La Metodología de Boothroyd

 

Cgolocalom `c ens Casmhdecs

Em hctn`nenbèm hctn`nenbèm @GHM lnasostc lnasostc ca fmlcr ua maíeosos `c tochpns tochpns y lnstns `c casmhdec. \c trmtm `c uam hctn`nenbèm `c oabcaocrèm oavcrsm, cs `clor, `c ua casmhdec ym rcmeozm`n, sc fmlc ua maíeosos pmrm ndtcacr oagnrhmloüa mlcrlm `ce hoshn, y `c mfè mf è prnpnacr ce rc`oscýn.  Ce hïtn`n lnasostc ca cvo`calomr ems poczms quc scma lma`o`mtms pmrm ceohoamrsc `c ua casmhdec, casmhd ec, m`chís m`chís `c lmelue lmeluemr mr tochp tochpns ns y lnstns lnstns rcemlo rcemlonam` nam`ns ns m poczms poczms y npcrmlo npcrmlonac nacss oa`ovo`umecs `ce casmhdec, y `c cstm hmacrm, ndtcacr oagnrhmloüa mlcrlm `c mquceems quc lnasuhca hulfn tochpn y lnstn. Ntrn pmríhctrn quc sc ndtocac m pmrtor `c cstc hïtn`n cs ce líeluen `c uam cgolocalom `c `oscýn eemhm`m ―cgolocalom `c casmhdec‘, em lume oa`olm em pmutm catrc em aclcso`m` rcme n an `c ua rc`oscýn. \cbúa ems dmscs `ce `oscýn pmrm casmhdec, cxostca 4 npcrmlonacs proalopmecs quc ce hïtn`n lnaso`crm pmrm ua casmhdec, quc sna em hmaopuemloüa `c uam poczm, y su oascrloüa ca ce casmhdec n ca ntrm poczm.

Ens `ns gmltnrcs quc oageuyca ca ce lnstn y tochpn `c ua casmhdec n sudcasmhdec sna:   Ce aúhcrn `c lnhpnacatcs ca ua prn`ultn.  Em gmloeo`m` `c hmacjn, oascrloüa y sujcloüa `c ems poczms.



Cgcltn `c em sohctrèm `c em poczm ca ce tochpn `c hmaopuemloüa. Sam `c ems proalopmecs lmrmltcrèstolms `c `oscýn bcnhïtroln quc mgcltm me tochpn `c casmhdec pmrm tnhmr y nrocatmr  uam poczm cs su sohctrèm. Ems npcrmlonacs `c hnatmjc ohpeolma sochprc me hcans `ns lnhpnacatcs: em pmrtc quc sc vm m oascrtmr y em pmrtc n lnajuatn (rclcptíluen) ca ce quc sc oascrtm em poczm. Em sohctrèm `c ems poczms sc `cgoac pnr ens brm`ns `c born quc sc rcquocrca  pmrm quc em poczm ym nrocatm`m vucevm m melmazmr em pnsoloüa `cscm`m pmrm em oascrloüa.

Cgcltn `ce cspcsnr y tmhmýn `c ems poczms ca ce tochpn `c hmaopuemloüa. Cs cvo`catc em rcemloüa `ce tmhmýn `c em poczm, lna ems `ogoluetm`cs quc sc prcscatma me tnhmrems y hmaopuemrems, ym quc, so sna huy pcqucýms, cs `ogèloe pmrm ua npcrmron n ua hmaopuem`nr tnhmrems y nrocatmrems `c em hmacrm lnrrcltm, y ca lmsn `c scr huy brma`cs,  pnr en bcacrme sc rcquocrca myu`ms pmrm su sujcloüa. Ce cspcsnr ca poczms loeèa`rolms cs `cgoa `cg oao` o`n n lnhn lnhn su rm rm`o `on, n, y ca pocz poczms ms an lo loeè eèa`r a`rol olms ms,, cs em hís hís pc pcquc qucým ým `c tn tn`m `mss su suss `ohcasonacs, lnaso`crma`n uam supcrgoloc pemam quc em lnatcabm. Cgcltn `c em sohctrèm ca poczms prnpcasms m mtmslmrsc n mtnrmrsc.  Sam poczm rcquocrc hmaopuemloüa lna poazms luma`n:

 

 Ce cspcsnr cs huy pcqucýn pmrm scr tnhm`m lna ens `c`ns.



    Em vosoüa vosoüa sc calucat calucatrm rm ndstru ndstruo`m o`m y ce pnsolo pnsolonam namhoc hocatn atn cs lnhpeo lnhpeolm` lm`n n `cdo`n `cdo`n m su  pcqucýn tmhmýn  An cs pnsodec tnlmrem lna ems hmans pnr metms tchpcrmturms u ntrns gmltnrcs quc puc`ma emstohmr. 

  Ens `c`ns an melmazma em udolmloüa `cscm`m.

@GM CA EM OA@S\PTOM Em hctn`nenbèm `ce `oscýn pmrm casmhdec, fm so`n utoeozm`m pnr uam brma lmato`m` `c chprcs chp rcsms, ms, oalnrp oalnrpnrí nría`ne a`nemm m su eèacm eèacm `c prn`ul prn`ulloü loüa, a, ndt ndtcao caoca`n ca`n vosode vosodecs cs rcsuet rcsuetm`ns m`ns ca lumatn m em `oshoauloüa `c lnstns, y muhcatn `c em lmeo`m` `ce prn`ultn. Sam `c ems oa`ustroms quc hís en ohpechcatm, cs em mutnhntroz, `na`c em prcsoüa pmrm rc`ulor lnstns cstí prcscatc ca tn`ns ens aovcecs `ce `csmrrneen `c prn`ultns. Lnhn cjchpen hcalonamrchns m Hmbam, ua gmdrolmatc `c lnhpnacatcs `c oatcronrcs y cxtcronrcs pmrm mutnhüvoecs cstmdecloü ua `cpmrtmhcatn cxleusovn m em `oshoauloüa `c lnstns ca tn`ms ems ctmpms `ce `csmrrneen `ce prn`ultn, rcuaoca`n pcrsname lmpmlotm`n y lna cxpcrocalom ca lm`m uam `c ems `oslopeoams rcqucro`ms. Ca cstm chprcsm sc ohpechcatü ce usn `ce sngtwmrc @GM pmrm myu`mr m em rc`ulloüa `c lnstns, an snen ca ems pmrtcs hctíeolms, soan tmhdoïa ca mquceems pmrtcs `c oatcronrcs lnhn en sna msocatns y vcsto`urms quc sna lnso`ms n tcjo`ms. Msè lnhn tmhdoïa, sc prnlurm em lnastma lnas tmatc tc lmpmlot lmpmlotmloü mloüa a `ce cquopn cquopn `c `oscýn `oscýn,, mlcrlm mlcrlm `c ems lmpmlo`m` lmpmlo`m`cs cs y melmal melmalcs cs `c hmaugmlturm `c em gídrolm, pucs ens `oscýns `cdca scr pnsodecs `c hmaugmlturmr y rcmeozmrsc lna ens oastruhcatns lna ens quc sc lucatm ca em pematm. Ss Ssum umeh ehca catc tc ens ensy casmhdem`n, ln lnst stns ns me metn tnss em`c ua prn` prn`ul ultn tn `c sc @GM `c `ctc tclt ltma ma ua uam m vc vczz qu quc c cs cstc tc ymcagu guc hmaugmlturm`n ohpechcatmloüa oatcatm `ctcltmr cstns lnstns emc ctmpm hís tchprmam pnsodec, en o`cme scrèm mpeolmr maíeosos `c @GM tma prnatn sc lucatca lna ens prohcrns `oscýns lnalcptumecs y dnsqucjns `ce prn`ultn. Em prnatm rcvosoüa ca ems ctmpms tchprmams `ce `oscýn lnalcptume, pn`ría cvo`calomr em rc`ulloüa rc`ullo üa `c poczms poczms y prnlcsns prnlcsns hc`omatc em lnhdoamloüa lnhdoamloüa `c pmrtcs, pmrtcs, rc`uloca`n ce aúhcrn `c sujc sujctm tm`n `nrc rcs, s, y ce ceoh ohoa oama ma`n `n em lm lmat ato` o`m` m` `c ln lnhp hpna naca catc tcss cx cxtr trms ms qu qucc rc gu gucr crzm zma a oaaclcsmromhcatc ems tcasonacs `c casmhdec. Em ceohoamloüa `c lnhpnacatcs tmhdoïa fm so`n gua`mhcatme ca ce `clrchcatn `c lnstns `c Hmbam, sndrc tn`n mquceems quc sna huy pcqucýms, y prcscatma brma`cs `ogoluetm`cs `c hmaopuemloüa, pnr en quc sc rclnhca`ü sne`mr n oalnrpnrmr csms pcqucýms pmrtcs m mquceems quc sna em dmsc `ce casmhdec n `na`c scría oascrtm`ms. Sa cjchpen lemrn cs ce `c ens

 

msocatns rcpecbmdecs, `na`c sc sne`mdma poczms scpmrm`ms m ens snpnrtcs, ems lumecs scrvèma lnhn buèms pmrm pcrhotor ce hnvohocatn `c ntrms poczms, soa chdmrbn, cstn puc`c eecvmrsc m mlmdn lna ce rmaurm`n `c ems buèms sndrc ens hoshns snpnrtcs, ceohoama`n lnhpnacatcs y npcrmlonacs. Nt Ntrn rn cjch cjchpe pen n lemr lemrn n sn sna a em emss pocz poczms ms hctí hctíeo eolms lms `c em cs cstr trul ultu turm rm `c en enss ms msoc ocat atns ns `c en enss mutnhüvoecs, quc cstía ludocrtms pnr tcem, pnr hulfns mýns ens leocatcs ec rcqucrèma m em chprcsm quc ems poczms gucrma ludocrtms `c poaturm pmrm cvotmr em lnrrnsoüa, soa chdmrbn, em chprcsm `ctcltü quc, me scr poczms quc sc mehmlcama `urmatc ua lnrtn tochpn matcs `c scr  casmhdem`ms, y uam vcz casmhdem`ms, cstía ludocrtms y an sna cxpucstms m lna`olonacs mthnsgïrolms, an rcquocrca scr poatm`ms, en quc mfnrrm mf nrrm uam brma lmato`m` `c lnstns. Hmbam rcmeoz Hmbam rcmeozü ü ua prny prnycl cltn tn pmrm pmrm ua ms msoc ocat atn n `c ua uamm po polk lk up cx cxtc tca` a`o` o`mm ca ce lume lume sc oavneulrmrna cquopns `c trmdmjn lnhpucstns pnr hulfns cspclomeostms ca tn`ms ems írcms `ce `csmrrneen `ce prn`ultn, y pnr eè`crcs quc `ctcrhoaca y cvmeúca ems `closonacs quc catrc tn`ns mlucr`ca. Ce ndjctovn crm hoaohozmr ens lnhpnacatcs y ens lnstns `c casmhdec, ca ua tochpn `c 6 hcscs, hmatcaoca`n em gualonameo`m` `ce prn`ultn. \c `clo`oü mpeolmr ce maíeosos @GM pmrm  pn`cr `ctcltmr ens prndechms `c casmhdec y ems npnrtuao`m`cs `c hcjnrm. Ce prohcr pmsn guc `cshmatcemr ce casmhdec, y vnevcren m casmhdemr, sc calnatrü lna ua casmhd cas mhdec ec `c =93 poczms poczms scpmrm scpmrm`ms `ms fclfms fclfms `c 0 `ogcrc `ogcrcatc atcss hmtcro hmtcromec mecs, s, gmdro gmdrolm`n lm`nss lna `ogcrcatcs prnlcsns `c hmaugmlturm, y casmhdem`ns hc`omatc `ogcrcatcs prnlcsns `c uaoüa, hulfms `c ems poczms cstmdma nluetms m em vostm, y gucrna calnatrm`ms fmstm `cshnatmr ce casmhdec ca su tntmeo`m`. Ce tochpn tntme `c casmhdec lmeluem`n guc `c =009 scbua`ns, soa lnatmr em mpeolmloüa `c  poaturm, sc rcmeozmrna 7 sudcasmhdecs, hulfms pmrtcs pcqucýms rcquorocrna sne`m`urm hmaume, gucrna aclcsmroms hís `c 0 rcnrocatmlonacs, y sc calnatrmrna dmstmatcs npcrmlonacs lna ndstrulloüa `c vosoüa y melmalc.  Ca em gmsc = `ce maíeosos, sc rcmeozü ua maíeosos supcrgolome, m lcrlm `c ems poczms hís cvo`catcs cvo`cat cs quc sc pn`rèma pn`rèma ceohoamr, ceohoamr, hmatcaoca`n hmatcaoca`n ems gualonacs cscalomecs cscalomecs `ce prn`ultn,  dmstmatcs poczms y lnhpnacatcs gucrna ceohoam`ns y/n lnhdoam`ns. Ca em gmsc 4 `ce maíeosos, sc mameozm m `ctmeec ce hmatcacr em gualonameo`m` `ce prn`ultn, luo`ma`n y `oslutoca`n em hís hèaohm hn`ogolmloüa prnpucstm, dmsm`m ca ens rcsuetm`ns ndtcao`ns ndtcao `ns me mpeolmr mpeolmr em hctn`nenbèm hctn`nenbèm `ce @GM. \c eecbü m ua casmhdec lna ? pmrtcs, pmrtcs, 4 rc nrocatmlonacs y lna ua tochpn `c casmhdec `c =99 scbua`ns. Ce maíeosos @GM rchmrlm ens puatns `c hcjnrm pmrm ce casmhdec, y ce cquopn `c trmdmjn bcacrü bcac rü subcrc subcrcalo aloms ms `c hcjnrm hcjnrm,, pnstcr pnstcronr onrhca hcatc, tc, `urmat `urmatcc ems gmscs gmscs = y 4, sc rcmeoz rcmeozmrn mrna a rcuaonacs catrc `ostoatns cspclomeostms `c ems `ostoatms írcms, lna ce goa `c lrcmr y `oslutor em hmynr lmato`m` `c o`cms pnsodec. Ce vosodec rcsuetm`n `c em `oshoauloüa `c tochpn ca ce

 

`csmrrneen `ce prn`ultn, msè lnhn `c em `oshoauloüa `c lnstns, fm `chnstrm`n m ens eè`crcs `c em chprcsm, quc em pmrtolopmloüa oaleusovm `c tn`ms ems pcrsnams quc gnrhma pmrtc `ce cquopn `c trmdmjn bcacrm cxlcecatcs rcsuetm`ns. Em mpeolmloüa `c em hctn`nenbèm @GM cs lrulome, lrulom e, ym quc fmy uam brma `ogcrcalom `ogcrcalom ca em lmato`m` `c o`cms bcacrm`ms rcemlonam`ms rcemlonam`ms lna em hoaohozmloüa `c lnstns chpecma`n ua maíeosos quc pcrhotm cvo`calomr ems npnrtuao`m`cs `c hcjnrm, quc fmlcren soa cstms fcrrmhocatms. Ntrm chprcsm quc fm oalnrpnrm`n ce maíeosos `c @GM ca sus eèacms `c prn`ulloüa cs Rforepnne \wc`ca (Anrrk÷poab, \uclom), quc cs ua lcatrn `c tclanenbèm bendme pmrm fnrans `c holrnna`ms. Gmdrolm hís `c ua hoeeüa `c fnrans me mýn (=??2). Rforepnne \wc`ca  prn`ulc vmroms pemtmgnrhms `c fnrans `c holrnna`ms, lna `ogcrcatcs nplonacs ca mebuans `c ens hn`cens dmsc. Em pematm prn`ulc 3999 fnrans `c holrnna`ms pnr `èm. Ce hnatmjc cs lmso cxleusovmhcatc hmaume, `cdo`n m quc ce hcrlm`n curnpcn gmvnrclc ce `oscýn `c fnrans `cebm`ns, lna mllcsnrons sohpecs, en lume fmlc quc ce casmhdec scm scaloeen `c rcmeozmr. Ymrm em mpeolmloüa `ce maíeosos, sc oaoloü ua prnbrmhm `c lmpmlotmloüa `c @GM lna `ns ndjctovns. Ce prohcrn guc cascýmr m `ns cquopns `c nlfn pcrsnams lm`m uan lühn rcmeozmr ce maíeosos `c @GM usma`n sngtwmrc cspclomeozm`n. Ce scbua`n ndjctovn guc rc`ulor ens lnstns ca em pematm y bcacrmr ua `oscýn `c fnran `cebm`n hc`omatc ce usn `c ua hn`cen `c  prn`ulloüa prnpucstn lnhn pmrtc `ce prnlcsn `c cascýmazm `c @GM. \c cspcrmdm quc em rc`ulloüa `c lnstns voaocrm `c em rc`ulloüa `ce aúhcrn `c poczms ca ce casmhdec `ce fnran y `c em rc`ulloüa `ce tochpn tntme `c casmhdec lnhn rcsuetm`n `c em oatcbrmloüa `c poczms y em sohpeogolmloüa n ceohoamloüa `c ens prnlcsns `c casmhdemjc. Ca em chprcsm sc tnhü ua prnycltn quc prcscatmdm uam aucvm metcramtovm `c `oscýn y ua  puatn `c rcgcrcalom pmrm rcmeozmr ce maíeosos y lnhprndmr ens rcsuetm`ns. Rforepnne \wc`ca \wc` ca cstm cstmdm dm pema pemacm cma`n a`n em oatr oatrn`u n`ull lloü oüa a `c ua au aucv cvn n fnran, fnran, `c `cdo do`n `n m qu qucc ce aucvn aucvn fn fnra ran n sustotuorèm me fnran `c holrnna`ms mltume gmdrolm`n pnr Rforepnne, ce ―WOY 49‘, sc tnhü em `closoüa `c lnhpmrmr cstc ―WOY 49‘ lna ce quc rcsuetmrèm `ce `oscýn hcjnrm`n, rcsuetma`n `c utoeozmr ce maíeosos @GM. Em pmrtolopmloüa tchprmam `c ens oabcaocrns `c prn`ulloüa guc aucvm pmrm em chprcsm y rcsuetü scr huy vmeonsm.  Ce WOY 49 cs ua holrnna`ms `c ?99 Rmtts, ens lnatrnecs sna hclíaolns hc`omatc dntnacs cecltr cec ltrnhc nhclíao líaolns lns,, @catrn @catrn `ce fnran, fnran, sc `cdc hmatca hmatcacr cr em rcemlo rcemloüa üa cspmlo cspmlome me `c mebuans mebuans ln lnhp hpna naca catc tcss `c `cdo do`n `n m qu qucc ce hmba hmbact ctrü rüa a pu puc` c`cc me melm lmaz azmr mr en enss 49 499 9 ¹ L `urm `urmat atcc ce gual gualon onam amho hoca catn tn,, ce mo morc rc `c ua vcato vcatoem em`n `nrr `c `cdc dc ge geuo uorr m tr trmv mvïs ïs `ce hmba hmbact ctrü rüa a y `ce trmasgnrhm`nr quc en meohcatm catrc ntrms cspclogolmlonacs `ce prn`ultn. Ymrm lm`m cstmloüa `c casmhdec, ce cquopn cspclomeozm`n ca @GM mpeolmdm uam cvmeumloüa `c em gmloeo`m` `c ens casmhdecs. M pmrto pmrtorr `c cstns cstns lucsto lucstonam namhoc hocatn atns, s, sc bcacrmr bcacrmrna na `c hmacrm hmacrm scaloe scaloeem, em, prnpucs prnpucstms tms pmrm pmrm hcjnrmr ce casmhdec, pnr cjchpen, sc `ctcltü ce casmhdec `ce rcsnrtc tnrsoname pmrm em mpcrturm mpcrtu rm `c em pucrtm, ce lume sc casmhdemdm casmhdemdm ca em pmrtc dmjm `c em pucrtm, pcrn em oascrloüa

 

sc rcmeozmdm pnr `cdmjn `ce lfmsos, pnr en quc crm aclcsmron rc nrocatmr ce casmhdec pmrm rcmeozmr csm npcrmloüa, y pnstcronrhcatc rcbrcsmr m em nrocatmloüa matcronr pmrm lnatoaumr  lna em sobuocatc mltovo`m`. Ca ce rc`oscýn sc oascrtm ce rcsnrtc tnrsoname `cs`c em pmrtc grnatme, `c hmacrm quc an sc rcquocrc rc nrocatmloüa. Ca cstm y ca ntrms oastmaloms, em oagnrhmloüa mrrnjm`m pnr ce maíeosos @GM mpnyn me cquopn pmrm fmlcr `closonacs `c hcjnrm ca ce casmhdec.  Hocatrms quc ce WOY 49 tcaèm =39 poczms ca su `oscýn nroboame, ce aucvn fnran snen tuvn =97, uam rc`ulloüa `c pmrtcs `ce 4? pnr locatn. Lna csm hcjnrm sc rc`ulorèm ce tochpn `c hnat hn atmj mjc, c, pc pcrn rn `c `cdo do`n `n m qu qucc hulf hulfms ms `c em emss pm pmrt rtcs cs ce ceoh ohoa oam`m m`mss cr crma ma su sujc jctm tm`nr `nrcs cs,, em emss npcrmlonacs `c casmhdec sc rc`ujcrna múa hís. \c puc`c ndscrvmr ca mhdns lmsns, quc em mpeolmloüa `ce @GM ca em oa`ustrom, ca ems ctmpms `c `oscýn y prn`ulloüa `c ua prn`ultn, an snen myu`ma m hcjnrmr em npcrmloüa dísolm `c casmhdec, quc cs `na`c sc cagnlm em hctn`nenbèm y ce maíeosos, so an tmhdoïa myu`m m fmlcr  uam cvmeumloüa lnhpectm `c em gualonameo`m` `ce prn`ultn me hcanr lnstn pnsodec.