gâxb`f, 8234, p. 85=.

803

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

_jrf jl rfghi`j if js jl ûib`f harjvhmjrf mj mfimj sj hlbgjitð jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. _hrh Bshajl @fitrjrhs Bslhs, Ghrbf Hrturf Qhgfs, Rflhimh Gfrjif Qbvhs, Hitfibf Hvbtbh Cjrièimjz y Eublljrgbih Hgjzqubth Lðpjz, lh ùlturh mj lhs sf`bjmhmjs bimçejihs jxbstjitjs h lh lljehmh mj lfs jsphøfljs hl h`tuhl Gâxb`f, rjsultð trhs`jimjithl. _hrh lfs hutfrjs, lh lçrb`h gjsfhgjrb`hih sfarjvbvj ji lfs `hitfs mj ]lhtj`htzbi, Ijtzhcuhl`ðyftl, @uhùhtzbi, ]f`cbcubtzbi, Ijzhcuhlpbllb y Sb`ftji`hlt.05?Xubzèss vhleh lh pjih `bthr lh ljtrh mj Lh rubih mj ]lhtjlfl`f, ui rfghi`j quj rjebsSb`ftji`hlt.05?Xubzè trð lh vjrsbði bimçejih sfarj lh bitjrvji`bði gblbthr mj lfs jsphøfljs ji ]jif`ctbtlhi; ]jif`ctbtlhi; Ji lfs `hgbifs yh`ji mhrmfs rftfs / lfs `hahllfs jstèi jsphr`bmfs / mjstj`chmhs jstèi lhs `hshs / jirfkj`bmfs tbjiji sus gurfs.058 Jxbstji cbstfrbhmfrjs `fgf Djrrhi Pflmjvblh, Hgârb`f @hstrf, Hlajrtf Tèrvhrf, Jmehrm Ublsfi y Gbeujl Ahshlmûh, quj prfgujvji jl frbeji èrhaj mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Pbeubjimf h jstfs hutfrjs, Jsphøh duj `fiqubsthmh ji jl 580 pfr èrhajs y ajrjajrjs, qubjijs lljvhrfi su ùlturh h lh _jiçisulh Baârb`h. Dujrfi lfs èrhajs qubjijs cjrjmhrfi lh phsbði pfr lfs `hahllfs h lfs jsphøfljs> thgabâi `fitrbauyjrfi ji jl mjshrrfllf `bjitçdb`f, hrqubtj`tðib`f y gusb`hl mj Jsphøh. Pflmjvblh hreugjith quj lh cjrji`bh èrhaj ji jl guimf cbsphifchalhitj, pujmj rhstrjhrsj h trhvâs mjl ljieuhkj, ji târgbifs `fgf hldârjz, ajrjikjih, h`jqubh, hzuljkf, hzftjh y thabquj.051Zih vjz ji Gâxb`f, ðrmjijs rjlbebfshs `fgf drhi`bs`hifs y heustbifs sj hpfyhrfi ji jljgjitfs gjstbzfs `fgf lh mhizh mj gfrfs y `rbstbhifs phrh jvhiejlbzhr h lfs pujalfs gjsfhgjrb`hifs. Lh ùlturh baârb`h trhsplhithmh hl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif pfr lfs jsphøfljs, jsthah ljkfs mj sjr purh y cfgfeâijh.050 Chy ui ùhrtf erupf mj jspj`bhlbsths quj mjdbjimj lh tjsbs hdrb`hih. _hrh bivjstbehmfrjs `fgf Bshajl Hrjtz, Cjrði _ârjz Ghrtçijz, Hitfibf @hajllf Gfrjif, Èlvhrf F`cfh Pjrrhif, Eharbjl Phlmbvhr,

05?

Qhgfs, Ghrbf Hrturf, Lh ljtrh `hithmh , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Xujrâthrf, 823=, p. 1?. 058 Hvbtbh Cjrièimjz, Hitfibf, @frrbmf cbstðrb`f gjxb`hif , ]fgf BB, Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8225, p. 2. 051 Pflmjvblh, Djrrhi, Cbstfrbh mj Jsphøh , vfl. BB, Ahr`jlfih, @rçtb`h, 822:, p. 40. 050 @hstrf, Hgârb`f, Lh rjhlbmhm cbstðrb`h mj Jsphøh , Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8255, p. 838.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

802

Ghr`f _flf Cjrièimjz @ujvhs y Qflhimf _ârjz Djrièimjz, lhs rhç`js mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif jstèi ji lfs `hitfs mj frbeji ahitû, lljehmfs h Iujvh Jsphøh `fi prf`jmji`bh mj lfs h`tuhljs tjrrbtfrbfs mj Hieflh, Pjijehl, @fsth mj Ghrdbl, Ghrdb l, @haf Tjrmj, Pumèi, Gfzhgabquj, Ibejrbh y Mhcfgjy. Mhcfgjy. Lh bidluji`bh ùlturhl mj Èdrb`h ji Gâxb`f bib`bð, mj hùjrmf `fi lfs jspj`bhlbsths jvf`hmfs, ji 8:12, dj`ch mj mjsjgahr`f mjl prbgjr `fitbiejitj mj js`lhvfs hdrb`hifs `fgjr`bhlbzhmfs mjsmj jl pujrtf mj Tjrh`ruz. 05= Ghr`f _flf _flf Cjrièimjz @ujvhs js uif mj lfs lfs hdrb`hibsths quj gès ch frbjithmf sus jsdujrzfs hl jstumbf mj djiðgjifs hrtçstb`fs `fgf jl tjhtrf, lfs vbllhi`b`fs, jl khrhaj y lh pfpulhrbzh`bði mj bistrugjitfs gusb`hljs `fgf lh ghrbgah y lfs thgafrjs, ji Gâxb`f. Lh prjtjisbði mj Cjrièimjz @ujvhs js `fitrbaubr hl jstumbf mj lhs rhç`js ijerhs ji lh ùlturh gjxb`hih. Ghr`f _flf Cjrièimjz @ujvhs ch jstumbhmf lhs rhç`js hdrb`hihs mj lh vbreji mj Euhmhlupj, mjl `chrrf y mjl sfi gjxb`hif, pfr jkjgplf. Lh thrjh mjshrrfllhmh pfr Qflhimf Hitfibf _ârjz Djrièimjz sj ch `jitrhmf ji jl jstumbf mj lh prjsji`bh hdrb`hih ji Gâxb`f, mjsmj ui hièlbsbs lbieüçstb`f y jstrb`thgjitj gusb`hl. Lh farh pualb`hmh mj Ghr`f _flf Cjrièimjz @ujvhs y Qflhimf Hitfibf _ârjz Djrièimjz js hgplbh y mj dè`bl h``jsf.05: Lh mbsùsbði sfarj jl frbeji mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif ch sbmf s bmf afsqujkhmh `fi lh bitji`bði mj suejrbrlj hl lj`tfr ùhtrf pfsbaljs `hgbifs h sjeubr, ji `hsf mj quj jxbsth j xbsth ui bitjrâs ghyfr pfr jl tjgh. If js, mjsmj lujef, jl prfpðsbtf mjl prjsjitj trhahkf jl lljehr h `fi`lusbfijs mjdbibtbvhs sfarj lfs pfsbaljs frçejijs mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Jl fakjtbvf `jitrhl js fdrj`jr hl lj`tfr ui phifrhgh quj lj pjrgbth tjijr h su mbspfsb`bði ejijrhlbmhmjs sfarj lhs mbdjrjitjs `lhvjs quj hyumji h `fgprjimjr, ji tfmh su `fgpljkbmhm, h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 05= Hrjtz,

Bshajl, Hgârb`h ji su gûsb`h , Gâxb`f, Pbelf SSB, 823?, p.04. Qflhimf Hitfibf _ârjz _ârjz Djrièimjz prfpfij quj gu`cfs mj lfs hdrb`hibsgfs ushmfs ji lh Iujvh Jsphøh sj rjlh`bfihi `fi jl ahblj y jl `hitf. Jl gusb`ðlfef ùahif sjøhlh quj târgbifs târgb ifs `fgf eurugaâ, eueurugaâ, ùùrjgaâ, tugah, tugah , `cblhief, `cbieh, `cbiehr, `cbief, dhimhief, ghimbief, thieh, thief, euhgu`cblði, cuh`cbihief, øfieh, `cfief, gfrfieh, dfimfieh, kfrfief, kfrfief, erbief, e rbief, euhieh, dfimh, tfeh, `chief, drbthieh, shimuieh, `chiehrrf, phieh, cuhtjquj, `hrihljs, `chief y zhiehrrf, sfi mj frbeji ahitû. Puejrbgfs `fisulthr jl lbarf; Jxprjsbfijs gusb`hljs mjl F``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f , `ffrmbihmf pfr Mhibjl Eutbârrjz Qfkhs y jmbthmf pfr Gfrjvhllhmf ji jl høf mjl 1?88, ji lh `bumhm mj Gfrjlbh, Gb`cfh`èi., Gâxb`f. 05:

8=?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif js, ji sjitbmf jstrb`tf, uih mâ`bgh lhtbifhgjrb`hibzhmh. Âsth lljeð hl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif mjsmj jl sbelf STB `fi jsphøfljs y pfrtueujsjs, mfimj hsugbð `hrh`tjrçstb`hs rjebfihljs.054 “ Lh mâ`bgh jxprjsh lh bmbfsbi`rhsbh bmbfsbi`r hsbh mjl phçs mfimj sj rjhlbzh hui ùhimf sjh mj frbeji baârb`f, pujs rjshlth lh gultbplb`bmhm mj vhrbhitjs quj `rjð lh trhmb`bði cbsphifhgjrb`hih‗. 055 Lh mâ`bgh jstè prjsjitj ji @uah `fi jl ifgarj mj euhkbrh, euhkbr h, ji Tjijzujlh Tjijzujlh `fi jl mj pfjghs llhijrfs> ji @cblj sj lj `fif`j `fgf phllh f vjrsf mj mfs rhzfijs> y ji Arhsbl lh mâ`bgh sj rj`rjh ahkf lfs ifgarjs mj jgaflhmhs y elfshs.053 Lh prjsji`bh mj lh mâ`bgh ji tfmh Hgârb`h Lhtbih, jxplb`hrçh lh dhgblbhrbmhm `fi lh quj js vbvbmf jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif ji aujih phrtj mjl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif. hgjrb`hif. Âstj pujmj `hithrsj `fi ui h`fgphøhgbjitf gusb`hl mj vhrbhmh çimflj, quj trhisbth mjsmj jl hrph chsth jl h`frmjði y jl ahkf sjxtf. _fr supujstf, jl `frrbmf if js lh ûib`h dfrgh ji quj lh mâ`bgh sj ghibdbjsth ji Gâxb`f> thgabâi jstè ji lh vhlfih, ji lhs hmbvbihizhs y ji jl sfi. Lh mâ`bgh jxplb`hrçh pfr quâ jl cuhphief y jl `frrbmf sfi `fisbmjrhmfs “eâijrfs hutâitb`hgjitj gjxb`hifs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih‗.052 Chy ui `fisjisf rjspj`tf hl ih`bgbjitf mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif; duj murhitj lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj 828? quj hphrj`bð. Pbi jgahref, bivjstbehmfrjs `fgf Mhibjl @hsthøjmh hdbrghi quj jl `frrbmf, mjsmj su dui`bði sf`bhl, efzð mj vbeji`bh murhitj lh âpf`h `flfibhl erh`bhs e rh`bhs h Lh `hi`bði mj lh vbcujlh (85=:), hlusbvh hl âxfmf mj dhgblbhs ifvfcbsphihs h lh Dlfrbmh. 03? Js prfahalj quj sj lj `fif`bjrh h jstj tbpf mj `fgpfsb`bfijs `fi jl hpjlhtbvf mj `frrbmf, mjsmj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, y quj su ifgarj sbeibdbquj “sbi phrhr‗.038

054

Kbgâijz Aèjz, Rvjttj, Rvjttj, Lh mâ`bgh pfpulhr ji _ujrtf Qb`f , Shlhph, 824=, p.88. 055 Babm , p.0=. 053 Babm , p.4?. 052 Phlmbvhr, Eublljrgf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. 03? @hsthøjmh, Mhibjl, Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Pu tâìb`h lbtjrhrbh y gusb`hl , Gâxb`f, Pur`f, 82=0, p. 8?. 038 ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, Quaâi, Jl ihr`f`frrbmf ¶]rhmb`bði f gjr`hmf6 , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj @cbcuhcuh, 1??=, p. 33.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8=8

Pfi iugjrfsfs lfs hutfrjs quj `fivjreji ji uih rjhlbmhm; murhitj lh Bimjpjimji`bh sj trfvhrfi `frrbmfs quj rjebstrhrfi rjebstr hrfi h`fitj`bgbjitfs pflçtb`fs y gblbthrjs.031 @frrbmfs `fgpujstfs h Gbeujl Cbmhlef sj sbeuji sbe uji bitjrprjthimf ji Eujrrjrf, mj hùjrmf `fi Kumbtc Qjyjs. Qjyjs.030 Murhitj lh Bitjrvji`bði ifrtjhgjrb`hih ji Gâxb`f (83=4-83=3), lh Eujrrh mj Qjdfrgh (83:5-8348) y lh Bitjrvji`bði drhi`jsh ji Gâxb`f (8341-8345) sj `fgpusbjrfi j bitjrprjthrfi `frrbmfs.03= Pbeubjimf hl bitjlj`tuhl gjxb`hif, Qb`hrmf _ârjz Gfitdfrt, lh Qjvflu`bði mj 828? duj trhs`jimjithl phrh quj jl `frrbmf sj gjxb`hibzhrh. “Lh Qjvflu`bði y jl `frrbmf sj `fivbrtbjrfi ji ui abifgbf bisjphrhalj‗.03: @fi ahsj ji jl gbsgf h`hmâgb`f, lfs `frrbmfs sughrfi “h lh dfrkh mj `bjrtf ih`bfihlbsgf lbajrhl mj`bgfiðib`f, `fi lh prjtjisbði mj fdrj`jr hleuih rjsbstji`bh hl bgpjrbhlbsgf

031

Ebgâijz, Eblajrtf, “Jl `hi`bfijrf bisurejitj mjl gfvbgbjitf zhphtbsth zhphtbsth ji @cbhphs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1??5, p.023. 030 Qjyjs, Kumbtc, Kumbtc, Jl `frrbmf. _rjsji`bh mjl kuelhr ji lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh @chpbief, 8225, p.=3. Zi `frrbmf `fgpujstf pfr Kfsâ ]hpbh mb`j h lh ljtrh; ]hi sflf Cbmhlef / `fi sus mfs cjrghifs / jl sjøfr Ghrbhif / y Kfsâ Phitfs Tbllh. Tbvh lh phtrbh gjxb`hih / y quj gujrh Jsphøh. Lh trhejmbh mj Lfs fprbgbmfs, htrbaubmf h Hibghs ]rukhif ji 831: prj`bsh tjxtuhlgjitj; Tfy Tfy h `hithr ui `frrbmf `frr bmf / Mj jsfs quj ch`ji phmj`jr / y ljs suplb`f sjøfrjs s jøfrjs / gj pjrmfiji pfr dhvfr. dhvfr. Mjsmj quj lfs jsphøfljs / vbibjrfi h jstj luehr / qujmhgfs js`lhvbzhmfs / sbi tjijr tbjrrh tbjrr h ib cfehr. ]rjs sbelfs lhrefs, sjøfrjs / jl bimbf trbstj sudrbð / chsth quj lujef ji Mflfrjs / lh lbajrthm lbajr thm lf hlugarð. Mjl ùrh mj Euhihkuhtf / tfmfs sj chi mj h`frmhr / gurbð `fgf auji sflmhmf / pfr mhrifs lh lbajrthm. 03= Câhu Lhgajrt, @htcjrbij, “@frrbmfs zhphtbsths y lbajrhlbsgf‗, ji Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88, p.8:4. Jl `frrbmf mj lh Bitjrvji`bði erbieh rjlhth; Tjrmj, Tjrmj, alhi`f y `flfrhmf / `fitrh ahrrhs vh kuehimf / if tj hplfgjs `fgphøjrf / quj ljs jsthgfs ehihimf. Rh lh gbthm mjl tjrrjif / ljs vjimbð jl trhbmfr Phith Hih / `fi lf quj sj ch cj`cf guy rb`h / lh ih`bði ifrtjhgjrb`hih. Jl pjtrðljf sj h`hað / sj lf `fisugbjrfi tfmf / `hgbiji pfr lf phrjkf / if sj hthsquji ji jl lfmf. Ji dbi sfi guy pfmjrfsfs / pjrf jl rb`f thgabâi gujrj / pujs hquç sj ch`j ji lh tbjrrh / ihmh gès lf quj Mbfs qubjrj. Tâljz, Eblajrtf, @frrbmfs gjxb`hifs , Gâxb`f, Jmbtfrjs Gjxb`hifs Zibmfs, 8231, p.13. Ji 83=5, sj `hitð jl @frrbmf mj lhs Ghrehrbths, hlusbvf h lh bivhsbði jsthmfuibmjisj h Gâxb`f. Jsj gbsgf høf jstuvf ji afeh @lhrçi mj `hgphøh, quj lujef sj `fivbrtbð ji cbgif mj lfs `hmjtjs mjl @fljebf Gblbthr ji lfs tbjgpfs ji quj jl ejijrhl euhihkuhtjisj, Pfstjijs Qf`ch, duj su mbrj`tfr (8354-8334). @hsthøjmh, Mhibjl, Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Pu tâìb`h lbtjrhrbh y gusb`hl , Gâxb`f, Pur`f, 82=0, p.15. 03: _ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf, Qb`hrmf, “Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs pfpulhrjs y jstjrjftbpfs ji Gâxb`f. Pbelfs SBS  y y SS , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP, 1??3, p.44.

8=1

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

jsthmfuibmjisj ji pjrghijitj jxphisbði‗.034 Dujrfi jl `bij sfifrf y lh rhmbf mj dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 820? y prbi`bpbfs mj 82=?, prfgftfrjs mj lh jstjrjftbpbdb`h`bði mjl `frrbmf rjvflu`bfihrbf `fgf sçgaflf ùlturhl mj Gâxb`f.035 Jl `frrbmf `frrb mf rjvflu`bfihrbf hyumð hyumð ji lh `fidbeurh`bði mj ui phitjði chabthmf pfr bimbvbmufs gbtbdb`hmfs h trhvâs mj lh cbstfrbh fdb`bhl mj Gâxb`f.033 Jl `frrbmf rjvflu`bfihrbf sj trhisdfrgð ji jl phrhmbegh, qubzès pfr jsf lhs lu`chs sf`bhljs mj lfs sbelfs SS y SSB aus`hi ljebtbghrsj mjsmj lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj 828?. Jxbstji jkjgplfs `fgf lhs eujrrbllhs `hgpjsbihs mj Quaâi Khrhgbllf Khrhgbllf ji Gfrjlfs y lh mj Lu`bf @hahøhs ji Eujrrjrf quj sustjithi lh hsjvjrh`bði.032 Jl `frrbmf ch jsthmf prjsjitj ji lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f, pfr lf gjifs mjsmj jl gfvbgbjitf bimjpjimjitbsth mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS. Lh vbeji`bh mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif pujmj vjrbdb`hrsj ji jl gfvbgbjitf jstumbhitbl mj 8243 `fi Kumbtc Qjyjs y sus `fgpfsb`bfijs; Jl `frrbmf mj lh fùph`bði gblbthr mj lh ZIHG, Ghr`ch mj lfs `hçmfs, Lh trhejmbh mj lh plhzh mj lhs trjs ùlturhs, Jl `frrbmf mjl _flbtâìb`f y Lfs `fgahtjs mjl _flbtâìb`f. Jstfs `frrbmfs dujrfi rjebstrhmfs, dfiferèdb`hgjitj, ji _hrçs, `fi jl rjsphlmf mj Lj `chit mu gfimj .02? Jl `frrbmf sj ch `fivjrtbmf ji ui hpfrtj phrh phr h jl rjebstrf mj lh cbstfrbh pflçtb`h jsthmfuibmjisj, `fgf lf prujahi pr ujahi lhs bivjstbeh`bfijs; ]cj Njiijmy Njiijmy `frrbmf `frrbmfs.s. H stumy stumy fd tcj ahllhms ahllhms fd h Gjxb`hi Gjxb`hi Hgj- mj Ubllbhg Mb`njy him Ubtc cbs pbstfl bi cbs chim  mj mj Hgârb`f _hrjmjs. Lh prbgjrh jmbthmh rb`hi cjrf  mj ji 8253 pfr lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj ]jxhs, ]jxhs, y lh sjeuimh pujsth ji `brùlh`bði ji 8238, pfr lh gbsgh bistbtu`bði `fi sjmj ji Hustbi. Pb jl `frrbmf `fr rbmf ch tjibmf uih bidluji`bh trhsih`bfihl, if mjaj jxtrhøhrifs lh jxbstji`bh mj trhejmbhs hlusbvhs h gfgjitfs mj lh cbstfrbh gjxb`hih rj`bjitj `fgf lh rjajlbði

034 Babm , p. =0. 035

Babm , p. 50. ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, p. 81. 032 Ebgâijz, Eblajrtf, “Jl `hi`bfijrf bisurejitj mjl gfvbgbjitf zhphtbsth zhphtbsth ji @cbhphs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs, Gâxb`f , @fihùlth, 1??5, pp. 025-=1:. 02? Çmjg. Ji 820= sj jmbtð ji _hrçs lh `fgpfsb`bði Jl ehvblèi mj Drhi`bs`f Drhi`bs`f @hstbllf Ièkjrh. @hstbllf, Mhibjl, Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif.. Pu tâìb`h lbtjrhrbh y gusb`hl , Gâxb`f, Pur`f, 82=0, p. 84. gjxb`hif 033

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8=0

zhphtbsth mj 822=, lh ghsh`rj mj Heuhs Alhi`h ji Eujrrjrf (822:), lh fùph`bði mj pfzfs pjtrfljrfs ji ]hahs`f h `href mj Himrâs Ghiujl Lðpjz Farhmfr (8224), y jl gfvbgbjitf H__F `fitrh jl efajrihmfr prbbsth mj Fhxh`h, Zlbsjs Qubz Frtbz, ji jl høf 1??4. 028 _hrh hutfrjs `fgf Kuhi Mbjef Qhzf Flbvh y Ghrçh Lubsh mj lh Ehrzh @cèvjz, frbebihrbfs mj Phlhghi`h y Ljði, Euhihkuhtf, rjspj`tbvhgjitj, duj ji jl Ahkçf mfimj jl `frrbmf sj cbzf gjxb`hif. Qhzf Flbvh mjdbij hl Ahkçf `fgf jl iû`ljf mj ui `frrbmf hahkjøf quj lujef sj trhisdfrgð ji gjxb`hif. Mj hùjrmf `fi Kuhi Mbjef Qhzf Flbvh, jl Ahkçf, `fgf ibieuih ftrh rjebði mjl Gâxb`f `fitjgpfrèijf, sj mbstbieuçh pfr su gjstbzhkj h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS. Jstj dh`tfr rjsulthrçh mjtjrgbihitj phrh quj jl Jsthmf gjxb`hif, mjsmj lh âpf`h mj _frdbrbf Mçhz, fpthrh pfr jljebr hl Ahkçf `fgf jl jstjrjftbpf mj Gâxb`f.021 Ghrçh Lubsh mj lh Ehrzh mb`j quj jl `frrbmf js uih mj lhs jxprjsbfijs j xprjsbfijs gès jgaljgètb`hs mjl Gâxb`f gjstbzf, y quj âstj “surej ji jl sbelf SBS mjitrf mj ui ghr`f prj`bsf; jl Ahkçf‗. 020 Tf`js `rçtb`hs `fgf lh mj @htcjrbij Câhu Lhgajrt, Eblajrtf Ebgâijz Gfitbjl y Mhibjl @hsthøjmh, prfgujvji lh jxbstji`bh mj trjs trhmb`bfijs `frrbmçstb`hs; lh mjl Ahkçf, lh mjl Ifrtj y lh mjl Pur, rjprjsjithmh, âsth ûltbgh, pfr Gfrjlfs, _ujalh y Eujrrjrf. Lhs aflhs f `frrbmfs surbhifs tjimrçhi su frbeji ji lhs `fgphøçhs tjhtrhljs btbijrhitjs mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf STB, `fif`bmhs `fgf ghrfghs.02= Lhs ghrfghs f `fgphøçhs mj tjhtrf ifvfcbsphihs dujrfi bgpfrthitjs pfrquj ghsbdb`hrfi mâ`bghs ji cfkhs vflhitjs> hgâi mj dfgjithr lh pfpulhrbmhm mj lhs “tbpbqubths‗, hitj`jmjitj mbrj`tf mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs mj dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS.02: Jl gfvbgbjitf rjvflu`bfihrbf mj 828? charçh rjtfghmf uih prè`tb`h hrrhbehmh hl rjùrrbr h cfkhs vflhitjs `fi jl dbi mj pfpulhrbzhr lfs `frrbmfs.

028 [ylajraj [ylajrajre re _hijabhi`f, Tbfljth, @hi`bfijrf mj lh rjsbstji`bh j i tbjgpfs mjl Rh `hyð. Gjgfrbh, bmjitbmhm y rjprjsjith`bfijs sf`bh-

ljs h trhvâs mj lhs `hi`bfijs mjl gfvbgbjitf sf`bhl mj Fhxh`h ji jl høf 1??4 , ]jsbs mj ghjstrçh ji Hitrfpflfeçh, Fhxh`h, @BJPHP, 1?8?. 021 Qhzf Flbvh, Kuhi Kuhi Mbjef, @frrbmfs cbstðrb`fs mj lh trhmb`bði mjl Ahkçf , Gfrjlbh, Kbithikèdfrh, 1?8?, p. 5. 020 Mj lh Ehrzh @cèvjz, Ghrçh Lubsh, _jrf gj eusth lf aujif , Gâxb`f, Gbeujl Èiejl _frrûh, 1??3, p. 04=. 02= Qfaljs Mèvblh, Luz Ghrçh, Lh ghrfgh y jl `frrbmf. Mfs jspj`bjs `fgpljgjithrbhs mj lbtjrhturh pfpulhr , Gâxb`f, Mbrj``bði Ejijrhl mj @ulturhs _fpulhrjs, 8225, p. =. 02: Çmjg.

8==

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Eblajrtf Ebgâijz Gfitbjl hdbrgh quj lfs `frrbmfs surbhifs jstèi gès `jr`hifs h lhs trhmb`bfijs pfâtb`hs bimçejihs, pfr jsf su gâtrb`h js vhrbhmh y prbvbljebh lh mjiui`bh sf`bhl. 024Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih `fisbmjrh quj jl `fgpfrthgbjitf gjlðmb`f mj lhs aflhs surbhihs js gès dlfrbmf, `fi shltfs j bidljxbfijs gjlðmb`hs prfiui`bhmhs> gbjitrhs quj jl `frrbmf ifrtjøf js gès plhif y eflpjhmf. “Ji jl `frrbmf mjl ifrtj lh gjlfmçh js cfrbzfithl, pfr erhmf `fikuitf y `fi rjùrrji`bh h lh rjpjtb`bði mj ifths. Js biusuhl ji`fitrhr `frrbmfs quj sfarjphsji jl rhief gjlðmb`f mj uih f`thvh. Lh jitfih`bði lbieüçstb`h mjl jsphøfl ifrtjøf, ji sus phrtjs `fi`luyjitjs, js thgabâi pfr tjr`jrhs mjs`jimjitjs‗.025 Pb pfimjrhgfs lfs hièlbsbs mj Eblajrtf Ebgâijz y Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, lh rjhlbmhm mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif js gès `fgpljkh mj lf quj lfs gjmbfs mj `fguib`h`bði hreuyji. Pb abji, hitjs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, `frrbmfs mj `fitrhahimbsths yh jrhi bitjrprjthmfs pfr gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs gjxb`hifs, gj xb`hifs,023 duj `fi jl surebgbjitf mjl gfvbgbjitf bimbj  mj mj dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 824? y prbi`bpbfs mj 825?, quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ftfreð jl rfl prftheðib`f hl `frrbmf mj efgjrfs, lujef ahutbzhmf `fgf ihr`f`frrbmf pfr jl hphrhtf ùlturhl jsthmfuibmjisj. Duj ji jl `fitjxtf mjl gfvbgbjitf bimbj  quj quj sj ejsthrfi prfyj`tfs `fgf jl mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, qubjijs, cbstðrb`hgjitj, chi ahshmf su htrh`tbvf ji lh ihrrh`bði mj trhejmbhs vbiùlhmhs `fi lfs guimfs mj lh mjlbiùji`bh frehibzhmh. Jl gfvbgbjitf bimbj surebð ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs `fi jl prfpðsbtf mj harbr jsph`bfs h bitârprjtjs quj if tjiçhi `habmh ji lfs erhimjs `frpfrhtbvfs mj jitrjtjibgbjitf `fgf Pfiy, JGB y Uhrijr.022 Jl gfvbgbjitf bimbj  dh`blbtð dh`blbtð jl surebgbjitf mj pjqujøfs sjllfs quj hrrfphrfi prfyj`tfs lf`hljs `fgf jl mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Jl âxbtf mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj `fi cbstfrbhs `fgf @hreh alhi`h (8251), @fitrhahimf y trhb`bði (825=) y Lh ahimh mjl `hrrf rfkf (825:) falbehrfi h mujtfs `lèsb`fs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh

024

Ebgâijz Gfitbjl, Eblajrtf, “Lh rjprjsjith`bði mj lh vbflji`bh ji lh trfvh trfvh pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Mj lfs `frrbmfs mj vhlbjitjs h lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1??5, p. 04:. 025 ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, p. 25. 023 Qhgçrjz-_bgbjith, Kuhi Kuhi @hrlfs, @hrlfs, @hithr h lfs ihr`fs , Gâxb`f, _lhijth, 1?88. 022 Gfitfyh Hrbhs, Hrbhs, Lubs Fghr, Fghr, @frrbmf mj efgjrfs (82=?-822?). Jxplb`h`bði cbstðrb`h mj sus `hgabfs ejijrh`bfihljs e jijrh`bfihljs , ]jsbs mj lb`ji`bhturh ji cbstfrbh, Euhihkuhtf, Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf, 1??4. Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8=:

gjxb`hih `fgf Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, h erhahr `frrbmfs mj efgjrfs, pfstjrbfrgjitj ahutbzhmfs `fgf ihr`f`frrbmfs pfr lh bimustrbh ùlturhl jsthmfuibmjisj mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SSB. Ji 825:, Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi y lh @AP, pusbjrfi h lh vjith jl èlaug; Lfs `fitrhahimbsths. Pus `frrbmfs y sus ljyjimhs.=?? Jl h`tf mjaj `fgprjimjrsj `fgf ui bitjitf phrh if sjr mjsplhzhmfs mjl gjr`hmf mjl mbs`f pfr iujvhs heruph`bfijs `fgf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Jl h`jthtf erhahmf pfr Juejibf Èarjef y ]fgès Frtbz, prujah quj lh mâ`hmh mj 825? jighr`ð jl jilh`j ghtrbgfibhl jitrj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih y jl `frrbmf mj ihr`ftrèdb`f.=?8 Jl gjmbhtbzhmf ihr`f`frrbmf, ihr`f`frrbmf, js uih `htjefrçh quj sj bis`rbaj ji lh trhmb`bði mjl `frrbmf gjxb`hif, js mj`br, mj lh mâ`bgh trhçmh pfr lfs pjibisulhrjs h lh Hgârb`h ihturhl. Pbeuj chabjimf mbsùsbði sfarj lh pjrtbiji`bh âtb`h mj quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fitjgpfrèijh ahsj su âxbtf `fgjr`bhl ji lh mbdusbði mj cbstfrbhs quj jxhlthi h trhdb`hitjs. _hrh @hrlfs Gfisbvèbs, “gès quj `jljarh`bði mjl mjlbtf, lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs mbduimji lh blusbði mj lhs sf`bjmhmjs mfimj lfs pfarjs tbjiji mjrj`cf h lhs fpfrtuibmhmjs mjlbiùji`bhljs mj lfs pflçtb`fs, mj lfs bimustrbhljs y mj lfs ahiqujrfs‗.=?1 _ârjz Gfitdfrt y Eblajrtf Ebgâijz jstèi mj hùjrmf ji quj lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs sfi uih gujstrh mj lh jxphisbði mjl ihr`ftrèdb`f gjxb`hif, quj âstfs prflfiehi lh trhmb`bði mj lfs `frrbmfs hahkjøfs hahkjøfs,, y quj mjaji sjr hsugbmfs `fgf tjstbgfibf mj lh vbeji`bh sf`bhl quj tbjij jl prfpbf `frrbmf gjxb`hif.=?0

=??

Ji hl èlaug sj bi`luyji lfs `frrbmfs; Jl `fitrhahimf mjl _hsf, _hsf, Jl eüjrf Jstrhmh, Jl `fitrhahimf mjl rçf, Lh yjrah yjrah ghlh, @fitrhahimf, Lh ahimh mjl `hrrf `hr rf rfkf, @fitrhahimbsths y phtjrfs, Ghrbhif Qjsâimbz, Lh `hijlh y @hreh alhi`h. @fi lh mbrj``bði hrtçstb`h mj Kfsâ Th`h Dlfrjs, jl mbs`f duj jmbthmf ji 825:, pfr lh @AP Gâxb`f. =?8 If sj mjaj fgbtbr quj Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi jrhi jrhi jx`lusbvfs mj lh @AP, kuitf h _jjrljss, _jjrljss, lhs mfs `hshs erhahmfrhs gès bgpfrthitjs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 824?. Hgafs sjllfs pfsjçhi sus fdb`bihs `jitrhljs ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f. Lh @AP tjiçh ji Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi h su mujtf jstrjllh, gbjitrhs quj lh _jjrljss ji`fitrð ji Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh, hl mujtf bmðijf phrh `fgpjtbr pfr lh suprjgh`çh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. =?1 Gfisbvèbs, @hrlfs, @hrlfs, “Jl ihr`f`frrbmf‗, ji Lfs gbl y ui vjlfrbfs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 1??2, p.842. =?0 _ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf, Qb`hrmf, “Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs pfpulhrjs y jstjrjftbpfs ji Gâxb`f. Pbelfs SBS  y y SS , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP, 1??3, p.32> Ebgâijz Gfitbjl, Eblajrtf, “Lh rjprjsjith`bði mj lh vbflji`bh ji lh trfvh pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Mj lfs `frrbmfs mj vhlbjitjs h lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1??5, p.044.

8=4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

_hrh Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif `fitjgpfrèijf sj rjduebð ji jl ihr`ftrèdb`f pfrquj js uih rjhlbmhm lljih mj ahthllhs, mj gujrtjs, mj cârfjs y vbllhifs, mj vjiehizhs, mj chzhøhs, mj jljgjitfs âpb`fs quj `fgphebihi `fi lh ihturhljzh gbsgh mjl `frrbmf. =?= _hrh ]bihkjrf, lh mbdjrji`bh jitrj jl `frrbmf mj lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih y jl ihr`f`frrbmf, jstè ji lfs gjmbfs ghsbvfs mj `fguib`h`bði. Quaâi ]bihkjrf Gjmbih `fi`baj h lh rhmbf y h lh tjljvbsbði `fgf lfs vjrmhmjrfs `frruptfrjs mjl `frrbmf `fr rbmf rjvflu`bfihrbf. rjvflu`bfihrbf.=?: Gès hllè mj lh jsdjrh âtb`h y mj lh pfarjzh mbsùrsbvh mj lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs, ]bihkjrf hdbrgh quj jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif sbeuj vbejitj pfrquj js ui rjùrsf prfahmf quj rjebstrh cj`cfs mj rjhlbmhmjs vbfljiths, `fgf lh gjxb`hih> phrtb`bphimf `fgf rjlhtfr, khgès `fgf ejijrhmfr mj vbflji`bh.=?4 “@fgf ji lh Qjvflu`bði, jl ifrtj sbeuj phtrf`bihimf hl `frrbmf gjxb`hif‗.=?5

=?=

]bihkjrf Gjmbih, Quaâi, Jl ihr`f`frrbmf ¶]rhmb`bði f gjr`hmf6 , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj @cbcuhcuh,

1??=, p.80. =?: Babm , p.81:. =?4 Babm , p.8=3. =?5 Gfisbvèbs, @hrlfs, @hrlfs, “Jl ihr`f`frrbmf‗, ji Lfs gbl y ui vjlfrbfs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 1??2, p.84=.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8=5

@H_Ç]ZLF TBB GÂSB@F-@CBLJ. LH QZ]H MJL _H@ÇDB@F

cblj js lh ih`bði mj Pumhgârb`h quj prfgujvj `fi ghyfr hpjef h lh trhmb`bði, jl ùltbvf mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. Jitrj lfs harjvhmjrfs ùlturhljs mj lfs quj sj iutrj @cblj, Gâxb`f fùph ui luehr jstrhtâeb`f y rjljvhitj. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh ih`bði `cbljih, y su rjlh`bði `fi Gâxb`f, pujmj hafrmhrsj mjsmj jl gblbthrbsgf, lh gbijrçh, lfs tjrrjgftfs, jl `bij y jl dûtafl, lh bimustrbh jmbtfrbhl, jl gurhlbsgf, lh rurhlbmhm y jl cuhsf. Chy gfgjitfs cbstðrb`fs duimh`bfihljs quj pujmji hyumhr h jxplb`hr lh cjrghimhm tjkbmh, h lh mbsthi`bh, jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f. Bitjithrâ mjshrrfllhrlfs ji lhs sbeubjitjs pèebihs.

@

GBLB]HQBPGF @cblj, beuhl quj Lhtbifhgârb`h, “ih`j h lh vbmh pflçtb`h‗ ùhimf lferh su bimjpjimji`bh mj Jsphøh. “Js hcç quj vjrmhmjrhgjitj `fgbjizh lh `fistru``bði ih`bfihl mj @cblj‗. =?3Erh`bhs h jstj jvjitf

=?3

Pblvh, Aèrahrh, @cblj. Bmjitbmhm y ih`bði jitrj mfs sbelfs , Phitbhef, LFG, 1??3, p.85.

^ 8=2 W

ghr`hitj, jl jkâr`btf sj `fivbjrtj ji jl mjpfsbthrbf mj lhs vbrtumjs `çvb`hs. Ji jsj sjitbmf, lhs dujrzhs hrghmhs sfi lh jxprjsbði gès ejiubih mj lfs vhlfrjs mj lh `cbljibmhm. =?2 Zi vjstbebf cbstðrb`f quj `frrfafrh jl pfsb`bfihgbjitf mj Lhrrhçi js jl pfjgh, Lhs eujrrhs eujr rhs mj @cblj, jl ùhl ihrrh jl `fidlb`tf mj Hrhu`f ji 81 `hitfs. Jl pfjgh sj js`rbabð ji 844? y sj ghsbdb`ð ji 8333.=8? _hrh @hrlfs @fusbøf, lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih sj `fistruyð prbgjrf sfarj lh rjlbebfsbmhm, lh quj pjrgbtbð pjr gbtbð quj jl `hgpjsbihmf sj bi`frpfrhrh h lh gblb`bh. _hrh quj surebjrh “uih prbgjrh‗ bmjitbmhm ih`bfihl, jrh ij`jshrbf quj jl jkâr`btf bi`frpfrhrh lh rjlbebfsbmhm `fgf vhlfr. _fr jsf prf`lhghrfi h lh vbreji mjl @hrgji `fgf phtrfih mjl jkâr`btf mj @cblj.=88 Mj hùjrmf `fi Ajrihrmf Ajr ihrmf Puajr`hsjhux, ji 8344, @cblj, Jùhmfr y Aflbvbh sj uibjrfi ji tfrif tfr if hl `htflb`bsgf phrh jidrjithr h lhs trfphs mj lh rjbih Bshajl BB, ui jkjgplf quj mjgujstrh quj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih jghið mj lh rjlbebfsbmhm.=81 Jl rj`chzf h lf jsphøfl thgabâi bidluyð ji lh `fistru``bði mj lh `cbljibmhm.=80

LH EZJQQH MJL _H@ÇDB@F (8352-8330) ]uvf `fgf prfthefibsths h @cblj, _jrû y Aflbvbh. @fisjùji`bh mj jsh eujrrh, ]uvf eujrr h, Aflbvbh pjrmbð h``jsf hl F`âhif _h`çdb`f y _jrû tuvf tuvf quj flvbmhrsj mj Hrb`h. Hr b`h. @cblj duj lh ih`bði vji`jmfrh pujs jxtjimbð su drfitjrh ch`bh jl ifrtj y sj `fivbrtbð ji lh ûib`h mujøh mjl mjsbjrtf mj Hth`hgh, rb`f ji gbihs mj `farj.=8= Lh eujrrh duj ui prfaljgh mj drfitjrh. Hitjs mj lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, @cblj if fùphah

=?2 Lhrrhçi,

Kfrej, Bmjitbmhm `cbljih , Phitbhef, LFG, 1??8, p.814. Puajr`hsjhux, Ajrihrmf, Cbstfrbh mjl lbarf ji @cblj , Phitbhef, LFG, 1?8?, p.815. =88 Lhrrhçi, p.80?. =81 Puajr`hsjhux, p.=5. =80 Pblvh, p.=3. =8= @luiy, @lhumj Gb`cjl, Hth`hgh , Gâxb`f, D@J, 1??3, p.02=. =8?

8:?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ib lh tjr`jrh phrtj mj su tjrrbtfrbf h`tuhl. =8:@fisjùji`bh mj jsth eujrrh, lfs `cbljifs sfi vbstfs ji Pumhgârb`h `fgf “lfs yhiqubs mjl sur‗, pfr sus pflçtb`hs jxphisbfibsths y jl gfifpflbf ji lh jxplfth`bði mj `farj.=84 Jl 8? mj djarjrf mj 8353, sj mj`bmbð lh eujrrh ji Phitbhef, jitrj lfs pflçtb`fs y lh @fgphøçh mj Phlbtrjs mj Hitfdhehsth Ibtrhtj.=85 Lh @fgphøçh mj Phlbtrjs sj rjcusð h `fisjitbr jl erhvhgji bgpujstf pfr Aflbvbh y jxbebð hl efabjrif `cbljif quj bitjrvbibjrh phrh prftjejr sus mjrj`cfs. Phitbhef cbzf shajr h Lh _hz quj lh mj`bsbði uiblhtjrhl mjl erhvhgji jitrhøhah lh rupturh mjl `fitrhtf mj jxplfth`bði, hmjgès mj pfijr ji mumh jl trhthmf mj rjphrtb`bði mjl mjsbjrtf mj Hth`hgh dbrghmf pfr lfs mfs phçsjs ji 8344, y ji `fisjùji`bh, jl prftf`flf mj 835=, sfarj lh rjphrtb`bði mj lfs rjùrsfs. Lh _hz sj mjdjimbð hreugjithimf quj sj trhthah mj ui prfaljgh bitjrif mj Aflbvbh. =83 Lhs `fgphøçhs quj jxplfthahi j xplfthahi jl shlbtrj aus`hahi jvbthr lh hgjihzh mj iujvf iujvfss bgpujstfs y uih pfsbalj jxprfpbh`bði. Lhs sf`bjmhmjs gbijrhs, ahi`hrbhs y `fgjr`bhljs, ji su erhi e rhi ghyfrçh arbtèib`hs, hmqubrbjrfi bgpfrthi`bh j`fiðgb`h quj ljs `fidbrbð pfmjr pflçtb`f, erh`bhs hl `fitrfl mjl shlbtrj.=82 Mj lfs trjs prfthefibsths mj lh Eujrrh Eujrr h mjl _h`çdb`f, @cblj tjiçh uih sf`bjmhm gès cfgfeâijh, cfgfeâijh, lf quj lj pjrgbtbð uih ghyfr ghyfr bitjerh`bði bitje rh`bði y dhvfrj`bð lh `fistru``bði mj su ih`bði. @cblj efzhah mj uih

=8:

@uhimf lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f jsthllð, jsthllð, lfs Jsthmfs ghyfrjs ghyfrjs mj lhs pftji`bhs ghrçtbghs guimbhljs sj ji`fitrhahi h lh jxpj`thtbvh, pfrquj tfmf `hgabhah arus`hgjitj; jl cbjrrf y jl h`jrf sustbtuyjrfi h lh ghmjrh, jl vhpfr rjgplhzð h lh vjlh, y lh hrtblljrçh hahimfih su rçebmh mbspfsb`bði lhtjrhl y sj ch`j gðvbl. Hmjgès, lh hphrb`bði mjl tfrpjmf y fausjs mj erhi falbeh h qujquj lh `frhzh mj albimhkj, hpjihs `fi`jabmh, `fi hugjitj ji jl jspjsfr, jxtjisbði rjsbstji`bh, h `hph`bmhm lfs jdj`tfsjxplfsbvh j xplfsbvfs, jxplfsbvfs, gbjitrhs jl jspflði sbeuj sbjimf `fisbmjrhmf, gu`cf, hrgh mj`bsbvh. Lhyjvflu`bði tjìflðeb`h, quj if js prbvbljebf jx`lusbvf mj lhs dlfths mj lhs erhimjs pftji`bhs, lljvh h rjvhluhr thitf lhs mf`trbihs mj `fgahtj `fgf lh jstrhtjebh ihvhl, lf quj prfvf`ð jidrjithgbjitfs ji lhs jsùjlhs y ahthllhs iujvhs ji jl ghr> rjsujlths, r jsujlths, ji rjsugbmhs ùjiths, hitjs mj lh bivji`bði mj lh hvbh`bði, `fidfrgj h lfs gâtfmfs trhmb`bfihljs. @luiy, @luiy, p.52. =84 Babm, p.8=2. =85 Lfs hafifs y ibtrhtfs, ibtrhtfs, quj prbgjrf hlbgjithahi lhs dèarb`hs mj hrghgjitf, rjspfimji rjspfimji h uih mjghimh quj phrj`j blbgbthmh, hl gjifs ji hqujllh âpf`h prjvbh h lfs hafifs y jxplfsbvfs quçgb`fs bimustrbhljs. Babm , p.8=0. =83 Babm , p.8=:. =82 Lfs yh`bgbjitfs mj `farj mj @cuqub`hghth, @cuqub`hghth, quj yh utblbzhah lh bimustrbh bi`hb`h, bi`hb`h, dujrfi mjsùabjrtfs ji 8338. Babm , p.802.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8:8

`lhsj gjmbh jsthalj, bistbtu`bfijs gès mjgf`rètb`hs y uih rbqujzh `lbgètb`h mj sus tbjrrhs, lf quj lj dh`blbtð lh hmjùhmh prfmu``bði mj su `hgpf. =1? Ji jl sbelf SBS, @cblj jrh uih ih`bði supjrbfr h sus vj`bihs _jrû y Aflbvbh.=18 Lh cfgfejijbmhm mj lh sf`bjmhm `cbljih jxplb`hrçh pfr quâ lh Bimjpjimji`bh if sj vbf h`fgphøhmh mj uih rjvflu`bði. =11 @cblj js ui jkjgplf mj `ðgf lh eujrrh pujmj `fivjrtbrsj ji ui dh`tfr mj `fcjsbði sf`bhl. Lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f sbeuj vbejitj. H`tuhlgjitj (1?80) sj mjshrrfllh jl kub`bf sflb`bthmf pfr Aflbvbh hitj lh `frtj mj Lh Chyh, Cflhimh, Cflhimh, `fitrh @cblj. Aflbvbh aus`h ch`jrsj mj uih shlbmh hl ghr, lh quj pjrmbð ji jl ghr`f mj lh Eujrrh Eujr rh mjl _h`çdb`f. Lujef mj lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, @cblj vbvbð ui h`jljrhmf prf`jsf mj gfmjribzh`bði. =10 Lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f sbeibdb`ð ui hugjitf mj lhs rbqujzhs jsththljs, erh`bhs h lh rjmjdbib`bði mj lfs lçgbtjs mj lh ih`bði y lh bi`frpfrh`bði mj iujvfs tjrrbtfrbfs ji jl ifrtj. =1= Jl su`jsf cbstðrb`f rjdjrbmf, mbf suprjgh`çh h lf gblbthr sfarj lf ùlturhl, ji lh `fistru``bði pjrghijitj mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih. =1: @cblj sbeuj rjhdbrghimf su bmjitbmhm ji dui`bði mj jsh eujrrh> prfgujvj jl rh`bsgf `fitrh pjruhifs y aflbvbhifs, pfr jl frbeji ghyfrbthrbhgjitj bimçejih mj sus chabthitjs, llhgèimflfs “ùb`fs‗.=14 Kfrej Lhrrhçi sj prjeuith sb “jl ghl mbsbgulhmf sjitbmf mj supjrbfrbmhm drjitj h pjruhifs pjr uhifs y aflbvbhifs, drutf mj uih vb`tfrbh gblbthr ji jl phshmf, js ui rhsef quj qubsbârhgfs h`jituhr ji jl duturf f sb, gès abji, mjajrçhgfs ahkhrlj jl pjrdbl ji hrhs mj `fistrubr vçiùlfs gès jstrj`cfs `fi jllfs‗. =15

=1? Pblvh, p.83. =18 @luiy, p.52. =11 Pblvh,

p.:1. =10 Puajr`hsjhux, p.2:. =1= Pblvh, p.50. =1: Jl rftf `cbljif js ui h`tfr quj phrtb`bpð mj y ji lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f. Iui`h Iui`h sj lj ch rj`fif`bmf, uih thrjh pjipjimbjitj phrh lh cbstfrbferhdçh `cbljih. Pblvh, p.28. =14 Lhrrhçi, p.14:. =15 Babm , p.150.

Lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f if sðlf js rjljvhitj phrh hprfxbghrifs hl jitjimbgbjitf mj lh `cbljibmhm, thgabâi ifs hyumh h jxplb`hr lhs `fijxbfijs `fij xbfijs quj cjrghihi h Gâxb`f y @cblj. Murhitj lfs sjbs gjsjs quj rjhlb`â trhahkf mj `hgpf ji @cblj (1?81-1?80) ji phrhkjs rurhljs `fgf Lbgh`cj y sus hlrjmjmfrjs, @urb`ð, Lbihrjs y ]hl`h, rugaf hl sur mjl phçs himbif, mj`jihs mj pjrsfihs gj cb`bjrfi ifthr lhs sjgjkhizhs quj jxbstji jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj. Kfsâ Euzgèi, cuhsf rhmb`hmf ji Lbgh`cj gj mbkf quj Gâxb`f sj phrj`j h @cblj pfrquj “hsç `fgf ifsftrfs vji`bgfs h lfs bimbfs mj _jrû y Aflbvbh, ustjmjs sj mjdjimbjrfi mj lfs drhi`jsjs‗.=13 Bsghjl Bturrbheh, vjimjmfr mj mbs`fs pbrhths ji @urb`ð, hreugjitð quj @cblj y Gâxb`f sj hsjgjkhi pfrquj “ifsftrfs ljs mbgfs ji lh `cu`ch h lfs aflbvbhifs y ustjmjs `fi jl erhi e rhi _hi`cf Tbllh mjrrfthrfi h sus vj`bifs‗.=12 Jl gblbthrbsgf js ui prbgjr jljgjitf quj `fij`th h @cblj `fi Gâxb`f. Jl bghebihrbf `fistrubmf pfr lfs `cbljifs ji tfrif tfr if h Gâxb`f y sus gûsb`hs, js ui hsuitf mj gjgfrbh `flj`tbvh quj bgph`th iujstrf prjsjitj. _hrtj mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih sj `fistruyð sfarj lh vb`tfrbh gblbthr quj sbeibdb`ð lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, h dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS. _hrh Gâxb`f duj mbdjrjitj pujs huiquj su bmjitbmhm gblbthr tbjij quj vjr `fi ahthllhs `fgf lh mjl Èlhgf ji 8304, lh rjhlbmhm js quj lh ih`bði hztj`h `hsb sbjgprj ch sbmf mfaljehmh. Gbjitrhs @cblj hugjitð `fisbmjrhaljgjitj su tjrrbtfrbf lujef mj vji`jr h _jrû y Aflbvbh ji lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, Gâxb`f pjrmbð gès mj lh gbthm mj su mjghr`h`bði vji`bmf pfr lfs jsthmfuibmjisjs. ]hitf @cblj `fgf Gâxb`f `fgphrtji ui phshmf hthmf h eujrrhs y ahthllhs gblbthrjs. Jsth js lh prbgjrh `fbi`bmji`bh cbstðrb`h quj jxbstj jitrj hgahs ih`bfijs, chy ftrhs quj jxpfimrâ jisjeubmh.

=13

Gfitjsbifs, Èiejl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. =12 Bturrbheh, Bsghjl ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8:0

PHLB]QJ ]hgabâi llhghmf “frf alhi`f‗, jl shlbtrj duj ui gbijrhl jxplfthmf pfr @cblj mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 835?, y chsth 820?. Jl shlbtrj sj jxtrhçh mj lhs gbihs uab`hmhs ji jl ifrtj mjl phçs. Mjsmj su mjsùarbgbjitf y chsth su hefthgbjitf, sbeibdb`ð jl prbi`bphl bierjsf j`fiðgb`f phrh lh ih`bði sumhgjrb`hih. Ji jl ifrtj mj Jurfph, jl shlbtrj duj ushmf `fgf hafif hafif,, h dbihljs mjl sbelf s belf SBS y h prbi`bpbfs mjl SS. @fi lh _rbgjrh Eujrrh Guimbhl ji 828=, jl shlbtrj mjkð mj sjr rjqujrbmf phrh djrtblbzhr lhs tbjrrhs y sj `fivbrtbð ji hrtçùlf mj prbgjrh ij`jsbmhm phrh lh dharb`h`bði mj pðlvfrh. @cblj efzð mj jsthablbmhm j`fiðgb`h erh`bhs h lh mjghimh mjl gbijrhl. =0?Jitfi`js, `fgf hcfrh, lh eujrrh jrh ui dh`tfr quj gfvçh lhs j`fifgçhs mj lhs ih`bfijs, jirbquj`çh h pf`fs y hrrubihah hr rubihah h gu`cfs. Ji jl høf 1?81, lfs `bijhsths Ghrbf @frfih mj Gâxb`f y @crbstbhi Ghlmfihmf mj @cblj, prjsjithrfi su mfùgjithl “Ifrtjøfs mjl sur‗, `fi jl hpfyf mjl @fihùlth-Gâxb`f. @fihùlth-Gâxb`f. Ji jstj trhahkf tr hahkf mj bivjstbeh`bði, bivjstbe h`bði, lh ghiùjrih @frfih-Ghlmfihmf prfpfr`bfih mhtfs cbstðrb`fs jitrj lfs quj mjsth`h uif quj rjlh`bfih hl shlbtrj `cbljif `fi gbijrfs gjxb`hifs. Mj hùjrmf `fi lhs dujitjs `bthmhs pfr jl mfùgjithl “Ifrtjøfs mjl sur‗, lujef mj dbihlbzhmh lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, y ji pljif huej mjl shlbtrj, _frdbrbf Mçhz, jitfi`js prjsbmjitj mj Gâxb`f, jivbð h @cblj ui `fitbiejitj mj 8?? gbijrfs prf`jmjitjs mj Pfifrh, [h`htj`hs y Euhihkuhtf. Jl fakjtbvf jrh bitjerhrsj y arbimhr `hph`bth`bði h lfs iujvfs gbijrfs `cbljifs. Kuitf `fi lfs farjrfs, Gâxb`f jivbð ui `fitbiejitj mj 1? gûsb`fs, prjsugbaljgjitj uih frqujsth tçpb`h bitjerhmh bitjer hmh pfr dblhrgðib`fs gb`cfh`hifs y euhihkuhtjisjs. euhihkuhtjisjs.=08

=0?

@hihljs, Ghiujl Ghiujl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. =08 Ghlmfihmf, @crbstbhi, Ifrtjøfs mjl sur , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?81.

8:=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

KFHXZÇI GZQQBJ]H Zi pjrsfihkj `lhvj phrh rhstrjhr lh rjlh`bði mj cjrghimhm quj jxbstj jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj js Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Lfs mfs phçsjs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs sj mbsputhi lh ghtjribmhm mjl ahimbmf ejijrfsf. Lfs `cbljifs rj`lhghi h trhvâs mj sus gûsb`hs lh `fi`jp`bði mjl pjrsfihkj. Erhah`bfijs `fgf @uj`h mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth bitjrprjthmh pfr Tç`tfr Khrh y Jl cuhsf Kfhquçi Gurrbjth bitjrprjthmf pfr Lfs Cjrghifs @hgpfs, arbimhi tjstbgfibf mjl djiðgjif. Gâxb`f `fi sus `frrbmfs h Kfhquçi Gurrbjth bitjrprjthmfs pfr bidbibmhm mj sflbsths y mujtfs `fgf Fs`hr @cèvjz, Djlbpj Hrrbheh, Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf, Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, Mujtf Hgârb`h, Lubs y Kulbèi, arbimh tjstbgfibf mjl frbeji ghyf-yfrjgj mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Lfs `cbljifs rjùrrji h lh ùj`h y lfs gjxb`hifs hl `frrbmf, eâijrfs bmjitbthtrbfs phrh hgahs ih`bfijs. Ji jl 1?8?, høf mjl ab`jitjihrbf lhtbifhgjrb`hif, Cbstfry @chiijl , hpfyhmf ji bivjstbehmfrjs mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Pfifrh (ZIBPFI) y mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh (ZHP), jstrjið su mfùgjithl “Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f‗, ji jl quj sj mjsth`h jl frbeji gjxb`hif mj pjrsfihkjs `fgf Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, Kjsûs “@cu`cf‗ jl rftf, Cjrh`lbf Ajrihl y Kjsûs Ghlvjrmj. Jl mfùgjithl js uih hpfrth`bði quj mjaj sjr vhlfrhmh. If js gb bitjrâs mjgfstrhr jl frbeji `cbljif f gjxb`hif mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, prjdbjrf `jitrhrgj ji lh cjrghimhm cjr ghimhm y lhs `fbi`bmji`bhs quj sbeibdb`hi cj`cfs `fgf Gurrbjth. Kfhquçi Gurrbjth js ftrh cbstfrbh `fgphrtbmh quj jstrj`ch lfs lhzfs jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f.

]JQQJGF]FP Lfs tjrrjgftfs sfi ftrf hspj`tf quj ch `fitrbaubmf ji lh `fistru``bði `fistr u``bði mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih, mb`ji quj “`cbljif quj if ch vbvbmf ui tjrrjgftf, if js `cbljif‗.=01 Jl jstumbf sf`bhl mj jstfs djiðgjifs

=01 Thljizuj Thljizujlh, lh,

Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8::

ihturhljs thgabâi hyumh h jxplb`hr lhs rjlh`bfijs cbstðrb`hs jxbstjitjs jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl jtifgusb`ðlfef, Kuhi _half Efizèljz, ji 8320 tuvf luehr ui tjrrjgftf `fi jpb`jitrf ji _uith Hrjihs quj ajijdb`bð lh lljehmh mj rjpjrtfrbf gjxb`hif ji phrtbturhs h @cblj. Jl djiðgjif ùlturhl prfsbeubð ji lfs tjrrjgftfs mj Thlphrhçsf 82?4, @fpbhpð 8283, Thlljihr 8211, Hysâi 8215, ]hl`h 8213 y @cbllèi 8202. Âstj ûltbgf `fbi`bmbð `fi jl efabjrif mj Lèzhrf @èrmjihs mjl Qçf. Jl prjsbmjitj gjxb`hif, ihtbvf mj Kbqublphi, Gb`cfh`èi, jxprjsð lh sflbmhrbmhm mj su pujalf `fi lfs cjrghifs `cbljifs, hl jivbhr jl ahr`f @uhuctâgf`, ji jl quj vbhkhrfi mfs cfspbthljs gblbthrjs phrh htjimjr h lfs ij`jsbthmfs. Lf gès rjvjlhmfr mjl jpbsfmbf js quj kuitf h lfs sjrvb`bfs gâmb`fs, lljeð h @cblj ui `fitbiejitj mj ghrbh`cbs, `chrrfs y `cbihs pfalhihs pfalhihs.. Lh trbpulh`bði gjxb`hih mjsjgahr`ð ji Thlphrhçsf. “Hsç, lhs `hlljs mj @cblj sj lljihrfi mj `chrrfs h `hahllf, mj `cbihs pfalhihs y rhi`cjrhs‗.=00 Gfyrh Cflzhpdjl, Mbrj`tfrh mj lh @hsh mj Hrtj Mbjef Qbvjrh, uab`hmh ji _ujrtf Gfitt (8?1? nblðgjtrfs hl sur mj Phitbhef), rjùjrmh quj `fisjùji`bh mjl mjvhsthmfr tjrrjgftf h`fitj`bmf ji Thlmbvbh y @fi`jp`bði, ji ghyf mj 824?, jl sur mj @cblj sj vbf guy hdj`thmf. Ji _ujrtf Gfitt, lfs pbitfrjs sj qujmhrfi sbi ui jsph`bf mfimj trhahkhr. Lh vbsbth mjl jgahkhmfr mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj h lh `bumhm surjøh, duj mj`bsbvh pujs erh`bhs h su bitjrvji`bði, jl efabjrif gjxb`hif cbzf uih `fisbmjrhalj mfih`bði, `fi lh quj sj `fistruyð ui `jitrf ùlturhl, gbsgf quj sj bihueurð ji ifvbjgarj mj 824=. Ji herhmj`bgbjitf hl pujalf gjxb`hif, lfs `cbljifs lf llhghrfi @hsh mj Hrtj Hr tj Mbjef Qbvjrh.=0= Khbgj Ahrrbh, gûsb`f `cbljif rhmb`hmf ji _ujrtf Gfitt, hdbrgh quj chsth hitjs mj 828=, dj`ch ji quj sj bihueurð jl `hihl mj _hihgè, lfs ahr`fs quj ihvjehahi mjl f`âhif Htlèitb`f hl _h`çdb`f, lljehahi chsth lh _hthefibh. Lh ghyfrçh mj lhs jgahr`h`bfijs rj`hlhahi ji _ujrtf Gfitt. “Mjsmj jitfi`js jxbstj lh bidluji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj, pfr jsf if sfrprjimj quj uih gûsb`h quj if jstè ji lfs `hihljs fdb`bhljs, sbeh thi gjtbmh jitrj lfs `cbljifs. ]hgpf`f sfrprjimj lh

=00 Ghlmfihmf,

@crbstbhi, Ifrtjøfs mjl sur , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?81.

=0=

Çmjg.

8:4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

`hitbmhm mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs quj sj vjimj ji tfmf @cblj, jspj`bhlgjitj ji jl sur‗. =0: Lh prj`bsbði mj Khbgj Ahrrbh rjdujrzh jl hreugjitf mhmf pfr jl jtifgusb`ðlfef jtifgusb`ðlfef,, Kuhi _half _half Efizèljz. _hrh Efizèljz, rjpjrtfrbf gjxb`hif gj xb`hif lljeð h @cblj gjmbhitj phrtbturhs, mjsmj dbihljs mjl sbelf SBS. Tjgfs quj jl ghr js ui jljgjitf quj ch ùgplbmf `fi ui phpjl mjsth`hmf ji lh `fistru``bði mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih> h trhvâs mj âl chi trhisbthmf bgpfrthitjs gfgjitfs mj lh cbstfrbh mjl pujalf sumhgjrb`hif `fgf lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f, y pfr supujstf, lfs tjrrjgftfs. Jl 15 mj djarjrf mjl høf 1?8?, `fi jpb`jitrf ji @uhqujijs, tuvf tuvf luehr jl ûltbgf erhi e rhi tjrrjgftf quj shùmbð @cblj. Gâxb`f if jlumbð lh rjspfishablbmhm y jl `fgprfgbsf cbstðrb`f quj hsugbð `fi jl phçs himbif mjsmj jl sbelf SBS. Gâxb`f jivbð hyumh cughibthrbh h @cblj, ui mçh mjspuâs mj h`fitj`bmf jl tjrrjgftf, ji djarjrf mjl 1?8?. Jl 83 mj ghrzf mjl 1?80, lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj fdrj`bð uih rj`jp`bði ji sus fdb`bihs, lhs ùhljs jstèi uab`hmhs ji Lhs @fimjs, Phitbhef. Jsj mçh sj jitrjehrfi rj`fif`bgbjitfs h bitârprjtjs, gûsb`fs, `flj``bfibsths mj mbs`fs, lfùtfrjs mj rhmbf, jgprjshrbfs, y ji ejijrhl, h `rjhmfrjs `cbljifs quj mbduimji lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs hl bitjrbfr mj lh ih`bði trhshimbih. ]hitf lh hyumh cughibthrbh jivbhmh pfr Gâxb`f ji jl høf 1?8?, `fgf lh `jrjgfibh mj rj`fif`bgbjitfs h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs `jljarhmh ji ghrzf mjl 1?80 pfr lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj, rhtbdb`hi lh `jr`hiçh y jl bitjr`hgabf ùlturhl jitrj hgafs phçsjs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs..

IBJ]F MJ GJSB@HIF JI PHI]BHEF Gfbsâs Hhrði Xujzhmh Thljizujlh ih`bð jl 1= mj kuibf mj 822:, ji jl pujalf mj Lfs Èiejljs, sur mj @cblj. Mjsmj pjqujøf ch jsthmf vbiùlhmf `fi lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, pujs sus haujlfs y sus phmrjs sfi gûsb`fs. _rbgjrf lj jisjøhrfi h jsù`chrlh, lujef h jkjùthrlh. Pu haujlf haujlf,, Hldfisf Thljizujlh, Thljizujlh,=04

=0:

Çmjg. =04 ]jiçh 82 høfs mj jmhm ùhimf lljeð h @cblj.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8:5

duj uif mj jsfs gûsb`fs gjxb`hifs quj lljehrfi h @cblj ji 8202, jivbhmfs pfr Lèzhrf @èrmjihs mjl Qçf, h afrmf mjl @uhuctâgf`. @fgf ftrfs thitfs gûsb`fs gjxb`hifs quj lljehrfi `fi lfs tjrrjgftfs h @cblj, jl haujlf mj Gfbsâs Xujzhmh sj qujmð h rhmb`hr ji lh ih`bði trhshimbih. Hldfisf Thljizujlh jrh jkjùthitj mj vbflçi y ahkf sjxtf, sj xtf, ihtbvf ihtbvf mj ]hghulbphs, ji jl ifrtj mj Gâxb`f. Js ji su haujlf quj Gfbsâs Hhrði Xujzhmh Thljizujlh ji`fitrð su gès erhimj bispbrh`bði y `fijxbði `fi Gâxb`f, phçs hl quj thgabâi `fisbmjrh su phtrbh, pfr mjrj`cf mj shierj.=05 Hdbrgh quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js “su jstblf mj vbmh, pfrquj jsù`cèimflh, gu`chs vj`js gj qubth jl jifkf, gj arbimh hljerçh, y sb tjief ui prfaljgh, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh js lf ûib`f quj gj `hlgh, js lf quj jitbjimj h gb hlgh‗.=03 Gfbsâs Xujzhmh Thljizujlh sj `fisbmjrh thi `cbljif `fgf gjxb`hif, sujøh `fi vbsbthr Gâxb`f, phrh “vflvjr h lhs rhç`js mj gbs hitjphshmfs y lljihrgj mj uih ih`bði `fi uih ùlturh bgprjsbfihitj, uih ùlturh quj thgabâi js gçh‗. Jl shajr quj su haujlf jrh gjxb`hif, lf `flgh mj freullf y hgfr pfr uih ih`bði, quj huiquj mbsthitj, js `jr`hih ji sjitbgbjitf y pjishgbjitf. “Phajr quj ji gbs vjihs `frrj shierj gjxb`hih gj lljih mj freullf, pfr jsf `hmh vjz quj tf`f gûsb`h ifrtjøh, lf chef `fi jl `frhzði. Pðlf mj pjishr quj ui mçh jsthrâ ji Gâxb`f, gj lljih mj sjitbgbjitf‗.=02 Hmjgès mj quj su haujlf jrh gjxb`hif, Xujzhmh Thljizujlh mb`j quj mjsmj pjqujøf vbvj rfmjhmf mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, lf quj jxplb`h su phsbði. _hrh âl, “`hsb tfmh iujstrh gûsb`h `cbljih js thgabâi gjxb`hih‗.==? _hrh `cbljifs `fgf Gfbsâs Xujzhmh Thljizujlh, Gâxb`f js jl cjrghif ghyfr. ghy fr. “Lh ùlturh gjxb`hih tbjij hlef quj jihgfrh h ùhlqubjrh. Gâxb`f js uih gjth, ui sujøf‗. ==8 Qjùjrmh quj ji jl høf 1?88, ji jl ghr`f mj lhs `jljarh`bfijs mj lhs dbjsths phtrbhs mjl 83 mj sjp=05

Xujzhmh Thljizujlh, Thljizujlh, Gfbsâs ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. =03 Çmjg. =02 Çmjg. ==? Çmjg. ==8 Çmjg.

8:3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

tbjgarj, tuvf ui prfaljgh `fi jl prfdjsfr mj cbstfrbh. Jl ghjstrf ljs pbmbð rjhlbzhr uih bivjstbeh`bði sfarj heruph`bfijs, her uph`bfijs, `hithitjs y gûsb`fs `cbljifs. Pus `fgphøjrfs htjimbjrfi lhs bimb`h`bfijs, pjrf Gfbsâs Xujzhmh if. “Rf “Rf cb`j ui trhahkf sfarj ùlturh gjxb`hih, pfrquj thgabâi js gçh. Cuaf ui ji`fitrfihzf `fi jl ghjstrf, pjrf if bgpfrth, lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs sfi gès bgpfrthitjs quj ùhlqubjr gûsb`h. Ihmbj gj vh h bgpfijr lh gûsb`h `cbljih, phrh gç, Gâxb`f js lf gjkfr‗.==1 Jl `hsf mj Gfbsâs Xujzhmh Thljizujlh if js jl ûib`f. Ghrbf @frfih y @crbstbhi Ghlmfihmf lferhrfi rjebstrhr ji su mfùgjithl “Ifrtjøfs mjl sur‗, lh jxbstji`bh mj @hrlfs Mhibjl Hjmf Lhefs, qubji ih`bð ji @cbllèi (sur mj @cblj). Hjmf Lhefs js `fif`bmf ji jl hgabjitj gusb`hl `fgf “jl `chrrf gjstbzf‗. Jl phmrj mj @hrlfs Mhibjl Hjmf jrh ihtbv ihtbvff mj @bumhm Kuèrjz, @cbcuhcuh, Gâxb`f. Lfs prfejibtfrjs mj Hjmf Lhefs sj `fif`bjrfi ji @cblj. @uhimf Mhibjl Hjmf Lhefs tjiçh ui høf mj jmhm, sus phmrjs lf lljvhrfi h vbvbr h Gâxb`f. ==0 Lhs cbstfrbhs mj Gfbsâs Xujzhmh Thljizujlh y @hrlfs Mhibjl Hjmf Lhefs, bimb`hi quj lfs ijxfs quj hyumhrçhi h jxplb`hr jl hgfr quj gbllfijs mj `cbljifs sbjitji pfr lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, sfi prfduimfs y jirhbzhmfs ji uih cbstfrbh `fgphrtbmh. ]fmf bimb`h quj lh cjrghimhm ùlturhl quj cfy jxbstj jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f, js gès hitbeuh mj lf quj sj mbsùrrbrçh ji uih prbgjrh bisthi`bh. Lhs dujitjs mb`ji quj jl eustf y hphsbfihgbjitf quj lfs `cbljifs sbjitji pfr lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, js`hph h lhs lðeb`hs mjl gjr`hmjf quj bgpfiji `frpfrhtbvfs gjxb`hifs `fgf ]jljvbsh, ji tfmf jl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif.

BIMZP]QBH JMB]FQBHL H dbijs mjl 8388, lljeð h Thlphrhçsf uih bgprjith `fi sus hljrfs> vjiçh pfr ahr`f mjsmj Iujvh Rfrn. Chaçh sbmf ji`hrehmh pfr lh Kuith mj Efabjrif, quj prjsbmçh jitfi`js Kfsâ Gbeujl @hrrjrh. Kuitf `fi

==1 Çmjg. ==0

Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

8:2

lh bgprjith lljehrfi, mjsmj Afstfi, trjs tbpðerhdfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs quj sj ji`hrehrfi mj gfithrlh y ch`jrlh dui`bfihr. dui`bfihr. Mj jsh bgprjith shlbjrfi jl prbgjr pjrbðmb`f y jl prbgjr lbarf cj`cfs ji @cblj. === Jl prbgjr pjrbðmb`f quj `brùlð ji @cblj duj Lh Hurfrh, ji 8388, su gjitfr y mbrj`tfr duj @hgblf Cjirçqujz, drhblj. Jl mbhrbf `brùlð lfs kujvjs, mjl 80 mj djarjrf mj 8381 hl 8 mj harbl mj 8380. ==: Ji jl høf mj 8331, sj `jljarð ui prbgjr `fivjibf jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f, jl ùhl jsthalj`bð dfgjithr jl `hikj mj pualb`h`bfijs `bjitçdb`hs y lbtjrhrbhs.==4 Jitrj 820? y 82:? sj vbvbð lh âpf`h mj frf mjl lbarf ji @cblj. H prbi`bpbfs mj 824?, lh bimustrbh jmbtfrbhl `cbljih sj qujmð rjzhehmh rjspj`tf h Gâxb`f, Hrejitbih y Jsphøh, mjabmf h lh dhlth mj hpfyf jsththl. Jitfi`js lh bimustrbh mjl lbarf gjxb`hih biùrsbfið `fi ghyfr dujrzh ji jl gjr`hmf `cbljif.==5 Ji 8245, pfr jkjgplf, lh bimustrbh jmbtfrbhl gjxb`hih vjimbð ji jl `fif sur, gès mj 88.: gbllfijs mj mðlhrjs.==3 Pb sj `fisbmjrh jl llhghmf affg  mj mj lh ihrrhtbvh cbsphifhgjrb`hif, cbsphifhgjrb`hif, djiðgjif jmbtfrbhl ghsbvf ùyh jthph gès pljih sj mbf jitrj 824: y 8251, sj `fisththrè lh iulh phrtb`bph`bði mj lh bimustrbh jmbtfrbhl `cbljih. Bitjlj`tuhljs `fgf Kulbf @frtèzhr, Kuhi Quldf, Hljkf @hrpjitbjr, Jrijstf Pèahtf, @hrlfs Dujitjs, Kfrej Lubs Afrejs, Eharbjl Ehr`çh Gèrqujz, Ghrbf Ajijmjttb, Ghrbf Threhs Threhs Llfsh y Kfsâ Mfifsf, Mfifsf, dujrfi hutfrjs pualb`hmfs pfr jmbtfrbhljs hrejitbihs, gjxb`hihs y jsphøflhs.==2 @fi jl efabjrif mj lh Zibmhm _fpulhr, ji`hajzhmf pfr Phlvhmfr Hlljimj, lh sbtuh`bði `hgabð. Ji 8258, surebð lh `flj``bði Ifsftrfs lfs `cbljifs, uih hpujsth pfr jl jstumbf mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih, ahkf jl prbi`bpbf mj lh if jx`lusbði. =:? Jitrj 8251 y 8250, tuvf luehr uih ghsbdb`h`bði mjl lbarf, djiðgjif biâmbtf ji @cblj. Lh pflçtb`h jmbtfrbhl qujmð mjdbibmh. H lhs `flj``bfijs quj fpjrh-

=== Puajr`hsjhux,

Ajrihrmf, Cbstfrbh mjl lbarf ji @cblj , Phitbhef, LFG, p.14.

==: Babm ,

p.0?. Babm , p.885. ==5 Babm , p.841. ==3 Babm , p.84:. ==2 Babm , p.85?. =:? Babm , p.831. ==4

84?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ahi mjsmj 8258, sj sughi lfs prfyj`tfs Gbiblbarfs, Gbiblbarfs, @frmblljrh, @uiùih y Mfùgjitfs Jspj`bhljs. Lh `flj``bði Gbiblbarfs bib`bð ji hefstf mj 8251 y tjrgbið ji hefstf mj 8250, `fi ui tfthl mj :: tçtulfs. =:8Murhitj jl efabjrif mj lh Zibmhm _fpulhr, _fpulhr, ih`bð lh jmbtfrbhl Xubghitû, lh quj tjiçh `fgf prbi`bphl fakjtbvf rjs`hthr lhs cbstfrbhs mjl guimf pfpulhr `cbljif. =:1 @fgf phrtj mj jsj dfgjitf h lf pfpulhr, ji sjptbjgarj mj 8251 sj jmbtð Jl Gjxb`hif, `fi ui tbrhkj mj 3?.??? jkjgplhrjs. Ji ghyff mjl 8350, sj pusf h lh vjitj jl tjxtf ghy tj xtf @ujitfs mj Gâxb`f, `fi ui tbrhkj mj :?.??? jkjgplhrjs.=:0 Jl eflpj gblbthr mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj sj ptbjgarj mj 8250, sbeibdb`ð lh gujrtj mjl lbarf ji @cblj.=:= Gbllfijs mj lbarfs sj mjstruyjrfi y sj mjshrtbùlð jl sbstjgh mj mbstrbau`bði ghsbvh quj chaçh gfithmf lh Zibmhm _fpulhr, h trhvâs mj Xubghitû.=:: Lh mb`thmurh gblbthr trhkf `fgf `fisjùji`bh jl jxblbf mj js`rbtfrjs, bitjlj`tuhljs y `bjitçdb`fs `cbljifs. Himrâs Ajllf, duj uih mj lhs pf`hs jmbtfrbhljs `cbljihs quj dui`bfið ji @cblj murhitj jl efabjrif mj _bif`cjt.=:4 Jitrj 8250 y 8230, Jl mçh mj`bsbvf (8252) mj Hueustf _bif`cjt y Hmbðs hl ducrjr (8231) mj Jirbquj Lhdfur`hmj dujrfi tjxtfs `fisbmjrhmfs pfr jl râebgji, mj lj`turh falbehmh. Jstf bimb`h lh `rbsbs mj lh bimustrbh jmbtfrbhl `cbljih murhitj lfs høfs quj efajrið Hueustf _bif`cjt. Zehrtj.=:5 Hitj lf hprjgbhitj mj lh sbtuh`bði, iujvhgjitj Gâxb`f sj sflbmhrbzð `fi jl phçs trhshimbif. Ji jl jxblbf, hphrj`bjrfi Jmb`bfijs @hsh mj @cblj ji Gâxb`f, Jmb`bfijs LHQ ji Jsphøh y Jmb`bfijs @frmblljrh ji @hihmè.=:3

=:8 Babm , p.83:. =:1

Babm , p.1?=. =:0 Babm , p.835. =:= Babm , p.822. =:: Babm , p.1??. =:4 Babm , p.108. =:5 Babm , p.1:=. =:3 Babm , p.1?8.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

848

@BIJ Ji 8325, Lubs Fmmð Fsfrbf erhað vbsths phifrègb`hs ji Bqubquj, ifrtj mj @cblj, quj mjaji `fisbmjrhrsj lhs prbgjrhs dblgh`bfijs rjhlbzhmhs ji lh ih`bði trhshimbih. _hrh 82?1 sj rjebstrhrfi lfs jkjr`b`bfs cj`cfs pfr jl ùjrpf mj afgajrfs ji Thlphrhçsf, h`fitj`bgbjitf `fisbmjrhmf `fgf lh sjeuimh jxpjrbji`bh `bijghtferèdb`h ji @cblj.=:2 Jl prbgjr `frtfgjtrhkj mj db``bði cj`cf ji @cblj `frrjspfimj h Ghiujl Qfmrçeujz ji 828?, ahkf lh mbrj``bði mj Hmfldf Zrzûh Qfzhs, prfdjsfr mjl @fisjrvhtfrbf mj Gûsb`h y Frhtfrbh, ji jl ghr`f mj lhs `jljarh`bfijs mjl `jitjihrbf mj lh Qjpûalb`h.=4? Zrzûh Qfzhs duj `fitrhthmf pfr lh _h`çdb`f Dblgs, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj lljvhr h phithllh lhs hvjiturhs hvjitu rhs mjl cârfj bimjpjimjitbsth, Ghiujl Qfmrçeujz. Lh ùtçùlh sj jxcbabð jl 8? mj sjptbjgarj sj ptbjgarj mj 828?, ji Phitbhef. Jl dblgj rjspfimj h uih âpf`h mfimj lhs ih`bfijs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs aus`hahi mjdbibrsj y ejijrhr uih bmjitbmhm.=48 Ji 821?, jl mbrj`tfr mj tjhtrf y `bijhsth hrejitbif Hrturf Ghrbf, dblgð ji @cblj ui lhrefgjtrhkj ahshmf ji jl gbsgf cârfj bimjpjimjitbsth, Ghiujl Qfmrçeujz. Jl prftheðib`f duj hsbeihmf hl h`tfr, _jmrf Pbjiih, ùyf ifgarj vjrmhmjrf duj _jmrf _ârjz @frmjrf. =41 _hrh 821:, ahkf jl sjllf Himjs Dblgs, prfpbjmhm mj Hldrjmf Uflibtsny, sj lj ji`fgjimð h _jmrf Pbjiih mbrbebr ftrh vjrsbði sfarj Ghiujl Qfmrçeujz, h lh quj tbtulhrfi Jl cûshr mj lh gujrtj. Hmjgès mj mbrbebrlh, _jmrf Pbjiih vujlvj h ji`hrihr hl cârfj `cbljif. Lfs prbgjrfs vjstbebfs mj `bij `cbljif, jstèi lbehmfs `fi Ghiujl Qfmrçeujz. Lh pjlçùlh sj jstrjið jl 1= mj ifvbjgarj mj 821:, ji jl tjhtrf F‒Cbeebis mj Phitbhef. Lh cbstfrbh sj sbtûh ji jl pjrçfmf `fif`bmf `fgf Lh Qj`fiqubsth.=40 Ji 8241, lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj =:2

Cfrth, Lubs, “Hprfxbgh`bði “Hprfxbgh`bði h lh pjlçùlh gumh Jl cûshr mj lh gujrtj‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.82. =4? Ahrrbl, @lhumbh, “_rjsjith`bði‗, “_rjsjith`bði‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, 1?88, p.5. =48 Cfrth, Lubs, Lubs, p.82. p.82. =41 Babm , p.11. =40 Babm , p.1=.

841

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

hmqubrbð lfs ijehtbvfs ijehtbvfs frbebihljs mj lh pjlçùlh. Ji 8223, Jl cûshr mj lh gujrtj gujr tj duj rj`fif`bmh `fgf Gfiugjitf Cbstðrb`f pfr jl @fisjkf Ih`bfihl mj Gfiugjitfs mj @cblj.=4= Lh bidluji`bh mjl `bij gjxb`hif ji @cblj, `fgjizð ji 8205 `fi Hllè ji jl rhi`cf erhimj. Lh pjlçùlh “jilfquj`bð h lfs `cbljifs, duj ui âxbtf mj ghshs. Jl pûalb`f hùmbð h vjrlh gu`chs vj`js. Duj âsth pjlçùlh lh quj pfsb`bfið h lh ùlturh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih ji @cblj‗.=4: Lujef vjimrçh Hy Khlbs`f if tj rhkjs mj ]btf Euçzhr, ji 82=8, lh quj `fidbrghrçh lh bidluji`bh mjl `bij gjxb`hif ji @cblj. Jl âxbtf mjl `bij gjxb`hif mjtfið jl prferhgh euajrihgjithl, Dui`bfijs pfpulhrjs, quj `fisbstçh ji prfyj`thr trjs pjlçùlhs pfr jl vhlfr mj uih. =44 Jl bgph`tf mj h`trb`js `fgf Ghrçh Dâlbx y Mflfrjs mjl Qçf tuvf luehr ji tfmfs lfs jstrhtfs sf`bhljs. Kfrej Ijerjtj, pfr jkjgplf, sj `fisherð ji @cblj `fi su pjlçùlh. Hsç sj qubjrj ji Khlbs`f Khlbs`f,, ji 82=1. Jl âxbtf mjl dblgj, prj`bpbtð jl hrrbaf mj Kfrej Ijerjtj h @cblj, ji jl høf mj 82=5, “ji gjmbf mj tugultfs, lèerbghs y ghibdjsth`bfijs mj gbljs mj gukjrjs mj tfmfs lfs sj`tfrjs sf`bhljs, lljehimf h mjrrbahr lhs rjkhs mj lh Jsth`bði Ghpf`cf‗.=45 ]fghimf `fgf jkjgplfs h Gâxb`f y Hrejitbih, ji 82=1, lh @frpfrh`bði mj Dfgjitf mj lh _rfmu``bði (@FQDF) `rjð @cblj Dblgs,=43 suasbmbhmh pfr jl Jsthmf. Js thmf. Ji 82== sj jstrjið Qfghi`js mj gjmbf sbelf, su prbgjrh prfmu``bði. Ji 82=4, @cblj Dblgs jxcbabð ji Gâxb`f lh ùtçùlh Jl phmrj pbtbllf, `fi rjsulthmfs pf`f hljithmfrjs. “Jrh mbdç`bl `fgpjtbr `fi ui ebehitj `bijghtferèdb`f `fgf Gâxb`f‗. =42

=4= Babm ,

p.8:.

=4:

Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, “Jitrj cuhsfs y rftfs‗, rftfs‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.801.

=44 Babm , p.808. =45

Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, “Jitrj cuhsfs y rftfs‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif, Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.801.

=43

@cblj Dblgs prfpfr`bfið ui jstumbf jqubphmf phrh lh prfmu``bði mj pjlçùlhs y `fitrhtð mbrj`tfrjs, tâìb`fs tâìb`fs y ui plhitjl hrtçstb`f. Pus jsdujrzfs pfr mfthr h lh jgprjsh mjl `hpbthl cughif prjphrhmf, sj plhsghrfi ji lh sus`rbp`bði mj ui `fivjibf mj hsbstji`bh j bitjr`hgabf `fgjr`bhl `fi lh jgprjsh hrejitbih Pfif Dblgs . Pj dbihi`bð lh `rjh`bði mj uih Jsùjlh mj H`tfrjs y sj `fitrhthrfi prfmu`tfrjs, h`tfrjs y rjhlbzhmfrjs jxtrhikjrfs quj pumbjsji `fgpljgjithr lh js`hsh jxpjrbji`bh quj chaçh ji @cblj. Efahitjs, @hthlbih, “@cblj Dblgs. Zih hprfxbgh`bði hl prfyj`tf bimustrbhl `bijghtferèdb`f `cbljif (82=1-82=2)‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.0:. =42 Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, Jmuhrmf, p.800.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

840

Pbjgprj `fisbmjrhimf `fgf phrègjtrf hl `bij gjxb`hif mj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 820? y 82=?, sj jstrjihrfi ji 8202 lfs dblgjs Cfgarjs mjl sur, Jl cj`cbzf mjl trbehl y Mfs `frhzfijs y uih tfihmh. Ji 82==, hphrj`bð Dlfr mjl @hrgji> phrh 82=5 sj jstrjið Gbs jspujlhs mj plhth, y ji 82=3, ]fitf pbllf. Ji 82:1, mjsth`ð Qfsbth mj @h`chpfhl. Lfs dblgjs plhitjhi lh gberh`bði mjl `hgpf h lh `bumhm y mjshrrfllhi “lh purjzh, lh bif`ji`bh y lh ejijrfsbmhm mjl `hgpf, vhlfrjs quj sfi prfpbfs mjl hlgh ih`bfihl `cbljih. Lh `bumhm ji `hgabf, rjprjsjith jl ùltf hl bimbvbmuhlbsgf‗. =5? _jlçùlhs `fgf Cfgarjs mjl sur, Gbs jspujlhs mj plhth y Qfsbth mj @h`chpfhl, rjtfghi hreugjitfs mj pjlçùlhs gjxb`hihs, hplb`èimflfs h rjhlbmhmjs `cbljihs mfimj jl cuhsf sustbtuyj hl `chrrf, y lh ùj`h h lh rhi`cjrh. Jl `bij `cbljif mj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 820? y 82=?, bi`frpfrh hl `hgpjsbif, ji jl `jitrf mj su mbsùrsf. Kfrej Mâlhif js `lhvj phrh jitjimjr jl hrrhbef mjl cuhsf ji jl mbsùrsf `bijghtferèdb`f, pujs duj âl qubji lljvð h lh phithllh erhimj er himj su pjrsfihkj mj Kuhi Tjrmjkf, Tjrmjkf, `fi Tjrmjkf Tjrmjkf ehsth ui gbllði, ji 82=8, y Tjrmjkf efabjrih ji Tbllhdlfr, ji 82=1. =58 Tjrmjkf thgabâi rjgbtj hl prfljthrbf `cbljif, js mj`br,, hl “rftf‗, h`tfr sf`bhl quj mjaj jitjimjrsj `fgf uih `fisjùji`bh mj lh gberh`bði mj`br gbe rh`bði mjl `hgpf h lh `bumhm. Tjrmjkf “rjprfmukf uih ghtrbz `fisjrvhmfrh, hutfrbthrbh y mfgbihitj‗. =51 Hsç tjrgbið pfr `fisherhrsj jl cuhsf y lh `cbih surjøh (ji bgbth`bði mj lh `cbih pfalhih gjxb`hih)> lhs ùj`hs y lhs tfihmhs> lh trbllh h yjeuhs y jl rfmjf, `fgf hqujllf quj rjprjsjith lh jsji`bh mj lh `cbljibmhm. Jl cuhsf sbgaflbzh hl pujalf shif y aujif, bidhitbl j bif`jitj, if jivjijihmf jivjijihmf pfr hebthmfrjs pflçtb`fs. Mjsmj jitfi`js, lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih qujmð lbehmh hl ùltf mjl cuhsf y mj lh ùj`h.=50 Jl jstjrjftbpf mjl rftf `cbljif “aujif phrh lh ùj`h‗, pç`hrf j biejibfsf, phtrbfth, hljerj y trhahkhmfr, trhahkhmfr, tbjij su frbeji ji jl `bij `cbljif mj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 820?, 82=?, y prbi`bpbfs mj 82:?.=5=

=5?

Babm , p.80:. =58 Babm , p.804. =51 Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, “Jitrj cuhsfs y rftfs‗, rftfs‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.804. =50 Babm , p.804. =5= Phith @ruz, Kfsâ, “Kfsâ “Kfsâ Afcr y ui `bij husjitj‗, husjitj‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.:1

84=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jl `bijhsth hljgèi, Kfsâ Afcr, js ftrh dbeurh `lhvj phrh hprfxbghrsj h lh `fistru``bði mj lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih, gjmbhmh pfr jl sâptbgf hrtj. Lhs pjlçùlhs mj Afcr prfpfiji uih bmjitbmhm `cbljih hsf`bhmh `fi lf pfpulhr, `fi jl “rftf‗, `fi jl `hgpjsbihmf `fgf gftfr mj lh `cbljibmhm.=5: Lh farh ùgarj mj Kfsâ Afcr js Jl erhi `br`f `chgfrrf, jstrjihmh ji 82::. Lh pjlçùlh ifs prjsjith h uih dâgbih bitjrprjthimf uih tfihmh quj ùjith lhs pjrbpj`bhs mj uih gukjr gjxb`hih quj lljeh h @cblj ji aus`h mjl hgfr. “Lh tfihmh tbjij `lhrh bidluji`bh gjxb`hih, if sðlf ji jl rbtgf, sbif ji lh ljtrh quj js lh hmhpth`bði mj uih rhi`cjrh mjl `bij mj frf gjxb`hif‗.=54 Kfsâ Afcr ih`bð ji Hljghibh, pjrf sj mjshrrfllð prfdjsbfihlgjitj ji lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs y ji Gâxb`f, mfimj dblgð 8= lhrefgjtrhkjs, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 820?.=55 Lh jstrj`ch rjlh`bði quj euhrmh lh bmjitbmhm `cbljih `fi jl “rftf‗ js lh quj jxplb`h lh vbeji`bh mjl gjxb`hif @hitbidlhs ji @cblj. Lhs mfs pjlçùlhs gès thqublljrhs ji lh cbstfrbh mjl `bij `cbljif sfi, prj`bshgjitj, Hcç jstè jl mjthllj (82=?) y Jl hihldhajtf (8241) mj Ghrbf Gfrjif. Lhs pjlçùlhs mj @hitbidlhs sbeuji vbejitjs, “bi`lusf tfmhvçh sfi trhisgbtbmhs `hmh mfgbief pfr @cbljvbsbði‗. =53 Lhs pjlçùlhs mj @hitbidlhs thgabâi sj jiùjitrhi `fi sugh dh`blbmhm ji lfs qubfs`fs f pujstfs mj rjvbsths lf`hlbzhmfs h lf lhref mj @cblj. Jl Gjrùrbf, `fisbmjrhmf ui pjrbðmb`f mj jxtrjgh j xtrjgh mjrj`ch, ch prfgfvbmf mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 82=?, lhs pjlçùlhs mj Ghrbf Gfrjif Qjyjs, Qjyjs, ch`bjimf `hgphøhs ji lhs quj fasjqubh h sus lj`tfrjs, `flj``bfijs `fgpljths mjl h`tfr gjxb`hif.=52 H gjmbhmfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, lhs uibvjrsbmhmjs mj @cblj harbjrfi sus pujrths hl `bij. @fi mbijrfs mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, sj duimð jl @jitrf mj @bij Jxpjrbgjithl, h dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?. Ji 82:=, sj bihueurð jl prbgjr `bij`lua y sj jmbtð lh rjvbsth Pâptbgf Hrtj. Jitrj 82:2 y =5: Babm ,

p.==.

=54 Babm , p.=: =55 Babm ,

p.=1. Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, “Jitrj cuhsfs y rftfs‗, rftfs‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.804. =52 Phlhs, Dhabf Dhabf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. =53

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

84:

8248, sj `fisflbmð ji lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, jl prfyj`tf mj uih @bijtj`h Zibvjrsbthrbh, lh prbgjrh mjl phçs, quj rjhlbzð jxcbab`bfijs rjeulhrjs, `fisjrvð ui h`jrvf dçlgb`f, ljvhitð uih `flj``bði abalbferèdb`h y dftferèdb`h, `fgf if jxbstçh ji @cblj. Pj trhth mjl prbgjr dfimf mj `fisulth pûalb`h y erhtubth, mbspfibalj ji jl phçs trhshimbif.=3? @fi jl eflpj gblbthr mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250, tbjij luehr jl “hpheði ùlturhl‗. Lfs hrtbsths sfi jxblbhmfs mj @cblj y sðlf qujmhi dui`bfihimf lfs prfyj`tfs quj `fivbjiji h lfs bitjrjsjs mj lh Kuith Gblbthr, ji`hajzhmh pfr Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Lhs jsùjlhs mj hrtj sfi `jrrhmhs, lf quj sjpulth lhs pfsbablbmhmjs mj jstumbhr mhizh, tjhtrf, gûsb`h y `bij, hl bitjrbfr mj @cblj. Lh @bijtj`h mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj y jl Bistbtutf Dçlgb`f mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm @htðlb`h mjkhrfi mj dui`bfihr. “Pj jlbgbihi tfmhs lhs bisthi`bhs mj jiùjitrf ùlturhl y lh tjljvbsbði sj jrbej `fgf lh erhi e rhi `fitrflhmfrh mj lh `fi`bji`bh `cbljih‗. =38 Lujef mjl pljabs`btf mj 8233 sj lferð pfijr dbi h uih mb`thmurh mfimj, ahkf jl hgphrf mj uih aujih phrtj mj lh sf`bjmhm, lhs dujrzhs hrghmhs `cbljihs jkjùthrfi uih rjprjsbði `lhimjstbih.=31 Ji jl høf 1?81, sj jstrjið lh `bith `cbljih IF, prfthefibzhmh pfr jl gjxb`hif Ehjl Ehr`çh Ajrihl, mbrbebmh pfr _half Lhrrhçi y prfmu`bmh pfr Kuhi mj Mbfs Lhrrhçi. Jl dblgj sj sbtûh ji 8233, høf mjl pljabs`btf, ùhimf jl pujalf `cbljif vfthrçh PÇ f IF h lh pjrghiji`bh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehlmj, hl drjitj mj lh Kuith Gblbthr pfr f`cf høfs gès. Jl IF ehið lhs vfth`bfijs y _bif`cjt sj vbf falbehmf h rj`fif`jr lh mjrrfth. Lh vfth`bði tuvf luehr jl : mj f`tuarj mj 8233. Lh pjlçùlh jstè ahshmh ji lh farh tjhtrhl Jl pljabs`btf mj Hitfibf Pnèrgjth, y tuvf bivjrsbði mj @hihih Dblgs, jgprjsh mj lfs gjxb`hifs Ehjl Ehr`çh Ajrihl y Mbjef Luih. Ehjl Ehr`çh Ajrihl, prfthefibsth mj lh ùtçùlh, ji`hrih h Qjiâ Phhvjmrh, Phhvjmrh, cbkf mj Ghiujl Phhvjmrh, Phhvjmrh, jxblbhmf pflçtb`f quj sj jsthalj`bð ji

=3?

Phlbihs, @lhumbf, @lhumbf, “Mbsùrsf `bijghtferèdb`f y mbsùrsf `rçtb`f‗, ji ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.88=. =38 _hibzzh, ]bzbhih, “Lh vbmjf `rjh`bði ji lh mâ`hmh mj 823?‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif, Phitbhef, Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.45. =31 Ahrrbl, @lhumbh, “Jl yf ji jl mfùgjithl mfùgjithl `cbljif‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, p.841.

844

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Gâxb`f. Qjiâ Qjiâ Phhvjmrh js ui pualb`bsth quj vujlvj h @cblj mjsmj Gâxb`f, phrh, erhmuhlgjitj, bitjerhrsj h lh `hgphøh mjl IF, IF, chsth `fivjrtbrsj ji jl `rjhmfr mjl lfeftbpf `fi jl quj lfs fpfsbtfrjs hl râebgji mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj, lferhi mjrrf`hr h lh mb`thmurh gblbthr.=30 Jitrj lfs mjthlljs quj rjsulthi ùrbfsfs h lf lhref mj lh pjlçùlh, jstèi jl usð mj uih plhyjrh `fi lh ljyjimh “Gâxb`f 8243‗ pfr phrtj mj Qjiâ Phhvjmrh, prfthefibsth mjl dblgj, y lh rjùrrji`bh h erfsjrçhs gjxb`hihs ji jl mjshrrfllf mj hleuifs mbèlfefs quj jl prfthefibsth mj lh ùtçùlh sfstbjij `fi sus `fljehs pualb`bsths. Jl dblgj IF, IF, jstrjihmf ji jl høf 1?81, prfpfij pr fpfij uih `jr`hiçh ùlturhl jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f, lh quj jiùjitrh ji lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj, ui puitf sðlbmf mj rjdjrji`bh. Lh prfxbgbmhm jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f js gès iftfrbh mj lf quj sj pfmrçh `hvblhr. Lhs dujitjs bimb`hi quj jl hpfrtj quj Gâxb`f sbeuj ch`bjimf ji lh pjrghijitj `fistru``bði mj lh ih`bði `cbljih, js bgpfrthitj. Âstj if sj hefth ji ui sflf hspj`tf y trhs`bjimj mbsùrsfs, pujs `fgf ch qujmhmf mjgfstrhmf, lh prjsji`bh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj, pujmj aus`hrsj ji lh lbtjrhturh, ji lhs gûsb`hs y ji jl `bij.

LH @CBLJIH JI GÂSB@F Jl eflpj gblbthr mj 8250 y lh bisthurh`bði mj lh mb`thmurh ji`hajzhmh pfr Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj ji @cblj, mjsgjgarð y hibqublð h lh ih`bði trhshimbih. ]hi mjtjrgbihitj js jl eflpj gblbthr mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250 phrh lfs `cbljifs, quj ji lh h`tuhlbmhm js uih ih`bði quj tfmf lf `lhsbdb`h ji alhi`f y ijerf, ji bzqubjrmh y mjrj`ch, ji hitjs mjl eflpj y mjspuâs mjl eflpj. If js phrh gjifs, pujs lf quj vbvbð jl pujalf mj @cblj duj htrfz. htrfz. Ji jsj `fitjxtf lljehrfi h Gâxb`f `bjitfs mj `cbljifs jxblbhmfs pfr lh mb`thmurh. Gâxb`f sj jrbebð `fgf lh ih`bði lhtbifhgjrb`hih quj gès hyumh arbimð h lfs `cbljifs ji mjserh`bh. Jstj h`fitj`bgbjitf cbzf gès dujrtjs lfs lhzfs jxbstjitjs jitrj jl pujalf `cbljif y su cfgðlfef gjxb`hif.

=30

Lhrrhçi, Kuhi mj Mbfs, IF , Phitbhef, 1?81.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

845

Jl jxblbf mj `cbljifs ji Gâxb`f murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 825?, sbeibdb`ð uih `fitbiubmhm cbstðrb`h ji jl mbèlfef ùlturhl jitrj jsths mfs ih`bfijs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs, lhtbifhgjrb`hihs, bib`bhmf ji 8311, ùhimf hrrbað hl pujrtf mj H`hpul`f, Eujrrjrf, ui `fitbiejitj ghrçtbgf mj frbeji `cbljif. Lh dlfth ihvhl `cbljih lljeð ji hpfyf mj Tb`jitj Eujrrjrf, ji jl ghr`f mj lh `fisugh`bði mj lh bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f. Lh jsùhmrh `cbljih jsthah dfrghmh dfr ghmh pfr lhs drhehths F Cbeebis, Bimjpjimji`bh Bimjpjimji`bh y Thlmbvbh, lh `frajth Hrhu`hif, y lhs efljths Gjr`jmjs y Hrhizhzû, tfmhs ahkf jl ghimf mjl bielâs Lfrm @fcrhij, jgpljhmf mjl efabjrif lbajrthmfr mj @cblj. Hitjs mj hrrbahr h Gâxb`f, F Cbeebis y Phi Ghrtçi Ghrtç i chaçhi huxblbhmf h lfs pjruhifs ji su lu`ch pfr bimjpjimbzhrsj mj lh `frfih jsphøflh, ji jl høf mj 8318.=3= Chy mfs dbeurhs `lhvjs phrh quj lh hyumh mj @cblj y Hrejitbih sj `fi`rjthrh. Jl prbgjrf, Pbgði ]hmjf Frtbz mj Hyhlh, ih`bmf ji Euhmhlhkhrh, `fgbsbfihmf pfr Kfsâ Ghrçh Gfrjlfs phrh vbhkhr h Pumhgârb`h y fatjijr hyumh gblbthr mj @flfgabh, @cblj y Hrejitbih, h mfimj hrrbað ji 8382. Jl sjeuimf, Mhibjl Ptuhrt, bielâs qubji chaçh sjrvbmf h lh `hush mjl jsphøfl, Drhi`bs`f Shvbjr Gbih, ji 8385. Lujef mj shlvhrsj mj sjr dusblhmf, Ptuhrt sj uibð h lhs trfphs mj Tb`jitj Eujrrjrf. Duj mjsmj H`hpul`f quj Ptuhrt sj trhslhmð tr hslhmð h Thlphrhçsf, Thlphrhçsf, mfimj pumf jitrjvbsthrsj `fi Ajrihrmf Ajr ihrmf F Cbeebis. Js bgpfrthitj sjøhlhr quj ji tfmf jl prf`jsf, Phi Ghrtçi, lbajrthmfr hrejitbif, rjsphlmð lhs h``bfijs gblbthrjs jgprjimbmhs pfr Ajrihrmf Ajr ihrmf F Cbeebis ji _jrû y Gâxb`f.=3: Lh cbstfrbh ih`bfihl mj @cblj mb`th quj kuitf h lfs ghrbijrfs, gblbthrjs y gbijrfs himbifs mjsjgahr`hmfs ji H`hpul`f, ji jl høf mj 8311, lljehrfi lhs “`cbljihs‗ f “ùj`hs‗ h Gâxb`f. “Lh ejitj mjl pujrtf mj H`hpul`f rj`babð h lfs `cbljifs `fi erhi er hi dbjsth y lh iftb`bh mj lh rj`bjitj bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f. Ji âsj `fitjxtf sj ahblð pfr prbgjrh vjz lh `cbljih ji Gâxb`f‗.=34 Pj supfij quj lh `cbljih mjrbvhmh mj lh “zhgh / ùj`h‗ sumhgjrb`hih (@cblj, _jrû y Hrejitbih)> sbi jgahref, lhs dujitjs

=3= Tbllhlphimf, Kfsâ Kfsâ Ghiujl, “@uhimf @cblj hyumð h Gâxb`f‗, ji ji (www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx (www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx , h``jsf; 8 mj kulbf mjl 1?80). =3: Çmjg. =34

Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, Kfrej Hgðs, Hgðs, “_fr lh frbllh mjl rçf y chsth _hihgè‗, ji ]zbitzui. Qjvbsth mj Jstumbfs Cbstðrb`fs , Gfrjlbh, ==, kulbf-mb`bjgarj mj 1??5, p.80.

843

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

bimb`hi quj hgafs eâijrfs tuvbjrfi hitj`jmjitjs `fguijs ji lh ùlturh mjl Pbelf mj Frf y jl Fraj cbsphif. Pfi rhghs `fitjgpfrèijhs mj ui trfi`f `fgûi, uih trhmb`bði nbiâtb`h, lçrb`h y gusb`hl prjsjitj ji jl F`âhif _h`çdb`f hgjrb`hif.=35 “Zih if prj`jmbð h lh ftrh, `rj`bjrfi phrhljlhs y `fi biiugjrhaljs `fith`tfs h lf lhref mj trjs sbelfs mj mfgbih`bði jsphøflh‗.=33 Lhs “`cbijlhs‗, “sfijs zhphtjhmfs‗ y “ahbljs mj phøf‗, hrrhbehmfs ji jl h`tuhl Gâxb`f, tbjiji ui frbeji `fgphrtbmf `fi lh zhghùj`h, lh ùj`h y lh `cbljih, “if suabjrfi jx`lusbvhgjitj `fi lfs vhpfrjs `cbljifs, cb`bjrfi jl trhyj`tf mj bmh y vujlth `fi lhs ihfs pjruljrhs y lh mj @cbih‗. =32 Mj Gâxb`f shlbjrfi `fgf zhrhahimhs, `ch`fihs, afljrhs y `cu`cugaâs, eâijrfs duimhgjithmfs ji uih bistrugjith`bði `fgphrtbmh, `fi gfvbgbjitfs sjgjkhitjs, ji ui guimf quj ushah jl jsphøfl `fgf ljieuh drhi`h, “y h lh nbiâtb`h mj lfs erupfs er upfs ahitû `fgf `ðmbef mj gfvbgbjitf lûmb`f‗.=2? Lfs hitbeufs “ahbljs mj phøf‗ mjl f``bmjitj gjxb`hif sj ji`fitrhrfi `fi lh “zhgah‗, h lh quj bi`frpfrhrfi `fgf sfi y if `fgf eâijrf> lujef `fi lh ùj`h, lh quj duj trhisdfrghmh ji “`cbljih‗ pfr lfs chabthitjs mjl _h`çdb`f gjxb`hif, eâijrf gûsb`f-`frjferèdb`f bmjitbthrbf phrh lfs pfalhmfrjs mj Ghizhibllf,, @flbgh y H`hpul`f, Eujrrjrf, pfr jkjgplf. “Pj trhth mj uih hprfpbh`bði mj`bgfiðib`h Ghizhibllf bivjithmhh sfarj uih cbarbmh`bði mj bmh y vujlth h lf lhref mjl _h`bdb`f‗.=28 bivjithm Lh “zhgah `luj`h‗, mj dh`turh `flfibhl pjruhih, sj trhisdfrgð ji “zhgahùj`h‗. Murhitj lhs lu`chs pfr lh Bimjpjimji`bh ji jl sur mjl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif, jl gfvbgbjitf pfalh`bfihl y jl trhstr hslhmf mj jkâr`btfs y hahstj`jmfrjs lh cjrjmhrfi h @cblj, Aflbvbh y Hrejitbih. Jl eâijrf sj sjphrð ji “zhgah‗ y “ùj`h‗, mjifgbihmh ji Gâxb`f `fgf “`cbljih‗. Lh “zhgah `luj`h‗ duj uih jitrj vhrbhs prfpujsths mhi`çstb`hs-`frjferèdb`hs quj surebjrfi mj lh `fidluji`bh mj rbtgfs y gfvbgbjitfs mj =35

Bidfrgh`bði prfpfr`bfihmh pfr Kfrej Kfrej Hgðs Ghrtçijz Hyhlh. Hyhlh. Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, Kfrej Hgðs, Hgðs, “_fr lh frbllh mjl rçf y chsth _hihgè‗, ji ]zbitzui. Qjvbsth mj Jstumbfs Cbstðrb`fs , Gfrjlbh, ==, kulbf-mb`bjgarj, 1??5. =32 Çmjg. =2? Çmjg. =28 Çmjg. =33

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

842

erupfs hdrb`hifs `fi ljieuh ahitû, ji mbèlfef `fi gjlfmçhs jurfpjhs gjmbtjrrèijhs prf`jmjitjs mj Himhlu`çh y Jxtrjghmurh. Lh prjsji`bh mj mhizhs hdrf-cbsphihs `fgf lh `hljimh, lh `cb`h, lfs dhimhiefs,, lfs ùgajs, lfs `cu`cugaâs, lfs shrhieuhimbiefs y vhrbhitjs mj lh zhghùj`h, prjsjitjs dhimhiefs ji jl fraj bgpjrbhl jsphøfl, sj `fimjishrfi ji lh ùj`h `cbljih lljehmh h Gâxb`f.=21 Lh zhgah, lh rjsahlfsh y lh ùj`h, sfi gûsb`hs cjrjmhmhs pfr lh zhghùj`h pjruhih. =20 Pj trhth mj uih sugh mj eâijrfs gusb`hljs, lçrb`fs y `frjferèdb`fs quj jstuvbjrfi prjsjitjs ji tfmh lh Hgârb`h hdrb`hih mj frbeji ahitû-=2= Jljgjitfs ahitû mj lh “jivbehmh‗ f “vhùihf‗ sj gjz`lhrfi `fi usfs sbgaðlb`fs mj lfs ghimbieh, y ftrfs pujalfs mjl Phcjl mj lfs phøujlfs, `fgf heruphrsj lfs jspj`thmfrjs / ahblhrbijs ji ui `çrùlf, mj mfimj sj mjsprjimj uih phrjkh quj ahblh hebthimf phøujlfs, gfvbjimf lhs`bvhgjitj lhs `hmjrhs, hprfxbgèimfsj y rjcuyjimf chsth quj jl ahblhrçi trhth mj `flf`hrsj drjitj h su phrjkh phrh falbehrlh h ch`jr jl “vhùihf‗, “fgalbehmh‗, “jl mhr ahrrbeh ahrr beh `fi ahrrbeh‗, jl inugaj  hdrb`hif. hdrb`hif. Ji F``bmjitj hleuihs mj lhs vjrsbfijs gès hitbeuhs mj jstfs jstf s “ahbljs mj phøf‗ sfi “lh ghlheujøh‗ y “jl tfrf rhaði‗. Jsf sbeibdb`h quj lh ùj`h f `cbljih, if duj, jrh, ib js, jl ûib`f ûib`f ahblj mj phøf ji Hgârb`h Lhtbih. Lh “`cbljih‗ quj lljeð h Gâxb`f ji 8311 `fi lfs jgberhitjs himbifs, pjruhifs y hrejitbifs, sj bi`frpfrð h lfs eâijrfs gûsb`f-`frjferèdb`fs gûsb`f-`frjfe rèdb`fs mj gfvbgbjitfs suhvjs, suhvjs, `jr`h mj “uih gçgjsbs sjxuhl gjthdðrb`h phrh jvbthr lh shi`bði mj hutfrbmhmjs j`ljsbèstb`hs y `bvbljs‗. =2: Lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lfs `cbljifs lljehmfs ji 8311, h Gâxb`f Gâxb`f,, if mjaj pfijrsj ji mumh. Lhs ahblhmfrhs, ahblhmfrjs y gûsb`fs sumhgjrb`hifs hrrbahmfs `fi lfs ihvçfs `cbljifs vbibjrfi h sughr y jirbquj`jr jl phtrbgfibf ùlturhl mj uih ih`bði thi `fgpljkh `fgf lh gjxb`hih. Pb `fisbmjrhgfs lhs rjlh`bfijs `jr`hihs jitrj Hrejitbih y @cblj, murhitj sus lu`chs mj bimjpjimji`bh, lh phrtb`b=21 Çmjg. =20

_jrjbrh Phlhs, Phlhs, Juejibf, Juejibf, Lfs frçejijs mjl hrtj gusb`hl ji @cblj , Phitbhef, Bgprjith Zibvjrsbthrbh, 82=8, pp.15?. =2= _ârjz Djrièimjz, Qflhimf, Qflhimf, “Jl `cu`cugaâ y lh aujih phlharh, sjeuimh phrtj‗, ji Pfi mjl Pur , @fhtzh`fhl`fs, iûg. =, kuibf, 8225, p.0?. =2: Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, Kfrej Hgðs, Hgðs, “_fr lh frbllh mjl rçf y chsth _hihgè‗, ji ]zbitzui. Qjvbsth mj Jstumbfs Cbstðrb`fs , Gfrjlbh, ==, kulbf-mb`bjgarj, 1??5.

ph`bði mjl `fivfy gblbthr `cbljif-hrejitbif ji lh bimjpjimji`bh mjl _jrû ji 8318, hmjgès mj lh bgpfrthi`bh sf`bhl yh jxbstjitj mj lh “zhgah‗, mj lh zhghùj`h y mj lh ùj`h ji lhs trjs ih`bfijs sumhgjrb`hihs, js guy pfsbalj quj qubjijs trhkjrfi lh “`cbljih‗ hl f``bmjitj gjxb`hif, if sflf chyhi sbmf `cbljifs, sbif thgabâi hrejitbifs y pjruhifs chyhi pjruhifs.. Mj lh “`cbljih‗ ji Gâxb`f phrtb`bphrfi `cbljifs,, sç, pjrf thgabâi pjruhifs y hrejitbifs. `cbljifs hrejitbifs. Zi mhtf bitjrjshitj js quj ji jl pujrtf mj @hllhf (_jrû) duj rjebstrhmh lh prjsji`bh mj lh “zhgah rjsahlfsh‗ ji 83==, gbsgf puitf mj jgahrquj mjl `fitbiejitj ihvbjrf quj rj`frrbð jl _h`çdb`f hgjrb`hif phrh lljehr hl pujrtf mj H`hpul`f, Eujrrjrf ji 8311.=24 Jxbstj uih zhgah mjl jsthmf mj Eujrrjrf llhghmh Jl vhpfr `cbljif, quj rjebstrð lf su`jmbmf ji lh sbeubjitj dfrgh; Lljeð jl vhpfr `cbljif, lljeð pbthimf ¡Hy! y lhs ijerhs ji jl pujrtf sj hrrjgflbihi ¡Xuj lj mh y lj mh! =25

Lh “`cbljih‗ ji Gâxb`f, js ui eâijrf trhmb`bfihl vbvf y h`tuhl, prjsjitj ji lhs `fguibmhmjs hdrf-gjxb`hihs, gjstbzhs j bimçejihs mj lh @fsth @cb`h mj Eujrrjrf, y ji gjifr gjmbmh, ji lh ]bjrrh @hlbjitj gb`cfh`hih. Pj tf`h `fi mbvjrshs mfth`bfijs gusb`hljs mjsmj pjrùsbfijs y trçfs mj hrph, vbflçi y eubthrrh, chsth lhs ahimhs mj hlbjitfs y lfs `fikuitfs gfmjrifs. Pj ahblh sfarj ui jsph`bf `frjferèdb`f mj lh thrbgh / hrtjsh.=23 Js ui ahblj dfl`lfrbzhmf quj sj rjprjsjith ji lhs jsùjlhs `fgf

=24 Çmjg. =25

Puebjrf `fisulthr jl dfiferhgh, dfiferhgh, Mj lh sbjrrh gfrjih vbjiji ahkhimf , mj Hljkhimrf Ghrtçijz mj lh Qfsh, jmbthmf pfr lh Dfiftj`h mjl Bistbtutf Ih`bfihl mj Hitrfpflfeçh j Cbstfrbh ( BIHC) ji jl høf 1?81. =23 Ji lh `fsth mjl ph`çdb`f gjxb`hif mjsmj lh @fsth @cb`h h Ihyhrbt, sj ahblhi “`cbljihs‗ h`fgphøhmhs `fi hrph y `h`cjtjf sfarj ui `hkði. Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, Kfrej Hgðs, Hgðs, “_fr lh frbllh mjl rçf y chsth _hihgè‗, ji ]zbitzui. Qjvbsth mj Jstumbfs Cbstðrb`fs , Gfrjlbh, ==, kulbf-mb`bjgarj, 1??5, pp.0?.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

858

uih dfrgh mj ghitjijr vbejitj uih trhmb`bði rjebfihl. Js bgpfrthitj prj`bshr quj lh “`cbljih‗ if dfrgh phrtj mjl ih`bfihlbsgf gusb`hl gjxb`hif prfgfvbmf pfr lfs efabjrifs efabjr ifs pfsrjvflu`bfihrbfs. pfsrjvflu`bfihrbfs.=22

KFHXZÇI GZQQBJ]H Jl 1 mj djarjrf mj 83=3, sj dbrgð dbr gð jl ]rhthmf mj Euhmhlupj Cbmhlef, h trhvâs mjl ùhl Gâxb`f pjrmbð erhi phrtj mj su tjrrbtfrbf, bi`lubmf ]jxhs y @hlbdfribh. Jl Mjstbif Ghibdbjstf mj lfs jsthmfuibmjisjs jitrhah ji h``bði. Jl 13 mj djarjrf mjl gbsgf høf sj mjsùarbjrfi rb`fs yh`bgbjitfs mj frf, `jr`h mj Ph`rhgjitf, @hlbdfribh. _hrh jijrf mj 83=2, Hlth @hlbdfribh jsthah lljih mj ehgausbifs prf`jmjitjs mj tfmf jl guimf.:?? Ji jsj `fitjxtf cbstðrb`f sj jighr`h jl surebgbjitf mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Pj mb`j quj Gurrbjth js pjruhif, jsphøfl, `cbljif y gjxb`hif. Jl h`jr`hgbjitf h Kfhquçi Gurrbjth sj ch mhmf h trhvâs mj dujitjs lbtjrhrbhs, prbi`bphlgjitj, y ji ûltbghs dj`chs, rjùrrbjimf h mfùgjitfs mj hr`cbvf. @cblj y Gâxb`f sj mbsputhi jl frbeji frb eji mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, lfs himbifs rjùrrji h lh lbtjrhturh lbtjr hturh y lfs gjxb`hifs h mfùgjitfs mj hr`cbvf lf`hlbzhmfs ji lfs h`tuhljs tjrrbtfrbfs mj Pfifrh, Ahkh @hlbdfribh Ifrtj y Pur Pur.. Ji 83:=, sj pualb`ð ji Phi Drhi`bs`f (Hlth @hlbdfribh) jl lbarf, Tbmh y hvjiturhs hvjiturhs mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, js`rbtf pfr jl bimbf `cjrfnjj, Rjllfw Abrm .:?8 Ji 82?3 sj jmbtð, ji Gâxb`f, jl lbarf, Tbmh y chzhøhs mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. @âljarj ahimbmf gjxb`hif, js`rbtf pfr Brbijf _hz, hauj-

=22

_ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf “Zih rjebði bivjithmh mjsmj jl `jitrf. Lh `fisflbmh`bði mjl ùhmrf jstjrjftçpb`f ih`bfihl, (8218-8205)‗, ji Jsthgphs mj ih`bfihlbsgf pfpulhr gjxb`hif. Mbjz jishyfs sfarj ùlturh pfpulhr y ih`bfihlbsgf , ih`bfihlbsgf , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP /@BMCJG, 1??0. :?? Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. :?8 Qhzf Flbvh, Kuhi Kuhi Mbjef, “Kfhquçi Gurrbjth‗, ji ji ]jstbgfibfs mjl vbjitf-`hi`bfijrf dflnlðrb`f shlghitbif , Gâxb`f, Lh Qjm mj Kfiès, 8235, p.12.

851

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

lf mjl pfjth y _rjgbf Ifajl mj Lbtjrhturh (822?), F`thvbf _hz Lfzhif.:?1 Ji 8200, sj pualb`ð ji drhi`âs lh ifvjlh, Zi ahimbmf `hlbdfribhif. Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, js`rbth pfr Qfajrt Cjyiij. Ji hefstf mj 8204, sj jmbtð lh vjrsbði jsphøflh mjl tjxtf mj Cjyiij, ji Phitbhef mj @cblj, lh quj sj bi`luyð ji jl supljgjitf mjl pjrbðmb`f Jx`âlsbfr, høf8, iûgjrf 8.:?0 Ji 82:4, lh Pj`rjthrçh mj Jmu`h`bði _ûalb`h mj Gâxb`f (PJ_), jmbtð jl lbarf, Lh cbstfrbh mj Kfhqu Kfhquçi çi Gurrbjth ji lh afihizh mj @hlbdfribh. @hlbdfr ibh. Ji 8243, jl drhi`âs Qfajrt Ehbllhrm prjsjitð su ifvjlh, Jl cfgarj mj lhs ghifs mj ùjrf, jmbthmh pfr Jmb`bfijs _b`hsf mj Ahr`jlfih, Jsphøh. Ji 8254, Jmb`bfijs Iujstrf ]bjgpf pusf h `brùlhr lh ifvjlh mj Eblajrtf Lðpjz Qbvhs, Lh eujrrh mj 83=5, prjishmh y mbstrbaubmh mbstrb aubmh ji Gâxb`f.:?= Jl bitjrâs mj lfs drhi`jsjs pfr Kfhquçi Gurrbjth fajmj`j h quj su `fguibmhm gberhitj thgabâi sudrbð lh mbs`rbgbih`bði y jl rh`bsgf hielfshkði. Zih `fguibmhm iugjrfsh mj drhi`jsjs vbvçhi ji Qjgphrt , h pf`fs nblðgjtrfs mj Ptf`ntfi , ji lh h`tuhl @hlbdfribh, Jsthmfs Zibmfs. Jrhi mjsplhzhmfs mj lh Drhi`bh mj lhs ahrrb`hmhs rjvflu`bfihrbhs phrbsbihs. “Drhi`jsjs y gjxb`hifs sj bmjitbdb`hrfi pfr su hvjrsbði `fitrh lfs hielfs, iujvfs hgfs mj lh Hlth @hlbdfribh. Ftrf `hpçtulf mj lh rbvhlbmhm mj lhtbifs `fitrh hielfs sj mjshrrfllð ji @hlbdfribh, prfpbjmhm mj lfs gjxb`hifs, gj xb`hifs, y h phrtbr mj 83=3, mj lfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs‗.:?: Ji Gâxb`f sj ihrrh lh cbstfrbh mj Kfhquçi Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, ji lh sbeubjitj dfrgh. Kfhqu Kfhquçi çi Gurrbjth ih`bð ji Hlhgbtf, Pfifrh, mj mfimj phrtbð h Ph`rhgjitf, @hlbdfribh, ji 83=2, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj rjuibrsj `fi su cjrghif Kjsûs. Kjsûs. Kjsûs Kjsûs Gurrbjth sj rhmb`ð ji Ph`rhgjitf mjsmj 82=1, mfimj mfimj suasbstçh tjkbjimf y vjimbjimf `jstfs. @uhimf Kfhquçi Gurrbjth sj duj h @hlbdfribh, sj cbzf h`fgphøhr pfr su jspfsh @hrgjlbth. Ji harbl mj 83:?, Kjsûs Gurrbjth js hcfr`hmf y @hrgjlbth, jspfsh mj Kfhquçi,

:?1

Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. Qhzf Flbvh, p.0?. :?= Çmjg. :?: Babm , p.02. :?0

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

850

vbflhmh y hsjsbihmh.:?4 Hsç `fgjizð lh cbstfrbh mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, uif mj lfs ahimbmfs sf`bhljs gès rjprjsjithtbvfs mj Hgârb`h Lhtbih. Lh ahimh mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth jstuvf bitjerhmh pfr gjxb`hifs gjxb`hifs,, drhi`jsjs `fgf Lu`bji Ehribjr , Jm- whrm Ghllj  y y Qfllhim Eubllfbs > vjijzflhifs `fgf Kfhquçi @hrrbllf, _jmrf Efizèljz y @lhumbf Thljizujlh> hmjgès mj `cbljifs `fgf Dâlbx Qjyjs.:?5 Mjsmj jsth pjrspj`tbvh, Kfhquçi Kfhquçi Gurrbjth pjrtjij`j h tfmfs lfs pujalfs cbsphifhgjrb`hifs. Lh eujrrh jgprjimbmh pfr lfs hielfshkfijs duj `fitrh lfs gjxb`hifs quj sjeuçhi fùphimf lfs tjrrbtfrbfs mj lh Hlth @hlbdfribh, pjrf thgabâi `fitrh lfs drhi`jsjs, `cbljifs, `cbljifs, vjijzflhifs vjijzflhi fs y pjruhifs quj lljehrfi h jshs lhtbtumjs gftbvhmfs pfr lh dbjarj mjl frf `hlbdfribhif. Lh `fidusbði mj lfs `cbljifs sfarj jl frbeji mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth sj charçh frbebihmf pfrquj ji 83:=, Gurrbjth y uih `cbljih mj ifgarj ]jrjsh Djrièimjz sj `fif`bjrfi y jihgfrhrfi ji jl h`tuhl Phi Kfsâ, @hlbdfribh. Ji 83:4, sj jsthalj`bjrfi ji Thlmbvbh, sur mj @cblj, mj mfimj jrh frbebihrbh ]jrjsh. “@fi lh lljehmh mj Gurrbjth h Thlmbvbh sj pfpulhrbzð lh vjrsbði `cbljih sfarj jl frbeji mj Kfhquçi. Duj jitfi`js quj sj `cbljibzð lh cbstfrbh mj Gurrbjth. Ih`j ui sjitbgbjitf `cbljif quj sj jifreullj`j mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth‗.:?3 Lh rjljvhi`bh mjl hsuitf jstè ji lh vbiùlh`bði hdj`tbvh quj sj ejijrð jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f, h phrtbr mj ui rjvflu`bfihrbf; Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Lh dbjarj mjl frf `hlbdfribhif gftbvð lh jdjrvjs`ji`bh mj ui sjitbgbjitf lhtbifhgjrb`hif. Ji jsh `fyuiturh cbstðrb`h pujmj jxplb`hrsj jl frbeji mjl rj`chzf lhtbifhgjrb`hif hl bgpjrbhlbsgf hielfshkði. Mj hùjrmf `fi Ghiujl Qfkhs, cbstfrbhmfr sfifrjisj, Kfhquçi Gurrbjth if sflf rfahah h lfs rb`fs phrh hyumhr h lfs pfarjs, su rjljvhi`bh cbstðrb`h sj jiùjitrh ji su bmjhrbf pflçtb`f. Ji ghyf mj 83:0, lh ljebslhturh ifrtjhgjrb`hih hutfrbzð h Chrry Lfwj , frehibzhr ui ùjrpf mj rurhljs `fi jl fakjtbvf mj jlbgbihr h Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Lh @fgbsbði mj Hsuitfs Gblbthrjs sj ji`hreð mjl bi`fivjibjitj pfrquj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth if jrh ui “sbgplj‗ ahimfljrf, sbif ui rjvflu`bfihrbf quj aus`hah

:?4

Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. Qhzf Flbvh, p.:8. :?3 Babm , p.41. :?5

85=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

rjùpjrhr @hlbdfribh phrh Gâxb`f. Kfhquçi Gurrbjth `fitrhahimjf hrghs y `hahllfs mj @hlbdfribh h Pfifrh> jl hrghgjitf sj hlgh`jihah ji Hlthr, Pfifrh y lfs `hahllfs ji jl rhi`cf Lh Tjrrueh, kurbsmb``bði mj _btbqubtf, _btbqubt f, Pfifrh, Gâxb`f. Jl sujøf mj Gurrbjth jrh mbspfijr mbspfij r mj uih arbehmh mj 1,??? jdj`tbvfs, `fi lh quj jidrjithrçh h lfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs, lfs vji`jrçh y mjvflvjrçh @hlbdfribh h Gâxb`f.:?2 Kfhquçi Kfhqu çi Gurrbjth mjdjimçh uih `hush `fgûi, ji`hajzð uih rjajlbði mj lfs gjxb`hifs `fitrh jl mjspfkf mj sus tbjrrhs, tbjrr hs, sudrbmf h ghifs jsthmfuibmjisjs. _hrh _hrh Ghrçh Cjrrjrh-Pfajn, “jl mjsjf mj lfs yhiqubs pfr jrrhmb`hr lh prjsji`bh gjxb`hih mj lhs gbihs `hlbdfribhihs prfvf`ð hthqujs sbstjgètb`fs `fitrh tfmf hqujl quj phrj`bjrh gjxb`hif‗.:8? Lfs gjxb`hifs mujøfs mj gbihs dujrfi lfs gès hdj`thmfs, pujs ji 83:? sj prfguleð lh ljy Dfrjbei Gbijrs ]hx Lhw, gbsgh quj jstbpulhah; “tfmf jxtrhikjrf bivflu`rhmf ji lh gbijrçh mjaj `fgprhr ui pjrgbsf gjisuhl `fi ui vhlfr mj $1?,??? mðlhrjs‗.:88 Kuhi Frtjeh Gjmbih, ji su lbarf sfarj lh jvhiejlbzh`bði purbthih, jxplb`h lf su`jmbmf; Lfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs jsphr`bjrfi, hsjsbihrfi f utblbzhrfi h lfs bimbfs phrh sh`hr y lhvhr jl gjthl mj lfs plh`jrjs hurçdjrfs. @fi lh `fiqubsth ifrtjhgjrb`hih y lh brrup`bði hièrqub`h y vbfljith mj lfs hvjiturjrfs htrhçmfs pfr lh qubgjrh mjl frf, lh pfalh`bði tfthl bimçejih, `hlùlhmh ji gès mj 0??,??? chabthitjs, duj tfthlgjitj hibqublhmh ji gjifs mj 8? høfs. Duj jl ejif`bmbf gfmjrif ghyfr, y gès rèpbmf fùrrbmf ji lh cbstfrbh mj tfmh Hgârb`h. Jl efabjrif djmjrhl pheð hl jsthmf mj @hlbdfribh `jr`h mj 8 gbllði mj mðlhrjs, sbi bi`lubr lfs ehstfs gblbthrjs fdb`bhljs, pfr lh mjstru``bði sbstjgètb`h mj lfs bimbfs `hlbdfribhifs. Pj dfrghrfi ahimhs mj âstfs quj lu`chimf jitrj sç, sj hibqublhrfi. Gbljs mj ibøfs bimçejihs dujrfi rhpthmfs y vjimbmfs. Jl bimbf if rj`baçh ihmh pfr su trhahkf. Jl fakjtbvf mj lfs hielfshkfijs jrh jxpulshr h lfs erhsbjitfs gjxb`hifs, vbflhr h sus gukjrjs y qujmhrsj `fi lhs gbihs

:?2

Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. :8? Cjrrjrh-Pfajn, Ghrçh, “Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Gbtf, ljyjimh ljyjimh j cbstfrbh‗, ji Jitrj lh ghebh y lh cbstfrbh. ]rhmb`bfijs, ]rhmb`bfijs, gbtfs 805-8=2 . y ljyjimhs mj lh drfitjrh , Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh Ifrtj, pp. 805-8=2. :88 Thljizuj Thljizujlh lh Hr`j, Kfsâ Ghiujl, Ghiujl, “@frrbmfs j bmjitbmhm ih`bfihl ji lh drfitjrh Gâxb`f-Jsthmfs‗, ji Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88, p. 802.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

85:

quj âstfs charçhi mj hahimfihr pfr lh aujih f pfr lh ghlh> y ji lf gjmbhtf, lferhr rjljvhi`bh sf`bhl y prjstbebf ji jl pfalhmf phrh ùhimf lh iujvh vbmh pflçtb`h rjebfihl ij`jsbthrh lçmjrjs, ejitj mj ghif murh quj pumbjrh mbrbebr lfs `hgbifs mj lfs pujalfs. :81

Js guy bgpfrthitj sjøhlhr quj lh ahimh mj Lfs _lhtjhmfs duj `fitjgpfrèijh mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth, sflf quj âsth tjiçh sus `frrjrçhs ji lfs h`tuhljs jsthmfs mj Gfrjlfs, _ujalh y Eujrrjrf. ]baur`bf Tèsqujz, pfr jkjgplf, duj ui gjxb`hif hkustb`bhmf pfr lfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs ji 835: , lujef mj vbvbr pfr gès mj 1? høfs rfahimf y rjphrtbjimf jl aftçi jitrj lfs `hlbdfribhifs fprbgbmfs. :80 Js mj`br,, jl ahimbmhkj sf`bhl jrh tjgh rjùrrjitj y `fgûi ji jl Gâxb`f mj gjmbhmfs mjl sbelf SBS. Kfhmj`br quçi Gurrbjth rjspfimj h uih âpf`h, duj phrtj mj ui gfvbgbjitf, js `fisjùji`bh mj uih rjhlbmhm sf`bhl. Chy ifvjlhs cbstðrb`hs quj mhi ùjith mjl ahimbmhkj sf`bhl ji jl Gâxb`f mj gjmbhmfs mjl sbelf , `fgf Jl zhr`f mj Beih`bf Ghiujl Hlthgbrhif y Lfs ahimbmfs mj Qçf Drçf mj Ghiujl _hyif. _hyif. Kuhi Ijpfgu`jif @frtbih Efsjh`f`cjh, ih`bð ji @hghref, ]hghulbphs, ji 831=, y gurbð ji lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, ji 832=. Duj ui ch`jimhmf ifrjstjisj quj lu`cð mjl lhmf gjxb`hif `fitrh lh bivhsbði jsthmfuibmjisj ji 83=5. Mbrbebð hl ùjrpf mj `hahlljrçh ji lhs ahthllhs mj _hlf Hltf, Lh Qjsh`h, Lh _hlgh y Lh Hiefsturh.:8= Kuhi @frtbih Efsjh`f`cjh dfrgð su prfpbf jkâr`btf `fi jl quj ghituvff lh lu`ch pfr rjùpjrhr ]jxhs phrh Gâxb`f, lujef mj lh dbrgh ghituv dbr gh mjl ]rhthmf mj Euhmhlupj Cbmhlef. ]fgð ]fgð gblbthrgjitj lh `bumhm mj Arfwisvbllj  y y rjmh`tð jl plhi quj lljvh jl gbsgf ifgarj. Jl fakjtbvf jrh lu`chr pfr lfs mjrj`cfs mj lfs gjxb`hifs hvj`bimhmfs ji ]jxhs. ]jxhs. Ji Gâxb`f, `fgahtbð SBS

hl lhmf mj lhs dujrzhs kuhrbsths `fitrh lfs drhi`jsjs, jstuvf ji lh ahthllh mjl : mj ghyf ji _ujalh, duj hs`jimbmf h ejijrhl ji 835?.:8:

:81

Frtjeh Gjmbih, Kuhi, Lh jvhiejlbzh`bði purbthih ji Ifrtjhgârb`h , Gâxb`f, D@J, 8254, p.14=. :80 Lðpjz Qbvhs, Qbvhs, Eblajrtf, Eblajrtf, Lh eujrrh mj 83=5, Gâxb`f, Jmb`bfijs Iujstrf ]bjgpf, 8254, p.852. :8= Thljizuj Thljizujlh lh Hr`j, Kfsâ Ghiujl, Ghiujl, “@frrbmfs j bmjitbmhm ih`bfihl ji lh drfitjrh Gâxb`f-Jsthmfs‗, ji Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88, p.8==. :8: Hvbtbh Cjrièimjz, Hitfibf, @frrbmf Cbstðrb`f Gjxb`hif ]fgf B , Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8225, p.8?5.

854

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Erjefrbf @frtjz ih`bð ji ui rhi`cf uab`hmf jitrj lhs `bumhmjs mj Ghthgfrfs y Qjyifsh, ]hghulbphs, jl 11 mj kuibf mj 835:. @uhimf @frtjz jrh ibøf, su dhgblbh sj trhslhmð hl jsthmf mj ]jxhs, mfimj sj fùphrfi `fgf pjfijs herç`flhs. Erjefrbf @frtjz sj cbzf `âljarj pfrquj jl 81 mj kuibf mj 82?8, ghtð hl scjrbd scjrbddd mj Nhrijs , Arh`n Gfrrbs , qubji hùsð h su cjrghif gjifr mj rfahr ui `hahllf. @frtjz phsð 80 høfs ji uih `èr`jl tjxhih, mj lh quj duj lbajrhmf jl 8= mj kulbf kulb f mj 8280. Ji hefstf mj 8280, Erjefrbf @frtjz sj trhslhmð h Gâxb`f mfimj sj bitjerð h lh _flb`çh Qurhl, murhitj jl efabjrif mj Tb`tfrbhif Cujrth. :84 Kfhquçi Gurrbjth if duj jl ûib`f gjxb`hif quj lujef mj pjrmbmfs lfs tjrrbtfrbfs hitj jl ih`bjitj bgpjrbhlbsgf jsthmfuibmjisj, lu`cð pfr rjùpjrhrlfs phrh Gâxb`f. Pjrçh ui jrrfr bitjrprjthr, ji târgbifs cbstðrb`fs, lh jxbstji`bh mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth `fgf ui pjrsfihkj hbslhmf. Lh jxbstji`bh mj Gurrbjth rjspfimj h prf`jsfs sf`bhljs `fgpljkfs y vbthljs phrh jl ih`bgbjitf y pfstjrbfr mjdbib`bði mjl ih`bfihlbsgf gjxb`hif. Lh pârmbmh mj gès mj lh gbthm mjl tjrrbtfrbf gjxb`hif drjitj h lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs sbeuj mflbjimf. Jl Cbgif Ih`bfihl Gjxb`hif sj jstrjið ji 83:=, sjbs høfs mjspuâs mj lh dbrgh mjl ]rhthmf mj Euhmhlupj Cbmhlef. Jl høf mj 83=3, js lh absherh quj jxplb`h jl ih`bgbjitf mjl ih`bfihlbsgf gjxb`hif. Lf bgpfrthitj js mjsth`hr jl lhzf quj sbeibdb`h Gurrbjth phrh @cblj y Gâxb`f. Kfhquçi Gurrbjth js ui rhsef gès quj `fgphrtji jsths mfs ih`bfijs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs. Lfs `cbljifs chi rjebstrhmf lh vbmh mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth h trhvâs mj pfjghs `fgf lfs js`rbtfs js`r btfs pfr _half Ijrumh, y pfr gjmbf mj ùj`hs `fgf lhs bitjrprjthmhs pfr Tç`tfr Khrh. Lfs gjxb`hifs, pfr su phrtj, ji`fitrhrfi ji jl `frrbmf ui dbrgj sfpfrtj phrh pjrpjtuhr lhs `frrjrçhs mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Lh mj Gurrbjth js uih cbstfrbh `fgphrtbmh jitrj @cblj y Gâxb`f. @fbi`bmf `fi jl jtifgusb`ðlfef shlghitbif, Kuhi Mbjef Qhzf Flbvh, ùhimf hdbrgh quj lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs chi sbmf trhs`jimjithljs ji jl rjebstrf mj lh cbstfrbh lhtbifhgjrb`hih.:85

:84 Babm , p.10=. :85 Tjrsbði rj`febmh pfr Kuhi Mbjef Qhzf Flbvh ji jl guib`bpbf mj _uruèimbrf, Gb`cfh`èi, Gâxb`f, ji harbl mj 8252.

Lfs bitârprjtjs dujrfi Ahlthzhr Ehr`çh ji jl h`frmjði, Lubs Dfrtuif ji jl ahkf sjxtf j Beih`bf Thllj ji jl tflflf`cj. tflflf`cj. Gûsb`fs mj `hitbih, frbuimfs mj Phi Kuhi mj lh Tje Tjeh, h, Euhihkuhtf. Jl `frrbmf lf hprjimbjrfi himhimf pfr Pfifrh y @hlbdfribh, trhahkhimf mj arh`jrfs ji `fimb`bði mj gfkhmfs. Qhzf Flbvh, Kuhi Mbjef, “Kfhquçi Gurrbjth‗, ji ]jstbgfibfs mjl vbjitf- `hi`bfijrf dflnlðrb`f shlghitbif , Gâxb`f, Lh Qjm mj Kfiès, 8235, p.08.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

855

@frrbmf mj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth

853

B.-

BB.-

Rf if sfy hgjrb`h hgjrb`hif if pjrf `fgprjimf jl bielâs yf lf hprjimç `fi gb cjrghif hl mjrj`cf y hl rjvâs y h ùhlqubjr hgjrb`hif lf chef tjgalhr h gbs pbjs.

@uhimf hpjihs jrh ui ibøf cuârdhif h gç gj mjkhrfi sbi qubji gj cb`bjrh ui `hrbøf h gb cjrghif lf `flehrfi y h gb jspfsh @hrgjlbth `fahrmjs hsjsbihrfi.

BBB.-

BT.-

Rf gj vbij mj Cjrg Cjrgfsbllf fsbllf ji aus`h mj frf y rbqujzhs hl bimbf ifalj y sji`bllf yf mjdjimç `fi dbjrjzh jl efabjrif hielfshkði pusf prj`bf h gb `hajzh.

Rf gj cj gjtbmf ji `hitbihs `hstbehimf hgjrb`hifs tû sjrès jl `hpbtèi jl quj ghthstj h gb cjrghif lf hehrrhstj bimjdjisf freullfsf ifrtjhgjrb`hif.

T.-

TB.-

H lfs rb`fs hvhrbjitfs yf ljs qubtâ su mbijrf pfr lfs cugblmjs y pfarjs yf gj qubtâ gb sfgarjrf ¡Hy quj ljyjs thi bikusths `fi llhghrgj ahimfljrf!

H gç lh ljy if gj hsusth ib tjief gbjmf gfrbr vjief h vjieh vjiehrr h gb jspfsh y lf vujlvf h rjpjtbr ¡@hrgjlbth thi cjrgfsh, `ðgf lh cb`bjrfi sudrbr!

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

TBB.-

TBBB.-

If sfy `cbljif ib jxtrhøf ji jstj sujlf quj pbsf

Rf gj phsbâ ji @hlbdfribh pfr jl høf mj 83:?

mj Gâxb`f js @hlbdfribh pfrquj Mbfs hsç lf qubsf ji gb shrhpj afrmhmf trhbef gb Dâ mj Ahutbzf.

`fi gb gfiturh plhtjhmh y gb `hrhabih 0?-0? yf sfy jsj gjxb`hif gb ifgarj js Kfhquçi Gurrbjth.

Kfhquçi Gurrbjth duj hmhpthmf pfr Cfllywffm ji jl høf mj 8204, ùhimf Uhlt Mbsijy Kfhquçi jstrjið su Mbsij y  jstrjið prbgjr dblgj sfarj jl pjrsfihkj db`tb`bf `fif`bmf pfpulhrgjitj `fgf Jl zfrrf. _hrh jl cbstfrbhmfr sfifrjisj, Ghiujl Qfkhs, “U “Uhlt Mbsijy Mbsij y  elfahlbzð elfahlbzð lh dbeurh mjl [frrf phrh jvbthr quj sj `fifz`h lh lu`ch mj Gurrbjth pfr rjùpjrhr @hlbdfribh phrh Gâxb`f‗.:83 Ji lh cbstfrbh bivjithmh pfr lh bimustrbh ùlturhl hielfshkfih, Jl zfrrf lu`ch pfr lbajrhr h lfs gjxb`hifs mj lfs jsphøfljs. Lh cbstfrbh js`rbth pfr lfs ifrtjhgjrb`hifs mb`j quj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth duj mj`hpbthmf jl 1: mj kulbf mj 83:0, h ghifs mj sflmhmfs jsthmfuibmjisjs. _hrh lfs gjxb`hifs, Gurrbjth dhllj`bð mj gujrtj ihturhl ji @uùrpj, Pfifrh. ¶@uèl js lh fpbibði mj lfs `cbljifs6

LH IZJTH @HI@BÐI @CBLJIH Phlvhmfr Hlljimj mbkf quj “if chy rjvflu`bði sbi `hi`bfijs‗.:82 _fsbaljgjitj jl gès erhimj rjehlf mj @cblj phrh Lhtbifhgârb`h chi sbmf, kusthgjitj, Tbfljth _hrrh y Tç`tfr Khrh, b`fifs mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih. Lfs frçejijs mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih mjaji rhstrjhrsj ji jl efabjrif mjl Drjitj _fpulhr

:83

Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. :82 Phlhs [ûøbeh, Dhabf, Lh prbghvjrh prbghvjrh tjrrjstrj, Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0, p.8.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

852

mj _jmrf Heubrrj @jrmh, ji 8203, pujs jstj pjrsfihkj mj`rjtð lh duimh`bði mjl ]jhtrf Jxpjrbgjithl mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, jl Ahlljt Ih`bfihl, lh Frqujsth Pbidðib`h mj @cblj, jl _rjgbf Ih`bfihl mj Lbtjrhturh y @cblj Dblgs. “Pj trhth mj ui gfgjitf duimh`bfihl mfimj sj tjkj uih hlbhizh jitrj `hgpjsbifs, farjrfs, hrtbsths j bitjlj`tuhljs‗.:1? _hrh Dhabf Phlhs [ûøbeh, jl surebgbjitf mj Ghreft Lfyflh y Tbfljth _hrrh, if pfmrçh `fgprjimjrsj sbi `fisbmjrhr jl rjsphlmf h lh ùlturh quj fdrj`bð _jmrf Heubrrj @jrmh. Ghreft Lfyflh js uih mj lhs hrtbsths `lhvjs phrh mbgjisbfihr lf `fgpljkf mj lfs tjkbmfs quj mbjrfi dfrgh h lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih. Ghreft Lfyflh bib`bð su mjrrftjrf gusb`hl ji 82=4, ùhimf dfrgð jl Mujtf Lfyflh `fi su cjrghih Jstjlh. Hmjgès mj bitârprjtj, Ghreft Lfyflh js rj`fif`bmh pfr sjr lh prbgjrh `cbljih ji rjs`hthr rjpjrtfrbf hitbeuf, rjsphlmhmh pfr jl Bistbtutf mj Bivjstbeh`bfijs Gusb`hljs mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj.:18 Ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:? hphrj`bð Tbfljth _hrrh, mbs`çpulh mj Lfyflh. Tbfljth _hrrh bib`bð ji jl @fikuitf @uiùgâi, duimhmf pfr lh h`tbvbsth Ghreft Lfyflh. H trhvâs mjl trhahkf mjsjgpjøhmf pfr Ghreft Lfyflh y Tbfljth _hrrh, sj pujmj jsthalj`jr jl frbeji rurhl-prfljthrbf mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih, “chsth mjsjgaf`hr ji lh ejsth âpb`h mjl gfvbgbjitf pfpulhr quj lljvð h lh prjsbmji`bh h Phlvhmfr Hlljimj, ji 825?‗.:11 H Tbfljth _hrrh sj mjaji trhahkfs mbs`ferèdb`fs mj sugh bgpfrthi`bh phrh lh jtifgusb`flfeçh `cbljih `fgf sus hpfrth`bfijs sfarj lh ùj`h, sus mbs`fs bisjrtfs ji lh `flj``bði Jl dflnlfrj mj @cblj, jmbthmfs pfr jl sjllf Jgb-Fmjði, y uih hgplbh sjlj``bði mj erhah`bfijs rjhlbzhmhs ji Jurfph. :10 _hrh Tbfljth _hrrh, thgabâi `fif`bmh `fgf Lh vbflh `cbljisbs y Lh eubthrrjrh `cbllhijkh, lh `cbljibmhm jsthah ji lh ùlturh `hgpjsbih, pfr jsf mjmb`ð høfs mj su vbmh hl rjs`htj mjl phtrbgfibf gusb`hl ji lfs `hgpfs `cbljifs.

:1? Babm ,

p.::. H Ghreft Lfyflh sj lj mjaj jl rjs`htj mj lh gûsb`h mj shlði mj lfs sbelfs STBBB y SBS, lfs rbtuhljs mj lh Dbjsth mj lh Tbreji mj Lh ]brhih, lh gûsb`h mj lh Bslh mj _hsùh, lh mbvuleh`bði mjl bmbfgh ghpumuieûi `fgf lh gûsb`h mjl pujalf ghpu`cj y erhah`bfijs hitflðeb`hs `fgf “@hi`bfijs mjl 2??‗, jmbthmhs ji 8258. Lfyflh duimð lfs erupfs @uiùgâi (gurgullf mj heuh ji ghpumuieûi) y Gbllhrhy (dlfr mj frf ji ghpumuieûi). Phlhs [ûøbeh, Dhabf, Dhabf, Lh prbghvjrh tjrrjstrj , Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0, p. :5. :11 Babm , p.:3. :10 Babm , p.48. :18

83?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ji lh gbsgh âpf`h mj lh Iujvh I ujvh @hi`bði @cbljih, sj ljvhithrfi gfvbgbjitfs hrtçstb`fs sjgjkhitjs ji F``bmjitj. Hthcuhlph Ruphiqub, Ruphiqub, Jmuhrmf Dhlû y Kfrej @hdruij ji Hrejitbih> Kfhf Eblajrtf, @cb`f Auhrquj y Gbltfi Ihs`bgbjitf ji Arhsbl> Jmbtc _bhd ji Drhi`bh, Kfhi Ghiujl Pjrrht ji @hthluøh, y Afa Mylhi ji Jsthmfs Zibmfs.:1= Xubzès pfrquj lh mâ`hmh mj 824? sj jrbebð `fgf “lh âpf`h mj ghyfr huej mjl jspçrbtu gfmjrif, hl sjøhlhr `fi âidhsbs lh rjsflu`bði mjl jspçrbtu cughif y su supjrvbvji`bh ji uih dhs`bihitj jxphisbði ùlturhl quj aus`hah lh djlb`bmhm‗. :1: Lfs `fi`jptfs jgbtbmfs pfr Dhabf Phlhs [ûøbeh, tbjiji gu`cf mj vjrh`bmhm. Pb pjishgfs ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ifs pjr`hthrjgfs quj ji târgbifs mj `hlbmhm gusb`hl, lh mâ`hmh mj 824? js `fisbmjrhmh pfr lfs jspj`bhlbsths, `fgf lh âpf`h mfrhmh mj jsth gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Lfs Ajhtljs thgabâi sfi cbkfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 824?. Lh iujvh `hi`bði `cbljih jrh gûsb`h pfpulhr surebmh mjsmj lh ahsj sf`bhl hrtbùlhmh pfr ui sjitbgbjitf mj `cbljibmhm. Lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih aus`hah mjdbibr lh bmjitbmhm gusb`hl mj lh bzqubjrmh y jljvhr h trhvâs mjl `hitf jl ibvjl mj `fis`bji`bh mj lhs ghshs farjrhs. farjr hs. “Iujvh‗ qujrçh mj`br hltjrihtbvh, “pjrf sfarj tfmf sbeibdb`hah rjvflu`bfihrbh‗. rjvflu`bfihrbh‗.:14 Lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih duj lh gûsb`h mj lh Zibmhm _fpulhr ji`hajzhmh ji`hajzhmh pfr Phlvhmfr Hlljimj. Lh Zibmhm _fpulhr _fpulhr mbrbebð h @cblj, mjl = mj sjptbjgarj mj 825? hl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250. Mj hùjrmf `fi Kulbf Hrghimf Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, Lðpj z, lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih lljeð h Gâxb`f ji lh mâ`hmh mj 824?, `fi erupfs e rupfs `fgf H`chlhy, H`chlhy, Lfs Bi`hs, Lfs Euhrhibs, Lfs Euhih`hs, Lfs @hl`chnbs y Lfs Khbrhs, gu`cfs mj lfs ùhljs jsthahi lbmjrhmfs pfr hrejitbifs, `cbljifs, `cbljifs, phrheuhyfs, phrheuhyfs, aflbvbhifs y pjruhifs. Lh gûsb`h mj Tbfljth _hrrh y Tç`tfr Khrh sj ghsbdb`ð ji tjrrbtfrbf tjrrbtfrb f hztj`h chsth 825?, `fi lh lljehmh mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj h lh prjsbmji`bh mj @cblj, jl prbgjr efabjrif sf`bhlbsth ji Hgârb`h Lhtbih quj ehið su mjrj`cf ji lhs urihs.:15 “Lfs Bi`hs, dujrfi jl erupf gès mbduimbmf ji Gâxb`f.

:1=

Babm , p.40. :1: Çmjg. :14 Babm , p.4=. :15 Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, Kulbf Hrghimf, “Lh `hi`bði `hi`bði pflçtb`h `cbljih y jl mjshrrfllf mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr lhtbifhgjrb`hih‗, lhtbifhgjrb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`hs gberhitjs. Lh gfvblbmhm hrtçstb`h ji lh jrh elfahl , Gbeujl Flgfs, `ffrmbihmfr, Gâxb`f, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

838

Jstj erupf surebð er h`bhs hl èlaug s urebð ji 82:4 y dujrfi `fif`bmfs guimbhlgjitj ji lh mâ`hmh mj 824? erh`bhs Jl `ðimfr phsh.:13 Lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih sj mbduimbð ji thlljrjs ùlturhljs prfgfvbmfs pfr uibvjrsbmhmjs pûalb`hs mj lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, h prbi`bpbfs mj 825?. Jsfs thlljrjs dujrfi mbrbebmfs pfr h`hmâgb`fs gjxb`hifs, tfmfs phrtb`bphitjs mj lfs gfvbgbjitfs sf`bhljs mj 8243 y 8258, “y pfr gu`cfs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs jxblbhmfs ji Gâxb`f, h `hush mj lhs mb`thmurhs quj sj prfphehrfi ji tfmf jl `fitbijitj‗.:12 Ji Gâxb`f, lfs gfvbgbjitfs mj 8243 y 8258, rjsulthrfi hdbijs `fi lh prfaljgètb`h quj prjsjithah tfmh Lhtbifhgârb`h. “Duj ji lhs ghthizhs mj ]lhtjlfl`f y ji lh mjl Kujvjs mj @frpus quj jl pujalf gjxb`hif sj bmjitbdb`ð `fi lfs `cbljifs‗.:0? Jl eflpj mj Jsthmf `fitrh Phlvhmfr Hlljimj Efssjis ji @cblj, pftji`bhlbzð jl jspçrbtu hitb bgpjrbhlbsth mjl pujalf gjxb`hif. Gâxb`f sj `fivbrtbð ji jl gurf mj `fitji`bði mjl jgahtj ifrtjhgjrb`hif `fitrh Hgârb`h Lhtbih. Gâxb`f sj trhisdfrgð ji jl iujvf cfehr phrh gbljs mj rjduebhmfs pflçtb`fs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs. lhtbifhgjrb`hifs. Lfs erupfs `cbljifs, Bitb Bllbghib y Xublhphyûi, dujrfi puith mj lhizh ji lh mbdusbði mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih ji Gâxb`f. Jsths heruph`bfijs tfghrfi `fgf ahsj h lh gûsb`h dflnlðrb`h lhtbifhgjrb`hih, js mj`br, h lh himbih. Duj uih gûsb`h mj mjiui`bh sf`bhl quj rjùrrçh h rbtgfs j bistrugjitfs trhmb`bfihljs lhtbifhgjrb`hifs `fgf lhs qujihs qujihs,, zhgpføhs, rfimhmfrjs, thrnhs, tbpljs, ùhtrfs,, eubthrrhs, afgafs ljeujrfs, khrhihs, hrphs y vbflbijs.:08 Xublhphyûi ih`bð ji 824:. Mj 8244 ùhtrfs h 8242, Tç`tfr Khrh duiebð `fgf su mbrj`tfr hrtçstb`f. hr tçstb`f. Ji 8243 jmbthrfi su mbs`f, _fr Tbjtihg, y ji 825?, @hithth Phith Ghrçh mj Bqubquj. Bitb Bllbghib ih`bð ji 8245, ji lh Zibvjrsbmhm ]âìb`h mjl

Ifrtj, 1?81, p.=:3. :13 Çmjg. :12 Babm , p.=:2. :0? Çmjg. :08 Babm , p.=4?.

Jsthmf.:01 Pus mbs`fs duimhgjithljs sj erhahrfi jitrj 8243 y 8251; Pb sfgfs hgjrb`hifs, Hutfrjs `cbljifs, H lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih y Iujstrf Gâxb`f. Xublhphyûi duj jgahkhmfr mjl efabjrif `cbljif, pfr lf quj ljs tf`ð prjsji`bhr ji jl hjrfpujrtf mj _hrçs, lh iftb`bh mjl eflpj mj Jsthmf.:00 Jl hs`jisf mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj h lh prjsbmji`bh mj @cblj, sbeibdb`ð lh h`febmh mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih ji tjrrbtfrbf gjxb`hif. Lujef, `fi jl eflpj mj Jsthmf mjl 88 mj sjptbjgarj mj 8250, `fi jl mjrrf`hgbjitf mjrrf`hgbjit f y hsjsbihtf mjl kjdj mj lh Zibmhm _fpulhr, _fpulhr, lh prjsji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs `cbljihs `cbl jihs sj cbzf gès dujrtj ji Gâxb`f. Mjdbibtbvhgjitj, gu`cf tuvbjrfi quj vjr lfs `bjitfs mj jxblbhmfs `cbljifs quj sj rjseuhrmhrfi ji Gâxb`f murhitj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 825? y 823?. Js iftfrbh lh bgpfrthi`bh quj tbjij lh mâ`hmh mj 825? phrh `fgprjimjr lhs rjlh`bfijs ùlturhljs quj jxbstji jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj. Pb lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js `cbljih, lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih js gjxb`hih pfr hmfp`bði. Pb ch`jgfs ui arjvj rjùjitf mjl rjpjrtfrbf erhahmf pfr lfs sflbsths y erupfs quj mbjrfi dfrgh h lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih, sjrè dè`bl pjr`hthrsj mj lh bidluji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji jstj gfvbgbjitf ùlturhl. Tbfljth _hrrh `hitð rhi`cjrhs y `frrbmfs gjxb`hifs ji 820=. :0= Tç`tfr Khrh bitjrprjtð jl @frrbmf mj _hi`cf Tbllh mj lh hutfrçh mj Kfsâ Ajrrfijs Ghrtçijz y jl `frrbmf mj Kuhi sbi tbjrrh, `fgpfsb`bði mj Kfrej Phlmhøh Cjrièimjz. Lfs gu`ch`cfs mj Bitb Bllbghib erhahrfi sus mbs`fs H lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih (8242), Pb sfgfs hgjrb`hifs hgjrb`hifs (8242), Hutfrjs `cbljifs (8258) y Iujstrf Gâxb`f (8251).:0: “H pjshr mj quj Bitb Bllbghib sj rj`fif`çh `fgf himbif, chy quj `fisbmjrhr lh bitjerh`bði mj hbrjs llhijrfs `fi jl ùhtrf vjijzflhif, lhs pbi`jlhmhs `flfgabhihs y jùhtfrbhihs `fi jl tbplj, y jl shafr gjxb`hif `fi lh bi`frpfrh`bði mj Kfsâ @fulði y su eubthrrði

:01

Duimhmh ji 8244, ji Phitbhef mj @cblj. H`tuhlgjitj sj llhgh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Phitbhef. Phitbhef. Phlhs [ûøbeh, Dhabf, Dhabf, Lh prbghvjrhh tjrrjstrj , Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0, p.43. prbghvjr :00 Bitb Bllbghib sj jxblbð ji Bthlbh. Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, Kulbf Hrghimf, “Lh `hi`bði pflçtb`h `cbljih y jl mjshrrfllf mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr lhtbifhgjrb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`hs gberhitjs. Lh gfvblbmhm hrtçstb`h ji lh jrh elfahl , Gbeujl Flgfs, `ffrmbihmfr, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh Ifrtj, 1?81, p.=41. :0= (Bitjrijt; cttp//www.vbfljthphrrh.`l/sbtbf/`rfiflfeçh > h``jsf; 81 mj kulbf mjl 1?80). :0: Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, p.=58.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

830

ghrbh`cjrf‗.:04 Lfs kðvjijs mj Bllhpu dujrfi jxblbhmfs ji Gâxb`f, mfimj pfpulhrbzhrfi lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih.:05 Huiquj Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs :03 sj duimhrfi ji 8205 y Lfs Cjrghifs @hgpfs ji 82=3, duj murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 824? quj sj ejstð uih ghr`hmh rbvhlbmhm jitrj lfs bitârprjtjs mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih y lfs pjrtjij`bjitjs hl hutfmjifgbihmf “dflnlfrj `cbljif‗, `htjefrçh ji mfimj sj bis`rbaji Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs y Lfs Cjrghifs @hgpfs. Lfs hrtbsths quj mhahi ùjrpf h lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih sj hsugçhi `fgf `bumhmhifs mj bzqubjrmh, gbjitrhs quj lfs gbjgarfs mjl “dflnlfrj `cbljif‗ jrhi mj mjrj`ch. ]hitf lfs rjprjsjithitjs mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih `fgf lfs mjl “dflnlfrj `cbljif‗ bitjrprjthahi y erhahahi `hi`bfijs gjxb`hihs, lh mbdjrji`bh js quj hrtbsths `fgf Tbfljth _hrrh, Tç`tfr Khrh y Xublhphyûi sj bitjrjshrfi pfr lfs `frrbmfs jghihmfs mj lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih mj 828?. Zi `lhrf jkjgplf js Xublhphyûi, mjl quj pujmji ji`fitrhr ji lh plhthdfrgh Rfu]uaj , uih vjrsbði mj @hrhabih 0?-0?, hmhpthmh h lh rjhlbmhm `cbljih. Jl `frrbmf duj erhahmf ji jl høf mj 8242, pfr lfs kðvjijs mj Xublhphyûi. Zi hspj`tf bitjrjshitj quj jl lj`tfr mjaj `fisbmjrhr hl gfgjitf mj jsù`chrlf, js quj jl hmgbibs-

:04 Babm , p. =40. :05

Bllhpu vbjij mjl quj`cuh y sbeibdb`h rhyf. rhyf. Lh ahimh sj dfrgð ji Hitfdhehsth, ifrtj mj @cblj. @cblj. Pj jsthalj`bjrfi ji Phitbhef, ji 8250, mfimj jmbthi su prbgjr èlaug phrh Mb`fp. Phlhs [ûøbeh, [ ûøbeh, Dhabf, Dhabf, Lh prbghvjrh tjrrjstrj , Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0, p. 51. :03 Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs ih`bjrfi, gusb`hlgjitj, gusb`hlgjitj, ji 8205> huiquj duj chsth 82:3 quj hmfpthrfi jsj ifgarj, pujs ji sus `fgbjizfs sj llhghrfi Lfs Xubi`cjrfs, h sj`hs. Pu ifgarj tbjij quj vjr `fi lfs chabthitjs mjl `hgpf `cbljif (cuhsfs), y `fi ui jitrhghmf mj `høh rjùabjrtf `fi ahrrf, `fitrh jl quj sj hthkh hl ehihmf murhitj uih thrmj mj rfmjf `cbljif. Lfs Cuhsfs Xubi`cjrfs sfi rj`frmhmfs pfr chajr hpfyhmf hl râebgji gblbthr mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Jrhi thi `jr`hifs hl mb`thmfr quj bi`lusf, dujrfi jivbhmfs `fgf rjprjsjithitjs `cbljifs phrh lh bihueurh`bði mjl guimbhl mj Hljghibh 825=. Guy `rbtb`hmh duj lh aurlh quj murhitj su h`tuh`bði ji jl guimbhl mj dûtafl mj Hljghibh 825=, cb`bjrfi mj lh vbumh mj Phlvhmfr Hlljimj, h qubji fdjimbjrfi hl mjmb`hrlj Lh llfrfih, ui rjdjrjitj mjl `hi`bfijrf trhmb`bfihl gjxb`hif. _fr jstj tbpf mj jpbsfmbfs thi mjshdfrtuihmfs, js quj gbllfijs mj `cbljifs hsf`bhi h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs `fi lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt Zehrtj. Thljizujlh, Thljizujlh, Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

83=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

trhmfr mj lh pèebih js sfvbâtb`f, lf quj `fidbrgh jl bitjrâs mj lfs rusfs pfr lfs `frrbmfs gjxb`hifs. Puebjrf rjvbshr jl lbarf Gûsb`hs gberhitjs, `ffrmbihmf pfr Gbeujl Flgfs Heubljrh. :02 Dhabf Phlhs [ûøbeh, jxplb`h jl prf`jsf sf`bhl; Jl “dflnlfrj `cbljif‗ rjtfghah lh vbsbði jstètb`h j bmjhlbzhmh mjl guimf rurhl mj lh [fih @jitrhl phrh pfstulhr uih rj`rjh`bði mj lh gûsb`h “tçpb`h `cbljih‗. Jsth vjrsbði mjl `hgpf `cbljif sj hpfyh ji uih `fi`jp`bði purbsth mfimj lh bgheji trhisdbeurhmh mjl lhtbduimbsth ji cuhsf, pjrghij`j ji uih bmçlb`h rjlh`bði `fi jl phbshkj, jl biqublbihkj y su phrjkh, lh `cbih (h bgbth`bði mj lh `cbih pfalhih gjxb`hih), ji ui bijxbstjitj `lbgh mj hrgfiçh y qubjtum, `fgf lf rjlhth jsth tfihmh mj Drhi`bs`f Dlfrjs mjl @hgpf; Xuj afibth vh / `fi su pflljrbth hl vbjitf quj lbimh quj vh / h vjimjr qujsbtf drjs`f h lh `bumhm / gbjitrhs quj yf if jstfy trhiqublf chsth quj hl vflvjr / lh vjf ji lh pujrth mjl rhi`cf hl hthrmj`jr. Gbjitrhs lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih jstè mbrbebmh ch`bh ui prfyj`tf gblbthitj, jl “dflnlfrj `cbljif‗ rjprjsjith lh `fitjgplh`bði y lh dhlth mj `fgprfgbsf. Mj hcç quj lh gûsb`h tçpb`h pfsjh uih rjlh`bði hsâptb`h rjspj`tf h lf sf`bhl. ]fmh su tjgètb`h sj hpfyh ji lh gji`bði mj lh ejferhdçh, lh ihturhlbmhm y `himji`bh mj lh sbtuh`bði tjrrhtjibjitj, y lhs vjljbmhmjs hgfrfshs jitrj cuhsfs (phtrfijs) y sus `cbihs (phtrfihs). Lh `hi`bði `cbljih trhmb`bfihl js cbkh mj uih sf`bjmhm herç`flh ji sus dujitjs mj prfmu``bði, `flfibhl ji su jstru`turh y `fisjrvhmfrh ji sus `fstugarjs y prjkub`bfs. Jljfmfrf y Ghr`bhl @hgpfs lf jkjgplbdb`hi abji hl hsugbrsj `fgf mjdjisfrjs mj lh aureujsçh ji su `hitf; Chy ftrfs `hitfrjs quj mhi vjreüjizh / `hithi purhs ljsjrhs `fi sus prftjsths / `hithi y tf`hi ghl, pjrf sj `rjji lh gujrtj. Ji `hgabf, lh `hi`bði mj Tbfljth _hrrh mjiui`bh lh jxplfth`bði. Lh `hi`bði dflnlðrb`h prfpujsth y mbduimbmh pfr lh aureujsçh fùlth lhs rjhlbmhmjs y ch`j uih phr`bhlbzh`bði ejferèdb`h mjl tjrrbtfrbf ih`bfihl, lh [fih @jitrhl. Hsç, @uiùgâi surebð ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, `fgf uih rjspujsth

:02 Ji

jl gbsgf høf mj 8242, jl erupf Bitb Bllbghib Bllbghib erhað su mbs`f mb s`f H lh Qjvflu`bði gjxb`hih, ji jl quj sj bi`luyji lfs `frrbmfs; Pflmhmf rjvflu`bfihrbf, Lh ù`hrh`ch y Lh Hmjlbth. Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, Kulbf Hrghimf, “Lh `hi`bði pflçtb`h `cbljih y jl mjshrrfllf mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr lhtbifhgjrb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`hs gberhitjs. Lh gfvblbmhm hrtçstb`h ji lh jrh elfahl , Gbeujl Flgfs, `ffrmbihmfr, `ffrmbihmfr, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh Ifrtj, 1?81, p. =40.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

83:

h lfs `fikuitfs aureujsjs mj cuhsfs y `cbihs. @uiùgâi rjvbimb`ð hl guimf rurhl y su pfarjzh. Mj lhs dblhs mj @uiùgâi shlbð jl pfjth `cbljif, Tç`tfr Khrh. :=?

ZIBTJQPBMHM MJ @CBLJ Lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj js lh gès bgpfrthitj bistbtu`bði mj jmu`h`bði supjrbfr mjl phçs trhshimbif. Js uih uibvjrsbmhm quj h pjshr mj chajr sbmf eflpjhmh pfr lh prbvhtbzh`bði mj lh jmu`h`bði ji @cblj, sbeuj ghitjibjimf su `hlbmhm y prjstbebf. Lh bistbtu`bði ch phrtb`bphmf mj dfrgh h`tbvh, ji lfs jierhihkjs gès bgpfrthitjs quj chi mjdbibmf lh cbstfrbh mjl pujalf `cbljif, pfr lf gjifs, murhitj jl sbelf SS. Ji lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, pfr jkjgplf, jl hrtbsth Tç`tfr Khrh sj dfrgð `fgf mbrj`tfr mj tjhtrf.:=8 H phrtbr mj lh mâ`hmh mj 820?, jl Jsthmf `cbljif rjùrrbð h lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj phrh quj sj `fivbrtbjrh ji uif mj lfs gftfrjs mjl mjshrrfllf, lh jxpjrbgjith`bði y lh prfdjsbfihlbzh`bði mj h`tbvbmhmjs hrtçstb`hs. @fi jl hpfyf jsththl, lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj prfgfvbð lh jxtjisbði `fgf h`tbvbmhm prfpbh mjl qujch`jr uibvjrsbthrbf, gfmjlf quj duj bgbthmf pfr lh Zibvjrsbmhm @htðlb`h.:=1Hgahs uibvjrsbmhmjs dujrfi lhs rjspfishaljs mj frehibzhr jl prbgjrf, jl sjeuimf y jl tjr`jr djstbvhl mj lh Iujvh @hi`bði @cbljih, ji 8242, 825? y 8258. :=0 Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm (1?80), Qhmbf Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj trhisgbtj uif mj lfs prferhghs mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih gès bidluyjitjs. Jl lfùtfr js Lubs Jmuhrmf ]chyjr Gfrjl y su prferhgh sj llhgh, Gâxb`f. @fitbef h lh mbsthi`bh, jl quj sj trhisgbtj tfmfs lfs ghrtjs mj 8?;?? h 81;?? mj lh if`cj. Lh jxbstji`bh mj ui prferhgh jspj`bhlbzhmf ji gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, prfmu`bmf y trhisgbtbmf pfr lh

:=?

Phlhs [ûøbeh, Dhabf Dhabf,, Lh prbghvjr p rbghvjrhh tjrrjstrj , Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0, p.48.

:=8 Babm , p.2:. :=1 Puajr`hsjhux,

p.853. :=0 Phlhs [ûøbeh, p.45.

834

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, bimb`h lh bgpfrthi`bh quj sbeuj tjibjimf Gâxb`f ji lh pjrghijitj `fistru``bði mj lh ih`bði `cbljih. Lh prjsji`bh mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj, mjl ghrbh`cb y mj lh ifrtjøh, prbi`bphlgjitj, if sj hefth ji jl `fisugbsgf h`rçtb`f. Jl `cbljif js ui pûalb`f `fif`jmfr y jxbejitj quj if h`jpth ùhlqubjr prfmu`tf, h mbdjrji`bh mj ftrhs rjhlbmhmjs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs mfimj sj `fgprhi hrtçùlfs mj ùjstbfihalj vhlfr hrtçstb`f `fgf lfs llhghmfs @frrbmfs _rfcbabmfs `flfgabhifs. Jl `cbljif js ui jitj purbsth y pjrdj``bfibsth, qubzès pfr su `fimb`bði bisulhr.:== Jl 85 mj mb`bjgarj mjl 1?81, lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, h trhvâs mj lh Dhùlthm mj @bji`bhs Pf`bhljs (Dh`sf) frehibzð uih @fidjrji`bh-@fi`bjrtf, h lh quj hùmbjrfi pjrsfihkjs rjlh`bfihmfs `fi jl guimf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji @cblj. Jl jvjitf tuvf tuvf luehr ji lhs prfpbhs bisthlh`bfijs mj lh uibvjrsbmhm, `hgpus Kuhi Eðgjz Gbllh, ji lh `fguih Øuøfh mj Phitbhef. Hl jvjitf hsbstbjrfi jkjùthitjs mj ahkf sjxtf, h`frmjfibsths, mujtfs `fgf Lfs Cjrghifs Austfs, `bijhsths `fgf @crbstbhi Ghlmfihmf, lhumjrfs `fgf Ghrbf Fahimf y jl herjehmf ùlturhl mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj, Kuhi Ghiujl Phitbi. ]fmfs phrtb`bphrfi mjl jvjitf, gbsgf quj sjitð ui prj`jmjitj ji lh ih`bði trhshimbih. Erh`bhs h su jxbstji`bh, j xbstji`bh, lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj fdrj`bð uih rj`jp`bði jl 83 mj ghrzf mjl 1?80, ji lh quj sj rj`fif`bð h lfs `cbljifs quj chi `fitrbaubmf hl jihltj`bgbjitf mj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj. Jl 83 mj ghrzf, hibvjrshrbf mj lh Jxprfpbh`bði _jtrfljrh, jl jgahkhmfr mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj, Ghrbf Ljhl @hgpfs, rj`fif`bð h Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Djrièimjz `fgf jl gès bgpfrthitj `flj``bfibsth mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs ji @cblj y h Cuef Flbvhrjs @hrvhkhl `fgf uif mj lfs lfùtfrjs gès sfarjshlbjitjs. Lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj sbeubð jl gfmjlf prfpujstf pfr lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, ji mb`bjgarj mjl 1?81, hl `fisbmjrhr h lfs gûsb`fs, pjrf thgabâi h lfs lfùtfrjs, h lfs `flj``bfibsths, h lfs lhumjrfs y h lfs `bijhsths, `fgf hpfrtj duimhgjithl phrh quj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs jstâi vbejitjs, y sughimf, hl gultbùlturhlbsgf `cbljif mjl sbelf SSB.

:== Qjmflâs Qjmflâs,,

Ghurb`bf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

835

_hrh jl 12 mj jijrf mjl 1?80, lh Dhùlthm mj @bji`bhs Pf`bhl mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj @cblj, hrrfpð hl gûsb`f y pfjth, Ghurb`bf Qjmflâs Austfs. Jl hrtbsth `cbljif, jxblbhmf ji Lfimrjs pfr lh mb`thmurh mj Hueustf _bif`cjt, prjsjitð y `fgjitð su gès rj`bjitj trhahkf mj jstumbf, hl quj bitbtulð Fij, ]wf, ]rjs, @uhtrf. Zi cfgjihkj h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ji hl èlaug sj bi`luyji mfs `frrbmfs `fi tfmf jl shafr mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, jl prbgjrf mj jllfs js Hrb`h 82588, y jl sjeuimf sj ch`j llhghr Djrrf`hrrbljs `lhimjstbifs `cbljifs> lfs mfs sfi `rjh`bfijs 825 mj Ghurb`bf Qjmflâs Austfs. Ji jl mbs`f phrtb`bphi Hmrbèi Mçhz, @rbstbhi Qfmrçeujz, Himy @hshalhi`h, Pjahstbèi Qjmflâs, Qjmflâs, _jrrfsny _jrrfsny,, Mjibsj y @hrlfs @frhljs, duimhmfr mj lh ahimh mj rf`n `cbljih, Heuhturabh, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 824?. Jl cj`cf js rjljvhitj, sfarj tfmf sb `fisbmjrhgfs quj Ghurb`bf Qjmflâs Austfs js ui hrtbsth quj sj ch mbstbieubmf pfr bitjrprjthr gûsb`h mj prftjsth y mjiui`bh, rjùrrbjimf hl rf`n, pjrf thgabâi hl alujs , hl afljrf, hl kfrfpf vjijzflhif, y hcfrh thgabâi hl `frrbmf gjxb`hif.

@FI@LZPBFIJP Lh vbthlbmhm quj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs efzhi ji @cblj, mjajgfs jitjimjrlh `fgf ui prf`jsf cbstðrb`f mj lhreh murh`bði, if `fgf uih gfmh bgpujsth pfr ]jljvbsh. @fgf qujmð mjgfstrhmf, lfs bitjr`hgabfs ùlturhljs jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj, chi tjibmf luehr mjsmj lh âpf`h `flfibhl, if sfi rj`bjitjs ib iujvfs, `fgf hleuihs pjrsfihs bidbjrji. Hl beuhl quj Gâxb`f ch bidlubmf h @cblj, jl phçs trhshimbif thgabâi lf ch cj`cf ji lh ih`bði hztj`h. Kuhi P. Ehrrbmf js ui `cbljif ih`bmf jl 2 mj ghyf mj 82?1, ji Thlphrhçsf, quj jirbquj`bð jl h`jrvf gusb`hl gjxb`hif. H lfs 82 høfs mj jmhm, Kuhi P. Ehrrbmf duj ifgarhmf tâìb`f gusb`hl mj lh Tb`tfr ]hlnbie Gh`cbij @fgphiy, @fgphiy, `fi sjmj ji @cblj. Lljeð h Gâxb`f ji 8201, `fitrhthmf `fgf mbrj`tfr mj lh frqujsth mj lh @fgphøçh Hljerçh Jrchrt, lbehmh hl ]jhtrf _flbtjhgh mjl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl. Kuhi P. Ehrrbmf js jl `fgpfsbtfr mj tjghs gjxb`hifs `fgf Jl pjthtj, Jl `frrbmf vbllbsth y Lh djrbh mj Phi Ghr`fs. Ji 825=, sj pualb`ð Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih, lbarf ji jl quj Kuhi

833

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

P. Ehrrbmf mjshrrfllh su vbsbði sfarj lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs. :=: Ji lh h`tuhlbmhm (1?8=), jl `cbljif _half @hstrf, pujmj sjr `fisbmjrhmf ui cjrjmjrf mjl trhahkf mjsjgpjøhmf pfr Kuhi P. Ehrrbmf ji Gâxb`f, hl bi`lubrsj tjghs mj su hutfrçh ji erhah`bfijs mj heruph`bfijs gjxb`hihs bgpfrthitjs `fgf Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj.

:=:

Gfrjif Qbvhs, Rflhimh, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8252, p.1=3.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

832

@H_Ç]ZLF TBBB ZI GJSB@HIF JI GJMJLLÇI

G

b`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji, js jl mujøf mj Lh @htrbih. @fgbmh Hrtjshihl Gjxb`hih, ijef`bf quj sj jspj`bhlbzh ji lh vjith mj `fgbmh gjxb`hih. Jl lf`hl mjsph`ch ji Gjmjllçi, @flfgabh. Brbefyji js hrqubtj`tf jerjshmf mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Ih`bfihl Hutðifgh mj Gâxb`f ( ZIHG). ¶@ðgf sj `fivbrtbð ji rjsthurhitjrf6 Ji jl 1?8? trhahkhah phrh uih dbrgh jsthmfuibmjisj mj hrqubtj`tfs, ji Lfs Èiejljs, @hlbdfribh> âsth lf jivçf h Gjmjllçi, @flfgabh, phrh mbrbebr ui prfyj`tf. ]jrgbið jl trhahkf, vflvbð h lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs y hitjs mj quj phshrhi 8: mçhs lf mjspbmbjrfi `fisjùji`bh mj lh rj`jsbði. Ahkð h Gâxb`f y ji`fitrð ui phifrhgh mjsflhmfr, hsç quj mj`bmbð jsthalj`jrsj ji Gjmjllçi. Ji mb`bjgarj mjl 1?8?, Hrturf Hrt urf Brbefyji sj bisthlð mj dfrgh mjdbibtbvh ji lh `hpbthl mj Hitbfqubh. Hitb fqubh. Fptð pfr ui ijef`bf mj “cjlhmfs gjxb`hifs‗ quj âl gbsgf mjshrrfllð. “@fgf if chy gèqubihs phrh ch`jr phljths ji @flfgabh, gj tf`ð `fistrubrlhs, gj hvjitâ tfmf jl prf`jsf‗, :=4 h`ftð.

:=4 Brbefyji, Gb`cjl Gb`cjl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Ifrtjøh. Lh `fistru``bði

gultbrjebfihl mj uih gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Ji @flfgabh, h lh tuih lj llhghi cbef.

^ 828 W

Jl rjsthurhitj Lh @htrbih, `fgjizð ji ghrzf mjl 1?80, mb`j Brbefyji, “gftbvhmf pfr lh ifsthlebh‗. Huiquj ji Gjmjllçi chy uih mf`jih mj rjsthurhitjs mj `fgbmh gjxb`hih, prfpbjmhm mj `flfgabhifs, “if rjspjthi lh `f`bih gjxb`hih, vjimji aurrbtfs y `cbgb`chiehs‗. :=5 _hrh mjshrrfllhr su prf`jsf ehstrfiðgb`f, Brbefyji vbhkð h Gâxb`f y lljvð h @flfgabh aflshs `fi sjgbllhs mj tfghtj, mj `cblj gfrbth, mj `cblj sjrrhif, mj `cblj khlhpjøf y mj `cblj chahijrf. Mj rjerjsf ji Gjmjllçi, lljeð h ui hùjrmf `fi ui `hgpjsbif, phrh quj âstj sj ji`hrehrh mj ùltbvhr lfs prfmu`tfs. Jl prfyj`tf mj Brbefyji js hrtjshihl, pfr jsf rjspjth jl tbjgpf mj prjphrh`bði quj rjqubjrj `hmh hlbgjitf. “Lh ùlturh ]jx-Gjx ]jx-Gjx jstè pfsb`bfihmh ji @flfgabh, ùhlqubjr cbkf mj vj`bif mb`j `fif`jr lh `fgbmh gjxb`hih. Jsf lhstbgh‗. :=3 Hrturf Brbefyji `fgpbtj `fitrh jl aurrf, `fitrh lh ghlh `hlbmhm mj lfs hlbgjitfs gjxb`hifs vjimbmfs ji Gjmjllçi, y `fitrh lfs jljvhmfs prj`bfs mj lh `fgpjtji`bh. Thlj lh pjih `fgphrtbr rjdljxbfijs quj Brbefyji ejijrð murhitj lh jitrjvbsth; ]jijgfs quj sustjithr iujstrf prfyj`tf ehstrfiðgb`f y ùlturhl. If sfgfs lh `lèsb`h bgheji mjl sfgarjmurf, mjl `h`tus> jsh bgheji if gj eusth y if lh qubjrf. Ifsftrfs sfgfs ùlturh, tjijgfs h lfs ghyhs, h @cbhphs, h Ru`htèi. ]jijgfs gu`cf quj fdrj`jr `fgf phrh hefthrifs ji ui aurrf quj if js mj ifsftrfs. Mjajgfs mjdjimjr lh trhmb`bði mjl ghçz y tfmfs sus mjrbvhmfs. ¶Js plhth f js ùlturh6 Gb hpujsth js quj `fi jl tbjgpf lh ùlturh mhrè plhth. Xujrjgfs mjkhr ui ljehmf ji @flfgabh, pfr jsf iujstrf prfyj`tf mj lh `hsfih. Lf tjijgfs prfyj`thmf phrh jl 1?8:. Pj trhth mj pfijrlj `jrjarf. Gb ijef`bf sj jstè `fivbrtbjimf ji ui luehr phrh ejitj quj shaj `fgjr `fgbmh gjxb`hih. Lh ejitj quj vbjij js lh quj ch vbhkhmf h Gâxb`f y shaj lh rbqujzh ehstrfiðgb`h mj Gâxb`f. Gbs `lbjitjs shaji sjphrhr lfs shafrjs y mjeusthr. Ifsftrfs if vflhitjhgfs ib tjijgfs rjmjs sf`bhljs, pfrquj jshs tj ljvhithi f tj h`hahi, y ji jstfs gfgjitfs if jstfy prjphrhmf phrh gfstrhr tfmh lh

:=5 Çmjg. :=3

Çmjg.

821

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

rbqujzh ùlbihrbh mj Gâxb`f. Jl prfaljgh ji @flfgabh js quj lh `fgbmh mj Gâxb`f sj `fif`j h trhvâs mj lh ùlturh ]jx-Gjx, sj mh pfr lh bidluji`bh mj Gbhgb ji @flfgabh.:=2

Gb`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji jstè `fitjitf ji Gjmjllçi, mb`j quj chy fpfrtuibmhmjs quj ji Gâxb`f if ji`fitrð pfr lh shturh`bði mjl gjr`hmf. Brbefyji jstè `fgprfgjtbmf `fi su prfyj`tf, hl erhmf mj ch`jr ibxthghl, gfljr ghçz, prjphrhr heuh mj cfr`chth, `cçh y khghb`h> hmjgès mj jlhafrhr utjisblbfs mj `f`bih `fgf jl trfgpf phrh `flf`hr lh `hrij quj lujef shzfihmh mh `fgf rjsulthmf lfs th`fs hl phstfr. H trhvâs mj su rjsthurhitj, Brbefyji jmu`h sfarj Gâxb`f, pujs “mjajs jsthr hl thitf mj lfs prfaljghs pflçtb`fs mj iujstrf phçs, jxplb`hrljs pfrquâ lfs lu`chmfrjs ushi gès`hrhs, `fithrljs lh cbstfrbh mjl _fpf`htâpjtl y mjl Bzth``çcuhtl> Bzth``çcuhtl> mj`brlj h lh ejitj quj js aujif `fgjr ifphl y gfstrhr quj jl mçh mj gujrtfs js ùlturh, if js Chllfwjji  ib ib Drjmmy Nrujejr , sbif sbgaflbsgf j cbstfrbh prfduimh‗.::? @fi lh bitji`bði mj sjeubr rjprjsjithimf `fi mbeibmhm h Gâxb`f, Gb`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji harbrè gès suùrshljs ji Gjmjllçi. Ji sus iujvfs jsph`bfs pbjish gfstrhr râplb`hs mj hrtj j bivbthr h erupfs hrtçstb`fs hr tçstb`fs phrh quj mbduimhi lh ùlturh gjxb`hih. Lh gûsb`h js bgpfrthitj ji Lh @htrbih, sbi jgahref, ji jstj rjsthurhitj if sj mbvuleh gûsb`h mj Tb`jitj Djrièimjz Djrièimjz ib mj Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj, “pfrquj trhthgfs mj gfstrhr ftrh `fsh, sbi mjgjrbthr lh `hrrjrh mj ihmbj‗.::8 Zif mj lfs fakjtbvfs mj Gb`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji js erhahr prferhghs prfer hghs mj ]T ZIHG, mjl `hihl 88 (B_I) y mjl 11 (@fihùlth), phrh lujef rjprfmu`brlfs ji sus jsthalj`bgbjitfs. Brbefyji Brbefyji hùsð h ]j ]jljvbsh ljvbsh mj dharb`hr uih bgheji ijehtbvh mj Gâxb`f, `fisjùji`bh mj lh trhisgbsbði mj prferhghs `fgf Lh Qfsh mj Euhmhlupj y Lhurh Afzf.::1

:=2 Çmjg. ::? Çmjg. ::8

Çmjg. ::1 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

820

Huiquj hl rjsthurhitj mj Gb`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji hùmji gu`chs pjrsfihs, âsths if tbjiji `fith`tf hleuif `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh, pujs lh vbsbði quj jl jitrjvbsthmf pfsjj sfarj lh ùlturh gjxb`hih js, mbehgfs, jlbtbsth. Lfs plhtbllfs quj vjimj Gb`cjl Brbefyji jstèi `hrfs, sbtuh`bði quj bivbth h pjishr quj lfs `fgjishljs sfi pjrsfihs h`fgfmhmhs quj, ji hphrbji`bh, jsthrçhi mbsthitjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh. H gb jitjimjr, Lh @htrbih if kujeh ibieûi rfl mj bgpfrthi`bh bgpfr thi`bh ji lh mbdusbði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ji @flfgabh. Lh L h cbstfrbh mj Gb`cjl Hrturf Hr turf Brbefyji mjgujstrh quj hui chabjimf gjxb`hifs ji @flfgabh, if sbeibdb`h quj âstfs prfgujvhi h tfmhs lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs gjxb`hihs, `fgf h vj`js sj pbjish. H Gb`cjl Hrturf Brbefyji lf `fif`ç ji mb`bjgarj mjl 1?80, ùhimf jstuvj vbvbjimf ji Gjmjllçi, @flfgabh, dbihi`bhmf pfr jl Dfi`h/@fihùlth mj Gâxb`f. Jl Dfimf Ih`bfihl phrh lh @ulturh y lhs Hrtjs mj Gâxb`f hpfyð ui prfyj`tf mj gb hutfrçh, quj tjiçh pfr fakjtbvf ch`jr vbsbalj lh bidluji`bh ùlturhl gjxb`hih ji Hitbfqubh, @flfgabh, h trhvâs tr hvâs mj lfs mujtfs djgjibifs mj lh `hi`bði rhi`cjrh y jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif. Lfs rjsulthmfs mj lh bivjstbeh`bði sj pualb`hrfi ji Jl Pçimrfgj mj lh Ifsthlebh, lbarf quj pujmji hmqubrbr ji Jmu`hl (@fihùlth), ji lfs puitfs mj vjith mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, ji djrbhs mj lbarf y ji Lh Lbarjrçh, uab`hmh ji lh _lhzh Phi Djrihimf mj lh `bumhm mj Euhihkuhtf `hpbthl. Jl Pçimrfgj mj lh Ifsthlebh js ui lbarf mj cbstfrbh sf`bhl mj lh gûsb`h quj lljih ui vh`çf cbstfrbferèdb`f. Lh prjsji`bh ùlturhl gjxb`hih ji tjrrbtfrbf `flfgabhif js harughmfrh, lhs bivjstbeh`bfijs quj ui sjrvbmfr ch cj`cf ji lh ih`bði `hdjthljrh, sfi jl `fgbjizf. If tjief mumhs quj lhs iujvhs ejijrh`bfijs mj bitjlj`tuhljs gjxb`hifs mjsùarbrèi ji lfs bitjr`hgabfs ùlturhljs Gâxb`f-@flfgabh, uih vjth quj sharèi jxplfthr.

82=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@H_Ç]ZLF BS LFP @CBLJIFP HGHI GÂSB@F

BIMJ_JIMJI@BH

M

j hùjrmf `fi Kfsâ Ghiujl Tbllhlphimf, ji 8311 hrrbað hl pujrtf pujr tf mj H`hpul`f ui `fitbiejitj ghrçtbgf mj frbeji frb eji `cbljif. Pj pbjish quj jsth dlfth ihvhl `cbljih lljeð phrh phr h hpfyhr h Tb`jitj Eujrrjrf, ji su lu`ch pfr `fisughr lh bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f. Jl ahthllði `cbljif jstuvf `fidfrghmf pfr lhs drhehths F Cbeebis, Bimjpjimji`bh y Thlmbvbh, pfr lh `frajth Hrhu`hif, y pfr lhs efljths Gjr`jmjs y Hrhizhzû. ]fmhs ahkf jl ghimf mjl bielâs Lfrm @fcrhij .::0 @fi jstj hitj`jmjitj, if js jxtrhøf quj jl 5 mj hefstf mj 8318, lh bgprjith mj Ghrbhif Qfmrçeujz chyh mbduimbmf ui Jxcfrtf _htrbðtb`f, ji jl ùhl sj bivbtð h lfs gjxb`hifs h tfghr `fgf jkjgplf h @cblj, ji lh lu`ch bimjpjimjitbsth. Jl mfùgjitf gji`bfih, hmjgès, quj @cblj “`fstjð jxpjmb`bfijs phrh lbajrhr h _jrû‗.::=

::0 Tbllhlphimf, Kfsâ Kfsâ Ghiujl, “@uhimf @cblj hyumð h Gâxb`f‗, ji ji (www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx (www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx , h``jsf; 8 mj kulbf mjl 1?80). ::=

Jxcfrtf phtrbðtb`f , ji Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, Khlbs`f, `=/Jxp.0-d1, Euhmhlhkhrh, 5 mj hefstf mj 8318.

^ 82: W

Ji 830?, `fi 18 høfs mj jmhm, Eharbjl Djrry (psjumðibgf mj Lubs mj Ajlljghrj) lljeð h Gâxb`f, jivbhmf pfr jl ahrði Djrry mj Ajlljghrj, su phmrj. Drhi`âs mj ih`bgbjitf, Eharbjl Djrry jrh jgahkhmfr mj lh ih`bði quj ji lh âpf`h rjprjsjithah “jl gès `fgpljtf rjdbihgbjitf y lh ùlturh gès mjlb`hmh‗.::: Ji su lbarf hutfabferèdb`f, Eharbjl Djrry Djrry sj rjdbjrj h @rbstbif Tjrehrh, Tjrehrh, ui `cbljif quj pjljð hl lhmf mj Gbeujl Cbmhlef y @fstbllh, murhitj lh prbgjrh jthph mj lh lu`ch bimjpjimjitbsth mj Gâxb`f. Lujef mj `fisughmh lh bimjpjimji`bh mj Gâxb`f, jl `cbljif @rbstbif Tjrehrh rjsbmbð ji jl pujalf mj _hlfs Gulhtfs, ji jl jsthmf mj Ihyhrbt, jitrj ]jpb` y Phi Alhs. ::4 @rbstbif Tjrehrh charçh lljehmf h Gâxb`f ji ui `fitbiejitj mj 1?? `cbljifs, qubjijs sj sughrfi h lh lu`ch bimjpjimjitbsth gjxb`hih, h lhs pf`hs sjghihs mj fùrrbmf jl erbtf mj Mflfrjs Cbmhlef, Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf.::5

@HPHP @FGJQ@BHLJP JI JL _H@ÇDB@F Jsthalj`bmh ji ]jpb`, ]jpb`, Ihyhrbt, h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, lh @hsh @fgjr`bhl Bieljsh mj Ahrrfi, Ahr rfi, Dfrajs y @fgphøçh, js bgpfrthitj phrh uab`hr hitj`jmjitjs gjr`hitbljs jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj. Ji ui lbarf mjl cbstfrbhmfr hljgèi, Uhltcjr L. Ajrij`njr , sj `fgphrtj ui mfùgjitf jgbtbmf jl 8 mj ghyf mj 83:4, ji ]jpb`, Ihyhrbt, Gâxb`f. ]jxtuhlgjitj mb`j; Lfs h`fitj`bgbjitfs chabmfs ji jsth `bumhm, h tfmh luz, `rbgbihljs y js`himhlfsfs, chi tjibmf su frbeji ji lh `hsh mj lfs sjøfrjs Ahrrfi, Dfrajs y @çh. Lh `rbgbihl `fimu`th mj jsth `hsh jxtrhikjrh bikbrbâimfsj ji iujstrfs hsuitfs pflçtb`fs phrh fatjijr gfifpflbf mjl `fgjr`bf, quj hitjs jkjr`çh y pjrmbð pfr lh cfirhmjz mj lfs iujvfs jgpljhmfs, js bitfljrhalj j bikustbdb`halj, dfrghimf `fitrhstj `fi lhs mjgès

::: Djrry,

Eharbjl, Lh vbmh gblbthr ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Jmbtfrbhl Hgârb`h, 82=:, p.3.

::4 Babm , p.858. ::5 Çmjg.

824

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

`hshs jxtrhikjrhs mj ]jpb` y Ghzhtlèi. Lh humh`bh y `bibsgf mj lh `hsh mj Ahrrfi, Dfrajs y @çh., ch`ji bi`fgphtbalj su jxbstji`bh `fi lh mj tfmf efabjrif bimjpjimbjitj y gfrhl, sjhi ùhljs dujrji lfs prbi`bpbfs pflçtb`fs quj âstj hmfptj, pujs lh lu`ch jitrj Gâxb`f y jsh `hsh, if js pflçtb`h, sbif s bif lh mjl rfaf ji lhs hmuhihs, jl `fcj`cf mj lfs kuj`js y jl sjrvblbsgf mj lfs dui`bfihrbfs pûalb`fs. ::3

Mj hùjrmf `fi Uhltcjr L. Ajrij`njr , lfs prbi`bphljs `fitrhahimbsths ji jl Gâxb`f mj prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SBS, jrhi bieljsjs y hljghijs.::2 Âstfs `fi`jitrhrfi sus fpjrh`bfijs ji jl _h`çdb`f gjxb`hif, pfr sjr uih rjebði `hrjitj mj dujrtjs y mj euhrmbhs `fstjrhs. :4? Ajrij`njr hdbrgh quj ji jl _h`çdb`f sj jsthalj`bjrfi `hshs `fgjr`bhljs quj ji`fitrhrfi ji jl `fitrhahimf uih ghijrh mj h`rj`jithr sus ehihi`bhs. @hshs `fgjr`bhljs `fgf Pprbi  (cbsphif-gjxb`hih), (cbsphif-gjxb`hih), J`cjeurji (jsphøflh), Phrgbjitf (pjruhih) y Ahrrfi him Dfrajs (bieljsh) pueihrfi pfr `fitrflhr jl trèdb`f mj gjr`hi`çhs ji jl _h`çdb`f.:48 Lh bieljsh Ahrrfi him Dfrajs, duj lh `hsh `fgjr`bhl gès bgpfrthitj mjl _h`çdb`f, murhitj lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SBS. Lh ghtrbz mj jsth dbrgh sj uab`ð ji ]jpb`, Ihyhrbt.:41 Lfs mujøfs mj lh @hsh @fgjr`bhl Bieljsh mj Ahrrfi, Dfrajs y @fgphøçh, jkjr`çhi, hmjgès, lfs `fisulhmfs bielâs, jsthmfuibmjisj y `cbljif, ji Gâxb`f.:40 Ajrij`njr hdbrgh quj jsth `brùisthi`bh pflçtb`h hyumð phrh quj Justh`j Ahrrfi y su s u sf`bf Dfrajs, `fitrhahimjhrhi `fitrhahimjhrhi gjr`hi`çhs prf`jmjitjs mj Jsthmfs Zibmfs, Bielhtjrrh y @cblj.:4= @fgf prftjebmf mj Hitfibf Lðpjz mj Phith Hiih, Justh`j Ahrrfi lljeð h

::3

Ajrij `njr, Uhltcjr, @fitrh Ajrij`njr, @fitrhahimf; ahimf; Bljehlbmhm y `frrup`bði ji jl Gâxb`f mjl sbelf SBS , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Bajrfhgjrb`hih, 822=, p.5:. Lh @hsh Ahrrfi-Dfrajs tuvf thitf pfmjr quj lj prjstð mbijrf h Ajibtf Kuèrjz, ji 83=5. ::2 Babm , p.02=. :4? Babm , p.02:. :48 Babm , p.=?0. :41 Çmjg. :40 Çmjg. :4= Ajrij`njr, p.=?0.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

825

bierjshr mj ghijrh bljehl blj ehl h Gâxb`f, h `bumhmhifs prf`jmjitjs prf`jmjitjs mj lhs trjs ih`bfijs quj lj `fidbhrfi sus thrjhs mbplfgètb`hs.:4:

PHLB]QJ Jitrj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 835? y 820?, lh j`fifgçh `cbljih sj ajijdb`bð mj lh jxplfth`bði mjl shlbtrj, `fif`bmf pfpulhrgjitj `fgf “frf alhi`f‗.:44 Mj hùjrmf `fi jl mfùgjithl Ifrtjøfs mjl Pur, lujef mj dbihlbzhmh lh Eujrrh mjl _h`çdb`f (8352-8330), y ji pljif huej mj lh prfmu``bði shlbtrjrh, _frdbrbf Mçhz, jitfi`js prjsbmjitj mj Gâxb`f, jivbð h @cblj, pfr pjtb`bði mjl Gbibstjrbf mj J`fifgçh `cbljif, ui `fitbiejitj mj 8?? gbijrfs frbuimfs mj Pfifrh, [h`htj`hs y Euhihkuhtf. Jl fakjtbvf jrh `hph`bthr h lfs `cbljifs quj gberhrfi mjl sur `hgpjsbif hl ifrtj gbijrf, `fi lh prjgbsh mj trhahkhr ji lh bimustrbh mjl shlbtrj. Kuitf h lfs gbijrfs, Gâxb`f jivbð ui `fitbiejitj mj 1? gûsb`fs, prjsugbaljgjitj uih frqujsth tçpb`h bitjerhmh bitjer hmh pfr dblhrgðib`fs ihtbv ihtbvfs fs mj Gb`cfh`èi y mj Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf.:45

]JQQJGF]FP Mj hùjrmf `fi jl jtifgusb`ðlfef jtifgusb`ðlfef,, Kuhi _half _half Efizèljz, ji 8320 tuvf luehr ui tjrrjgftf `fi jpb`jitrf ji _uith Hrjihs, gbsgf quj prfpb`bð lh lljehmh mj rjpjrtfrbf gjxb`hif ji phrtbturhs phr tbturhs h @cblj. Jsths phrtbturhs lljehrfi ji uih jgahr`h`bði `fi hyumh cughibthrbh quj ghimð _frdbrbf Mçhz.:43 Jl

:4: Çmjg. :44 Ghlmfihmf,

@crbstbhi, Ifrtjøfs mjl sur , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?81.

:45 Çmjg. :43 Çmjg.

823

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

bitjr`hgabf cughibthrbf y ùlturhl, prfsbeubð ji lfs tjrrjgftfs mj Thlphrhçsf 82?4, @fpbhpð 8283, Thlljihr 8211, Hysâi 8215, ]hl`h 8213 y @cbllèi 8202. Âstj ûltbgf `fbi`bmbð `fi jl efabjrif mj Lèzhrf @èrmjihs mjl Qçf, qubji jxprjsð lh sflbmhrbmhm gjxb`hih, jivbhimf hl ahr`f @uhuctâgf`.:42 Ji âstj vbhkhrfi mfs cfspbthljs gblbthrjs phrh htjimjr h lfs cjrbmfs. Lf gès rjvjlhmfr mjl jpbsfmbf js quj kuitf h lfs sjrvb`bfs gâmb`fs, lljeð h @cblj ui `fitbiejitj mj ghrbh`cbs, `chrrfs y `cbihs pfalhihs.. Lh trbpulh`bði gjxb`hih mjsjgahr`ð ji Thlphrhçsf. pfalhihs Thlphrhçsf. “Hsç, “Hsç, lhs `hlljs mj @cblj sj lljihrfi mj `chrrfs h `hahllf, mj `cbihs pfalhihs y mj `hi`bfijs rhi`cjrhs‗.:5? Gfyrh Cflzhpdjl, Mbrj`tfrh mj lh @hsh mj Hrtj Mbjef Mbj ef Qbvjrh, uab`hmh ji _ujrtf Gfitt, rjùjrmh quj mjabmf hl tjrrjgftf tjr rjgftf quj mjvhstð h Thlmbvbh y h @fi`jp`bði, ji ghy ghyff mj 824?, jl sur mj @cblj sj vbf hdj`thmf. Ji _ujrtf Gfitt, lfs pbitfrjs sj qujmhrfi sbi ui jsph`bf mfimj trhahkhr tr hahkhr.. Lh vbsbth mjl jgahkhmfr mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj h lh `bumhm surjøh, duj mj`bsbvh pujs erh`bhs h su bitjrvji`bði, jl efabjrif gjxb`hif cbzf uih `fisbmjrhalj mfih`bði, `fi lh quj sj `fistruyð ui `jitrf ùlturhl, gbsgf quj sj bihueurð ji ifvbjgarj mj 824=. Ji herhmj`bgbjitf, he rhmj`bgbjitf, lfs `cbljifs lf llhghrfi @hsh mj Hrtj Mbjef Qbvjrh.:58 Lujef mj h`fitj`bmf jl tjrrjgftf mjl 15 mj djarjrf mjl 1?8?, Gâxb`f jivçf hyumh cughibthrbh h @cblj. Jl 83 mj ghrzf mjl 1?80, lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj prjsbmbð uih jitrjeh mj rj`fif`bgbjitfs h bitârprjtjs, gûsb`fs, `flj``bfibsths mj mbs`fs, lfùtfrjs mj rhmbf, jgprjshrbfs, y ji ejijrhl, h `rjhmfrjs `cbljifs quj mbduimji lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs hl bitjrbfr mj lh ih`bði trhshimbih. ]hitf lh hyumh cughibthrbh jivbhmh pfr Gâxb`f ji jl høf 1?8?, `fgf lh `jrjgfibh mj rj`fif`bgbjitfs h lhs gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs gj xb`hihs `jljarhmh ji ghrzf mjl 1?80 pfr lh Jgahkhmh mj Gâxb`f ji @cblj, rhtbdb`hi jl bitjr`hgabf ùlturhl ejijrhmf jitrj hgafs phçsjs.

:42 Çmjg. :5?

Çmjg. :58 Çmjg.

]QH]HMF GÂSB@F-@CBLJ Jl 5 mj ghrzf mj 8308, Gbeujl Qhgfs Hrbzpj mj Gâxb`f y Kfhquçi @hgpbif mj @cblj, dbrghrfi jl ]rhthmf mj Hgbsthm, @fgjr`bf y Ihvjeh`bði jitrj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs Gjxb`hifs y lh Qjpûalb`h mj @cblj. Jl mfùgjitf `bth tjxtuhlgjitj quj “jl efabjrif mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs Gjxb`hifs pfr uih phrtj, y jl mj lh Qjpûalb`h mj @cblj pfr lh ftrh, mjsjhimf `fidbihr y jstrj`chr lfs sjitbgbjitfs mj drhtjribmhm quj jitrj hgahs Qjpûalb`hs chi jxbstbmf sbjgprj, pfr lh bmjitbmhm mj su frbeji, fr beji, bmbfgh, `fstugarjs j bitjrjsjs> jsthalj`ji rjelhs sjeurhs phrh lh `fisjrvh`bði y jl dfgjitf mj sus rjlh`bfijs `fgjr`bhljs‗.:51 Lfs hrtçùlfs quj mhi dfrgh dfr gh hl trhthmf sfi lfs sbeubjitjs; 8. Lhs phrtjs `fitrhthitjs `fitrhthitjs mj`lhrhi quj quj lfs gjxb`hifs y lfs `cbljifs, `cbljifs, mjsmj mjsmj su jitrhmh hl tjrrbtfrbf mj lh uih f lh ftrh Qjpûalb`h, efzhrèi mj lh `fisbmjrh`bði, mjrj`cfs y ehrhitçhs, quj pfr lhs ljyjs mj uif y ftrf phçs efzhrfi ji jllhs, lfs quj chi fatjibmf `hrth mj ihturhljzh, `fi thi sflf h`rjmbthr hl phçs h quj pjrtjij`ji, jstèi ji pfsjsbði y ef`j mj ihturhlbzhmfs, ihtbvfs ihtbv fs f `bumhmhifs mj âl. _fmrèi fatjijr `hrth mj `bumhmhiçh. 1. Lfs ihturhljs ihturhljs mj hgahs hgahs Qjpûalb`hs Qjpûalb`hs efzhrèi efzhrèi mj lh uih y mj lh ftrh, ji lhs quj h`tuhlgjitj h`tuhlgjitj sj pjrgbtj, f ji hmjlhitj sj pjrgbtbjrj jitrhr h lfs sûambtfs y `bumhmhifs mj lh ih`bði gès dhvfrj`bmh. dhv frj`bmh. _fmrèi pjrghij`jr y rjsbmbr ji ùhlqubjr luehr mj lhs gji`bfihmhs Qjpûalb`hs, Qjpûalb`hs, y fùphrsj lbarj y sjeurhgjitj ji lh bimustrbh, prfdjsbði, ebrf u fdb`bf quj gès ljs `fivjieh, hrrjelèimfsj h lhs ljyjs mj `hmh phçs phrh sus ihturhljs rjspj`tbvfs. 0. _fmrèi mbspfijr mj su prfpbjmhm, mj ùhlqubjrh ùhlqubjrh `lhsj f mjifgbih`bði mjifgbih`bði quj sjh, pfr tjsthgjitf, mfih`bði f `fitrhtf, y su`jmjr beuhlgjitj pfr tjsthgjitf, habitjsthtf. =. Lfs ihturhljs mj hgahs Qjpûalb`hs quj ihvjehi ihvjehi ji auqujs auqujs,, `hsb gjr`hitjs, gjr`hitjs, `fgf mj eujrrh f phqujtjs, sj prjsthrèi gutuhgjitj, ji hlthghr y ji sus `fsths, tfmf eâijrf mj huxblbf,

:51 ]rhthmf

1??

Gâxb`f-@cblj, ji Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs , Khlbs`f, `=/Jxp.0-d1, Euhmhlhkhrh, 8 mj f`tuarj, 8308.

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

ji vbrtum mj lh hgbsthm quj jxbstj jitrj hgafs phçsjs, y pfmrèi mbrbebrsj, mbrbebr sj, hrrbahr, hi`lhr, hi`lhr, y pjrghij`jr ji tfmfs lfs pujrtfs mj uif y mj ftrf tjrrbtfrbf, tjr rbtfrbf, jxprjshgjitj chablbthmfs phrh jl `fgjr`bf pfr sus rjspj`tbvfs efabjrifs, y ch`jr vçvjrjs y rjpfijrsj mj tfmh hvjrçh, chsth pfijrsj ji jsthmf mj `fitbiuhr sus vbhkjs. :. Lfs mjsjrtfrjs mj lfs auqujs mj eujrrh, gjr`hitjs f phqujtjs, sjrèi hprjcjimbmfs y mjvujltfs bigjmbhthgjitj pfr lhs hutfrbmhmjs mj lfs luehrjs ji quj sj ji`fitrhsji, abji jitjimbmf quj h lh jitrjeh mjaj prf`jmjr lh rj`lhgh`bði mjl `fghimhitj f `hpbtèi mjl auquj rjspj`tbvf.. _fmrèi sjr mjpfrthmfs ji prbsbfijs pûalb`hs, chsth quj sj vjrbdbquj lh jitrjeh ji rjspj`tbvf dfrgh> pjrf jstj mjpðsbtf if pfmrè phshr mjl târgbif mj f`cf mçhs. 4. If sj phehrèi phehrèi ftrfs ib gès hltfs mjrj`cfs ji lfs pujrtfs gjxb`hifs pfr lh bgpfrthi`bh f jxpfrth`bði mj ùhlqubjr gjr`hi`çh ji auqujs `cbljifs, sbif lfs quj sj pheuji, f ji hmjlhitj sj phehrfi ji lfs gbsgfs pujrtfs mj Gâxb`f pfr lfs auqujs mj lh ih`bði gès dhv dhvfrj`bmh. frj`bmh. Ib ji lfs pujrtfs mj @cblj sj phehrèi ftrhs, ib gès hltfs mjrj`cfs pfr lh bgpfrth`bði f jxpfrth`bði mj ùhlqubjr gjr`hi`çh ji auqujs gjxb`hifs, sbif lfs gbsgfs quj ji mb`cfs pujrtfs mj @cblj pheuji, f ji hmjlhitj phehrhi lfs auqujs mj lh ih`bði gès dhvfrj`bmh. 5. Lhs phrtjs `fitrhthmhs `fitrhthmhs sj `fgprfgjtji sfljgijgjitj h quj lhs ijef`bh`bfijs ijef`bh`bfijs quj pujmji jithalhrsj jitrj lh `frtj mj Ghmrbm y ùhlqubjrh mj jllhs `fi jl fakjtf mj hsjeurhr lh bimjb imjpjimji`bh y lh phz, bi`luyhi y `fgprjimhi beuhlgjitj lfs bitjrjsjs h jstj rjspj`tf, thitf mj Gâxb`f, `fgf mj @cblj. R sj `fgprfgjtji thgabâi h bidlubr `fi lhs ftrhs Qjpûalb`hs mj Hgârb`h, hitjs sukjths h lh mfgbih`bði jsphøflh, phrh quj ji su `hsf, farji mj lh gbsgh ghijrh. 3. Jl trhthmf jsthrè vbejitj mjl mjl 5 mj ghrzf mj 8308, 8308, hl 5 mj ghrzf mj 83=8.:50

:50 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1?8

Jl trhthmf dbrghmf jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj, jl 5 mj ghrzf mj 8308, js bgpfrthitj pfrquj mjgujstrh quj jxbstçh ui lbarj dlukf mj gjr`hi`çhs y mj pjrsfihs jitrj hgahs ih`bfijs lhtbifhgjrb`hihs. Lfs gjxb`hifs ji @cblj y lfs `cbljifs ji Gâxb`f, jrhi lbarjs mj trhahkhr, mj ghtrbgfibhrsj y mj hmqubrbr abjijs ghtjrbhljs `fgf `hshs y tbjrrhs. @fi lh dbrgh mjl trhthmf, lfs `cbljifs hmqubrbjrfi lh ih`bfihlbmhm gjxb`hih, y lfs gjxb`hifs hsugbjrfi lh ih`bfihlbmhm `cbljih. If chy quj sjr guy bitjlbejitjs phrh jitjimjr quj murhitj lfs 8? høfs quj murð vbejitj jl trhthmf `fgjr`bhl jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj, cuaf ui dlukf ùhitbfsf mj `cbljifs quj hrrbahrfi h Gâxb`f, y mj gjxb`hifs quj prfahrfi dfrtuih ji jl sur mjl `fitbijitj hgjrb`hif. Js guy pfsbalj quj Kfhquçi Gurrbjth chyh ih`bmf ji @cblj, y if ji Gâxb`f.

@CBLLÈI Mj hùjrmf `fi Kjmrjn _utth Gulhrsnb , jl tjrrjgftf mj 8202, `fi jpb`jitrf ji lh rjebði mjl Abfaçf, “rjdfrzð jl hdj`tf quj @cblj sbjitj pfr Gâxb`f‗. :5= Zlbsjs Tjrehrh, Gbibstrf mj Jmu`h`bði _ûalb`h mj @cblj, rj`babð uih mfih`bði mj Lèzhrf @èrmjihs mjl Qçf, jitfi`js _rjsbmjitj mj Gâxb`f, phrh quj sj `fistruyjrh lh Jsùjlh Gâxb`f ji @cbllèi, tbjrrh mj Tbfljth _hrrh. Ji 82=?, Ghiujl Èvblh @hgh`cf `fgbsbfið h Shvbjr Eujrrjrf y h Mhvbm Hldhrf Pbqujbrfs phrh quj pbithrhi, ji lhs bisthlh`bfijs mj lh prbghrbh mfihmh pfr Lèzhrf @èrmjihs, lfs gurhljs Gâxb`f h @cblj (Eujrrjrf) y Gujrtj hl bivhsfr (Pbqujbrfs).:5: :5=

Gulhrsnb, Kjmrjn _utth, “Gjxb`hif fr @cbljhi. Gjxb`hi rhi`cjrh gusb` him ihtbfihlbsg ihtbfihlbsg bi @cblj‗, ji Ptumbjs bi , Zibvjrsbty fd ]jxhs _rjss, T Tfl. fl. 0?, 1?81, p.41. Lhtbi Hgjrb`hi @ulturj :5: Çmjg. Murhitj gb jsthi`bh ji Phitbhef, gj jitjrâ quj uifs rjsthurhmfrjs gjxb`hifs jivbhmfs jivbhmfs pfr jl Bistbtutf Ih`bfihl mj Ajllhs Hrtjs mj Gâxb`f (BIAH), sj ji`fitrhahi ji @cbllèi, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj rjsthurhr lfs gurhljs mj Pbqujbrfs y Eujrrjrf, lujef mj quj âstfs sj vbjrhi vbjr hi mhøhmfs pfr jl tjrrjgftf quj hzftð h @cblj ji djarjrf mjl 1?8?. Lh jsùjlh prbghrbh sj llhgh Gâxb`f y jstè uab`hmh ua b`hmh ji lh Hvjibmh Hvjibmh F Cbeebis, drjitj h lh _lhzh Phitf Mfgbief. Lfs gurhljs yh chaçhi sbmf rjsthurhmfs ji jl 1??3, pjrf mfs høfs mjspuâs tuvbjrfi quj rjerjshr lfs jspj`bhlbsths mjl BIAH, pujs jl tjrrjgftf mj

1?1

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Gulhrsnb hdbrgh quj jxbstj ui dlukf `fgjr`bhl jitrj Gâxb`f y @cblj, mjsmj lh âpf`h `flfibhl, ùhimf h trhvâs mj lfs pujrtfs mj H`hpul`f y Thlphrhçsf, ui sbi iûgjrf mj gjr`hi`çhs `cbljihs lljehrfi h Gâxb`f, y vb`jvjrsh.:54 Mb`j thgabâi, quj h prbi`bpbfs mjl sbelf SS, `hi`bfijs gjxb`hihs `fgf Hgjlbh y Pfarj lhs flhs mj Kuvjitbif Qfshs, Qfshs, _jrkurh _jrkurh mj Gbeujl Ljrmf mj ]jkhmh, y Jl Gur`bâlhef mj Gjljsbf Gfrhljs, dujrfi pfpulhrjs ji Phitbhef mj @cblj.:55 Murhitj su `hgphøh h lh prjsbmji`bh mj lh rjpûalb`h ji 821?, Hrturf Hr turf Hljsshimrb _hlgh, hmfptð lh vjrsbði gjxb`hih mj @bjlbtf lbimf phrh hlljehrsj hmjptfs, lf quj chalh, sjeûi Gulhrsnb , mj lh bgpfrthi`bh jgftbvh quj tbjij Gâxb`f phrh lfs `cbljifs.:53 Jl h`hmâgb`f jsthmfuibmjisj, Kjmrjn _utth Gulhrsnb  fpbih fpbih quj sb lfs `cbljifs Tb`jitj Cubmfarf, Eharbjlh Gbstrhl y _half Ijrumh, sj rhmb`hrfi ji Gâxb`f, duj pfrquj jitrj 820? y 825?, jl phçs hztj`h “sj jrbebð `fgf lh gj`h ùlturhl mj Hgârb`h Lhtbih‗.:52 @fgphrtf uih `bth tjxtuhl tj xtuhl mj Ibahlmf Thljizujlh, phrh rjdfrzhr lf hreugjithmf; Gj `rbâ ji jl `hgpf, if chaçh ji quâ jitrjtjijrsj. Chaçh quj hlugarhrsj `fi vjlhs. Mj ibøf, ùhimf if tjiçhgfs rhmbf, ui sjøfr quj jrh jgpljhmf mjl duimf tjiçh lh rhmbf y lh pfiçh hdujrh mj su `hsh, h tfmf vflugji, phrh quj lh `fguibmhm jsù`chrh. Lujef, ùhimf `fgjizhrfi h shlbr lhs rhmbfs mj pblhs, tfmfs tjiçhi uih. Pfi rjùjrmfs mj 82:?. Ji @urb`ð if chaçh rhmbfs, pjrf ji lfs hlrjmjmfrjs `fgf Phi Djrihimf sç> ji Phith @ruz y ji ]hl`h thgabâi. Jshs rhmbfs `fgf tjiçhi fimh lhreh sj jsù`chahi, hsç quj tfmf jl mçh pfmçhs jsù`chr gûsb`h gjxb`hih pfrquj rjsulth quj ji Phitbhef chaçh mfs jsth`bfijs bgpfrthitjs phrh lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih; Qhmbf _rht y Qhmbf Phitbhef. Zih tjr`jrh rhmbf sj llhgð @ruz

djarjrf mjl 1?8?, hdj`tð ji ui 0:% lh `hph pb`tðrb`h mjl gurhl bitbtulhmf, Mj Gâxb`f h @cblj. Lfs gurhljs mj Pbqujbrfs y Eujrrjf sfi `fisbmjrhmfs phtrbgfibf ùlturhl mj @cblj. Âstfs, thgabâi bidluyjrfi ji lh dfrgh`bði mj hrtbsths `fgf Kulbf Js`ègjz, gurhlbsth `cbljif quj mjsth`ð `fgf blustrhmfr mj lh farh mj _half Ijrumh. :54 Gulhrsnb, p.:3. :55 Çmjg. :53 Çmjg. Hljsshimrb duj prjsbmjitj mj @cblj ji mfs f`hsbfijs; mj 821? h 821: y mj 8201 h 8203. :52 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1?0

mjl Pur. Mjsmj quj mjspjrthahs chsth quj tj mfrgçhs, pfmçhs jsù`chr gûsb`h gjxb`hih, ahsthah `fi `hgabhr mj ùhmrhitj. Lfs prferhghs jrhi mj uih cfrh. H lhs 8? mj lh ghøhih jgpjzhah ui prferhgh ji Qhmbf Ih`bfihl `fimu`bmf pfr ui ehllf mj vfz pjshmh quj sbjgprj chalhah `fgf tbpf gjxb`hif. Qhmbf Ruiehy Ruiehy trhisgbtçh gûsb`h gjxb`hih gjx b`hih mj 81 mjl mçh h 1 mj lh thrmj, mj 81 mjl mçh h 8 mj lh thrmj tjiçhs t jiçhs h Qhmbf @hrrjrh, mj lhs 1 h lhs = mbspfiçh mj Qhmbf @fimj mj @urb`ð> mjspuâs Qhmbf Lbajrthm quj phshah mj = h : mj lh thrmj. Hc, y tjiçhs mj 0 h = mj lh thrmj h Qhmbf Gjlbpbllh quj sj jsù`chah ji @urb`ð. Qhmbf _rht tf`hah guy aujihs `hi`bfijs mjl Mujtf Drfitjrh, mj 81 h 8 mj lh thrmj. Mj lhs : h lhs 4 tjiçhs h Qhmbf Pumhgjrb`hih mj Phitbhef> h lhs 5 jgpjzhmh mj iujvf lh Qhmbf @ruz mjl Pur, y hl tjrgbihr Qhmbf Pfajrhiçh mj Lbihrjs. Bi`lusf cuaf uih rhmbf quj sj llhgð Lh Drfitjrh mj ]jgu`f quj trhisgbtçh gûsb`h gjxb`hih mj 8? h 81 mj lh if`cj. Hsç pfmçhs jsù`chr gûsb`h gjxb`hih tfmf jl mçh. Qjùjrmf chajr jsù`chmf prferhghs mj gûsb`h gjxb`hih cj`cfs ji Jùhmfr. Qhmbfs quj trhisgbtbjrfi gûsb`h gjxb`hih ji lh mâ`hmh mj 824? dujrfi; Qhmbf @rfifs, Pfajrhiçh mj Lbihrjs, Qhmbf Thlphrhçsf, Qhmbf @hutçi, Qhmbf Lhuthrf mj ]hl`h, Qhmbf Herbùlturh mj Phitbhef, Qhmbf Ruiehy, Qhmbf Gbijrçh, Qhmbf mj Fsfrif, Qhmbf @ðimfr, Qhmbf Pumhgjrb`hih, Qhmbf @rbstðahl @flði, Qhmbf _rht, Qhmbf Aulijs, Qhmbf Drfitjrh mj ]jgu`f, ]jgu`f, Lhs Qjbihs, Qhmbf Ghehllhijs, Qhmbf Pbgði Aflçvhr, A flçvhr, Qhmbf @fimj mj @urb`ð, Qhmbf Lbajrthm mj @urb`ð, Qhmbf Phitbhef, Qhmbf Jsgjrhlmh, Qhmbf @jrvhitjs, Qhmbf Qhi`heuh, @ruz mjl Pur, Qhmbf @frpfrh`bði, Iujvf Guimf, Qhmbf @frpfrhtbvh, Qhmbf _rbjtf, Qhmbf Pur, Qhmbf Ahlgh`jmh, Qhmbf Pjrjih, Qhmbf mjl Phlbtrj, Qhmbf mjl _h`çdb`f, Qhmbf Ih`bfihl, Qhmbf Qj`rjf mj Thlphrhçsf y Qhmbf @cbljih.:3?

:3? Thljizuj Thljizujlh, lh,

Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

1?=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@H_Ç]ZLF S ¡HQQBAH JL IFQ]J!

GÛPB@H MJ H@FQMJÐI R AHKF PJS]F:38

H

dbihljs mj ghyf mjl 1?8=, ji jl ghr`f mjl _rbgjr @flfqubf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj lh Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Gjxb`hih, `jljarhmf ji lh `bumhm mj ]h`ègahrf, Gb`cfh`èi, Gâxb`f, Ajikhgçi Gurhthllh prjsjitð jl lbarf ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! Gûsb`h mj h`frmjði y ahkf sjxtf. Jstj bgpfrthitj mfùgjitf `fisth mj mfs tfgfs; ji jl prbgjrf sj prfaljghtbzh h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih mjsmj sus frçejijs, gbjitrhs quj ji jl sjeuimf sj hafrmh lh prjsji`bh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji lhtbtumjs `fgf JJZZ, @cblj, @flfgabh, Arhsbl, Tjijzujlh y Cflhimh. Jl lbarf js bgpfrthitj pfrquj vbjij h lljihr ui vh`çf cbstfrbferèdb`f.

:38 ]fgf B. Ejsth`bði Ejsth`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. ]fgf BB. ]rhisih`bfihlbzh`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Gâxb`f, 1?80, BIHC / @fihùlth.

^ 1?: W

H pjshr mj lf trhs`jimjithl quj js lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh phrh jl jstumbf y lh `fgprjisbði mj lh gjxb`hibmhm ji jl sbelf SSB, lhs bisthi`bhs euajrihgjithljs mj Gâxb`f chi sbmf tbabhs phrh mbduimbr lfs rjsulthmfs mj lhs bivjstbe bivjstbeh`bfijs h`bfijs quj sj chi mjshrrfllhmf hl bitjrbfr mj iugjrfshs uibvjrsbmhmjs y `jitrfs mj bivjstbeh`bði gjxb`hifs. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! lbarf jmbthmf pfr jl Bistbtutf Ih`bfihl mj Hitrfpflfeçh j Cbstfrbh, rfgpj `fi lf jsthalj`bmf y sj jrbej `fgf ui phrhmbegh hl bitjrbfr mj lh cbstfrbferhdçh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl lbarf ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js bgpfrthitj pfrquj rjiujvh lhs prjeuiths mj bivjstbeh`bði quj mjajgfs dfrgulhrlj h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Hitjs mj quj shlbjrh h lh luz jstj bgpfrthitj trhahkf, ji iugjrfsfs `çrùlfs h`hmâgb`fs mj Gâxb`f, sj hmfptð `fgf sbiðibgf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih hl `frrbmf. Lh `frrbmbzh`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih js ui jrrfr gjtfmflðeb`f quj ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! mjgujstrh. Js uih jqubvf`h`bði pjishr quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sj hefth ji jl hièlbsbs lçrb`f mjl `frrbmf> âstj, hmjgès mj lh pflnh y jl cuhphief, js uif mj lfs vhrbfs eâijrfs quj lj mhi `frpus. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js bgpfrthitj b gpfrthitj pfrquj prfaljghtbzh hspj`tfs tjðrb`fs `fgf lh bgprfvbsh`bði gusb`hl, lh jtiflhumjrçh, lh jstâtb`h y lfs bitjr`hgabfs ùlturhljs, jitrj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs `fgf lh ifrtjifrtj øh y jl ghrbh`cb. Jl lbarf ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!  ifs ifs rjùjrmh quj hl chalhr mj gûsb`h if mjajgfs flvbmhr lfs prbi`bpbfs dfrghljs mj âsth, huiquj lfs jstblfs ji ùjstbði sjhi pfimjrhmfs `fgf pfpulhrjs. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! mjgujstrh quj pjishr quj lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs mjkhi mj sjr gûsb`h pfr jsthr hsf`bhmhs h lhs ghshs, js uih vbsbði jstjrjftbphmh y sjsehmh quj ifs hljkh mjl sjitbmf hutâitb`f mjl `fif`bgbjitf. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! jstè ljkfs mj sjr ui lbarf quj rjprfmuz`h pfsturhs jsji`bhlbsths quj rjstrbieji jl jstumbf mj lhs gûsb`hs h lh cbstfrbh mj lfs gûsb`fs. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js uih prfpujsth mj hvhizhmh hvhizhmh tjðrb`h y gjtfmflðeb`h, quj mbsùtj jl usf mj iujvhs dujitjs `fgf `hi`bfijrfs, pfrthmhs mj mbs`fs y pfsthljs, ji jl jstumbf sbstjgètb`f mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jstj bgpfrthitj mfùgjitf cbstfrbferèdb`f, bi`luyj ui `hpçtulf ji jl quj sj mbs`bjrij sfarj jl phpjl quj chi kuehmf jl `bij y lh lbtjrhturh, ji lh mbdusbði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Zi h`bjrtf mjl lbarf ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! duj `fivf`hr h bivjstbehmfrjs mj lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs `fgf Kuhi @hrlfs Qhgçrjz-_bgbjith, h Ghrbsfl Dhùsj Guøfz mj @cblj, h Mbrn Lftejrbin mj Cflhimh, y h Kfrej Hgðs Ghrtçijz Hyhlh mj Gâxb`f.

1?4

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js jl iûgjrf :2 mj lh `flj``bði ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, quj jl BIHC, h trhvâs mj su dfiftj`h, jmbthmh mjsmj 8240. Js, ji sjitbmf jstrb`tf, ui dfiferhgh `fi dfrghtf mj lbarf. Jl prbgjr tfgf mj ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! `fitbjij 110 pèebihs mj tjxtf, gbjitrhs quj jl sjeuimf tfgf prjsjith 1:4 ùhrtbllhs mj bidfrgh`bði. ]fmhs lhs `flhafrh`bfijs, js`rbths pfr vjrmhmjrfs jspj`bhlbsths mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, sfi mj hltçsbgh `hlbmhm. If tjief mumh quj jl lbmjrhzef mj Ajikhgçi Gurhthllh, Puambrj`tfr mj lh Dfiftj`h mjl BIHC, rjsultð trhs`jimjithl ji lh `fi`jp`bði y ghtjrbhlbzh`bði mj jstj lbarf-mbs`f. @fgf mbkj, ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js ui lbarf h`fgphøhmf pfr jkjgplfs gusb`hljs quj rjdujrzh lhs `hvblh`bfijs quj lfs hutfrjs `fgphrtji h trhvâs mj sus js`rbtfs. js`rb tfs. ]fmf ]fmf bimb`h, quj lh jlj``bði mjl rjpjrtfrbf rjspfimj h uih ij`jsbmhm pfr rj`fif`jr lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs gukjrjs hl bitjrbfr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Murhitj lh âpf`h mfrhmh mfr hmh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih (82:?-825?), lfs mujtfs djgjibifs mjsth`hrfi ji lh jsdjrh gjmbètb`h. ]jghs mj mujtfs `fgf Lhs Cjrghihs Cujrth, Lhs Ifrtjøbths, Lhs Hmjlbths, Lhs Cjrghihs Hrbhs y Lhs Hltjøbths, sfi bi`lubmfs ji jl prbgjr mbs`f, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj mjgfstrhr quj lhs gukjrjs dfrghi phrtj mj lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lhs gukjrjs if sðlf dbeurhrfi ji lfs mujtfs djgjibifs, thgabâi lf cb`bjrfi `fgf sflbsths, y pfr supujstf, `fgf bitjerhitjs mj mujtfs gbxtfs. Mjitrf mj lfs mujtfs gbxtfs quj gès bidluyjrfi ji lfs mjrrftjrfs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! `fisbmjrh h Qbth y Kfsâ, bitjerhmf pfr Kfsâ Lfrjizf Gfrhljs y pfr su jspfsh Qbth Ljði. Zi sjeuimf mujtf gbxtf trhs`jimjithl phrh lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih js Hlgh Ifrtjøh, `fidfrghmf pfr Hlgh [jrgjøf [jr gjøf y Heustçi Gfrjif Qhzf, ui vbrtufsf mjl ahkf sjxtf, sj xtf, ih`bmf ji jl rhi`cf mj Lfs L fs Qhzfs, guib`bpbf mj Phlhghi`h, Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf. Hlgh [jrgjøf, h su vjz, dfrgð `fi su cjrghif Ljði [jrgjøf, ji lh sjeuimh gbthm mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, jl Mujtf Cjrghifs [jrgjøf, [jr gjøf, frbebihrbf mj @frrhljkf, Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf. Lh gukjr, ji sugh, ch jsthmf prjsjitj y h`tbvh ji lh `fisthitj bivji`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Mj hùjrmf `fi lfs `flhafrhmfrjs mj ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!, jxbstj uih cbstfrbh fdb`bhl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih quj ch beifrhmf lhs hpfrth`bfijs quj lhs `hithmfrhs mjl sbelf SS, chi cj`cf. Ji jl prbgjr mbs`f sj bi`luyj ui tjgh mj Lfs Gfithøjsjs mjl Èlhgf, `fi jl fakjtbvf mj ch`jr jvbmjitj lh bgpfrthi`bh quj tuvbjrfi lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs mj bivji`bði pfrdbrbhih, ji lh `fistru``bði

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1?5

cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ifr tjøh gjxb`hih. @fi Jl mbijrf js rjmfimf mj Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, sj ch`ji jxplç`btfs hrrjelfs mj trfgpjths ghrbh`cjrhs quj vujlvji jvbmjitjs lfs bitjr`hgabfs ùlturhljs jitrj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih y jl ghrbh`cb ih`bfihlbsth (jl quj ush trfgpjth). ]hgabâi bi`luyji trjs afljrfs `fi jl prfpðsbtf mj mjgfstrhr quj uih mj lhs ghyfrjs vbrtumjs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, js su iftfrbh `hph`bmhm mj hmhpth`bði j bi`frpfrh`bði mj gfmhs gusb`hljs, `fgf lf duj jl afljrf ji lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?. Ji jl gbsgf vflugji sj prjsjith ui tjgh erhahmf ji jl høf mj 8243 pfr jl mujtf, Nbnf y @cuy, quj gujstrh jl bgph`tf y lh bidluji`bh mjl rf`n ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lhs hpfrth`bfijs bimçejihs h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih jstèi rjprjsjithmhs ji jl prbgjr mbs`f, h trhvâs mj lh vfz mjl sfifrjisj Qhgði Tjeh `fi jl tjgh Dlfr mj `hpfgf y ji lh pjrsfih mj Ghrehrbtf @hljrf Ghrtçijz `fi lh gjlfmçh Zi høf mj hefiçh. Lh `hi`bði bitjrprjthmh pfr Qhgði Tjeh, js uih `fplh quj sj bis`rbaj ji lh trhmb`bði frhl mjl rjpjrtfrbf gusb`hl mj lfs erupfs bimçejihs mj ùlturh `hcçth. @fi Qhgði Tjeh y Ghrehrbtf @hljrf Ghrtçijz, ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! mjgujstrh quj erupfs bimçejihs `fgf lfs Rhqubs y Ftfgçjs, chi phrtb`bphmf ji lh mjdbib`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ji lh `fistru``bði mjl prbgjr mbs`f, jstè prjsjitj lh prjsji`bh mj lh gukjr ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, pjrf mjsmj lh ihrrh`bði mj trhejmbhs f `frrbmfs. @fgpfsb`bfijs `fgf Lh jithllhmbth `fi Lfs Cjrghifs Ahimh mj Phlhghi`h, Lh ghl`hshmh `fi Jl _hlfgf y Jl Efrrbði, Lh prj`bfsh `fi Lfs Qjlègphefs Qjlègphe fs mjl Ifrtj Ifr tj y Lh pjlf mj frf `fi Lfs Ghmruehmfrjs mjl Ahkçf, mhi ùjith mjl djiðgjif. Lh gukjr if sðlf ch jsthmf vbejitj ji jsth gûsb`h gjxb`hih mjsmj lh bitjrprjth`bði, sbif thgabâi mjsmj lh ihrrh`bði. @frrbmfs `fgf Lh pjlf mj frf, erhahmf frbebihlgjitj h dbihljs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:? pfr jl mujtf Qhy y Lupbth, chalhi mj lhs gukjrjs `fgf sjrjs dujrtjs, `fitjsthrbfs y trhiserjsfrjs. Lh sjlj``bði y jlhafrh`bði mjl rjpjrtfrbf quj mh ùjrpf hl sjeuimf mbs`f rjspfimj h lh ij`jsbmhm mj ch`jr mjl `fif`bgbjitf gjxb`hif, lh bidluji`bh quj tbjij lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji mbdjrjitjs lhtbtumjs mjl guimf. Ji jl sjeuimf mbs`f sj trhisbth pfr @cblj, Tjijzujlh, Tjijzujlh, @flfgabh, Arhsbl y Cflhimh. Pb ch`jgfs lh lj`turh `frrj`th mjl sjeuimf mbs`f, gès hllè mj lh dfl`lfrbzh`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, jitjimjrjgfs quj Gâxb`f sbeuj sbjimf “lh pftji`bh ùlturhl mj Lhtbifhgârb`h‗. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh dfrgh phrtj, jitfi`js, mjl `fielfgjrhmf gusb`hl quj ch`j mj Gâxb`f uih ih`bði hrtçstb`h mj hvhizhm hvhizhmh. h.

1?3

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jl sjeuimf dfiferhgh fdrj`j uih rb`h y vhrbhmh sjlj``bði gusb`hl `cbljih. @cblj js, qubzès, jl phçs quj ch hsbgblhmf lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih gj xb`hih `fi ui pfsb`bfihgbjitf gès purbsth y `fisjrvhmfr.. Jl eflpj gblbthr mj Hueustf _bif`cjt ji jl høf mj 8250, `hgabð jl ùrsf mj lh cbstfrbh mj lh gûmfr sb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji @cblj. Mjabmf h jstj h`fitj`bgbjitf, lh ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sj “ji`hpsulð‗, pjrghij`bð bigðvbl y jstètb`h, chsth prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822? quj `fgjizhrfi h lljehr lhs ifvjmhmjs ifvjm hmjs mjsmj Gâxb`f, h trhvâs tr hvâs mj ]jljvbsh. Mj dfrgh vbfljith, `cbljifs `fgf jl `flj``bfibsth mj gûsb`hs gjxb`hihs, Ibahlmf Thljizujlh Thljizujlh Djrièimjz, sj jitjrhrfi quj, lujef mj 85 høfs mj mb`thmurh, lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih quj `fif`bjrfi chaçh `jmbmf sus jsph`bfs rhmbfdðib`fs h iujvhs dfrghs gès jstblbzhmhs. Zif mj lfs ghyfrjs h`bjrtfs mj ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!  jstè jstè ji ùjstbfihr lh vbsbði mj `hrè`tjr fdb`bhlbsth quj mb`th; lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh js frbebihrbh mjl ifrjstj gjxb`hif (Iujvf Ljði, ]hghulbphs, @fhcublh y ]jxhs). Lj ahsthrfi 08 pèebihs h Kfrej Hgðs Ghrtçijz Ghrtçij z Hyhlh phrh mjsgbtbdb`hr lfs frçejijs mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Mj hùjrmf `fi jl bivjstbehmfr mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Gb`cfh`hih mj Phi Ib`flès mj Cbmhlef, “lh `bvblbzh`bði mj lh Iujvh Jsphøh utblbzð `fgf ahsj lh ùlturh y h lfs pujalfs gjsfhgjrb`hifs quj sj chaçhi jsthalj`bmf ji lfs gèrejijs mjl Ljrgh, ji fpfsb`bði h lfs erupfs iðghmhs mjl Hltbplhif y lfs mjsbjrtfs‗. Kfrej Hgðs Ghrtçijz Hyhlh `fisbmjrh quj lh if`bði mjl frbeji mj jsth gûsb`h `fgf uih `rjh`bði ifrtjøh “sbi lh bitjrvji`bði mjl `jitrf mjl phçs, thl vjz sj mjah hl `fidlb`tf jitrj Gfitjrrjy y jl Mbstrbtf Djmjrhl, quj sj heumbzð `fi jl mjshrrfllf j`fiðgb`f mjl ifrtj, gbjitrhs `fitbiuh lh mjpjimji`bh pflçtb`h‗. Mj hùjrmf `fi Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, “jl ifrtj mjaj gu`cf h lh ùlturh mjl Ahkçf, y prjtjimjr quj âsth js uih rjebði sjphrhmh mjl `jitrf, if pujmj sfstjijrsj gès‗. Jl Ahkçf ji lh bivji`bði mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, js uif mj lfs `hpçtulfs gès bgpfrthitjs mjl tfgf uif mjl lbarf ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! pfrquj sj jrbej `fgf lh zhphth quj sfpfrth uih mj lhs cbpðtjsbs `jitrhljs; lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih thgabâi js mjl Ahkçf. Bi`lusf, Bi`lusf, phrh mjgfstrhr lh bidluji`bh mjl Ahkçf hl bitjrbfr mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, lfs hutfrjs hdbrghi quj jl 3?% mj lfs mujtfs djgjibifs quj `fidbeurhrfi h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih murhitj lhs mâ`hmhs mj 82:?, 824? y 825?, ih`bjrfi ji jl Ahkçf.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1?2

¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! sjrè ui lbarf mj `fisulth falbehmh phrh tfmf hqujl h`hmâgb`f quj prjtjimh jstumbhr ji dfrgh sbstjgètb`h, h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. ]fmf gûsb`f prbi`bpbhitj quj tjieh `fgf prfpðsbtf bitjrprjthr gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, mjaj `fif`jr, ljjr y jsù`chr, jl lbarf-mbs`f, jmbthmf pfr jl Bistbtutf Ih`bfihl mj Hitrfpflfeçh j Cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! jstè llhghmf h sjr ui lbarf mj ùltf `fidfrgj vhyh `hgbihimf hl bitjrbfr mj uibvjrsbmhmjs y `jitrfs mj bivjstbeh`bði lhtbifhgjrb`hihs> lhtbifhgjrb`hihs> sfarj tfmf pfr jl sjitbmf mbmè`tb`f quj lj mh jl pfsjjr mfs dfiferhghs `fi jkjgplfs gusb`hljs, hmjgès mj tjxtfs. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! mjaj jitjimjrsj `fgf ui lbarf rjvflu`bfihrbf pfrquj mjrrf`h phrhmbeghs y `fistruyj iujvhs ruths mj bivjstbeh`bði quj mjajrèi sjr htjimbmhs `fi puituhlbmhm pfr lfs bivjstbehmfrjs ji `bjrijs. Gj rjsulth llhghtbvf quj ui trhahkf thi `fitjsththrbf chyh sbmf jmbthmf pfr uih bistbtu`bði fdb`bhl `fgf jl BIHC mj Gâxb`f. H tfmhs lu`js js ui h`bjrtf mjl Puambrj`tfr mj lh Dfiftj`h, Ajikhgçi Gurhthllh. @jljarð quj thi duimhgjithl hpfrth`bði sj chyh ejsthmf ji jl sjif Dfiftj`h, mj lh fdb`bhlbmhm pfrquj mjgujstrh quj lhs `bji`bhs sf`bhljs ji Gâxb`f, jstèi hvhizhimf. ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj! js ui gfmjlf quj mjaj bgbthrsj bgbthrs j ji jl ègabtf gjtfmflðeb`f, pfrquj trhis`bjimj mbs`bplbihs. H ibieûi bivjstbehmfr sj lj chaçh fùrrbmf quj lfs tjsthgjitfs sbrvbjrhi phrh bivjstbehr h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, pfr jkjgplf.

18?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@H_Ç]ZLF SB GÛPB@H IFQ]JØH JI BQH_ZH]F

Q

hyguimf Phbiz, h`frmjfibsth mj Lfs Ahimfljrfs mjl Ifrtj, ih`bð ji 8202, ji ui rhi`cf mj @bumhm Ghiujl Mfalhmf, Euhihkuhtf. Mjsmj 825? rhmb`h ji Brhpuhtf, h mfimj lljeð pfr bivbth`bði mj uifs dhgblbhrjs. _hrh Qhyguimf Phbiz lfs jishyfs ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih if sfi thi `fgplb`hmfs `fgf ji jl ghrbh`cb pfrquj sj trhahkh gjkfr `fi pf`fs gûsb`fs. Qhyguimf Qubz pfimjrh quj Brhpuhtf js uih mj lhs gjkfrjs plhzhs phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh pfrquj su pfalh`bði js mbvjrsh y pfrquj sj fdrj`ji, `fi rjeulhrbmhm, `fi`bjrtfs mj mujtfs y `fikuitfs ifrtjøfs ji dfrfs `fgf Jxpf Drjshs, Bidfrug, Jl Heuhkj y jl ]jhtrf mjl _ujalf.:31 Lfs Ahimfljrfs mjl Ifrtj sbeuji rjùrrbjimf h gâtfmfs hitbeufs `fgf `hi`bfijrfs phrh hprjimjrsj lh ljtrh mj gjlfmçhs quj jstrjihi `hmh dbi mj sjghih, gbjitrhs quj phrh gjgfrbzhr lh gûsb`h sj hpfyhi ji mbs`fs `fgph`tfs, `hsjtjs y plhthdfrghs mbebthljs.

:31

Phbiz, Qhyguimf Qhyguimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

^ 188 W

Lfs mj lh Pj``bði =?2, if sfi lfs ûib`fs gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs gjxb`hifs quj trhahkhi ji Brhpuhtf. Ji lh _lhzujlh Gbeujl Cbmhlef y sus hlrjmjmfrjs, js `fgûi ji`fitrhr mujtfs y trçfs ifrtjøfs quj fdrj`ji sus sjrvb`bfs h kuablhmfs y rhi`cjrfs quj rj`hlhi ji Brhpuhtf pfr ùjstbfijs mj `fgjr`bf. Ji lh _lhzujlh Gbeujl Cbmhlef, sj jiùjitrh jl gjr`hmf cfgðibgf mfimj uih js`jih `ftbmbhih js lh mj lfs ifrtjøfs tf`himf `hi`bfijs gbjitrhs lfs `lbjitjs hlgujrzhi th`fs. Ji tfrif hl Gjr`hmf Gbeujl Cbmhlef sj jiùjitrhi Mbs`fs y Fdjrths [jttjr, Mjpfrtbvf Abllhrjs Khlbs`f, Ahr Lhrh, @hitbih Lh Ifrtjøh, Lh _ujrth mjl Pfl, Jl @cfrrf y Khrmçi @frfih, sbtbfs quj mbduimji gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, ji jl `jitrf mj Brhpuhtf. Mjpjimbjimf mjl prjsupujstf, jl bitjrjshmf ji `fitrhthr gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih phrh su dbjsth ji Brhpuhtf, pujmj h`jr`hrsj h lh jxplhihmh mjl Jsthmbf Pjrebf Ljði @cèvjz, hl Gjr`hmf Gbeujl Cbmhlef f bimhehr ji lhs pèebihs mj lh Pj``bði Hghrbllh. Pb jl mjsjf mjl hehshkhmf js mbsdruthr mj ui auji erupf ifrtjøf gbjitrhs mjeusth `fgbmh gjxb`hih, lf bmjhl js hùmbr hl Afthijrf Khlhpjøfs. _hrh lfs `fgprhmfrjs quj mbspfiehi mj `hitbmhmjs bgpfrthitjs mj jdj`tbvf y tjiehi pjishmf sjeubr hgplbhimf su `flj``bði mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh, lh rj`fgjimh`bði js quj vbsbtji lh tbjimh Gbx Zp   mj _lhzh @bajljs, ji jl ifrtj mj Brhpuhtf Brhpuhtf.. Ftrfs jsph`bfs quj ch`ji sfihr lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih ji Brhpuhtf sfi Jl lbrbf, Lh ûltbgh `fph, Jl rbi`fi`btf afthijrf, Ahr Jl gjsði y Ahr ]jxhs, kuitf hl Gjr`hmf Pfstjijs Qf`ch. Jsths `hitbihs sj uab`hi sfarj lh @hlzhmh mj Euhmhlupj, h uifs gbiutfs mj lh phrhmh mj `hgbfijs dfrèijfs quj tbjiji pfr mjstbif rhi`cjrçhs `fgf @u`cbùhtf, Lh @hkh, Phi Khvbjr, Tjihmf mj Rfstbrf y Jl _blfi`bllf. Pfarj lh @hlzhmh mj Euhmhlupj pfibjitj jstèi lhs fdb`bihs mj erupfs ifrtjøfs `fgf Lfs Hstrfs mjl Ahkçf y Lfs Qjebfihljs mjl Arhv Ar hvf, f, hmjgès mj ghrbh`cbs `fgf Lfs @hrmjihljs ¶@fbi`bmji`bh6 If, lh @hlzhmh mj Euhmhlupj jstè shturhmh mj gûsb`h y mj gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs pfrquj js uih zfih trhisbthmh pfr ejitj mj rhi`cf, qubjijs rjprjsjithi jl gjr`hmf prbi`bphl phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl Ahkçf, cbstðrb`hgjitj, ch sbmf uih mj lhs rjebfijs gès bgpfrthitjs phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Pç pjishgfs ji âpf`hs gusb`hljs, ji lh mâ`hmh mj 825? dujrfi jxbtfsfs Lfs Cjrghifs Ahimh mj Phlhghi`h, ji 823? Lfs Qjebfihljs mjl Arhvf mj Brhpuhtf y ji lh mâ`hmh mj 822? jl Erupf

181

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Jxtjrgbihmfr mj Hahsflf> lfs prbgjrfs hsf`bhmfs h lh rhi`cjrh, lfs sjeuimfs h lh ùgabh y lfs tjr`jrfs hl `frrbmf mj ihr`ftrèdb`f. Phlhghi`h, `bumhm quj mjsmj 82=0 (dj`ch ji quj bib`bð fpjrh`bfijs lh rjdbijrçh Biejibjrf Hitfibf G. Hgfr mj _jgjx) `fgjizð h rj`babr fljhmhs mj gberhitjs thghulbpj`fs y ijfljfijsjs, mjsth`h pfr tjijr sbtbfs mj bitjrâs phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgf ]jxhs gji ji lh `hllj : mj ghyf, Qjsthurhitj Jl cuhstj`f y Lh jsqubih vhqujrh, ji lh `hllj Qjvflu`bði. _âikhgf prjsugj uif mj lfs tbhieubs gès htrh`tbvfs mjl sur mj Euhihkuhtf. @jljarhmf `hmh kujvjs, âstj hrrfph h erupfs ifrtjøfs mj `bumhmjs vj`bihs `fgf h Lfs Cjrghifs Xubitjrf mj Brhpuhtf. Lh @hlzhmh mj Euhmhlupj mbvbmj hl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mjl sur mj Brhpuhtf Br hpuhtf.. Ji jl sur mj lh `bumhm drjsjrh jxbstji ijef`bfs quj sj jspj`bhlbzhi ji lh rjith mj rf`nflhs, ji lh rjphrh`bði mj afths, `chghrrhs y sfgarjrfs vhqujrfs, hsf`bhmfs `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jl sur mj Brhpuhtf jstè lljif mj `hitbihs y tueurbfs quj mbduimji gûsb`h mj h`frmjði h`fr mjði y ahkf sjxtf. Jl sur mj Brhpuhtf Br hpuhtf js uih rjebði farjrh y `hgpjsbih> lljif mj ahrrbfs lugpjibzhmfs rjsulth bmjhl phrh lfs bitjrjshmfs ji jl jstumbf sf`bhl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. H uifs gbiutfs mj lh @hlzhmh mj Euhmhlupj, sfarj lh `hllj Cbmhlef, ji`fitrhgfs jl Khrmçi @frfih, `hitbih `fi gès mj :? høfs mj jxbstji`bh, htjimbmh pfr “Rjyf‗. H pjshr mj mbduimbr gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, h trhvâs mj su rf`nflh y mjl sbstjgh prbvhmf mj `halj (Ahimhghx), ji jl Khrmçi @frfih ûib`hgjitj sj pjrgbtj lh jitrhmh h trçfs bitârprjtjs mj afljrfs.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

180

@H_Ç]ZLF SBB LF@Z@BÐI IFQ]JØH GJSB@HIH

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i Brhpuhtf pumj `fith`thr h trjs lfùtfrjs; _jpj @harjrh y Ghrtçi Ibjtf Gfrhljs Gfr hljs mj lh SJAF, SJAF, hmjgès mj Hljkhimrf Alhi`hrtj mj lh SJUJ. _jpj @harjrh sjøhlð quj jitrð h trhahkhr h lh SJAF ji 8251 `fgf prferhghmfr, jitfi`js sj trhisgbtçh Jl haujlf Ehrzh h lh 8 mj lh thrmj. Jl haujlf Ehrzh jrh ui prferhgh mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih quj sj prfmu`çh ji Gfitjrrjy, y quj phshah pfr jl ùhmrhitj mj lh SJAF ji dfrgh mbrj`th, mj luijs h vbjrijs. Jl haujlf Ehrzh mjkð mj trhisgbtbrsj pfr lh SJAF ji 825:, duj sustbtubmf pfr ftrf mjl gbsgf `frtj hl quj llhghrfi @fi shafr ifrtjøf, ji ui cfrhrbf mj 3 h 2 mj lh ghøhih. Ghrtçi Ibjtf Gfrhljs `fimukf @fi shafr ifrtjøf, murhitj 8238, pfr lh SJAF.:30

:30

@harjrh, Kfsâ ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Mj hùjrmf `fi Kuhi Djrihimf Qbvjrh, jl Ahkçf tbjij hleuihs mj lhs plhzhs gès bgpfrthitjs phrh lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh (Ljði, Brhpuhtf y @jlhyh)> Gfitjrrjy js `hthlfehmh `fgf lh `hpbthl mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh y @ulbh`èi js jl luehr quj rfgpj phrhmbeghs j bgpfij dusbfijs gusb`hljs mjsmj ch`j ui phr mj mâ`hmhs. Ji Brhpuhtf jitrjvbstâ h Djlbpj [jttjr y h Ghrtçi Gfrhljs Phlhs> ji Gfitjrrjy h @rbstðahl Lðpjz @hrrjrh, y ji @ulbh`èi h Ebfvhiib Ehxbflh, h Kfrej Pèi`cjz y h Kuhi Kfsâ @ujtf, tfmfs vjimjmfrjs mj gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs gjxb`hihs.

^ 18: W

Ghrtçi Ibjtf Gfrhljs ih`bð jl 88 mj ifvbjgarj mj 8248, ji lh `hllj Ghthgfrfs mj Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, Gâxb`f. Biùrsbfið ji lh rhmbf ji 8255, erh`bhs hl hpfyf mj su phmrj, qubji jrh `fif`bmf mjl sjøfr Hitfibf @fitrjrhs, mujøf mj lh SJUJ mj Brhpuhtf. @fgjizð mjsjgpjøèimfsj `fgf bitjimjitj ji Qhmbf Erupf Hitfibf @fitrjrhs, chsth mjauthr `fgf lfùtfr mj lh SJGHP mj Phlhghi`h, Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, ji 8253. Ji 8252, sj cbzf rjspfishalj mj Qjvfltbkf Qjvfltbkf ifrtjøf, ui prferhgh jspj`bhlbzhmf ji lh mbdusbði mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh quj sj trhisgbtbð pfr SJR SJRH H mjl gbsgf `frpfrhtbv `frpfr htbvff rhmbfdðib`f. Qjvfltbkf ifrtjøf if bib`bð ji 8252, h Ghrtçi Ibjtf lj mbjrfi lh frmji mj sustbtubr h Ghrbf Qçfs Gâimjz. Jl ûltbgf jsph`bf rhmbfdðib`f quj Ghrtçi Ibjtf Gfrhljs `fimukf ji Qhmbf Erupf Hitfibf @fitrjrhs duj Qhi`cjrbths ghøhijrhs, ji mfimj sfihahi rhi`cjrhs y `frrbmfs h rbtgf mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh. Ji 823?, Hljkhimrf Ghrtçijz, mujøf mj lh SJAF, hmqubrbð lfs sjrvb`bfs mj Ghrtçi Ibjtf Gfrhljs phrh quj âstj sj mjsjgpjøhrh `fgf lfùtfr ji su jsth`bði. Zi høf mjspuâs, ji 8238, lh SJAF bihueurð @fi shafr ifrtjøf. “_fr hqujllfs høfs if chaçh bitjrijt, lh ejitj pjmçh sus `hi`bfijs gjmbhitj `hrths quj jivbhah hl hphrthmf 51‗.:3=@fi shafr ifrtjøf sj ghituvf ji jl eustf mj sus rhmbfjsù`chs mj 8238 h 8234, phrh mhrlj phsf h Dfehth Dfehth ifrtjøh. Lh lfiejvbmhm mj lfs prferhghs prfe rhghs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, prfmu`bmfs ji Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, jsthah ji dui`bði mj sus phtrf`bihmfrjs> jllfs thgabâi mj`bmçhi lfs ifgarjs. @fi shafr ifrtjøf tjiçh lh phrtbùlhrbmhm mj bivbthr mujtfs y heruph`bfijs ifrtjøhs phrh quj tf`hrhi ji vbvf. Jstf su`jmbð ji jl tjhtrf-jstumbf mj lh jgbsfrh, uab`hmh ji Gfrjlfs y : mj ghy ghyf, f, f ji jsph`bfs prbvhmfs `fgf Jl shlði `ru`jrf mj Pblhf, Euhihkuhtf, h mfimj lh SJAF lljvð h @hrlfs y Kfsâ, h Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði y h Qhgði Hyhlh. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih thgabâi sj cbzf prjsjitj ji Thrbjmhm ghtbihljs, ghtbihljs, prferhgh `fimu`bmf pfr Qjduebf “@u`f‗ Eutbârrjz Eutbâr rjz mj : h 5 mj lh ghøhih, h trhvâs mj lh SJAF. Jstj prfyj`tf murð gès mj ùhtrf mâ`hmhs. Jrh, hmjgès, lh `fgpj-

:3=

Ibjtf, Ghrtçi ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

184

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

tji`bh mj Gb hgbef _hi`cf, _hi`cf, jsph`bf jstrjllh mj lh SJUJ, ui prferhgh quj sbeuj trhisgbtbjimf mj = h 5 mj lh ghøhih. Hljkhimrf Alhi`hrtj duj `fitrhthmf pfr Qhmbf Erupf Hitfibf @fitrjrhs ji 8258. Jitfi`js jl `frpfrhtbvf rhmbfdðib`f prjsugçh mj trjs drjùji`bhs; SJRH, @I y SJUJ, Lhs trjs drjshs mj lh hljerçh. @fi sus bisthlh`bfijs ji ]rjs Eujrrhs, y if ji Gfrjlfs y : mj ghyf `fgf su`jmj h`tuhlgjitj, lh @I fdrj`çh gûsb`h bistrugjithl, lh SJRH gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih y lh SJUJ ghrbh`cb pfr lhs ghøhihs y rf`n bielâs ji jl rjstf mjl mçh. Duj ji 825= quj lh SJUJ hmfptð jl pjrdbl mj 8??% gûsb`h gjxb`hih, hplb`himf h `hahlbmhm jl `fi`jptf, sfarj tfmf mjsmj quj Hieâlb`h Tèzqujz js lh prferhghmfrh. SJUJ tf`h gjlfmçhs mj Fhxh`h, mj @cbhphs, mj Ru`htèi, mj @hgpj`cj y chsth mj Tjrh`ruz. :3: Pbi prjeuitèrsjlf, Hljkhimrf Alhi`hrtj tfgð `fgf jkjgplf lh rhmbfifvjlh Jl fkf mj vbmrbf, `fif`bmh pfpulhrgjitj `fgf _frdbrbf @hmjih, phrh jxplb`hr lh prjsji`bh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh ifr tjøh gjxb`hih ji Brhpuhtf. Lh rhmbfifvjlh tbjij hl hbrj gès mj 4? høfs, h`ftð Alhi`hrtj. “Mjsmj quj lljeð, pjeð y sj qujmð‗. Pjeûi Alhi`hrtj, Jl fkf mj vbmrbf `fisth mj 83 sjrbjs, mj 8:? h 0?? `hpçtulfs `hmh uih mj jllhs, lf quj mh pfr rjsulthmf 1? høfs mj erhah`bfijs. e rhah`bfijs. Qfsh Qfsh Hieâlb`h Tèzqujz, prferhghmfrh mj lh SJUJ, mbsbjitj mj Alhi`hrtj y hdbrgh hdbr gh quj Jl fkf mj vbmrbf js uih rhmbfifvjlh dfrghmh pfr 11 sjrbjs mj 8?? h 81? `hpçtulfs `hmh uih mj jllhs, lf quj sbeibdb`h 8? høfs mj erhah`bfijs. e rhah`bfijs. _frdbrbf _frdbrbf @hmjih duj ji`hrihmf pfr Ghrbf Djrièimjz, `rfibsth mjpfrtbvf ji Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, Ghrçh Juejibh Ehr`çh jrh `jlhmfrh ji ui pjihl mj Iujvf Ljði y @cbitf mj lh Qfsh duieçh `fgf bitjimjitj ji lh SJ] mj Gfitjrrjy.. Jl js`rbtfr mj jsth rhmbfifvjlh duj Qfsjimf F`høhs y jitrj lfs rhsefs dbifs quj `flf`ð Gfitjrrjy h sus pjrsfihkjs duj jl mj thrhrjhr, y ftrhs vj`js, ch`jr `hithr h Lbif Eubtrði, gjlfmçhs ifrtjøhs gjxb`hihs `fgf Lfs pjimbjitjs. Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, `fgf abji lf prj`bsh Hljkhimrf Alhi`hrtj, sbeuj mbvuleèimfsj ji jl Ahkçf gjxb`hif h trhvâs mj lh rhmbfifvjlh r hmbfifvjlh Jl fkf mj vbmrbf, trhisgbtbmh `ftbmbhihgjitj pfr lh SJUJ mj Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, Gâxb`f.

:3: Alhi`hrtj,

Hljkhimrf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

185

@ZLBH@ÈI ]jfmfsf ]jf mfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr cfy js ui `fiifthmf cbstfrbhmfr, cbstfrbhmfr, pjrf ji sus høfs gfzfs duj ui mjsth`hmf lfùtfr ji vhrbhs `bumhmjs mj su ihthl Pbihlfh. Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr ih`bð jl 13 mj kulbf mj 82:2, ji @fsth Qb`h, Pbihlfh. H lfs sjbs høfs mj jmhm su cjrghif Tç`tfr lj `hithah gjlfmçhs mj Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi, mj Lfs Arfi`fs mj Qjyifsh y mj Lfs Gfithøjsjs mjl Èlhgf, h`fgphøhmf pfr su eubthrrh. “Erh`bhs h jsfs erupfs ifrtjøfs `fif`ç lh ejferhdçh mj lh rjebði, sbi chajr jsthmf hllè‗. Ji 8243, sbjimf hlugif rjeulhr mjl tjr`jr erhmf mj prbghrbh, ]jfmfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr bitjrprjtð @hreh alhi`h, ji ui djstbvhl js`flhr, ui `frrbmf cfy pfimjrhmf `fgf bihprfpbhmf phrh ui ibøf. Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr rjùjrmh quj phrh lh f`hsbði su ghmrj lf vbstbð mj `chrrf, `chr rf, lj pusf uihs afths ijerhs y h`fgphøhmf pfr su prfdjsfr, jitfið lh `fgpfsb`bði mj Ghiujl @. Thlmjz. Thlmjz. “If chaçh ghlb`bh `fgf lh quj chy hcfrh, if lf vjçhgfs `fgf jishlzhr hl ihr`f‗, mbkf ]jfmfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr.:34 Lh Pbihlfh mj lh mâ`hmh mj 824?, jrh rurhl. @fi iulhs pfsbablbmhmjs mj `rj`bgbjitf, gbljs mj sbihlfjisjs jgberhrfi h @hlbdfribh y h lh @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, `fi lh jspjrhizh mj `hgabhr su sujrtj. Jsfs `brùbtfs gberhtfrbfs gbe rhtfrbfs dujrfi hprfvj`chmfs pfr ]jfmfsf ]jfmfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr phrh hlljehrsj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, quj pfr hqujllhs dj`chs sj erhahah e rhahah ji mbs`fs mj =: rjvflu`bfijs y ji L_s. “Lfs arh`jrfs trhçhi jsfs mbs`fs‗, rjgjgfrh Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr. Jl ftrf `hihl gjmbhitj jl ùhl lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih lljeð h lfs fçmfs mj ]jfmfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr Phlhzhr duj lh rhmbf. r hmbf. Jsù`chimf h lfùtfrjs mj lh A Erhimj y mj lh SJU mj Gâxb`f, hlbgjitð ui sujøf quj høfs gès thrmj `fisjeubrçh. Htjsfrh ji su gjgfrbh hqujllhs thrmjs ùhimf hl lhmf mj su ghmrj sbitfibzhah lh rhmbfifvjlh @cu`cf jl rftf, ji @fsth Qb`h, Pbihlfh. Ji 823=, sbjimf prfdjsfr ifrghlbsth, ifr ghlbsth, ]jfmfsf Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr Phlhzhr prjsjitð su jxhgji mj lfù`bði ji Euhshvj, Euhshvj, Pbihlfh. @fgjizð su `hrrjrh `fgf lfùtfr ji lh SJEP mj Euhshvj y phrh 822? jsthah

Ihvbmhm, ]jfmfsf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. :34

183

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

bitjerhmf h lh SJAL mj @ulbh`èi, mfimj trhahkð mj 8? mj lh if`cj h 1 mj lh ghmruehmh, murhitj ùhtrf høfs. høfs. Ji 8228, sj `fivbrtbð ji jl prbgjr lfùtfr ghsùlbif ji trhsgbtbr ji vbvf phrh lh SC@LB mj Erupf H`br, ji @ulbh`èi, Pbihlfh. Mjsmj su pfsb`bði `fgf lfùtfr, y kuitf h Kjsûs Eublljrgf @cuùèi Pftf, Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr hyumð hyumð h bgpulshr lh `hrrjrh mj lfs frbuimfs mj Qfshgfrhmh, Pbihlfh; Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Lh mâ`hmh mj 823? js rj`frmhmh pfr Ihvbmhm `fi herhmf, pfrquj jl Pbimb`htf mj lh Qhmbf mj @ulbh`èi prfgfvbð lh prjsjith`bði erhtubth mj hrtbsths ifrtjøfs ji lh `hpbthl sbihlfjisj. “Lh rhmbf bitjr`hgabhah `fi`bjrtfs pfr pualb`bmhm‗. Jitrj lhs heruph`bfijs gès ajijdb`bhmhs jstuvbjrfi Lfs Cjrghifs Ahimh mj Phlhghi`h, qubjijs trhahkhrfi murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 823? ji @ulbh`èi, Euhgû`cbl, Euhshvj Euhshvj y Lfs Gf`cbs. “_jehrfi “_jehrfi dujrtj `fi Hibllf erhahmf, e rhahmf, uih `hi`bði rhi`cjrh quj sfihah chsth f`cf vj`js ji ui mçh‗.:35 Lhs `fshs `hgabhrfi h prbi`bpbfs mj lh mâ`hmh mj 822? `fi jl huej mj lhs ahimhs sbitjtbzhmhs y mj lfs `frrbmfs mj ihr`ftrèdb`f. Lfs phtrf`bibfs mjl ihr`ftrèdb`f sbihlfjisj ji`hrj`bjrfi h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, lh vflvbjrfi ui ijef`bf rjithalj r jithalj mjl quj tfmf guimf qubjrj ajijdb`bhrsj. Murhitj lh mâ`hmh mj 823?, @ulbh`èi fdrj`bð jsph`bfs quj hlajrehrfi ahbljs mj gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih `fgf jl shlði Lh gutuhlbsth mj F``bmjitj (jitrj Kuèrjz y Mfihtf Eujrrh), jl Jsthmbf mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh, jl Jsthmbf mj Ajbsafl Èiejl Dlfrjs, jl Jsthmbf @hrth Alhi`h (cfy Dfrf ]j`htj) ]j`htj) y jl _hrquj Qjvflu`bði, uab`hmf h 8? gbiutfs mjl @jitrf Cbstðrb`f mj @ulbh`èi, Pbihlfh. Ji Ihvflhtf, Ihvflhtf, `bumhm vj`bih mj @ulbh`èi, lfs ahbljs sj rjhlbzhahi ji jl Jsthmbf mj Ajbsafl. Jrhi `fi`bjrtfs hvhlhmfs pfr jl Pbimb`htf mj ]rhahkhmfrjs mj lh Gûsb`h, qubji mjghimhah lh prjsji`bh mj mfs erupfs lf`hljs pfr `hmh trjs prf`jmjitjs mj ftrhs rjebfijs mj Gâxb`f. Erh`bhs h jsth ljebslh`bði lh `hrrjrh mj erupfs e rupfs `fgf Lh Ahimh mjl @hrrf Qfkf mj Lfs Cjrghifs Xubitjrf, mjspjeð. Lfs ahbljs `fgjizhahi h lhs 5 mj lh thrmj-if`cj y dbihlbzhahi h lh 8 mj lh ghmruehmh, `fgf gèxbgf. Jl vhllj mj @ulbh`èi js uih zfih herç`flh, hlthgjitj prfmu`tbvh. Mjsmj lh mâ`hmh mj 82:?, Pbihlfh rjqubjrj ghif mj farh ahrhth prf`jmjitj mj Fhxh`h, @cbhphs y Eujrrjrf. Mjsmj lh mâ`hmh

:35 Çmjg.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

182

mj 824?, jxbstji rjebstrfs mj lfs ahbljs quj lhs `fguibmhmjs gberhitjs surjøhs chi frehibzhmf ji @ulbh`èi y sus hlrjmjmfrjs. Lfs gberhitjs gber hitjs mjl sur mj Gâxb`f chi sbmf rjljvhitjs pfrquj chi trhslhmhmf eustfs gusb`hljs hl _h`çdb`f gjxb`hif. “Duj erh`bhs h jsfs kfrihljrfs kfr ihljrfs quj ji lfs `hgpfs herç`flhs mj Pbihlfh jsù`chahs h Lfs Kfhf, h @cb`cf @cj y h @hgpj`cj Pcfw. Pcfw. Jsths pjrsfihs pjrs fihs gjtbjrfi rbtgfs pjehkfsfs quj lujef sj vbjrfi rjdljkhmfs ji lhs ùgabhs bitjrprjthmhs pfr ahimhs sbihlfjisjs `fgf Jl Qj`fmf, Jl Lbgði y lh Hrrfllhmfrh‗. Hr rfllhmfrh‗.:33 _fr supujstf quj lfs gberhitjs surjøfs if sðlf lljvhrfi lh ùgabh h Pbihlfh, thgabâi cb`bjrfi suyh h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. gj xb`hih. Jllfs phrtb`bphrfi mj `fi`bjrtfs hgjibzhmfs pfr Lfs Bivhsfrjs mj Iujvf Ljði, Lfs Arhvfs mjl Ifrtj y Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj. “Jstfs ahbljs jrhi `fguijs ji mb`bjgarj, jijrf y djarjrf, pfrquj lh pbz`h tjrgbih ji ghrzf‗. _hrh jsfs kfrihljrfs trhahkhr ji Pbihlfh jrh `fgf vbhkhr h lfs Jsthmfs Zibmfs, huiquj `fi sujlmfs gjifs dhvfrhaljs. “Duj lh âpf`h ùhimf Lfs Aunbs, Lfs Rfib`s y Lfs @hmjtjs mj Lbihrjs, vjiçhi h Tbllh Kuèrjz @hgpf Efabjrif, h lh Djrbh @højrh mj Ihvflhtf y h lh Djrbh mjl ]fghtj ji Tbllh Kuèrjz‗. :32Ji jl Hr`cbvf Cbstðrb`f mj Pbihlfh ji`fitrâ uih ifth pjrbfmçstb`h quj mjs`rbaj jl djiðgjif mj lfs ahbljs herç`flhs; Mj`bmbmhgjitj, lh `hgphøh `fitrh jl vb`bf quj sj bib`bhrh ch`j vhrbfs høfs `fi jspj`bhl jgpjøf mj phrtj mjl efajrihmfr Ljfpflmf Pèi`cjz @jlbs, h ûltbghs dj`chs ch rj`babmf sjvjrfs rjvj`js, beifrèimfsj lhs `hushs. Jl `hsf `fi`rjtf h quj ifs vhgfs h rjdjrbr js pûalb`f y iftfrbf yh quj sjghihlgjitj sj vbjiji hutfrbzhimf sðlf ji lfs `hgpfs herç`flhs mj @ulbh`èi, jitrj 3 y 8? ahbljs mj jspjùlh`bði `fi vjith mj ajabmhs jgarbhehitjs, sbi tfghrsj ji ùjith lfs dhimhiefs quj sj rjhlbzhi ji lfs guib`bpbfs rjsthitjs. ]hljs ahbljs mj hùjrmf `fi lhs mbspfsb`bfijs quj vjrshi hl rjspj`tf sðlf lh fdb`bih mj Bispj``bði y Tbeblhi`bh js lh hutfrbzhmh phrh mhrlfs. Jl tjibjitj Phlvhmfr Eujrrjrf jstè h `href mj jsth fdb`bih, pjrf ibjeh jl prfaljgh. Lf hitjrbfr vbjij h rhçz mj lh ahlh`jrh quj sj prfthefibzð lh sjghih phshmh ji jl pfalhmf mj Tbllh mj Lðpjz Ghtjfs hitjs ]hghrbimf, ji mfimj

:33 Çmjg. :32 Çmjg.

11?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

rjsulthrfi mfs pjrsfihs gujrths y vhrbfs cjrbmfs mj rjeulhr erhvjmhm. If fasthitj lf hitjrbfr, sj `fitbiûh hutfrbzhimf ahbljs ji lfs rhi`cfs y pfalhmfs gjifrjs `fi lh vjith mj ajabmhs jgarbhehitjs sbi tfghr ji ùjith lfs pjlberfs quj rjprjsjith y jl mhøf quj `hushi h lh pfalh`bði. Ihmh gjifs hyjr vhrbhs jsth`bfijs mj rhmbf hyjr r hmbf lf`hl, hiui`bhah erhimjs ahbljs ji Phi _jmrf y Ahrbfgjtf, mfimj jsthrçh prjsjitj su `jrvjzh mj `htjefrçh y ftrhs `fshs gès. If js quj trhtjgfs quj sj vbvh ji `fgpljth y pjrghijitj ljy sj`h, pjrf sç quj sj tjieh ùbmhmf ji lh hutfrbzh`bði mj pjrgbsfs `fi fakjtf ji prbgjr târgbif bitjrprjthr lfs mjsjfs mjl efajrihmfr Pèi`cjz @jlbs, y ji sjeuimf vjlhr pfr lh sjeurbmhm mj iujstrf pujalf. Mj if sjr hsç, pujmj mj`brsj quj mb`ch `hgphøh js ui pjrdj`tf drh`hsf.:2? Ji lh `fyuiturh h`tuhl, Pbihlfh js duimhgjithl phrh `fgprjimjr lfs phrhmbeghs quj bgpfij lh bimustrbh mjl jitrjtjibgbjitf gjxb`hif, ji ùhitf h gûsb`h ifrtjøh sj rjdbjrj. Tbvbgfs ji ui “Gâxb`f hsbihlfhmf‗ quj eusth mj lh ahimh mj vbjitf, mj lfs `frrbmfs mj ihr`ftrèdb`f y mj lh jxhlth`bði mj vhlfrjs mjlbiùji`bhljs. _jrf Pbihlfh js gu`cf gès quj tfmf lf ijehtbv ijehtbvff quj pfmhgfs jiugjrhr. Pbihlfh js uih tbjrrh mfimj vbvji sjrjs jxtrhfrmbihrbfs `fgf Ghrtch Afibllh, lh dhgblbh Cjrrjrh Tjeh, Dhustbif Lðpjz Fsuih y Ihvbmhm Phlhzhr, `fi qubjijs tuvj jl plh`jr mj `fgphrtbr tbjgpf mj `hlbmhm, murhitj lfs trjs høfs quj rhmbquâ ji @ulbh`èi. Flvbmhgfs quj heruph`bfijs `fgf Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj, Gbeujl y Gbeujl, Ahimh Lh @fstjøh, Lubs _ârjz Gjzh y Qhûl Cjrièimjz, sfi sbihlfjisjs.

:2?

“H mbjstrh y sbibjstrh jstèi hutfrbzhimf sjghihlgjitj ahbljs ji jl gjmbf rurhl‗, ji Jl Mbhrbf mj @ulbh`èi , 84 mj ifvbjgarj mj 8245.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

118

@H_Ç]ZLF SBBB LH _QBGJQH JP]H@BÐI MJ QHMBF JI JL AHKÇF GJSB@HIF

M

j hùjrmf `fi @âshr Djmjrb`f Gh`çhs @jrvhitjs, prfdjsfr mj cbstfrbh ji lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf (ZE), jl jsthalj`bgbjitf mj mbdusfrhs ji Euhihkuhtf js ui hsuitf if jstumbhmf. Hsjvjrh quj lhs prbgjrhs jsth`bfijs quj trhahkhrfi `fi drjùji`bh hutfrbzhmh pfr jl efabjrif sj jsthalj`bjrfi ji lh mâ`hmh mj 820?, ji Ljði mj lfs Hlmhghs. Mj hùjrmf `fi Gh`çhs @jrvhitjs, jl 8 mj harbl mj 820= `fgjizð h trhisgbtbr lh SJH[ y jl : mj kulbf mj 820= lh SJNL, ji Ljði, Euhihkuhtf. Gji`bfih quj jl hitj`jmjitj mj lh SJAF mj Brhpuhtf, duimhmh jl 84 mj jijrf mj 8205, jstè ji ui prfyj`tf jxpjrbgjithl quj Hldfisf Ghrtçijz Tjlh, Hitfibf Drçhs, Lubs Ehr`çmujøhs y Ajrihrmf @hstblljkfs, jgprjimbjrfi jl 8= mj jijrf mj 8204. :28 Gh`çhs @jrvhitjs prjsjith ui jrrfr mj frmji gjtfmflðeb`f; sj hprfxbgh h lh cbstfrbh mj lh rhmbfmbdusbði ji jl Ahkçf `fi lfs fkfs mjl prjsjitj. Js vjrmhm, mjsmj ch`j trjs mâ`hmhs Ljði js, bi-

:28

Gh`çhs @jrvhitjs, @âshr Djmjrb`f, Djmjrb`f, Hspj`tfs mj lh cbstfrbh gfmjrih mj Euhihkuhtf , Efabjrif mjl Jsthmf mj Euhih kuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, 1??2, p.:4.

^ 110 W

mbsùtbaljgjitj, lh `hpbthl j`fiðgb`h mj Euhihkuhtf, pjrf if sbjgprj duj hsç. Murhitj lh prbgjrh gbthm mjl sbelf SS, Brhpuhtf duj ahstbði j`fiðgb`f y ùlturhl mj Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf. Chsth 824:, høf ji quj ùlgbið jl _rferhgh Arh`jrf, Brhpuhtf efzð mj ui abjijsthr j`fiðgb`f supjrbfr hl mj ùhlqubjr guib`bpbf mjl Ahkçf gjxb`hif. Euhihkuhtf. Mbhrbf mjl Ahkçf, pjrbðmb`f jmbthmf ji Brhpuhtf, mbkf jl luijs 1? mj harbl mj 82:0 quj; Brhpuhtf, uih mj lhs `bumhmjs gès bgpfrthitjs mjl `jitrf mj lh Qjpûalb`h, h rbtgf h`jljrhmf bi`rjgjith sus h`tbvbmhmjs prfmu`tfrhs y pfr sus vjithkhs jx`jp`bfihljs js prjdjrbmh phrh jsthalj`jr iujvfs ijef`bfs. ijef`bfs. If phsh ui gjs sbi quj ui `fgjr`bf f uih bimustrbh gès, erhimj er himj f pjqujøh, sj `bgjitji ji jllh. _fr su pfsb`bði ejferèdb`h js ui jx`jljitj j x`jljitj puitf mbstrbaubmfr mj prfmu`tfs herç`flhs j bimustrbhljs, `fistbtuyjimf jl puitf `lhvj phrh lh ruth mjl f``bmjitj mjl phçs. Mbhrbhgjitj lj tf`hi 0:? hutftrhispfrtjs mj phshkjrfs y ui iûgjrf if `fitrflhmf mj `hgbfijs mj `hreh. 8: trjijs mj phshkjrfs phshi h mbhrbf ji lh jsth`bði djrrf`hrrbljrh mj Brhpuhtf phrh jl bitjr`hgabf mj vbhkjrfs, gjr`hi`çhs y `frrjspfimji`bh. Mj ghyf h f`tuarj mj 82:1 sj gfvbjrfi 3, 0:? trjijs mj `hreh, `fi 8:2, 532 `hrrfs, `fitjibjimf 3, 14?, 2=1 tfijlhmhs mj hrtçùlfs vhrbfs. Pj `hlùlh ui rjebstrf mbhrbf mj uih pfalh`bði dlfthitj mj :,??? pjrsfihs, qubjijs sfstbjiji h lfs iugjrfsfs cftjljs mjl guib`bpbf. Lfs lçgbtjs mjl Guib`bpbf mj Brhpuhtf sfi; jl mj Euhihkuhtf pfr jl ifrtj y ifrfjstj> jl mj Phlhghi`h hl hl ifrfjstj, jstj y surjstj> jl mj _ujalf Iujvf hl jstj y hl sur> lfs mj Cuhiçghrf y Hahsflf pfr jl sur y surfjstj> jl mj _âikhgf pfr jl surfjstj> jl mj @ujrèghrf pfr jl fjstj, y lfs mj Qfgbth y Pblhf pfr jl fjstj y ifrtj. ifrt j. ]bjij uih supjrdb`bj mj ui gbl ùhrjith nblðgjtrfs ùhmrhmfs. Pu pfalh`bði urahih hs`bjimj h 31, ??? chabthitjs chabthitjs..:21

:21

“Brhpuhtf bi`rjgjith sus h`tbvbmhmjs prfmu`tfrhs, h rbtgf h`jljrhmf‗, ji Euhihkuhtf. Mbhrbf mjl Ahkçf , Brhpuhtf, luijs 1? mj harbl, 82:0.

11=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lh prbgjrh drjùji`bh rhmbfdðib`h mjl Jsthmf mj Euhihkuhtf sj duimð ji Brhpuhtf, if ji Ljði ib ji @jlhyh. Jl 84 mj hefstf mj 8208, jl pjrbðmb`f Lhafr, jmbthmf ji Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, Gâxb`f, mjthllð jl surebgbjitf mj lh SJ]S mj Brhpuhtf, ji lh sbeubjitj dfrgh; Jl Jsthmf mj Euhihkuhtf `fithrè ji arjvj `fi uih jsth`bði rhmbfmbdusfrh mj prbgjrh bgpfrthi`bh. Pj ch js`febmf lh `bumhm mj Brhpuhtf ji vbsth mj quj `flf`himf ji jsth `bumhm lhs hitjihs jsthrèi thitf ejferèdb`hgjitj `fgf tfpferèdb`hgjitj ji sbtuh`bði bigjkfrhalj. Lh sbtuh`bði mj Brhpuhtf sj prjsth gu`cf phrh jl fakjtf. Lhs trhisgbsbfijs sj pfmrèi jsù`chr mj if`cj, sbi lfs rubmfs gfljstfs frbebihmfs pfr lh jijreçh jlâ`trb`h htgfsdârb`h, sjeûi h`fitj`j ji trhisgbsbfijs h mbsthi`bh `fisbmjrhalj. Lh jsth`bði gjtrfpflbthih SJA mj Jl Auji ]fif, trhisgbtbrè ji `hmjih sus erhimjs `fi`bjrtfs `fi iujstrh mbdusfrh, jstf js, uibmhs lhs mfs jsth`bfijs pfr gjmbf mj lçijhs tjljdðib`hs; sjrè jstj ftrf erhi htrh`tbvf pujs hsç qujmhi jlbgbihmfs lfs bi`fivjibjitjs guy erhvjs mj lh trhisgbsbði h lhreh mbsthi`bh. Lh `fistru``bði mj lh rhmbfmbdusbði rh mbfmbdusbði duj ji`fgjimhmh hl biejibjrf Phlvhmfr ]hahyhs, uih vjrmhmjrh vjrmhmjrh hutfrbmhm ji lh ghtjrbh, y h`tuhl kjdj mj lfs thlljrjs mj @chpultjpj`, mfimj ghijkh plhiths rhmbfmbdusfrhs pfmjrfshs, quj pfr su bgpfrthi`bh tbjiji quj jsthr ji `fith`tf `fi lhs prbi`bphljs `hpbthljs mjl guimf y h lh hlturh mj lhs gjkfrjs. Jl biejibjrf gjxb`hif ]hahyhs, `fi su jitusbhsgf y lhafrbfsbmhm prfvjrabhljs, ch cj`cf quj iujstrf efabjrif mjkj mj bgpfrthr iujvhs jsth`bfijs thi urejitjs phrh jl `rj`bjitj sjrvb`bf rhmbftjljerèdb`f. Âl gbsgf lhs dharb`h ji lfs thlljrjs mj @chpultjpj`, h su `href, mj mfimj shlji thi pjrdj`ths `fgf lhs gjkfr h`hahmhs jxtrhikjrhs. Lhs rhmbfmbdusfrhs `fistrubmhs ji @chpultjpj` sbjgprj chi rjsulthmf thi jdb`bjitjs `fgf lhs mj gjkfrjs ghr`hs y hpjihs pujmj uif `hlùlhr lhs j`fifgçhs quj rjprjsjithi phrh jl efabjrif gjxb`hif. Mj`bgfs quj jl ghtjrbhl mj lh jsth`bði SJ]S brhpuhtjisj duj `fistrubmh pfr jl biejibjrf ]hahyhs y phrh shtbsdh``bði guy ljeçtbgh mj lh jgprjsh, jstj gbsgf sjøfr h`jptð sjr jl mbrj`tfr tâìb`f mj lh plhith, `fsh quj lj hsjeurh ui dui`bfihgbjitf sbjgprj pjrdj`tf. Lh pftji`bh mj lh plhith js mj 1:? U, 8,8?? nblf`b`lfs, 151,4 gjtrfs, `fsh quj ifs pfij ji `fif`bgbjitf mj quj sb lh jsth`bði pfr bisthlhr if vh h sjr mj lhs gès erhimjs, sðlf lhs mj mfs Jsthmfs y hleuihs mj lh `hpbthl mj lh Qjpûalb`h lj hvjithkhi. If mjaji phshrsj thgpf`f mjshpjr`babmfs lfs jsdujrzfs mjl sjøfr Beih`bf ]fs`hif ]fs`hif,, Ejrjitj mj lh Qhmbfmbdusfrh, pfrquj jl Jsthmf mj Euhihkuhtf

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

11:

`fithrè `fi lh jsth`bði mj quj cjgfs vjibmf chalhimf. Euhihkuhtf `fithrè ji arjvj `fi ui pfmjrfsf vjcçùlf phrh jxtjimjr su ùlturh y h`rj`jithr sus ijef`bfs. :20

Ji f`tuarj mj 8208, jl pjrbðmb`f Lhafr mj Brhpuhtf, hiui`bð; Lf trhisgbtbrè lh mbdusfrh mjl _hrtbmf Ih`bfihl Qjvflu`bfihrbf. Jl sjøfr Ajrihrmf G. mj Ljði, Bispj`tfr Djmjrhl mjl ]rhahkf ji jsth `bumhm, ifs rjgbtbð jl mçh 3 mj lfs `frrbjitjs, `fi sûplb`h mj pualb`h`bði lh sbeubjitj ifth. Hl @. Hrghimf @hlmjrði, Mbrj`tfr mj Lhafr. Jl prðxbgf vbjrijs 84 mj lfs `frrbjitjs, `fr rbjitjs, mj lhs 1? h lhs 11 cfrhs, pfr lh Jsth`bði rhmbfmbdusfrh SJF mjl _hrtbmf Ih`bfihl Qjvflu`bfihrbf, jsth Pj`rjthrçh trhisgbtbrè jxtrhfrmbihrbf `fi`bjrtf mjmb`hsj `fgf cfgjihkj h Pj`rjthrçh mj Jmu`h`bði _ûalb`h y Ajllhs Hrtjs `fi gftbvf bihueurh`bði ji jl phçs mj lh Cfrh Hitb hl`fcðlb`h Js`flhr Pjghihrbh. Ch sbmf biusbthmf jl @. Pj`rjthrbf mjl Qhgf, Lb`. Hhrði Pèjiz phrh quj trhisgbth ui bgpfrthitj gjishkj h lh ibøjz quj h jsh dj`ch rj`babrè lh prbgjrh `lhsj uibdfrgj mj lh iujvh hsbeihturh hitb hl`fcðlb`h jsthalj`bmh pfr Jmu`h`bði, h bib`bhtbvh mj Bimustrbh. Pjrèi bivbthmfs mj cfifr jl @. Mr. @jrbsflh, Puasj`rjthrbf Ji`hrehmf mjl Mjsph`cf y jl @. _rfdj. Cbebibf Tèzqujz Phith Hih, Fdb`bhl Ghyfr mj hqujllh mjpjimji`bh mjl Efabjrif, lfs quj pfsbaljgjitj mhrèi h `fif`jr lfs prbi`bphljs lbijhgbjitfs mj jsth iujvh h`tbvbmhm h `href mjl Gbibstjrbf mj Jmu`h`bði quj sj ch mjsth`hmf pfr su lhafr. :2=

Jl kujvjs 11 mj f`tuarj mj 82=1, Euhihkuhtf. Euhihkuhtf. Mbhrbf mjl Ahkçf pualb`ð; H phrtbr mjl prðxbgf mfgbief 1: mjl h`tuhl, lh Pj`rjthrçh mj lh Mjdjish Ih`bfihl mbduimbrè ui prferhgh rhmbfdðib`f gjisuhlgjitj, murhitj lh Cfrh Ih`bfihl mj Qhmbf Efajrih`bði, jl mfgbief mj `hmh gjs. Jl fakjtf mj jstfs prferhghs js pfijr ji gès çitbgf `fith`tf hl Jkâr`btf Ih`bfihl `fi lh

:20

“Zih jsth`bði rhmbfmbdusfrh ji Brhpuhtf‗, ji Lhafr , Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, 84 mj hefstf, 8208. :2= “Zi jxtrhfrmbihrbf `fi`bjrtf `fi`bjrtf pfr rhmbf‗, ji ji Lhafr , f`tuarj, 8208.

114

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

pfalh`bði `bvbl mj tfmf jl phçs, ch`bjimf lljehr chsth âsth, pfr gjmbf mj lh rhmbf, tfmhs hqujllhs bistru``bfijs, puitfs mj vbsth, quj sj jstbgji ij`jshrbfs, ji dfrgh thl quj chyh uih gjkfr `fgprjisbði jitrj jl jljgjitf `bvbl mj lf quj js jl Jkâr`btf, sus dui`bfijs, su gjithlbmhm y jspçrbtu, jspçr btu, hsç `fgf mjl `fgjtbmf quj h`tuhlgjitj lj `frrjspfimj mj hùjrmf `fi sus trhmb`bfijs t rhmb`bfijs y lhs ljyjs mj lh Qjpûalb`h Gjxb`hih. :2:

@fidçf ji quj jsth arjvj, pjrf susthi`bhl ifth, hyumj h rj`farhr lh gjgfrbh ùlturhl mjl pujalf brhpuhtjisj. Jstj ghius`rbtf mjgujstrh lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lfs cbstfrbhmfrjs phrh quj lhs sf`bjmhmjs dui`bfiji ji su `ftbmbhijbmhm. Lh bivjstbeh`bði js duimhgjithl phrh jl mjshrrfllf mj ùhlqubjr ih`bði, lèstbgh quj ji Gâxb`f qubjijs ifs efabjrihi sjhi pjrsfihs hljkhmhs mj lh ùlturh y hgbehs mj lh mjlbiùji`bh. ¶Xuâ gjrbtf tbjij sjr pflçtb`f6 Ji Gâxb`f, ibieuif.

MJP_JMBMH Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs js ui bivjstbehmfr gjxb`hif, jspj`bhlbzhmf mjsmj ch`j 8= høfs, ji jl jstumbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Duj prj`bshgjitj Gfitfyh Hrbhs, qubji ljebtbgð jl usf mj lh `htjefrçh “gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih‗, hl bitjrbfr mj lh H`hmjgbh Gâxb`f-Jsthmfuibmjisj. Ji jl 1?80, `ffrmbið jl dfiferhgh iûgjrf :2 mj ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, `flj``bði jmbthmh pfr jl Bistbtutf Ih`bfihl mj Hitrfpflfeçh j Cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f (BIHC), lh pualb`h`bði gès bgpfrthitj quj sfarj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih sj ch ejijrhmf ji lh ih`bði hztj`h. ]bjij jstumbfs mj lb`ji`bhturh, ghjstrçh y mf`tfrhmf ji cbstfrbh, pfr lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf ( ZE), lh Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh (ZHP) y jl @BJPHP-_jibi _jibisulhr, sulhr, `jitrf mj bivjstbeh`bði pûalb`f, mjpjimbjitj mjl @fih`yt-Gâxb`f. Js jl duimhmfr mjl @flfqubf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj lh Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh Gjxb`hih. Lh prbgjrh jmb`bði mj jstj bgpfrthitj su`jsf s u`jsf h`hmâgb`f, sj mjshrrfllð ji lh `bumhm mj ]h`ègahrf ]h`ègahrf,, Gb`cfh`èi,

:2:

“Qhmbfmbdusbði mj lh Pj`rjthrçh mj lh Mjdjish‗, Mjdjish‗, ji Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf.. Mbhrbf mjl Ahkçf , kujvjs 11 mj f`tuarj, 82=1.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

115

Gâxb`f, ji jl 1?8=. Lh sjeuimh jmb`bði sj `jljarð ji lh Zibvjrsbmhm Pt Lhwrji`j, Iujvh Rfrn, Jsthmfs Zibmfs, ji jl 1?8:. Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs duj `ffrmbihmfr ejijrhl mj hgahs jmb`bfijs, `fgphrtbjimf `râmbtfs `fi jl Mr Mr.. Kfrej Hgðs Ghrtçijz Hyhlh y `fi lh Mrh. Ghrtch Ghr tch @cjw Pèi`cjz. Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ch mj`lhrhmf su hmgbrh`bði pfr lh farh mj Ghrtch @cjw Pèi`cjz, uih mj lhs bivjstbehmfrhs Gâxb`f-Hgjrb`hihs gès bgpfrthitjs quj jxbstji sfarj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. ]bjij `fgf prbfrbmhm, tjkjr rjmjs h`hmâgb`hs `fi bivjstbehmfrjs jsthmfuibmjisjs quj ejijrji `fif`bgbjitf sfarj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jsth f`hsbði `fgphrtj `fi sus lj`tfrjs, 84 `hpçtulfs quj mbsùtji lh rjlh`bði mjl mbsjøf erèdb`f `fi lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, lh bgpfrthi`bh mj lhs frqujsths tçpb`hs y lhs ahimhs mj vbjitf ji lh `fidbeurh`bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, y lh rjljvhi`bh mj lfs hr`cbvfs cbstðrb`fs phrh jl jstumbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs js ui bivjstbehmfr vhieuhrmbsth. Pj lj herhmj`j su `fgprfgbsf `fi lh ejijrh`bði mj `fif`bgbjitf. Js ui h`hmâgb`f jihgfrhmf mj lhs gûsb`hs pfpulhrjs gjxb`hihs. Zif mj lfs rhsefs quj lf ch`ji mbdjrjitj, js su ijehtbvh h rjutblbzhr bidfrgh`bði prjsjithmh ji dfrfs y/f pualb`hmh ji ftrfs jsph`bfs. Jl prjsjitj lbarf jstè `fgpujstf pfr bidfrgh`bði biâmbth quj if ji`fitrhrèi ji ibieûi ftrf sbtbf. Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs js, ib mumh `haj, uif mj lfs bivjstbehmfrjs gès bgpfrthitjs quj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih tbjij. Kfvji mbiègb`f y prfmu`tbvf, hrtbùlhmfr mj bmjhs y prfyj`tfs quj chi rjifvhmf h lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

113

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

DZJI]JP @FIPZL]HMHP HQ@CBTÇP]B@H Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl j Cbstðrb`f mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, Khlbs`f Khlbs`f (HGC]G), Lh gûsb`h mj lfs `rbstjrfs , 81 mj sjptbjgarj mj 82=?, 1 dfkhs. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82=4/?8?, dfkhs 81, 8=/?4/82=4, 8: pèebihs. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:0/??=, dfkhs 3, 82/?1/82:0, 1 pèebihs. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:=/??5, dfkhs :, 10/?=/82:=. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82::/?0:, dfkhs 5, 82/?3/82::. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 82:2/?8:, dfkhs 8:, 18/?3/82:2. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824?/?8?, dfkhs =, 1=/?4/824?. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824?/?88, dfkhs3, 11/?5/824?. Hr`cbvf Guib`bphl mj Gfitjrrjy, H`ths mj @hablmf , vflugji 222, jxpjmbjitj 824:/?8?, dfkhs 10, 13/?=/824:.

^ 112 W

Jxcfrtf _htrbðtb`f, ji Hr`cb Hr`cbvf vf Guib`bphl mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs , Khlbs`f Khlbs`f,, `=/Jxp. `=/Jxp.0-d1, 0-d1, Euhmhlhkhrh, 5 mj hefstf mj 8318. ]rhthmf Gâxb`f-@cblj, ji Hr`cb Hr`cbvf vf Guib`bphl mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs , Khlbs`f, `=/Jxp.0-d1, Euhmhlh khrh, 8 mj f`tuarj mj 8308.

ABALBFEQHDÇH Hlhiçs, Kuhi, @rfiflfeçh mj Jl ]berj , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Iujvf Ljði, 8224. Hiejlfttb _hstjur, Eharbjl, @cbvhs y ]uzfs. Ç`fifs ]uzfs. Ç`fifs mj Gâxb`f. Bmjitbmhmjs `flj`tbvhs y `hpbthlbsgf mj `fgphmrjs ji jl dûtafl ih`bfihl, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gb`cfh`èi, 1?8?. Hrjtz, Bshajl, Hgârb`h ji su gûsb`h , Gâxb`f, Pbelf SSB, 823?. Hvbtbh Cjrièimjz, Cjr ièimjz, Hitfibf, @frrbmf Cbstðrb`f Gjxb`hif ]fgf ]fgf B , Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8225. Hvbtbh Cjrièimjz, Cjr ièimjz, Hitfibf, @frrbmf cbstðrb`f gjxb`hif , ]fgf BB, Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8225. Hyhlh Muhrtj, Hldfisf, Mjsmj jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh. Frbeji y `fisflbmh`bði mjl `fikuitf ifrtjøf ji Gfitj- rrjy , Gfitjrrjy, Cjr`h, 1???. Ahrrbl, @lhumbh, “_rjsjith`bði‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP, 1?88. Ahrrbl, @lhumbh “Jl yf ji jl mfùgjithl `cbljif‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Ajrij`njr, Ajr ij`njr, Uhltcjr, Uhltcjr, @fitrhahimf; Bljehlbmhm y `frrup`bði ji jl Gâxb`f mjl sbelf SBS , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Bajrfhgjrb`hih, 822=. Ajrlhieh, Gbeujl Èiejl, “Qfghi`js y `frrbmfs. Zi eâijrf gultbdfrgj ji `fisthitj rj`rjh`bði‗, ji Gjgfrbhs mjl Xubitf @fierjsf Bitjrih`bfihl sfarj jl `frrbmf , @ulbh`èi, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Pbihlfh, 1??0. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:),, Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213. (8:1:-821:) @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl ji lhs `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?.

10?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

@hsthøjmh, Mhibjl, Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif gjxb`hif.. Pu tâìb`h lbtjrhrbh y gusb`hl , Gâxb`f, Pur`f, 82=0. @hstrf, Hgârb`f, Lh rjhlbmhm cbstðrb`h mj Jsphøh , Gâxb`f, _frrûh, 8255. @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Lh frqujsth tçpb`h mj lh `bumhm mj Gâxb`f‗, ji Frqujsths tçpb`hs mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?8?. @frfih Humjlhtt, Tç`tfr Ghiujl, “Mjsdblj mj frqujsths tçpb`hs gjxb`hihs. Pbelfs SBS y SS‗, ji R lh gûsb`h sj vflvbð gjxb`hih , ]jstbgfibf Gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f, :8, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?8?. @chf, Eublljrgf, Lh @hrhvhih @hrhvhih @frfih. @uih mjl Jspj`tèùlf ji Gâxb`f , @bumhm mj Gâxb`f, Bgprjith Ghmjrf, 822:. @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, Hrturf, “Lh frqujsth tçpb`h purâpj`ch‗, ji Frqujsths tçpb`hs mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?8?. @luiy, @lhumj Gb`cjl, Hth`hgh , Gâxb`f, D@J, 1??3. Mj lh Ehrzh @cèvjz, Ghrçh Lubsh, _jrf gj eusth lf aujif , Gâxb`f, Gbeujl Èiejl _frrûh, 1??3. Mçhz Qfbe, Gjr`jmjs, Jstumbfs y ifths sfarj jl rfghi`jrf , Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj Gâxb`f, 8234. Djrry, Eharbjl, Lh vbmh gblbthr ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Jmbtfrbhl Hgârb`h, 82=:. Drhkfzh, Kuhi, ]hcûrjs, dhimhieujrfs y `rbgbihljs ji lfs Hltfs mj Khlbs`f (8318-8218), (8318-8218), Gâxb`f, Hyuithgbjitf mj ]jphtbtlèi mj Gfrjlfs, 1?8=. Ehr`çh Ehrzh, Hajl, Lfs @hmjtjs mj Lbihrjs , Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??2. Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, “Eubði lbtjrhrbf mjl rjpfrthkj; Lh gûsb`h ji Iujvf Ljði mj lh sj``bði Iujvf Ljði hitrfpflðeb`f mj tjljvbsbði, `bji`bh y ùlturh‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjr j, drfitjrhh ifrt j, Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232. Ehrzh Eutbârrjz, Lubs Ghrtçi, Qhç`js mj lh gûsb`h rjebfihl mj Iujvf Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, @fihrtj, 1??4. Ebgâijz, Eblajrtf, “Jl `hi`bfijrf bisurejitj mjl gfvbgbjitf zhphtbsth ji @cbhphs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1??5. Ebgâijz Gfitbjl, Eblajrtf, “Lh rjprjsjith`bði mj lh vbflji`bh ji lh trfvh pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Mj lfs `frrbmfs mj vhlbjitjs h lfs ihr`f`frrbmfs‗, ji Jstumbfs sfarj lh ùlturh y lhs bmjitbmhmjs sf`bhljs , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1??5.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

108

Efahitjs, @hthlbih, @hthlbih, “@cblj Dblgs. Zih hprfxbgh`bði hl prfyj`tf bimustrbhl `bijghtferèdb`f `cbljif (82=1-82=2)‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Chgjl him Curlbghii, Ji`b`lfpjmbh mj lh gûsb`h , ]fgf BB, Ahr`jlfih, Erbkhlaf, 82:2. Câhu Lhgajrt, @htcjrbij, “@frrbmfs zhphtbsths y lbajrhlbsgf‗, ji Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88. Cjrrjrh Lðpjz, Kulbf Hrghimf, “Lh `hi`bði pflçtb`h `cbljih y jl mjshrrfllf mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr lhtbifhgjrb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`hs gberhitjs. Lh gfvblbmhm hrtçstb`h ji lh jrh elfahl , Gbeujl Flgfs, `ffrmbihmfr,, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh Ifrtj. `ffrmbihmfr Cjrrjrh-Pfajn, Ghrçh, “Kfhquçi Gurrbjth. Gbtf, ljyjimh j cbstfrbh‗, ji Jitrj lh ghebh y lh cbstfrbh. ]rhmb`bfijs, ]r hmb`bfijs, gbtfs y ljyjimhs ljy jimhs mj lh drfitjr drfitjrh h , Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf mj lh Drfitjrh Ifrtj. Cjrièimjz Th`h, Tç`tfr, ¡Xuj sujiji, pjrf quj murji! Cbstfrbh mj lh lhumjrçh ji lh ùji`h mjl ]jphl`htjpj`, Gâxb`f, Gâxb`f, Jl @fljebf @fljeb f mj Gb`cfh`èi, 1??3. Cfrth, Lubs, “Hprfxbgh`bði “Hprfxbgh`bði h lh pjlçùlh gumh Jl cûshr mj lh gujrtj‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Kèurjeub, Jl ghrbh`cb. Pçgaflf gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, BIHC/@fihùlth/] @fihùlth/]hurus, hurus, 1??3. Kèurjeub Kbgâijz, Kjsûs, “Lfs phphqubs, ui eâijrf ghrbh`cjrf hr`hb`f vbejitj mjsmj hitjs mj lh Bimjpjimji`bh y mjspuâs mj lh Qjvflu`bði‗, ji Gjgfrbhs mjl @flfqubf Jl Ghrbh`cb. _htrbgfibf ùlturhl mj lfs gjxb`hifs. S Jiùjitrf Ih`bfihl mj Ghrbh`cb ]rhmb`bfihl , Gâxb`f, Efabjrif mj Khlbs`f, 1?81. Kbgâijz Aèjz, Aèj z, Rvjttj, Lh mâ`bgh pfpulhr ji _ujrtf Qb`f , Shlhph, 824=. Lhrrhçi, Kfrej, Bmjitbmhm `cbljih , Phitbhef, LFG, 1??8. Lhvhllj, Kfsjdbih, Jl khrhaj , Gâxb`f, BIAH, 8233. Ljhl Tjlhz`f, @hrlfs Eusthvf, “Hitrfpflfeçh gusb`hl ji lhs sf`bjmhmjs bitjrgjmbhs mj lh drfitjrh ifrjstj mj lh Qjpûalb`h gjxb`hih‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjr drfitjrhh ifrtj , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232. Lðpjz Qbvhs, Eblajrtf, Lh eujrrh mj 83=5, Gâxb`f, Jmb`bfijs Iujstrf ]bjgpf, 8254. Gh`çhs @jrvhitjs @jr vhitjs,, @âshr Djm Djmjrb`f, jrb`f, Hspj`tfs mj lh cbstfrbh gfmjrih mj Euhihkuhtf , Efabjrif mjl Jsthmf mj Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, 1??2.

101

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ghrtçijz Guøfz, Jmuhrmf, “_rjsji`bh mjl ghrbh`cb ji lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih‗, ji ¡Hrrbah jl Ifrtj!, Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1?80. Ghrtçijz Qjyjs, Qjyjs, Pjrebf, “Lh gûsb`h mjl ifrjstj‗, ji Pjeuimhs kfrihmhs phrh lh bmjitbmhm mj lh ùlturh ifrjstjisj , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, @fisjkf @ulturhl mj Iujvf Ljði, 8234. Ghrtçijz Tbllhrrjhl, Qhûl, Gjgfrbh gusb`hl mj Gâxb`f , Gfitjrrjy, ZHIL, 1?88. Gjmbih Gfitjlfief, Gfitjlfief, Dblbajrtf, “Iujvf Ljði y su gûsb`h mj h`frmjði (82=8-8248)‗, ji ]rhmb`bfijs y `fstugarjs mj Iujvf Ljði Ljði , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, Efabjrif Efabjr if mj Iujvf Ljði, 822:. Gfisbvèbs, @hrlfs, “Jl ihr`f`frrbmf‗, ji Lfs gbl y ui vjlfrbfs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 1??2. Gfrjif Qbvhs, Rflhimh, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8252. Frtjeh Gjmbih, Kuhi, Lh jvhiejlbzh`bði purbthih ji Ifrtjhgârb`h , Gâxb`f, D@J, 8254. _hibzzh,, ]bzbhih “Lh vbmjf `rjh`bði ji lh mâ`hmh mj 823?‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , _hibzzh Phitbhef, HQ@BP. _jøh, _jø h, Ghiujl Cjrbajrtf, Gjxb`hi Hgjrb`hi Frqujsth , Hustbi, Zibvjrsbmhm mj ]jxhs _rjss, 8222. _ârjz Djrièimjz, Qflhimf Hitfibf, “Ifths ji tfrif hl frbeji mjl nbgauimu mj lh vfz dhimhief‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs gusb`hljs mjl F``bmjitj mj Gâxb`f , Mhibjl Eutbârrjz, `ffrmbihmfr `ffrmbihmfr,, Gfrjlbh, Gfrjvhllhmf Jmbtfrjs, 1?88. _ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf “Zih rjebði bivjithmh mjsmj jl `jitrf. Lh `fisflbmh`bði mjl ùhmrf jstjrjftçpb`f ih`bfihl, (8218-8205)‗, ji Jsthgphs mj ih`bfihlbsgf pfpulhr gjxb`hif. Mbjz jishyfs sfarj ùlturh pfpulhr y ih`bfihlbsgf , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP /@BMCJG, 1??0. _ârjz Gfitdfrt, Qb`hrmf, “Jl `frrbmf gjxb`hif‗, ji Jxprjsbfijs pfpulhrjs y jstjrjftbpfs ji Gâxb`f.   y  SS , Gâxb`f, @BJPHP, 1??3. Pbelfs SBS  y _jrjbrh Phlhs, Juejibf, Lfs frçejijs mjl hrtj gusb`hl ji @cblj , Phitbhef, Bgprjith Zibvjrsbthrbh, 82=8. Qhzf Flbvh, Kuhi Mbjef, “Kfhquçi Gurrbjth‗, ji ]jstbgfibfs mjl vbjitf-`hi`bfijrf dflnlðrb`f shlghitbif , Gâxb`f, Lh Qjm mj Kfiès, 8235. Qhzf Flbvh, Kuhi Mbjef, @frrbmfs cbstðrb`fs mj lh trhmb`bði mjl Ahkçf , Gfrjlbh, Kbithikèdfrh, 1?8?. Qhgçrjz-_bgbjith, Kuhi @hrlfs, @hithr h lfs ihr`fs , Gâxb`f, _lhijth, 1?88. Qhgfs,, Ghrbf Hrturf, Lh ljtrh `hithmh , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj Xujrâthrf, 823=. Qhgfs

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

100

Qjyjs, Kumbtc, Kumbtc, Jl `frrbmf. _rjsji`bh mjl kuelhr ji lh cbstfrbh mj Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh @chpbief, 8225. Qfaljs Mèvblh, Luz Ghrçh, Lh ghrfgh y jl `frrbmf. Mfs jspj`bjs `fgpljgjithrbhs mj lbtjrhturh pfpulhr , Gâxb`f, Mbrj``bði Ejijrhl mj @ulturhs _fpulhrjs, _fpulhrjs, 8225. Phith @ruz, Jmuhrmf, “Jitrj cuhsfs y rftfs‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Phith @ruz, Kfsâ, “Kfsâ Afcr y ui `bij husjitj‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Phlhs [ûøbeh, Dhabf, Dhabf, Lh prbghvjrh tjrrjstrj , Phitbhef, @uhrtf _rfpbf, 1??0. Phlbihs, @lhumbf “Mbsùrsf `bijghtferèdb`f y mbsùrsf `rçtb`f‗, ji Jl `bij quj duj. 8?? høfs mj `bij `cbljif , Phitbhef, HQ@BP. Phlmbvhr, Eharbjl, Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f , Gâxb`f, Abalbftj`h Ji`b`lfpâmb`h mjl Jsthmf mj Gâxb`f, 823?. Lh prbgjrh jmb`bði mjl lbarf mhth mj 820=. Pblvh, Aèrahrh, @cblj. Bmjitbmhm y ih`bði jitrj mfs sbelfs , Phitbhef, LFG, 1??3. Pbgfijtt, Cjljih, Ji Pbihlfh ih`ç. Cbstfrbh mj lh gûsb`h mj ahimh, Ghzhtlèi, Hsf`bh`bði mj Ejstfrjs mjl _htrbgfibf Cbstðrb`f y @ulturhl mj Ghzhtlèi, 1??=. Pbgfijtt, Cjljih, “Drfg vbllhej vbllhej tf wfrlm sthej; ]cj ghlljhablbty fd Pbihlfh pfpulhr arhss ahims‗, bi Arhss ahims fd tcj wfrlm; Gblbthrbsg, `flfibhl ljeh`bjs, ljeh`bjs, him lf`hl gusb` ghnbie, ghnbie, Puzjlhih Qjbly, jmbtjm, Hscehtj, 1?81. Pflmjvblh, Djrrhi, Cbstfrbh mj Jsphøh , vfl. BB, Ahr`jlfih, @rçtb`h, 822:. Puajr`hsjhux, Ajrihrmf, Cbstfrbh mjl lbarf ji @cblj , Phitbhef, LFG, 1?8?. P`cnflibn, Nhtbh, Pjrvhimf @hif. Bgpulsfr y vbsbfihrbf mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh , Gâxb`f, Lhef Jmb`bfijs, 1?88. Pthidfrm, ]cfghs, Jl sfi gjxb`hif , Gâxb`f, D@J, 823=. ]b`chvsny,, Qhmnf, _flnh. Qhç`js mj uih tr ]b`chvsny trhmb`bði hmb`bði gusb`hl , Gfitjrrjy, Pj`rjthrçh mj Qjlh`bfijs Jxtjrbfrjs mj lh Qjpûalb`h @cj`h, 1??:. ]bihkjrf Gjmbih, Quaâi, Jl ihr`f`frrbmf ¶]rhmb`bði f gjr`hmf6 , Gâxb`f, Zibvjrsbmhm Hutðifgh mj @cbcuhcuh, 1??=. Zrrutbh Fijll, Lubs, @flf @flf 8250, 8250, Phitbhef, Jmb`bfijs A, 1?81.

10=

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Tèzqujz Phith, Cbebibf, Cbstfrbh mj lh `hi`bði gjxb`hih, ]fgf BBB , Gâxb`f, ]hlljrjs Erèdb`fs mj lh Ih`bði, 8208. Thljizujlh Hr`j, Kfsâ Ghiujl, “@frrbmfs j bmjitbmhm ih`bfihl ji lh drfitjrh Gâxb`f-Jsthmfs‗, ji Lhs gûsb`hs quj ifs mbjrfi phtrbh , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?88. Tâljz, Eblajrtf, @frrbmfs gjxb`hifs , Gâxb`f, Jmbtfrjs Gjxb`hifs Zibmfs, 8231.

]JPBP Gfitfyh Hrbhs, Lubs Fghr, @frrbmf mj efgjrfs (82=?-822?). Jxplb`h`bði cbstðrb`h mj sus `hgabfs ejijrh`bfihljs , ]jsbs mj lb`ji`bhturh ji cbstfrbh, Euhihkuhtf, Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, 1??4. Qubz ]frrjs, Qhdhjl Hitfibf, Cbstfrbh mj lhs ahimhs gblbthrjs mj gûsb`h ji Gâxb`f (8545-821?), (8545-821?), ]jsbs mj ghjstrçh ji cbstfrbh, Gâxb`f, ZHG-Bzthphlhph, 1??1. [ylajrajre _hijabhi`f, Tbfljth, @hi`bfijrf mj lh rjsbstji`bh j i tbjgpfs mjl Rh Rh `hyð. Gjgfrbh, bmjitbmhm y rjprjsjith`bfijs sf`bhljs h trhvâs mj lhs `hi`bfijs mjl gfvbgbjitf sf`bhl mj Fhxh`h ji jl høf 1??4 , ]jsbs ]j sbs mj ghjstrçh ji hitrfpflfeçh, Fhxh`h, @BJPHP, 1?8?.

CJGJQFEQHDÇH “Hcç vbjij Ghrtçi @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , kujvjs 13 mj hefstf, 82:1. “H mbjstrh y sbibjstrh jstèi hutfrbzhimf sjghihlgjitj ahbljs ji jl gjmbf rurhl‗, ji Jl Mbhrbf mj @ulbh`èi , 84 mj ifvbjgarj mj 8245. “Hljkhimrh Euzgèi, ]berjs mjl Ifrtj y Lfs Aunbs mbsputhrèi Erhggy‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h ghrtjs = mj djarjrf, 8221. “Hlb`bh Tbllhrrjhl lj pfij gu`chs ehihs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, 1? mj kulbf, 8225.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

10:

Hyhlh Muhrtj, Hldfisf, “8? høfs mj gu`cf ]hyjr‗, ji Gûsb`h ji Gfitjrrjy , vflugji 8, iûgjrf =, sjptbjgarj-f`tuarj mjl 1??1. “Arfi`f rj`baj jl gèxbgf ehlhrmði mj Gfitjrrjy; Jl @jrrf mj lh Pbllh‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, gbâr`fljs 3 mj harbl, 8221. “Arfi`f sj prjsjithrè ji Gusjf mj Iujvh Rfrn‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 4 mj sjptbjgarj, 8221. “Arfi`f. _rjsjithrèi hquç Mfs gukjrjs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, 82 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Arfi`f jitrh mj lljif h tjljifvjlhs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, h 1? mj sjptbjgarj, sj ptbjgarj, 8220. “Arfi`f tjimrè ahblj cbstðrb`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1: mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “@hahllf Alhi`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs 1 mj kulbf, 82:8. “@hrhvhih mj hrtbsths‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 2 mj harbl, 825?. “@hrtjljrh‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs = mj ifvbjgarj, 825?. “@lbitfi rj`fif`jrè h Kfci Kfciyy @hihljs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. @bsijrfs, Nhrbih, “Bistrugjitfs mj gûsb`h gj`èib`h ji lh `bumhm mj Gâxb`f (8355-821:)‗, ji Hi- trfpflfeçh. Afljtçi fdb`bhl mjl BIHC , Gâxb`f, BIHC, ghyf-hefstf 1??2. @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj y lh gûsb`h gjxb`hih. Bivjstbeh`bði h`jr`h mj lh ùlturh gusb`hl ji Gâxb`f (8:1:-821:),, Gâxb`f, PJ_, 8213. (8:1:-821:) @hgpfs, Quaâi, Jl dflnlfrj gusb`hl mj lh `bumhmjs , Gâxb`f, PJ_, 820?. @chgfrrf Js`hlhitj, Hrturf, “]rjs ejijrh`bfijs mjl `hi`bfijrf drfitjrbzf‗, ji Gûsb`h ji lh drfitjrh ifrtj , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 8232. “Mjdbibjimf lh ùlturh pfpulhr‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, gbâr`fljs 8 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Mbs`fs @AP mjsùarj h Tb`jitj Djrièimjz‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 1: mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. “Mfrh Ghrçh vbjij h lh SJ] `fi lh `hrhvhih hrtçstb`h‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , kujvjs = mj ghyf, 82:?. “Jl ruebmf mjl erupf mj Pbihlfh duj gès dujrtj quj jl rjlbi`cf mj Arfi`f‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, kujvjs 2 mj harbl, harbl, 8221. “Jstèi jidrjithimf jgprjshrbfs h Arfi`f y h Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 80 mj harbl, 8221.

104

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

“Jl `jlulhr‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h mfgbief 81 mj harbl mj 8221. “Jl Gjxb`hif y Lfs Rfib`s ji ahblj ghsbvf‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, ghrtjs 1= mj ghrzf, 8221. “Jl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl rjerjsð mj Ghzhtlèi‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 83 mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. Jl Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 10 mj ghrzf, 82??. Jl Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 81 mj sjptbjgarj, 82?8. Jl Bgphr`bhl , Gâxb`f, 8: mj mb`bjgarj, 828?. “Jl ]jsfrf mj @hahllf Alhi`f‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , luijs 08 mj kulbf, 82:?. “Jl @hrihvhl mjl Hlefmði‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. “Jl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl rjerjsð mj Ghzhtlèi‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 83 mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. “Jl ghjstrf Hitfibf ]hieugh‗ ]hieugh‗,, ji Jl _frvjibr , vbjrijs 10 mj jijrf, 825?. “Jl sjøfr Hrihlmf Qhgçrjz Tbllhrrjhl rjerjsð rj erjsð mj Ghzhtlèi‗, ji Jl Ifrtj, 83 mj ifvbjgarj, 8245. “Ehlfph trbuidhl sbi ahrrjrhs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, 82 mj jijrf, 8221. “Erhi djstbvhl pfpulhr phrh cfgjihkjhr h Mfi @ruz Lbzèrrheh‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, vbjrijs 88 mj ghrzf, 8233. “Erhi ahblj rhi`cjrf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 80 mj kuibf, 82:?. “Erhi djstbvhl pfpulhr phrh cfgjihkjhr h Mfi @ruz Lbzèrrheh‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj, Ghzhtlèi, vbjrijs 88 mj ghrzf, 8233. “Cfgjihkjhrèi h gûsb`fs ifrtjøfs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , sèahmf 80 mj hefstf, 8233. “Ch`j Jgblbf if`cj tjxhih‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Bivhsfrjs y Lbajrh`bði mhi tfmf pfr jl pûalb`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, kujvjs 0? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Bihueurhi Jxpf Hpfmh`h‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 14 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Brhpuhtf bi`rjgjith sus h`tbvbmhmjs prfmu`tfrhs, h rbtgf h`jljrhmf‗, ji Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf.. Mbhrbf mjl Ah- kçf , Brhpuhtf, luijs 1? mj harbl, 82:0. “Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs mjauthi ji `bij‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, ghrtjs 5 mj harbl, 8221. “Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj dbeurhrfi ji Lh _ujrth Ijerh‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 8232.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

105

“Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj rjifvhrfi `fitrhtf `fi Gjlfmy‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h kujvjs 15 mj djarjrf, 8221. “Lljeð lh fimh bieljsh‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, sèahmf 14 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj. Ifr tj. Zih ljyjimh mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh‗, ji Ifrfjstj , mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 8232. “Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf prjphrh hleuifs iûgjrfs phrh su prðxbgf L_‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 8? mj djarjrf, 8221. “Lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf `fitrhth hl vf`hlbsth Kulbf Jl Hrrfehitj‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, mfgbief 12 mj ghrzf, 8221. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs = mj djarjrf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , kujvjs : mj djarjrf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , vbjrijs 1? mj djarjrf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , mfgbief 80 mj ghrzf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , 1: mj ghrzf, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, prfer hgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , ghrtjs 18 mj harbl, 82=1. “Lh SJDA hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, prfer hgh`bði‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , kujvjs 10 mj harbl, 82=1. “Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 5 mj jijrf, 82:?. “Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , vbjrijs 1= mj ghrzf, 82:?. “Lh SJ] hiui`bh su prferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 80 mj kuibf, 82:?. “Lf gès mjsth`hmf mjl mçh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , sèahmf 12 mj kulbf, 82:?. “Lfs Af`cjrfs mjsmj cfy ji lh SJ]‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , = mj ghyf, 82:?. “Lljeh lh @hrhvhih @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. “Lfs ]jgjrhrbfs lh hrghi ji erhimj‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, luijs 84 mj kuibf, 8225. “Lh Ahimh Jl Qj`fmf `fitrhth hl vf`hlbsth Kulbf Jl Hrrfehitj‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, mfgbief 12 mj ghrzf mj 8221.

103

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

“Lfrjizf mj Gfitj`lhrf prjphrh hleuifs iûgjrfs phrh su prðxbgf L_‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 8? mj djarjrf mj 8221. “Ghrtçi @frfih‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , vbjrijs 1= mj ghrzf, 82:?. “Ghtbiâ‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , mfgbief 81 mj ghrzf, 82:?. Ghrtçijz Hyhlh, Kfrej Hgðs, “_fr “_fr lh frbllh mjl rçf y chsth _hihgè‗, ji ]zbitzui. Qjvbsth mj Jstumbfs Cbstðrb`fs , Gfrjlbh, ==, kulbf-mb`bjgarj, 1??5. Gulhrsnb, Kjmrjn _utth, “Gjxb`hif fr @cbljhi. Gjxb`hi rhi`cjrh gusb` him ihtbfihlbsg bi @cblj‗, ji Ptumbjs bi Lhtbi Hgjrb`hi @ulturj , Zibvjrsbty fd ]jxhs _rjss, _rjss, Tfl. Tfl. 0?, 1?81. Ihvhrrjtj _jllb`jr, _jllb`jr, Pjrebf, “Lhs `hpbllhs mj gûsb`h mj vbjitf ji Fhxh`h murhitj jl sbelf SBS‗, ji Cj- tjrfdfiçh. Qjvbsth mj Bivjstbeh`bði Gusb`hl , iûgjrf 81=, Gâxb`f, BIAH, jijrf-kuibf, 1??8. “_rjgbfs lf gjkfr mj 8221‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 2 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “_rjphrhi ahblj rhi`cjrf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , ghrtjs 2 mj ghyf, ghyf, 82:8. “_rferhgh`bði‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , : mj sjptbjgarj, 8245. _ârjz Djrièimjz, Qflhimf, Qflhimf, “Jl `cu`cugaâ y lh aujih phlharh, sjeuimh phrtj‗, ji Pfi mjl Pur , @fhtzh`fhl`fs, iûg. =, kuibf, 8225. “¡Xuj Arfi`fs!‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , Gfitjrrjy, Gfitjrrjy, luijs 15 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Qbdh mj h`frmjfijs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs 1 mj kulbf, 82:8. “Qjvbsth Gusb`hl‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , gbâr`fljs = mj ifvbjgarj, 825?. “Qj`fif`ji h lhs gûsb`hs ifrtjøhs‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1= mj ifvbjgarj, 8220. “Qhmbfmbdusbði mj lh Pj`rjthrçh mj lh Mjdjish‗, ji Euhihkuhtf Euhihkuhtf.. Mbhrbf mjl Ahkçf , kujvjs 11 mj f`tuarj, 82=1. “Pj rbimbð cfgjihkj h thi qujrbmf, Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 4 mj djarjrf, 8232. “Pj bihueurh lh SJGQ mj Gfitjrrjy‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , sèahmf 88 mj jijrf, 82=8. “Pj hiui`bh euhtjquj‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , 14 mj kulbf, 82:?. “Pj prjsjith lh pfpulhr `hi`bfijrh‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , ghrtjs 80 mj kuibf, 82:?. “Phlði mj lh dhgh mj lh Gûsb`h Ifrtjøh h Duimbmfrh‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , kujvjs 82 mj ifvbjgarj, 8221.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

102

“Pbjgprj ji Mfgbief. Eusth h gjmbfs jlji`f jstjlhr‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Pbjgprj ji Mfgbief hquç‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Pjljih y Lfs Mbifs `fi jl pbj mjrj`cf‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 82 mj sjptbjgarj, 8220. “Pj rbimbð cfgjihkj h thi qujrbmf, Kfsâ Èiejl Jspbifzh‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, luijs 4 mj djarjrf, 8232. “]jljvbsh “]j ljvbsh `fgprh h Zibvbsbði‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, vbjrijs 2 mj harbl, 8221. “]fgh “] fgh Lupj `lhsjs `fi lh Ijih Mjlehmf‗, ji Jl Ifrtj , Gfitjrrjy, h ghrtjs 80 mj hefstf, 8224. “]ugultufsf djstjkf mjl tjr`jr hibvjrshrbf mj lh Ahimh Lfs Qj`fmbtfs‗, ji Jl Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, mfgbief 2 mj djarjrf, 8221. “Zih jsth`bði rhmbfmbdusfrh ji Brhpuhtf‗, ji Lhafr , Brhpuhtf, Euhihkuhtf, 84 mj hefstf, 8208. “Zi jxtrhfrmbihrbf `fi`bjrtf pfr rhmbf‗, ji Lhafr , f`tuarj, 8208. “Tjimj “T jimj BG@BIJ lfs mjrj`cfs mj `bi`f pjlçùlhs hl jxtrhikjrf‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, Pbihlfh, vbjrijs 2 mj harbl, 8221. “Tbhkhi Lfs ]berjs mjl Ifrtj h Hljghibh; fdrj`jrèi ùhtrf `fi`bjrtfs‗, ji Ifrfjstj , Ghzhtlèi, h gbâr`fljs 3 mj harbl, 8221. “Tbjij jl _rbgjr Hibvjrshrbf mj lh SJGQ‗, ji Jl _frvjibr. Jl _jrbðmb`f mj lh Drfitjrh , gbâr`fljs 8= mj jijrf, 82=1. “R phrh lfs erupjrfs Arfi`f‗, ji Jl _frvjibr , 1? mj sjptbjgarj, 8220.

JI]QJTBP]HP Hrtjheh, Jusjabf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf ^tr hahkf mj `hgpfW, Lh ifrtjøh ji Lhtbifhgjrb`hih f jl trhisih`bfihlbsgf gusb`hl `fsgfpflbth ji lhs pjrbdjrbhs. Alhi`hrtj, Hljkhimrf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

1=?

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Ajihvbmjs, Khvbjr ^jitrjvbsthW, Ajihvbmjs, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1??4, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Austfs, Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. @harjrh, _jpj _jpj ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. @hihljs, Ghiujl Ghiujl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. @harjrh, Kfsâ Kfsâ ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Mj lh Ehrzh, Bvèi Hljkhimrf Hljkhimrf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Jlbzhlmj, Lubs Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ehr`çh, Efizhlf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Euzgèi, Bierbm ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Cjrièimjz, Eblajrtf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, GjGjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Bizuizh, Fs`hr ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Bturrbheh, Bsghjl ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

1=8

Brbefyji, Gb`cjl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Ifrtjøh. Lh `fistru``bði gultbrjebfihl mj uih gûsb`h pfpulhr gjxb`hih. Lðpjz, Bsghjl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lðpjz, Lubs @hrlfs ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Lðpjz, @rbstðahl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Gfitjsbifs, Èiejl Èiejl ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ghrtçijz, Ghxbgbif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Gâimjz, Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, GjGjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ihvbmhm, ]jfmfsf ]jfmfsf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81 y 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Ibjtf, Ghrtçi ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?88, pfr Lubs Fghr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Flbvhrjs, Cuef ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81 y 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, GjFlbvhrjs, gfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Xujzhmh Thljizujlh, Thljizujlh, Gfbsâs ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Qbvjrh, Djrihimf Djrihimf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Qjmflâs,, Ghurb`bf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, GjgfQjmflâs rbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

1=1

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Phlhs, Dhabf Dhabf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Phlmbvhr,, Eublljrgf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Phlmbvhr Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Threhs, _hulbif _hulbif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?8=, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Tjrehrh, Aruif ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. Thljizujlh, Ibahlmf ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?81 y 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih. [ûøbeh @frtâs, Pjrebf ^jitrjvbsthW, ^jitrjvbsthW, 1?80, pfr Lubs Fghr Gfitfyh Hrbhs ^trhahkf mj `hgpfW, Gjgfrbh, Gberh`bði y Ih`bfihlbsgf. Lh `fistru``bði cbstðrb`h mj lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih.

BI]JQIJ] Bitjrijt; cttp;//lubsfghrgfitfyhrbhs.alfespft.gx/ > h``jsf; gbâr`fljs 0? mj harbl mjl 1?8=. Bitjrijt; cttp;//www.hitfibfheublhrfdb`bhl.`fg > h``jsf; gbâr`fljs 0? mj harbl mjl 1?8=. Tbllhlphimf, Kfsâ Ghiujl, “@uhimf @cblj hyumð h Gâxb`f‗, ji (www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx ( www.ab`jithijrbf.efa.gx , h``jsf; 8 mj kulbf mjl 1?80). Bitjrijt; cttp//www cttp//www.vbfljthphrrh.` .vbfljthphrrh.`l/sbtbf/`rfiflfeçh l/sbtbf/`rfiflfeçh > h``jsf; 81 mj kulbf mjl 1?80.

MBP@FEQHDÇH Ajtf [hphth, _rbsbfijrf mj tus arhzfs , Gâxb`f, Mbsh-Zibvjrshl, 1?88.

Lubs Gfitfyh / Eharbjl Gjmrhif

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Câ`tfr Gfitjghyfr, @fi Ahimh Pbihlfjisj Lfs @fyfiqubs mj Pjrebf ]hpbh ]hpbh , Phi Ib`flès mj lfs Ehrzh, Mbsh, 8228. Lhs Kbleujrbllhs (Bgjlmh y Hgphrf), @fi Ahimh Lh @fstjøh mj Qhgði Lðpjz Hlvhrhmf , Euhmhlhkhrh, Hzul y Frf, 8232. Lfs Hljerjs mj ]jrèi. Erhah`bfijs Erhah`bfijs frbebihljs (82:1-82:=) (82:1-82:=),, Jl @jrrbtf, @hlbdfribh, Hrcfflbj (2?=3), 1??=. Lfs Bitf`haljs mjl Ifrtj, ]jsfrfs mj @flj``bði , Gâxb`f, Pfiy-AGE, 1??5. ]jsfrf mj lh Gûsb`h Ifrjstjisj , Gâxb`f, BIHC, 1??1, p.83. @bijghtferhdçh Ahimbmfs ljejimhrbfs mj Gâxb`f , Hibgh Hrejitbih him Cbstfry @chiijl, 1?8?. Lhrrhçi, Kuhi mj Mbfs, IF , Phitbhef, 1?81. Ghlmfihmf,, @crbstbhi, Ifrtjøfs mjl sur , Gâxb`f, @fihùlth, 1?81. Ghlmfihmf

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Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih, mjl Mjphrthgjitf mj Jmu`h`bði mj lh Mbvbsbði mj @bji`bhs Pf`bhljs y Cughibmhmjs, @hgpus Euhihkuhtf, mj lh Zibvjrsbmhm mj Euhihkuhtf, sj tjrgbið mj mbebthlbzhr ji ghyf mj 1?84 ji lhs fdb`bihs mj Jilh`j Jmbtfrbhl mj mb`ch Mbvbsbði. Lh dfrgh`bði mj Dlfr J. Heubljrh Ihvhrrjtj y jl mbsjøf mj pfrthmh mj Ghrtch Erh`bjlh _bøh _jmrhzh. ]brhkj; 8,???.

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Lh gûsb`h ifrtjøh gjxb`hih

La Musica Nortena Mexicana 2016 Universi

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