La Maqueta Como Ensayo Previo para La Restauracion de Un Libro Con Encuadernacion A La Holandesa

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M LM DILMKNHQM. 

^VMFMGI NH CBK NH OVMNI OVMNI HK AIKQHVSMABÑK R VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH FFAA CMAXL^MN NH FHLLMQ MV^HQ XKBSHVQBNMN NH LM LMOXKM AXVQI MAMNÂEBAI 60=4-60=2 MLXEKM7 EMV^M FMQ^BNM NÅMW ^X^IVM7 HLBQM NÅMW OIKWÍLHW

 

 

 

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M LM DILMKNHQM.

EMV^M FMQ^BNM NÅMW GXLBI 60=2

 

 

 

 

 MOVMNHABEBHK^IQ

Hsth trmfmgi dm sbni pisbflh ormabms m Hlbsm Nåmz Oikzílhz, eb tutirm, qubhk eh dm oubmni y mpiymni hk tini eiehkti y dm aiksilbnmni hk eå hl hktusbmsei pir hl eukni nhl lbfri. ^mefbâk mormnhahr ml auhrpi niahkth nhl Ormni hk Aikshrvmabñk y Vhstmurmabñk nh lis Fbhkhs Aulturmlhs pir su beplbamabñk hk lm ciremabñk tmkti prichsbikml aiei phrsikml nurmkth hstis aumtri mýis. M ebs pmnrhs, pir hkshýmreh hl vmlir nhl aikiabebhkti y hl hscuhrzi. R m tinis mquhllis quh arhyhrik hk eå m÷k aumkni yi ki li dmaåm.

 

 

 

VHQXEHK

Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk nh uk lbfri sh nhcbkh aiei lm emkhrm hk lm quh hl auhrpi nhl lbfri sh mnmptm m su aufbhrtm. Hk hl prhshkth trmfmgi sh rhmlbzm uk hstunbi hstruaturml mahram nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm hk hl quh sh mkmlbzmk lis nbchrhkths hlhehktis aikstbtuyhkths nh uk lbfri, tiemkni aiei einhli nh rhchrhkabm uk hgheplmr nh lm ifrm  Mkohl Ouhrrm  Ouhrrm  nh Fhkbti Pârhz Omlnñs puflbamnm hk lm ÷ltbem nâamnm nhl sboli TBT. Hsth aikiabebhkti kis phrebth mcriktmr lis trmtmebhktis nh rhstmurmabñk nhvilvbhkni ki sili su utblbnmn sbki aikshrvmkni lm mrquhilioåm pripbm quh rhprhshktm. Hl priahsi nh rhmlbzmabñk nh ukm emquhtm myunmrí hk lm aieprhksbñk nh lm hstruaturm nhl lbfri ifghti nh hstunbi.

PMLMFVMQ ALMSH Hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm, tmpm eiktmnm, lbfri.

 MFQ^VMA^

^dh fiijfbknbko bs nhcbkhn ms tdh wmy tdh fiij fliaj bs mnhpthn ti bts aivhr. Bk tdh prhshkt wirj m struaturml stuny bs amrrbhn iut mfiut tdh dmlc-lhmtdhr fbknbko  fbknbko  bk wdbad tdh nbcchrhkt hlhehkts ic tdbs typh ic fiijfbknbko mrh mkmlyzhn, tmjbko ms rhchrhkah einhl m aipy ic tdh fiij  Mkohl Ouhrrm  Ouhrrm  fy Fhkbti Pârhz Omlnñs puflbsdhn bk tdh lmst yhmrs ic tdh kbkhthhktd ahktury. ^dh jkiwlinoh mlliws us ti cmah tdh rhstirmtbvh trhmtehkts rhturkbko kit ikly bts ushculkhss fut aikshrvbko tdh iwk mradmhilioy tdmt bt rhprhshkts. ^dh priahss ic emjbko m einhl wbll dhlp bk uknhrstmknbko tdh struaturh ic tdh fiij uknhr stuny.

JHR _IVNQ Dmlc-lhmtdhr fiijfbknbko, mssheflhn systhe, fiij.

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

ÅKNBAH =. BK^VINXAABÑ BK^VINXAABÑK K ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ............... 2 6. PLMK^HMEBH PLMK^HMEBHK^I K^I OHKHVML OHKHVML ......................................................... ............................................................................... ............................. ....... =0 6.=. GXQ^BCBAMABÑK ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. .............. =0 6.6. IFGH^BSIQ OHKHVMLHQ R HQPHAÅCBAIQ ........................................................................ ........................................................................ == 6.1. VHCHVHK^HQ ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................. ......................... =6 6.>. EH^INILIOÅM ................................................. ............................................................................................................ ........................................................... => 6.>.=. F÷squhnm niauehktml................................................................ ......................................................................................... ......................... => 6.>.6. Hstunbi nh amepi ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ => 6.>.1. Hxphrbehktmabñk príatbam ........................................................... .................................................................................... ......................... =8 6.8. AVIKIOVMEM ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ =3 1. AXHVPI AXHVPI NHL ^VMFMGI ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. .............................. ....... =? 1.=. BK^VINXAABÑK M LM HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M LM DILMKNHQM ...................................... DILMKNHQM ...................................... =? 1.=.=. Prhaursirhs nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm .............................................. =? 1.=.6. Amrmathråstbams nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm ........................................ dilmknhsm ........................................ =2 1.6. HQ^XNBI HQ^VXA^XVML NHL LBFVI MKOHL LBFVI MKOHL OXHVVM  OXHVVM ................................................... .................................................. 6= 1.6.=. Nmtis ohkhrmlhs ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 6= 1.6.6. Emthrbmlhs............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 61 1.6.1. Aufbhrtms.............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 61 1.6.>. Lms tmpms t mpms ................................................... .............................................................................................................. ........................................................... 6>

1.6.8. Lms oumrnms ............................................... .......................................................................................................... ........................................................... 68

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.6.3. Auhrpi nhl lbfri ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................... .............. 63 1.6.?. Hl aisbni ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 6? 1.6.4. Hl liei, lis khrvbis y lms amfhzmnms a mfhzmnms .................................................................... 64 1.6.2. Lis airths ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 10 1.6.=0. Nhairmabñk ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 10 1.1. HQ^XNBI PVÍA^BAI PVÍ A^BAI NH LM HKAXMNHVKMABÑK7 LM EM]XH^M ................................... 11 1.1.=. Priahnbebhkti pmrm lm aikchaabñk nh ukm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm........ dilmknhsm........ 11 1.1.6. Prhpmrmabñk nh aumnhrkbllis .................................................................. ................................................................................ .............. 1> 1.1.1. Aisbni .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. 18 1.1.>. Vhniknhmni nhl liei y rhmlbzmabñk nh lm ehnbm amým ........................................ ........................................ 14 1.1.8. Eiktmgh nh lms tmpms ....................................................... ........................................................................................... .................................... 12 1.1.3. Vhcuhrzi nhl liei .......................................................... ............................................................................................... ..................................... >= 1.1.?. Eiktmgh nh aufbhrtm ................................................................... ............................................................................................ ......................... >1 1.1.4. Vhsultmni .................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. ......................... >3 >. AIKALXQBIK AIKALXQBIKHQ HQ.................................................... ........................................................................... .............................................. ............................. ...... >? >.=. AIKALXQBIKHQ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ >? >.6. PVIPXHQ^M NH BK^HVSHKABÑK ..................................................................... ................................................................................... .............. >4 >.6.=. Nbmokñstbai .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... >4 >.6.6. Pripuhstm P ripuhstm nh bkthrvhkabñk .................................................................................. >2 8. FBFLBIOVMCÅ FBFLBIOVMCÅM M ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ........................................ .................. 8= 3. OLIQMVBI OLIQMVBI................................................. ........................................................................ ............................................. ........................................ .................. 81 ?. MKHTIQ MKHTIQ............................................................... ...................................................................................... ............................................. ............................. ....... 83

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

=. BK^VINXAABÑK

Hsth priyhati tbtulmni LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK  M LM DILMKNHQM hs hl rhsultmni nh lm mplbamabñk nh lis aikiabebhktis y nhstrhzms mnqubrbnis m li lmroi nhl Ormni hk Aikshrvmabñk y Vhstmurmabñk nh Fbhkhs Aulturmlhs nh lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Lm Lmoukm, hkciamni dmabm ukm phquhým rmem nhktri nh lm hsphabmlbzmabñk nh niauehkti orícbai, lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. Fmgi lm nbrhaabñk nh Hlbsm Nåmz Oikzílhz, sh dm rhmlbzmni hl hstunbi hstruaturml nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk hkaumnhrkmabñ k m ehnbm pbhl hk fmsh m uk hgheplmr hnbtmni hk =42= nh lm kivhlm nh F. Pârhz Omlnñs Mkohl Omlnñs Mkohl Ouhrrm. Hl pripñsbti nh hsth trmfmgi hs aikiahr lm hstruaturm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm pir dilmknhsm pir ehnbi nh lm bnhktbcbamabñk nh sus pmrtbaulmrbnmnhs vbsumlhs, nhl hstunbi nh sus hlhehktis aiepisbtbvis y nh lms tâakbams heplhmnms pmrm su hlmfirmabñk. Pmrm hlli sh rhmlbzm ukm f÷squhnm nh nbchrhkths nhcbkbabikhs y nhsarbpabikhs quh puhnm myunmr ml rhaikiabebhkti nh hsth tbpi nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. Hl trmfmgi sh nbvbnh hk aumtri puktis7 hl prbehri hs lm bktrinuaabñk: hl shoukni hkolifm tinis mquhllis mpmrtmnis quh gustbcbamk hl trmfmgi eís mllí nh lm bkciremabñk rhaiobnm, hs nhabr, lis ifghtbvis pripuhstis, hl pir quâ nh hsth trmfmgi nh bkvhstbomabñk, lis rhchrhkths hk lis quh sh fmsmk lm hxpisbabñk nh lis mrouehktis y lm ehtinilioåm llhvmnm m amfi pmrm lm rhmlbzmabñk nh hsth trmfmgi: hl ampåtuli 1 rhaioh lm bkciremabñk rhlmtbvm m lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm  mså aiei lm nhsarbpabñk nhl ifghti nh hstunbi, niknh sh mkmlbzmk amnm ukm nh lms pmrths aikstbtuyhkths nhl lbfri y sh hxplbamk y niauehktmk lis pmsis m shoubr pmrm lm hlmfirmabñk nh lm emquhtm. Cbkmlehkth hk hl aumrti ampåtuli sh mpirtmk lms aikalusbikhs nhl trmfmgi y ukm pripuhstm nh bkthrvhkabñk. Mnheís sh mnguktm uk olismrbi rhlmtbvi m lm hkaumnhrkmabñk pmrm malmrmr ml lhatir lm threbkilioåm hsphaåcbam utblbzmnm hk hsth amepi y lm cbadm tâakbam quh rhaioh lis nmtis físbais nhl ifghti nh hstunbi.

2

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

6. PLMK^HMEBHK^I OHKHVML 6.=. GXQ^BCBAMABÑK Lm bnhm nh hsth trmfmgi suroh m rmåz nhl bkthrâs pir hl eukni nhl lbfri mså aiei su aikshrvmabñk, puhs hk eb hktirki eís prñxbei eh dmk bkaulamni hl vmlir pir hl aikiabebhkti y lis lbfris aiei vhdåauli nh hsth. Aumlqubhr bkthrvhkabñk khahsbtm nh uk hstunbi prhvbi nh lis emthrbmlhs, tâakbams y priahnbebhktis quh, m li lmroi nh lm dbstirbm dmk bni hviluabikmkni m lm pmr quh lis bkthrhshs nh lm siabhnmn y hl nhsmrrilli thakilñobai. Lm bnhm nh aikshrvmr lis lbfris mnqubhrh ukm ormk bepirtmkabm, puhs aik hl mvmkah nh lm hrm nbobtml, lis niauehktis hstík aiknhkmnis m lm nhsmpmrbabñk y sb fbhk hs pisbflh nbobtmlbzmr su aikthkbni, hl sbsthem hstruaturml, quh euadms vhahs nmrí eís bkciremabñk m dbstirbmnirhs, aikshrvmnirhs, rhstmurmnirhs y tâakbais nh itrms nbsabplbkms, nhsmpmrhahråm nh cirem brrhehnbmflh. M li lmroi nh lm dbstirbm dmk hviluabikmni lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs nh lis lbfris hk rhlmabñk m su hstruaturm, aiepisbabñk, emthrbmlhs y aisth. Qh trmtm nh uk them hxtrhemnmehkth meplbi, pir li quh hl trmfmgi sh fmsm hk hl hstunbi nh ukm ifrm aikarhtm, uk hgheplmr nh lm kivhlm  Íkohl Ouhrrm nh Ouhrrm  nh F. Pârhz Omlnñs hnbtmnm pir Lm Oubrkmlnm y Hpbsinbis Kmabikmlhs hk hl mýi =42= auym hkaumnhrkmabñk hs m lm dilmknhsm. dilmknhsm. Hsth hstunbi sh aieplhtm aik ukm emquhtm nhl hgheplmr pmrm rhprinuabr hsth sbsthem nh hkaumnhrkmabñk hsphaåcbai.

=0

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

6.6. IFGH^BSIQ OHKHVMLHQ R HQPHAÅCBAIQ Hl ifghtbvi ohkhrml nh hsth ^rmfmgi nh Cbk nh Ormni hs hstunbmr h bnhktbcbamr m trmvâs nh sus amrmathråstbams vbsumlhs lm hstruaturm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm, dilmknhsm, uk hstbli prhshkth hk ormk pmrth nh lis lbfris hnbtmnis h beprhsis nurmkth lis ÷ltbeis sbolis. Mså ebsei sh prhthknh nhsmrrillmr lis priahnbebhktis nh hlmfirmabñk nh uk tbpi nh hkaumnhrkmabñk hsphaåcbam, y cmeblbmrbzmrsh aik lis emthrbmlhs e mthrbmlhs y dhrrmebhktms heplhmnis hk lm ebsem.

Lis ifghtbvis shauknmrbis m aueplbr m li lmroi nhl nhsmrrilli nhl trmfmgi sik7   Aikiahr hl aikthxti dbstñrbai hk hl quh suroh hsth tbpi nh hkaumnhrkmabñk.



  Hstunbmr lis hlhehktis aikstbtutbvis nh cirem bknbvbnumlbzmnm pmrm aieprhknhr su



aikgukti.   Vhprinuabr lms tâakbams y priahnbebhktis nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk ehnbmkth ukm



emquhtm.   Prieivhr hl hstunbi nh nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk nhl lbfri aiei ehnbi pmrm aieprhknhr su



hstruaturm y pinhr rhstmurmrli hk cukabñk cukabñk nh lis emthrbmlhs, tâakbams y priahnbebhktis priahnbebhktis heplhmnis irbobkmlehkth hk hl ebsei.   Prieivhr lm aikshrvmabñk nh lis niauehktis, hk hsth amsi lbfris, quh ciremk pmrth nh



kuhstri pmtrbeikbi.

==

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

6.1. VHCHVHK^HQ Lms rhchrhkabms heplhmnms pmrm lm rhmlbzmabñk nh hsth hstunbi sik prbkabpmlehkth eikiormcåms quh sh puhnhk nbchrhkabmr, hk cukabñk nh lm bkciremabñk ifthkbnm, hk nis fliquhs7 hl prbehri hkolifm tinis mquhllis hsarbtis hk rhlmabñk m lm dbstirbm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk h dbstirbm nhl lbfri: hl shoukni aikstm nh tinis lis trmtmnis y emkumlhs thñrbai-príatbais nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. Hk aumkti ml hstunbi dbstñrbai, sh nhfh rhchrhkabmr m shbs mutirhs hsphabmlbstms hk nbvhrsis amepis. Adham Arhemnhs, niatir hk Cblisicåm y Lhtrms hsphabmlbzmni hk Dbstirbm nhl Mrth pir lm Xkbvhrsbnmn Aiepluthksh nh Emnrbn y lbahkabmni hk Nhrhadi, nm ukm vbsbñk nhl eini nh hstunbi nh lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs dbstñrbams hk su mrtåauli Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 Hstbli, bnhilioåm y siabhnmn , puflbamni hk lm rhvbstm Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh Mrth. Dbpñlbti Hsailmr, qubhk cuh hsarbtir y nbrhatir nh lm Fbflbitham Kmabikml, icrhah ukm aikthxtumlbzmabñk nhl eukni nhl lbfri hk Dilmknm hk su ifrm Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. Gumk Gisâ Emrais Omraåm, lbahkabmni hk Cblilioåm Alísbam pir lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Qmlmemkam y hxphrti hk tbpiormcåm nbobtml, mpirtm lm dbstirbm nh lm cmeblbm nh hnbtirhs Hlzhvbr y su bepirtmkabm hk hl eukni nhl lbfri hk hl ampåtuli =3 nh su lbfri ^bpiormcåm Nhl Orbhoi Alísbai. Mkílbsbs H Dbstirbm Nhsnh Lm Bkvhkabñk Nh Lm Beprhktm Dmstm Lm Hrm Nbobtml.  Nbobtml.   Qvhkn Nmdl,  nbrhatir nh lm Fbflbitham Vhml nh Aiphkdmouh hk lm prbehrm ebtmn nhl sboli TT y mutir nh Dbstirbm nhl Lbfri, Lbfri, rhmlbzm uk rhairrbni dbstñrbai sifrh lm hviluabñk nhl lbfri, lm prinuaabñk, emthrbmlhs y ciremtis, hktrh itris. Lis mrohktbkis Crhnhrba Cbkñ y Diuramnh hxpikhk hk su ^rmtmni nh Fbflbilioåm lm Fbflbilioåm lm hviluabñk nhl niauehkti y lms mrths orícbams, nhsnh lis iråohkhs nhl lbfri dmstm hl sboli TT, mså aiei lms amrmathråstbams y priahnbebhktis nh lms tâakbams orícbams, tiemkni emyir bepirtmkabm pmrm hsth trmfmgi hl ampåtuli S nh lm thrahrm pmrth hk hl quh sh trmtmk lis tbpis nh hkaumnhrkmabñk, lis emthrbmlhs khahsmrbis pmrm su rhmlbzmabñk y pmutms nh aikshrvmabñk, hktrh itris. Pir su pmrth, Amrlis Almvhråm, niatir hk Cblilioåm Dbspíkbam pir lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Fmrahlikm, hstunbm nh cirem hsphaåcbam lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs hk hl thrrbtirbi huriphi y sus iråohkhs nh cirem ohkhrml hk su lbfri Vhaikiabebhkti y nhsarbpabñk nh hkaumnhrkmabikhs mktboums. mktboums. Hk hl shoukni fliquh nh rhchrhkths, nhstmamk aumtri cuhkths. Lm prbehrm, lm Hkabaliphnbm nh lm Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh Hkaumnhrkmabñk  nh Fhrehgi Emrtåk, rhaioh pir irnhk mlcmfâtbai lis emthrbmlhs emthrbmlhs,, dhrrmebhktms, hlhehktis y iphrmabikhs rhchrbnms m lm hkaumnhrkmabñk, mså aiei hkaumnhrkmnirhs nhstmamnis, sbhkni uk bepirtmkth pblmr pmrm hl mprhknbzmgh nh lm threbkilioåm hsphaåcbam nh =6

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

hsth amepi. Lms itrms trhs sik emkumlhs quh bktrinuahk ml lhatir hk hl eukni nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk hxplbamkni h blustrmkni amnm uki nh lis priahsis khahsmrbis pmrm lm aikstruaabñk nh uk lbfri, aik pmrtbaulmrbnmnhs hk cukabñk m lis hstblis nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. Hl mrthsmki y hkaumnhrkmnir mcbabikmni Crmkabsai Oñehz Vmoobi trmtm nh hkshýmr m aikiahr y emkhgmr dhrrmebhktms y emthrbmlhs heplhmnis pmrm lm hkaumnhrkmabñk hk Hl lbfri nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk,, mså aiei m bktrinuabr ml lhatir nh llhki hk hsth eukni. Gisâ Emråm Smllmni hkaumnhrkmabñk hxplbam pmsi pir pmsi lis eivbebhktis quh nhfh dmahr hl hkaumnhrkmnir ehnbmkth blustrmabikhs pripbms, nmkni ukm vbsbñk eís tâakbam nh lis priahnbebhktis hk su Emkuml nh Hkaumnhrkmabñk,, nhstmamkni nh hstm shouknm hnbabñk mnheís hl prñlioi nh Gumk Mktikbi Hkaumnhrkmabñk Smllhgi-Kíohrm. Lm prhsbnhktm nhl ^mllhr nh Mrths Mplbamnms nh Sâsbkht, Mkkbh Phrsuy y lm hsphabmlbstm hk hkaumnhrkmabñk aikthepiríkhm Qük Hvrmrn, mutirms nh Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 tâakbam y priahsi,  priahsi,  pripikhk eâtinis nh hkaumnhrkmabñk ohkhrmlhs y mpirtmk mloukis hsphaåcbais quh mahkt÷mk lms nbchrhkabms hktrh lis hstblis nh hkaumnhrkmabñk, hk hsth amsi hktrh ehnbm pbhl u dilmknhsm y pbhl hkthrm. Dmy quh nhstmamr tmefbâk m Gishp Amefrms, emhstri hkaumnhrkmnir, prichsir nh lm Hsailm Hkaumnhrkmabñk,, uk emkuml hk hl quh n‒Mrts b Icbabs nh lm Nbputmabñ nh Fmrahlikm y mutir nh Hkaumnhrkmabñk mnheís nh lms tâakbams nh hkaumnhrkmabñk, dmah uk rhpmsi nh lis emthrbmlhs, dhrrmebhktms, emqubkmrbm y nbspisbabñk nhl tmllhr nhl hkaumnhrkmnir.

=1

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

6.>. EH^INILIOÅM 6.>.=. F÷squhnm niauehktml Hstm prbehrm cmsh hk lm hlmfirmabñk nhl trmfmgi aiksbsth hk lm aiksultm nh nbvhrsms cuhkths ifthkbnms nh aieprms m lbfrhråms hsphabmlbzmnms y pmrtbaulmrhs, lm fbflbitham nh lm ukbvhrsbnmn y rhaursis whf. Hstms cuhkths nh bkciremabñk myunmk m nhcbkbr quâ hs y quâ cukabñk tbhkh ukm hkaumnhrkmabñk y m aikthxtumlbzmr hl hstbli, nhkiebkmni m lm dilmknhsm, dilmknhsm, m ehnbm pbhl , m ehnbm  pmstm i hk vbthlm, vbthlm, quh amrmathrbzm ml ifghti nh hstunbi pir su shkabllhz y musthrbnmn. Lms nhsarbpabikhs nh lis emthrbmlhs y dhrrmebhktms, y lis priahnbebhktis y tâakbams heplhmnis pmrm lm hlmfirmabñk nh lms pmrths aikstbtuyhkths nh uk lbfri sik almvh pmrm lm hlmfirmabñk nhl trmfmgi, mså aiei m lms pmutms nh aikshrvmabñk-rhstmurmabñk. ^mefbâk sh hkaiktrñ bkciremabñk rhlmtbvm m lms pmutms nh aikshrvmabñk-rhstmurmabñk nh lbfris. Mnheís sh bknmom mahram nh itris hgheplmrhs hk Amkmrbms heplhmkni heplhmkni rhobstris nhl FBAM (Vhn nh Fbflbithams Amkmrbms) y FXLL (Fbflbitham nh lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Lm Lmoukm). Lis rhsultmnis dmk sbni pisbtbvis, quhnmkni liamlbzmnis shbs hgheplmrhs sbeblmrhs hk lm Amsm-Eushi Pârhz Omlnñs y uki hk lis Ciknis Hsphabmlhs nh lm fbflbitham nh kuhstrm Xkbvhrsbnmn.

6.>.6. Hstunbi nhl hgheplmr irbobkml Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk nhl lbfri prhabsm nh uk hstunbi thñrbai-príatbai pmrm aieprhknhr su hstruaturm, pir li quh gukti m lm f÷squhnm niauehktml sh dm rhmlbzmni uk hxmehk vbsuml pmrm nhthrebkmr hl eini nh hghauabñk nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk y sus emthrbmlhs aikstbtuyhkths. Qh niauehktm lm ifrm aik tiems citiorícbams ohkhrmlhs y nh nhtmllh, heplhmkni hk iamsbikhs bluebkmabñk rmsmkth pmrm rhsmltmr hstis ÷ltbeis, quh mpirtmrík mpiyi m lms nhsarbpabikhs nh lm ifrm. Mnheís, sh rhmlbzmk nbchrhkths orícbams pmrm bnhktbcbamr lms pmrths nhl lbfri y hsquhemtbzmr mquhllis sbsthems auym lhaturm shm bkaieplhtm hk hl hxmehk vbsuml, aiei hs hl amsi nhl sbsthem nh aisturm y nhl eiktmgh nh lms tmpms. Ml bouml quh lms citiormcåms mkthrbirehkth rhchrbnms, shrvbrík nh myunm pmrm lm aieprhksbñk nh lm hstruaturm nhl lbfri.

=3

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

M pmrtbr nh lm bkciremabñk ifthkbnm nurmkth hl hxmehk vbsuml y pikbhkni hk vmlir lis aikiabebhktis mnqubrbnis m li lmroi nhl Ormni, sh hstmflhah uk nbmokñstbai nhl hstmni nh aikshrvmabñk y sh cireulm ukm pripuhstm nh bkthrvhkabñk.

6.>.1. Hxphrbehktmabñk príatbam Hl hghrababi príatbai plmkthmni hs lm rhmlbzmabñk nh ukm emquhtm nhl ifghti nh hstunbi, lm auml shrvbrí pmrm pikhr hk príatbam lis aikiabebhktis mnqubrbnis mahram nh lm hstruaturm y sbsthems nh aikstruaabñk y pinhr trmslmnmrlis m lm bkthrvhkabñk nh rhstmurmabñk. Dmy quh shýmlmr quh ml trmtmrsh nh uk hstunbi hstruaturml, lis hlhehktis aiei lis nirmnis ki shrík bkalubnis. Mnheís, sh dm priaurmni quh lis emthrbmlhs shmk li eís sbeblmrhs pisbflhs ml irbobkml, mukquh hsti ki sbheprh sh aueplh nhfbni m lm nbcbaultmn pmrm hkaiktrmr nbshýis bnâktbais.

=8

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

6.8. AVIKIOVMEM

LÅKHM NH ^VMFMGI

HKHVI

CHFVHVI

EMVWI

MFVBL

EMRI

GXKBI

GXLBI

Bkvhstbomabñk Niauehktml Hxmehk Sbsuml ml Ifghti nh Hstunbi Niauehktmabñk Orícbam

Vhmlbzmabñk nh lm Emquhtm

Vhnmaabñk nhl ^CO Prhpmrmabñk nh lm Prhshktmabñk Hktrhom y Nhchksm nhl ^CO

=3

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1. AXHVPI NHL ^VMFMGI  1.=. BK^VINXAABÑK M LM HKAXMNHVKMABÑK  M LM DILMKNHQM   1.=.=. Prhaursirhs nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñ hkaumnhrkmabñk k m lm dilmknhsm.  dilmknhsm.  Hl hstunbi nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk, m li lmroi nh lm dbstirbm, sh dm ahktrmni hk rhmlbzmr nhsarbpabikhs físbams quh hk mloukms iamsbikhs quhnmfmk aiei ukm ehrm mkâanitm. Hl dbstirbmnir y lbfrhri Oilnsadebnt sisthkåm quh lm dbstirbm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk hs ukm =

“nbsabplbkm dueblnh y muxblbmr―.   Hk lms puflbamabikhs aiksultmnms, hsti lh suahnh m lm

hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm, auyi irbohk ki quhnm nhl tini almri. Qbk hefmroi, sh puhnh hstmflhahr ukm rhlmabñk hktrh lm dbstirbm siabi-haikñebam y li quh pmrhahk shr lis prhaursirhs nh hsth hstbli. Hktrh cbkmlhs nhl sboli TSB y hl TSBB Dilmknm sh aikvhrtåm hk uki nh lis prbkabpmlhs ciais bkthlhatumlhs nhfbni ml muoh pilåtbai y haikñebai trms su bknhphknhkabm hk =8?2 y m lm amktbnmn nh bkebormkths priahnhkths nh itris puktis nh Huripm quh mfmknikmfmk sus pmåshs pir hl maisi nhfbni m sus arhhkabms rhlbobisms. Hs pir hlli quh, gukti aik lm beplmktmabñk nh hkaumnhrkmabikhs shkabllms quh mfmrmtmfmk lis aisths nh prinuaabñk, lis lbfris mnqubhrhk emyir vmlir, pripbabmkni hl bkarhehkti nh heprhsms y cmeblbms nhnbamnms m lm hnbabñk, hkaumnhrkmabñk y aiehrabmlbzmabñk. Xki nh lms rhchrhkths hk hl pmås hs lm cmeblbm Hlzhvbr.6 

Hk =840 Liubs Hlzhvbr Hlzhvbr mfrh su beprhktm hk Livmbkm (Lhynhk) y lh sbouhk itris tmllhrhs hk Lm Dmym, Xtrhadt y Mesthrnme. Lms matbvbnmnhs nh hnbabñk, beprhsbñk y vhktm sh nhsmrrillmk nurmkth =16 mýis, ahrrmkni hk =?=6. 1  Hstm heprhsm quh quh tmkti bkcluyñ hk hl ehramni huriphi, iftuvi su eíxbei eíxbei rhaikiabebhkti hktrh lis lis mýis =368 y =33> nhfbni m lms bkkivmabikhs pripuhstms pir Fuhkmvhkturm, Bsmma y Mfrmdme Hlzhvbr, nhstmamkni hl amefbi nh ciremti nh lis lbfris m li quh diy aikiaheis aiei hnbabñk nh filsblli i lm mplbamabñk nh lm lhtrm riemkm =

 ADHAM AVHEMNHQ, Gisâ Lubs. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 hstbli, bnhilioåm y siabhnmn. Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh mrth. Vhvbstm nh lm msiabmabñk pmrm hl ciehkti nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk , 600>, k· 61, pp. =4 y 64. 6  HQAILMV, Dbpñlbti. Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. 6ª hn. Emnrbn7 Pbríebnh, =244. pp. >80 y >86. 6  HQAILMV, Dbpñlbti. Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. 6ª hn. Emnrbn7 Pbríebnh, =244. pp. >80 y >86. 1  OMVAÅM, Gumk-Gisâ Emrais. Lis Hlzhvbr7 hl trbukci nhl lbfri nh filsblli. Hk7 ^bpiormcåm nhl orbhoi alísbai.  Mkílbsbs h dbstirbm nhsnh lm bkvhkabñk bkvhka bñk nh lm beprhktm dmstm lm hrm nbobt nbobtml  ml . Emnrbn7 Nyjbksik, 60=8. pp. 638-6?6. ZAiksultmni hl 8-08-60=2U Nbspikbflh hk7 dttp7//www.gstir.iro/stmflh/g.att=j61=q?.=2 . 

=?

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

quh lh itiromfm almrbnmn y hlhomkabm, mukquh ki cuhrik lms ÷kbams amrmathråstbams nh lms hnbabikhs nhkiebkmnms hlzhvbrms, lms aumlhs sh bråmk nhsmrrillmkni nurmkth lis sbolis TSBBB y TBT.> Lm cmeblbm Hlzhvbr cuh lm hkamromnm nh rhmlbzmr lms pirtmnms nh ukm emkhrm sbkoulmr, y hs quh hk vhz nh emkthkhr lm sbehtråm nh lis rhkolikhs aik rhsphati m uk hgh ahktrml, “maistuefrmk ailiamr hl tå tuli tuli hk uk íkouli nh lm pirtmnm y li hkabhrrmk nhktri nh uk

ehnmllñk i li hsarbfhk nhktri nh uk t÷euli i nh ukm ailuekm rhemtmnm pir hl fusti nhl mutir  8

nhl lbfri.―, sho÷k hxplbamk Crhnhrba Cbkñ y Diuramnh hk su trmtmni nh fbflbilioåm.  

Hk hl sboli TBT hl hstbli m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm  hs maiobni pir uk emyir k÷ehri nh pmåshs, ym quh nhfbni ml mvmkah thakilñobai nhl eiehkti hk hl quh surohk ukm ormk amktbnmn nh eíqubkms aiei lm prhksm ehaíkbam, lm eíqubkm nh pmphl y eíqubkms nh aiepikhr , ukbni ml aisth nh lis emthrbmlhs heplhmnis kiremlehkth hk hsth tbpi nh hkaumnhrkmabikhs, lm prinuaabñk lbthrmrbm sh vuhlvh eís mshqubflh. Lis lbfris pmsmk m cmfrbamrsh hk shrbh, pir li quh aiebhkzmk m nhsmpmrhahr lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs nh lugi, sifrhvbvbhkni mquhllms quh beplbamfmk uk ehkir aisth nh prinuaabñk, tml y aiei hs hl amsi nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm. 3 

>

 NMDL, Qvhkn. Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Mlbmkzm, =2?6. pp. =38-=3?.  CVHNHVBA CBKÑ, G., DIXVAMNH, Lubs M. ^rmtmni nh fbflbilioåm. Dbstirbm y tâakbam nh prinuaabñk nh niauehktis.. Qhvbllm7 Hspuhlm nh Plmtm, 60==. p. =62. niauehktis 3  NMDL, Qvhkn. Ip. Abt, pp. 610-61=.

8

=4

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Amrmathråstbams tbams nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñ hkaumnhrkmabñk k m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm  1.=.6. Amrmathrås Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk dilmknhsm nhfh aueplbr ukm shrbh nh pmrtbaulmrbnmnhs pmrm shr aiksbnhrmnm aiei tml. Lm amrmathråstbam cuknmehktml hs hl usi nh pbhl pmrm aufrbr hl liei nhl lbfri. Mnheís, hk cukabñk nhl írhm quh aufrh hsth emthrbml lms tmpms, sh puhnhk bnhktbcbamr nbchrhkths einmlbnmnhs. Pir li ohkhrml lm liehrm suhlh iaupmr uk thrabi nh lms tmpms, mukquh tmefbâk puhnh mpmrhahr dmstm lm ebtmn nh lm aufbhrtm, nhkiebkmnm “ehnbm dilmknhsm―.  Hl liei mnheís, puhnh prhshktmrsh aik

khrvbis, quh puhnhk shr cmlsis i rhsmltmnis, i lbsi. ?  Cbourm =.- Nbvbsbñk nh thrabis hk lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

Lm pbhl ki sili aufrh hl liei, puhs hk iamsbikhs lms puktms tmefbâk mpmrhahk aufbhrtms aik hsth emthrbml. Pir li ohkhrml, tbhkhk ukm cirem sbeâtrbam, sbhkni lis trbíkoulis bsñsahlhs y thkbhkni uk tmemýi auym mlturm aibkabnm aik uk thrabi nhl plmki, mukquh tmefbâk sh mahptmk aiei pmrth nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm  mquhllms puktms quh ki aueplmk hstm sbehtråm, sbhkni nh emyir i ehkir tmemýi i llhomkni m ukbrsh mefis trbíkoulis dmstm ciremr ukm pbhzm mkoulmr i ukm tbrm rhatm, ki sifrhpmsmkni hl thrabi nh lms tmpms. 4  Hl rhsti nh lm aufbhrtm sh aufrh, pir li ohkhrml, aik pmphl i thlm, nhphknbhkni nhl mamfmni quh sh lh qubhrm nmr m lm aufbhrtm y hk cukabñk nh lm amlbnmn nh lis emthrbmlhs, y hl auhrpi puhnh shr bkshrtmni hktrh tmpms i shr hkamrtikmni.2  Hk aumkti ml auhrpi nhl lbfri, lis sbsthems nh aisturm, hkailmni y nbstrbfuabñk nh aumnhrkbllis, vmrbmrí hk cukabñk nhl hkaumnhrkmnir, puhs ki dmy hstmflhabni uk sbsthem prhnhthrebkmni quh suobhrm mlouki nh hstis hlhehktis hsphaåcbais nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm.  dilmknhsm. 

Hk hl sboubhkth orícbai sh liamlbzmk lms pmrths nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk quh amrmathrbzmk hsth hstbli. ?

FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Hkabaliphnbm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Illhri & Vmeis, =224. p. =86. 4 OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Hl lbfri nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Mlbmkzm, =228. pp. 81-83. 2  FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. =86.

=2

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Plmkis aufbhrtis aik pmphl emreilhmni Amfhzm

Liehrm hk pbhl

Cmlsi khrvbi

Liei

Hktrhkhrvbi

Puktms hk pbhl

Pbh

Cbourm 6.- Pmrths nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

60

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.6. HQ^XNBI HQ^VXA^XVML NH MKOHL OXHVVM  1.6.=. Nmtis ohkhrmlhs Kuhstri ifghti nh hstunbi hs uk lbfri hsarbti pir Fhkbti Pârhz Omlnñs (=4>1-=260),  Mkohl Ouhrrm (Prbehrm Pmrth), Pmrth), puflbamni hk =42= pir Lm Oubrkmlnm y Hpbsinbis Kmabikmlhs hk Emnrbn. Hl mutir kmabñ y sh cireñ hk lm abunmn nh Lms Pmlems nh Ormk Amkmrbm y sh trmslmnñ pisthrbirehkth m Emnrbn, niknh sh msbhktm y sbouh hl amebki nhl phrbinbsei. Hk su trmyhatirbm phrsikml y prichsbikml sh nhnbam m arhmr y nhsmrrillmr lm bnhm nh Hpbsinbis Kmabikmlhs, Kmabikmlhs, m emkbchstmrsh hk hl eukni nhl thmtri y m aiktrbfubr m lm siabhnmn tmkti aik sus ifrms emhstrms aiei aiepriehtbâknish nh cirem matbvm hk lm pilåtbam. ^rms nhgmr uk lhomni nhl phrchati rhtrmti nh lm siabhnmn h dbstirbm nhl sboli TBT, euhrh hk Emnrbn m lm hnmn nh ?3 mýis. =0  Mefbhktmnm hk lms abunmnhs nh Emnrbn y ^ilhni, lm kivhlm kmrrm lm dbstirbm nh uk diefrh quh bkbabm uk vbmgh utñpbai hk hl quh, pmrtbhkni nh lis bnhmlhs rhviluabikmrbis pmrm hkaiktrmr hl hqublbfrbi hspbrbtuml, lh llhvm dmabm hl cmkmtbsei cmkmtbsei nh lm âtbam y lm lbfhrtmn nh phksmebhkti phksmebhkti m trmvâs nh lm maabñk pilåtbam nbrhatm. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk irbobkml hs nh hstbli m lm dilmknhsm y dilmknhsm y sus nbehksbikhs sik nh =?‒2 ae  nh mlti, =6‒8 ae nh mkadi y 1 ae nh orisir. Âsth aikstm nh 6> aumnhrkbllis ciremnis pir aumtri

fbcilbis amnm uki, smlvi hl ÷ltbei quh hs bknbvbnuml. Lis aumnhrkbllis hstík ukbnis ehnbmkth uk aisbni mlthrki aik nis khrvbis sifrh aumtri nh lis shbs airths quh prhshktm hl hgheplmr. Hl lbfri prhshktm mnheís ukm shrbh nh shllis nhl “Amsbki hslmvm Pmeplikm― hk vmrbms digms nh lm ifrm,

mså aiei ukm kuehrmabñk hk lípbz y ukm ormcåm hk tbktm khorm, mefms hk lm aiktrmtmpm nhlmkthrm. Nh hstm prbehrm hnbabñk sh dmk liamlbzmni shbs hgheplmrhs sbeblmrhs aikshrvmnis hk lm AmsmEushi nh Pârhz Omlnñs, hk lm bslm nh Ormk Amkmrbm. Abkai nh hllis nbcbhrhk nhl quh hstmeis hstunbmkni hk hl k÷ehri nh píobkms, puhs tbhkhk =?3 píobkms, y hl shxti hgheplmr hstí nmtmni hk =420, uk mýi mkths nh lm puflbamabñk nhl kuhstri. ^mefbâk hk lm Fbflbitham nh lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Lm Lmoukm sh aikshrvm uk hgheplmr nh lm ifrm auym hkaumnhrkmabñk irbobkml dm sbni

=0

 Amsm-Eushi Pârhz Omlnñs. Fbiormcåm nh Fhkbti Pârhz Omlnñs Zhk låkhmU. Lms Pmlems nh Ormk Amkmrbm7 Amfblni nh Ormk Amkmrbm. ZAiksultmni hl 66-03-60=2U Nbspikbflh hk7 dttp7//www.amsmeushiphrhzomlnis.aie/fbiormcbm  dttp7//www.amsmeushiphrhzomlnis.aie/fbiormcbm  

6=

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

rhheplmzmnm pir ukm hk tikis vhrnhs auyis plmkis hstík aufbhrtis pir thlm hk luomr nh pmphl  gmsphmni. ^inis lis hgheplmrhs cuhrik hnbtmnis pir Lm Oubrkmlnm y Hpbsinbis Kmabikmlhs.

Cbourm 1.- Plmki Bemohk nhl mutir.

nhlmkthri.

Cbourm 8.- Pirtmnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >.- Plmki trmshri. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 3.- Oumrnm nhlmkthrm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

66

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.6.6. Emthrbmlhs Hsth lbfri hstí aikciremni pir ukm ormk vmrbhnmn nh emthrbmlhs aik nbchrhkths cukabikhs. Lms digms nh pmphl -pisbflhehkth hk pmstm nh emnhrm- aikstbtuyhk lis aumnhrkbllis: lis dblis quh sughtmk hl auhrpi nhl lbfri y auhrnms nh lbki pmrm ukbr lms tmpms m âsth, lm tmrlmtmkm y lms fmknms nh pmphl nh rhcuhrzi, lis amrtikhs quh aikciremk lms tmpms y hl pmphl nh lms oumrnms quh rhcuhrzm lm ukbñk nh auhrpi auhrpi y tmpms. ^inis hllis sik hlhehktis hstruaturmlhs. Lis emthrbmlhs prhshkths hk lis hlhehktis hstâtbais sik hl pmphl nh moum quh aufrh lms tmpms, lm l m pbhl nhl liei, quh sb fbhk tmefbâk aueplh aik ukm ukm cukabñk hstruaturml, hl emthrbml hk så y sus nhtmllhs cmvirhahk m lm hstâtbam nh lm ifrm y lis nirmnis nhl liei quh rhs rhsmltmk mltmk khrvbis y hl tåtuli nh lm ifrm. ^mefbâk dmy quh ehkabikmr lms ailms, tmkti flmkam aiei hkoruni.

1.6.1. Aufbhrtms Lm aufbhrtm hs lm ampm eís hxthrkm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk quh hkvuhlvh lms tmpms y hl liei nhl lbfri. Hl liei sh rhmlbzm hk pbhl y lis plmkis, hk hsth amsi, aik pmphl nh moum gmsphmni. Hsth ÷ltbei sh rhmlbzm ehnbmkth lm tâakbam nh emreilhmni, quh aiksbsth hk trmkschrbr pbkturm hk susphksbñk hk uk låqubni, m uk pmphl. Hstm pbkturm quh hk uk prbkabpbi emktbhkh ukm cirem rhniknhmnm pir lm mplbamabñk hk oitms, hs susahptbflh nh nhciremr pmrm arhmr nbchrhkths nbfugis hk cukabñk nhl eivbebhkti quh sh rhmlbah y nh lm nhksbnmn nhl låqubni.==  Hsth pmphl hs hk tikis tbhrrm hk su amrm hxthrbir, y sh hxtbhknh nhsnh hl plmki dms dmstm tm lis firnhs bkthrbirhs i ahgms hktrh = y 6 ae nh cirem brrhoulmr. Hsti ki supikh priflhems hstâtbais y nh sbehtråm ym quh hk hstm pmrth, lms oumrnms sh suphrpikhk pmrm nhgmr m lm vbstm uk emrohk nh mprixbemnmehkth 1 ee hk amfhzm y pbh y nh 4 ee hk hl crhkth, hs nhabr, hk hl lmroi pmrmlhli ml liei. Mså ebsei, hl pmphl nh moum aufrh lm pbhl nh lm liehrm hktrh 1 y 3 ee, nhphknbhkni nh lm mlturm hk lm quh sh ebnm, puhs hl airth nh lm pbhl hs msbeâtrbai.

== FXTÑ

B EMVQÍ, Eiktsh. Pbktmr sifrh uk låqubni. Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh mrth. Vhvbstm nh lm msiabmabñk  pmrm hl ciehkti nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk, hkaumnhrkmabñk , 6003, k· 64, p. =>.

61

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm ?.- Aufbhrtm nhl ifghti nh hstunbi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 4.- Nhtmllh nhl pmphl gmsphmni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.6.>. Lms tmpms Lms tmpms sik uk hlhehkti nh amrtñk aik cukabñk prithatirm y hstruaturml. Lms nhl hgheplmr tbhkhk =?‒2 ae nh mlti y =6‒8 ae nh mkadi, nhgmkni ukms ahgms nh 1 ee y uk orisir nh ukis 1

ee. Âstm hs tmefbâk lm ehnbnm nhl amgi, li quh priaurmrí ukm airrhatm mphrturm sbk priviamr thksbikhs y nhciremabikhs. Lm cukabñk hstruaturml nh lms tmpms hs nh ormk bepirtmkabm, puhs nhfbni m lm bkshrabñk nh lis khrvbis hk lms ebsems, sh trmtm nhl hklmah eís sñlbni nh lm hstruaturm, ym quh lms ukh ml auhrpi nhl lbfri. Lm bkshrabñk nhl khrvbi hk lm tmpm vbhkh nmnm pir hl rhairrbni quh âsth nhfh rhmlbzmr, mtrmvhsmkni uk irbcbabi prñxbei ml firnh nh lm tmpm nhsnh cuhrm.

6>

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm 2.- Aisbni nh tmpms, vbstm hxthrbir. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

Cbourm =0.- Aisbni nh tmpms, vbstm bkthrbir. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

1.6.8. Lms oumrnms Lms oumrnms sik mquhllms digms quh sh ailiamk hktrh lms tmpms y hl auhrpi nhl lbfri. Hk aumkti m su cukabñk hstruaturml, sb fbhk ki hs hshkabml pmrm lm silbnhz nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk, sb quh rhcuhrzm lm sughabñk nh lms tmpms ml fliquh, ym quh ukh hstms m lm prbehrm píobkm nhl lbfri. Qh trmtm nh oumrnms hkailmnms, hs nhabr, ukm pmrth nhl plbhoi vm mndhrbnm m lm aiktrmtmpm y lm itrm, nhkiebkmnm vilmkth, ukbnm pir uk emrohk nh 8 ee m lm mkthpirtmnm, rhpbtbâknish hl ebsei hsquhem hk lm tmpm trmshrm. =6  Nh lm cukabñk hstâtbam dmy quh shýmlmr quh lms oumrnms mpirtmk hl mamfmni nh lms aiktrmtmpms, aufrbhkni lis hxahsis nhl pmphl nh moum ehkabikmnis hk hl mpmrtmni sifrh lms tmpms. Hk aumkti m lm nhairmabñk, hl nbfugi quh prhshktm hs uk hktrmemni nh låkhms orbshs nh nbchrhkths orisirhs sifrh uk cikni flmkai.

=6

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. =>8.

68

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm ==.- Nhtmllh nhl nbfugi nh lm oumrnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm =6.- Nhtmllh nhl khrvbi fmgi lm oumrnm aik luz rmsmkth. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.6.3. Auhrpi nhl lbfri Hl auhrpi nhl lbfri hstí ciremni pir 1?6 píobkms quh aikciremk 6> aumnhrkbllis nh > fbcilbis amnm uki, smlvi hl ÷ltbei quh hs uk fbcilbi bknbvbnuml. Hl pmphl utblbzmni, prifmflhehkth nh pmstm nh emnhrm nhfbni m su tiki y amlbnmn, hs nh cmfrbamabñk bknustrbml, li quh beplbam quh lm nbspisbabñk nh lms cbfrms sbouh uk ÷kbai shktbni. Lm ailiamabñk nh lms ebsems nm luomr m lm nbrhaabñk nh cbfrm nhl pmphl hk shktbni likobtunbkml m lm lhaturm. =1  Hsth nhtmllh, aiei sh hxplbamrí eís mnhlmkth, tbhkh ukm ormk bepirtmkabm hk hl plhomni.

=

Cbourm =1.- Iromkbzmabñk nh lis 61 prbehris aumnhrkbllis. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

6

Cbourm =>.- Iromkbzmabñk nhl ÷ltbei aumnhrkblli. lustrmabñk nhl mutir.

=1

 SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Emkuml nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. hkaumnhrkmabñk. 6ª hn. Hl mutir, Hspmým, =248. p. 66.

63

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.6.?. Hl aisbni Fhrehgi Emrtåk nhcbkh lm aisturm aiei “i phrmabñk y tâakbam nh hkaumnhrkmabñk quh tbhkh

aiei ifghti ukbr lis plbhois u digms nhl lbfri ehnb mkth hl usi nh airnhlhs h dblis―. Qbk hefmroi, hxbsthk nbchrhkths tbpis nh aisturm quh vmråmk sho÷k lms phaulbmrbnmnhs nhl lbfri hk ohkhrml y nhl pmphl hk pmrtbaulmr, mså aiei nhl usi i ki nhl thlmr. =>  Hk hl amsi nhl lbfri quh hstmeis hstunbmkni, sh dm bnhktbcbamni lm tbpilioåm nh aisturm aiei “aisbni mlthrki―, hl auml aiksbsth hk ukm ÷kbam aisturm auyi hsquhem vmråm hk cukabñk nh lis

aumnhrkbllis pmrhs h bepmrhs, mukquh tmkti hk lis nis prbehris aiei hk lis nis ÷ltbeis, hl aisbni hs aiktbkui. Mnheís, hstm aisturm sh aiefbkm aik lis khrvbis nh airnhl auym cukabñk hs lm nh ukbr lms tmpms aik hl auhrpi nhl lbfri. Hk hl liei sh ifshrvmk shbs airths nbstrbfubnis nh cirem sbeâtrbam mukquh ki hqubnbstmkth m li lmroi nhl hgh nhl plhomni. Qbk hefmroi lis nis airths ahktrmlhs ki ciremk pmrth nhl rhairrbni nhl dbli. Hk aumkti ml dbli nh aisturm y lis khrvbis, sh dm pinbni nhthrebkmr quh sik nh irbohk vhohtml, prifmflhehkth lbki. Hl prbehri sh amrmathrbzm pir shr cbki y aik tirsbñk nh tbpi Q nh íkouli mfbhrti, li quh lh itirom emyir rhsbsthkabm. Lis airnhlhs, quh sik eís oruhsis prhshktmk tirsbñk nh tbpi W y aik hl ebsei íkouli quh hl dbli. Cbourm =8.- Hsquhems nh aisbni mlthrki. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

=>

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, pp. 4>-43.

6?

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm =3.- Nhtmllh nhl dbli y khrvbi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.6.4. Hl liei, lis khrvbis y lms amfhzmnms Hl liei hs lm ÷kbam pmrth nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk rhmlbzmnm hk pbhl, y airrhspiknh ml lmni nhl lbfri niknh sh sbt÷m lm aisturm. Hk hsth amsi, sh trmtm nh uk liei cbgi m phsmr nh quh, m amusm nhl nhsprhknbebhkti nhl hkliemni nhl liei hxthrki, pmrhah duhai. =8  Hl emthrbml utblbzmni pmrm cirrmr hl liei hs pbhl nh fhahrri thýbnm hk rigi-emohktm. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m ehnbm pmstm, quh sh amrmathrbzm pirquh lm liehrm sh hxtbhknh dmstm uk thrabi nh lm suphrcbabh, prhshktm hk hsth amsi ukm liehrm eís fbhk hstrhadm , nh =‒8 ae nh mkadi, hs nhabr lm ebtmn nhl thrabi. Mnheís, hsth hgheplmr prhshktm ukm phaulbmrbnmn, y hs quh isthktm aumtri khrvbis quh Oñehz Vmoobi nhcbkh aiei “cmktmsåm―, hs nhabr, khrvbis cmlsis quh sh heplhmk pmrm hefhllhahr hl liei, m phsmr nh thkhr nis khrvbis cukabikmlhs quh ki sh airrhspiknhk aik kbkouki nh lis hstâtbais.=3. Lms amfhzmnms, pir itri lmni, sik nh tbpi bknustrbml cmfrbamnms sifrh ukm abktm y mndhrbnms ml liei bkthrki hk amfhzm y pbh. Hl nbfugi quh prhshktmk aikstm nh låkhms dieioâkhms hk flmkai y rigi-emohktm.

=8 FHVEHGI

EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. =40.  OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Ip. Abt, p. 604.

=3

64

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm =4.- Nhtmllh nh lm pbhl ifthkbnm ehnbmkth Nbki-Lbth. Aik hl pmtrñk nhl ormkhmni, sh bnhktbcbam aiei pbhl nh fhahrri Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm =?.- Liei nhl ifghti nh hstunbi. Bemohk nhl mutir. Cbourm =2.- Nhtmllh nh lm amfhzmnm nhl pbh. Bemohk nhl mutir.

62

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.6.2. Lis airths Lis firnhs hxthrbirhs nhl auhrpi nhl lbfri hstík nbchrhkabmnis pir su cirem. Hl airth suphrbir i amfhzm y hl bkchrbir i pbh sik rhatis, y hl airth nhlmkthri prhshktm ukm aurvmturm nhkiebkmnm ehnbm amým. Hsth amkml ohkhrmni sh nhfh ml rhniknhmni nhl liei bkthrki, y mukquh hl airth ki shm tmk hvbnhkth nhfbni m su eml hstmni nh aikshrvmabñk, sh dm pinbni aieprifmr hk hl hgheplmr nh lm Fbflbitham nh lm Xkbvhrsbnmn nh Lm Lmoukm.

Cbourm 60.- Airth bkchrbir. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.6.=0. Nhairmabñk Lm nhairmabñk nh hstm hkaumnhrkmabñk sh aikahktrm hk hl liei nhl lbfri y sh heplhmk nis tâakbams. Hl oicrmni, priahsi pir hl auml sh hstmepm lm pbhl heplhmkni dbhrris amlbhkths, sh sh liamlbzm hk amfhzm, pbh y mfrmzmkni sifrh lis cmlsis khrvbis. Hl nirmni sh bnhktbcbam hk lm ritulmabñk nhl tåtuli nh lm ifrm y nbfugmkni ukms ahkhcms quh nbcbhrhk hk nbshýi hk lm amfhzm y hl pbh nhl liei.

Cbourm 6=.- Nhtmllh nhl oicrmni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 66.- Nhtmllh nh lm ritulmabñk. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 61.- Nhtmllh nhl nirmni hk lm amfhzm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

10

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Amfhzm

Amgi

Liehrm nh pbhl

Khrvbis

Liei Plmki

Hktrhkhrvbis

Pbh

Cbourm 6>.- Pmrths nhl lbfri bnhktbcbamnms hk hl ifghti nh hstunbi B. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

1=

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Amfhzmnm

Ahgm

Amkti

Ehnbm amým

Fbsmorm

Auhrpi nhl lbfri

Puktm riem Cbourm 68.- Pmrths nhl lbfri bnhktbcbamnms hk hl ifghti nh hstunbi BB. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

16

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.1. HQ^XNBI PVÍA^BAI NH LM HKAXMNHVKMABÑK7 LM EM]XH^M 1.1.=. Priahnbebhkti pmrm lm aikchaabñk nh ukm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm  dilmknhsm  Lm hlmfirmabñk nh ukm emquhtm hk lm auml sh rhprinuahk lms amrmathråstbams ciremlhs quh aiepikhk nbadi ifghti=?, beplbam rhaikiahr y aieprhknhr amnm uki nh lis hlhehktis aikstbtuyhkths, tml y aiei sh dmk trmtmni hk lis mkthrbirhs mpmrtmnis, mså aiei shoubr uk hsquhem nh matumabñk nhthrebkmni. Hsth priahnbebhkti sh puhnh nbvbnbr hk shbs cmshs7



 Hl Hl plhomni i prhpmrmabñk nhl auhrpi nhl lbfri.



 Hl Hl aisbni.



Hl rhniknhmni nhl liei y rhmlbzmabñk nh lm ehnbm amým.  Hl



Eiktmgh nh lms tmpms.  Eiktmgh



 HHll rhcuhrzi nhl liei, hk hl quh sh bkaluyh lm prhpmrmabñk nh lm pbhl, hl rhsmlth nh lis cmlsis khrvbis y lm mndhsbñk ml auhrpi nhl lbfri.



 Hl Hl eiktmgh nh lm aufbhrtm.

Amnm ukm nh lms htmpms dm nh shr suphrmnm pikbhkni hsphabml mthkabñk m mquhllms iphrmabikhs quh ki mnebthk airrhaabikhs puktumlhs. Dmy quh shýmlmr tmefbâk, quh euadms nh hstms cmshs nhphknhk nh lms mkthrbirhs, y pir tmkti dmy quh shoubr ml pbh nh lm lhtrm hl irnhk hstmflhabni pmrm hvbtmr smltmrkis mloukm bkstruaabñk quh supikom hl crmamsi nh lm emquhtm. Aik hl cbk nh quh lms nbchrhkths htmpms puhnmk shr aiktheplmnms, lm aikchaabñk nh lm ebsem sh rhmlbzm nh cirem pmrabml, quhnmkni nbvbnbnm hk shaabikhs nh cirem quh lm lhaturm sh rhmlbah nhsnh lm amfhzm, quh airrhspiknh m lis prbehris pmsis, dmstm hl pbh, niknh tinis lis priahsis smlvi hl nirmni quhnmk plmsemnis.

=?

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. =4?.

11

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.1.6. Prhpmrmabñk nh aumnhrkbllis Hk hstm prbehrm cmsh sh priahnh m nmrlh lm pripirabñk y nbspisbabñk m lis plbhois quh aiepikhk lis aumnhrkbllis.=4  Pmrtbhkni nh cilbis nh tmemýi hstíknmr M>, sh prmatbam hl plhomni pir lm ebtmn nh lis ebseis, niflmkni sbheprh nh nhrhadm m bzqubhrnm pmrm dmahr aibkabnbr lis firnhs.=2  Pmrm hvbtmr nhciremabikhs y priflhems hk aumkti m lm mphrturm nhl lbfri, sh nhfh thkhr hk auhktm hl shktbni nh lms cbfrms y lms thksbikhs ohkhrmnms pir lms aisturms, mså aiei hl mlmromebhkti nhl pmphl, puhs ml shr uk emthrbml dborisañpbai, rhmaabikm aik lm duehnmn nh lms ailms quh sh mplbamrík hk hl liei nhl auhrpi nhl lbfri. 60 

Cbourm 63.- Nbrhaabñk nhl plhomni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 6?.- Emramni nhl plhomni hk shktbni msahknhkth. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Hl plhomni sh rhmlbzm dmabhkni aibkabnbr lms puktms nh mefis hxtrheis y cbgíknili aik myunm nh lm emki pmrm hvbtmr quh sh nhslbah nurmkth lm iphrmabñk nhl plhomni. Lm plhomnhrm nbfugm ukm nbmoikml nhsnh lm hsqubkm bkchrbir nhrhadm dmabm lm suphrbir bzqubhrnm hk lm prbehrm pmsmnm y hk shktbni nhsahknhkth sifrh hl plhomni hk lm shouknm. Xkm vhz hstâk tinms lms digms plhomnms, sh morupmk sboubhkni lm iromkbzmabñk nh aumnhrkbllis nh > fbcilbis hk lis 61 prbehris, sifrmkni uk ÷kbai plbhoi quh airrhspiknh ml ÷ltbei nhl irbobkml. ^rms morupmrlis, sh

  =4

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. 61?.  SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Ip. Abt, p. 63. 60  PHVQXR, Mkkbh, HSVMVN, Qük. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 ^âakbam y priahsi. priahsi . =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Illhri & Vmeis, =222. p. 1?. =2

1>

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

vuhlvh m pmsmr lm plhomnhrm pmrm ebkbebzmr hl íkouli ohkhrmni hk hl bkthrbir nh lis plbhois y sh nhgmrí prhksmni hktrh tmflms nh emnhrm hl aikgukti ym irnhkmni aik myunm nh smrohktis.

Cbourm 64.- Morupmabñk nh aumnhrkbllis. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 62.- Prhksmni nh aumnhrkbllis. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.1.1. Aisbni Hl aisbni nh lis aumnhrkbllis tbhkh uk pmphl cuknmehktml hk lm aikchaabñk nh uk lbfri, puhs hs lm prbehrm iphrmabñk nh hksmeflh aik lm quh hl hkaumnhrkmnir sh hkauhktrm. Rm sh bnhktbcbañ hk hl pukti 1.6.>. quh sh trmtm nh uk aisbni mlthrki aik nis khrvbis sifrh aumtri airths, m phsmr nh quh irbobkmlehkth sh lh prmatbamrik shbs. M aiktbkumabñk sh priahnh m nhsarbfbr lis pmsis m shoubr pmrm ifthkhr hsth tbpi nh aisturm, nhtmllmnis hk hl emkuml nh Gisâ Emråm Smllmni.6=  Xkm vhz hstâ eiktmni hl thlmr, li prbehri quh dmy quh dmahr hs ailiamr lms auhrnms nh cirem phrphknbaulmr ml tmflhri y hk pmrmlhli m lis irbcbabis hk lis quh quhnmrík sughtis lis khrvbis. Qh

nbspiknrík

lis

prbehris

aumnhrkbllis

phrchatmehkth mlbkhmnis hktrh hllis y sifrh hl plmki, quhnmkni hl lmni plhomni hk hl firnh nhl tmflhri.

Cbourm 10.- Pisbabñk nh lis khrvbis hk hl thlmr. Bemohk nhl mutir.

6=

 SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Ip. Abt, pp. 1=-11.

18

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

M aiktbkumabñk sh rhmlbzm uk aisbni aiktbkui hk lis nis prbehris aumnhrkbllis, bktrinuabhkni hk hl prbehri lm mougm pir hl hxthrbir nhl prbehr airth (N) y pmsmkni nh mnhktri dmabm mcuhrm pir hl shoukni (A). Qh rinhm hl khrvbi aik hl dbli y sh vuhlvh m bktrinuabr pir hl ebsei irbcbabi sbk thksmrli, nhgmkni uk phquhýi mkblli pir hl quh pisthrbirehkth vilvhrí m pmsmr hl dbli. Xkm vhz hk hl bkthrbir nhl plbhoi, hl dbli rhairrh lm nbstmkabm hktrh lis airths y vuhlvh m rhphtbr hl mkbllmni hk hl khrvbi (F) pmrm shoubr hk hl bkthrbir dmstm su smlbnm pir hl aumrti airth (M). Lm mougm hktrm pir hl hxthrbir hk hl airth pmrmlhli hk hl shoukni aumnhrkblli y nbfugm hl ebsei rhairrbni quh hl mkthrbir, mukquh hk shktbni aiktrmrbi y hklmzmkni hk lis airths airrhspiknbhkths m lis khrvbis lis mkbllis nhl mkthrbir aumnhrkblli, rhcirzmkni su ukbñk. Xkm vhz thksmni hl dbli sh priahnh m rhmlbzmr hl aisbni mlthrki aiehkzmkni pir lis hxthrbirhs hk hl thrahr orupi nh digms. Qh ailiam hl aumnhrkblli (1) sifrh lis ym aisbnis y sh bkshrtm lm mougm pir hl irbcbabi quh quhnm eís m lm nhrhadm (N) y sh smam pir hl aiktboui (A). M aiktbkumabñk sh pmsm lm mougm hktrh lis nis prbehris aumnhrkbllis, quhnmkni nhtrís nhl dbli quh lis ukh nhsnh hl shoukni airth pir lm nhrhadm (A) nh mefis sbk llhomr m rinhmrli. Qh suphrpikh hl aumrti aumnhrkblli y hl dbli quh

Cbourm 1=.- Hklmah nh lis nis prbehris aumnhrkbllis. Bemohk nhl mutir.

mamfm nh smlbr nh hktrh lis prbehris, sh bkshrtm hk âsth aibkabnbhkni aik hl ebsei hgh nh airth pmrm, m aiktbkumabñk, rhairrhr lm pmrth bkthrbir nhl plbhouh nhl aumrti dmstm hl thrahr irbcbabi nhl ebsei (F), niknh smlnrí y aruzmrí nbrhatmehkth m lm ukbñk nh lis aumnhrkbllis = y 6 pir nhtrís. Qhoubnmehkth sh bktrinuah lm mougm pir hl thrahr

Cbourm 16.- Qmlti nhl thrahr ml qubkti aumnhrkblli Bemohk nhl mutir.

airth (F) nhl aumnhrkblli 1 pmrm smlbr pir hl sboubhkth pir lm bzqubhrnm (M), quhnmkni ym hk hl bkthrbir lm mlthrkmkabm nh lm aisturm hk lis aumnhrkbllis 1 y >. Pmrm rhcirzmr lm ukbñk, sh rhmlbzm ukm amnhkhtm quh pmsm pir nhtrís nh lis airths hxthrkis nh lm bzqubhrnm nh lis nis Cbourm 11.- Amnhkhtm hk hl lmni bzqubhrni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

13

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

prbehris aumnhrkbllis. Qmltmkni mdirm ml qubkti, sh rhpbth hl hsquhem dmabm hl lmni aiktrmrbi hk lis nis sboubhkths pmrm luhoi rhprinuabr hl priahsi rhmlbzmni hk lis suahsbvis aumnhrkbllis, mshourmkni ukm airrhatm thksbñk nh lis dblis ml llhomr m lis hxtrheis nh amnm aikgukti y prmatbamkni lm amnhkhtm hk amnm uki nh hllis, pmrm cbkmlehkth rhemtmr hk lis nis ÷ltbeis aik hl aisbni aiktbkui.

Cbourm 1>.- Vhsultmni nhl aisbni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

6> 61 66 6= 60 =2 =4 =? =3 =8 => =1 =6 == =0 2 4 ? 3 8 > 1 6 =

M

F

A

N

Cbourm 18.- Hsquhem nh aisturm. Blustrmabñk nhl mutir.

1?

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.1.>. Vhniknhmni nhl liei y rhmlbzmabñk nh lm ehnbm amým. Hl rhniknhmni nhl liei sh rhmlbzm ehnbmkth hl usi nh uk emrtblli níknilh cirem ml aiktirki nhl ebsei, nh emkhrm quh sh arhm ukm aurvm aikvhxm hk hsth lmni y sh ohkhrm ukm añkamvm hk hl airth nhlmkthri aikiabnm aiei ehnbm amým. Lis oilphs nh emrtblli dmk nh rhmlbzmrsh m li lmroi nhl liei aiehkzmkni nhsnh mfmgi aik hl lmthrml nhl emrtblli ml prbkabpbi pmrm br amefbmkni lm bkalbkmabñk dmstm llhomr m lm ebtmn, eiehkti hk hl quh hl plmki nhl emrtblli quhnm phrphknbaulmr m lm ehsm nh trmfmgi, y nh kuhvi amefbm priorhsbvmehkth lm bkalbkmabñk nhl ebsei dmstm dmfhr mamfmni hl rhniknhmni nhl liei.66  Cirzmkni lis aumnhrkbllis nh lis hxtrheis y aik ukm prhksm nh smamr amgis, i hk su nhchati, tmflms nh emnhrm y plmams ehtílbams ahrrmnms ehnbmkth smrohktis, sh mfrhk dmabm hl hxthrbir dmstm quhnmr phrphknbaulmr m lis amrtikhs, quhnmkni hktrh lis ebseis lm fbsmorm. fb smorm.

Cbourm 13.- Vhniknhmni nhl liei. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 14.- Qmamni nh amgis. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 1?.- Aieprifmabñk nh lm ehnbm amým. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 12.- Nhtmllh nhl amgi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

66

 PHVQXR, Mkkbh, HSVMVN, Qük. Ip. Abt, p. 82.

14

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Xkm vhz hstâ prhpmrmni hl viluehk nhl liei y cbgmnm lm aisturm aik ehtblahlulism, sh mplbam ukm prbehrm ampm nh ailm flmkam hk luomr nh lm trmnbabikml ailm cuhrth. Hk li quh aiebhkzm m shamrsh, sh prhpmrm ukm tmrlmtmkm auyms nbehksbikhs shrík nh lmroi uk piai eís nh nis thrabis nh lm ehnbnm nhl liei y nhl ebsei mkadi. Qh ailiam hl thgbni nh cirem sbeâtrbam sifrh lm ailm m÷k d÷ehnm y sh mplbam itrm ampm nh mndhsbvi sifrh âsth, thkbhkni aubnmni nh quh ki bkvmnm lm zikm siknh vm bkairpirmnm lm tmpm.

Cbourm >0.- Hkailmni nhl liei. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >=.- Nhtmllh nh tmrlmtmkm mplbamnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.1.8. Eiktmgh nh lms tmpms Hkamrtikmr hs hl priahsi pir hl auml sh ailiamk lis amrtikhs nh lms tmpms ukm vhz prhpmrmnis, mgustíknilms ml amgi y hksmeflíknilms ml auhrpi nhl lbfri.61  M aiktbkumabñk sh hxplbamk lis pmsis m shoubr pmrm aikchaabikmr, m pmrtbr nh lm prhpmrmabñk nh lis amrtikhs, lms tmpms nhl lbfri. Hk prbehr luomr sh nhfh rhmlbzmr lis airths nh lis lmnis nh lis amrtikhs, thkbhkni hk auhktm lms nbehksbikhs nhl amgi, lms ahgms y hl pripbi auhrpi. Qh rhmlbzmrí uk titml nh aumtri airths pir amnm tmpm aik ukm abzmllm, i hk kuhstri amsi a÷thr, sbheprh pir lm låkhm emramnm prhvbmehkth pmrm hvbtmr lm msbehtråm. Hl prbehr airth sh rhmlbzm hk hl lmni airrhspiknbhkth m lm fbsmorm, hs nhabr, lm vhrtbaml quh quhnm eís prñxbei ml liei. Hsti phrebtbrí plmkthmr lms nbehksbikhs nhl amgi. Hl shoukni airrhspiknh m lm amfhzm, pir li quh shrí phrphknbaulmr ml prbehri, y nhfhrí rhsphtmrsh lis 8 ee quh airrhspiknhk m lm ahgm. Li ebsei iaurrh aik hl thrahr airth, hl nhl pbh, hk hl quh sh dm 61

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. ==1.

12

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

nh mshourmr quh hl tmemýi nh lm ahgm hs bouml quh hk hl mkthrbi mkthrbirr airth ailiamkni hl amrtñk hk hl amgi y rhsphtmkni lm nbstmkabm nh 8 ee ehkabikmnm. Hl aumrti y ÷ltbei airth airrhspiknh ml nhlmkthri, hs nhabr, hl lmni niknh sh hkauhktrm lm mphrturm nhl lbfri.6> ^rms lis airths, sh lbgmrík lms mrbstms nh lis amktis nh lis trhs prbehris airths pmrm hvbtmr quh, aumkni sh ailiquh hl pmphl  gmsphmni hk lm aufbhrtm, âsth sh riepm. Hl firnh airrhspiknbhkth ml amgi quh quhnm hk aiktmati aik hl pmphl tmefbâk shrí rhniknhmni pir hl bkthrbir pmrm hvbtmr hl nhsomsth pir hl  guhoi nh lm fbsmorm. Mdirm sh priahnh m ukbr lms tmpms ml auhrpi nhl lbfri ehnbmkth lis khrvbis pmrm sughtmr lis amrtikhs mtrmvhsíknilis pir uk irbcbabi quh sh lh prmatbam ehnbmkth uk pukzñk prñxbei m su firnh. Qh ailiam hl amrtñk phrphknbaulmr ml auhrpi nhl lbfri bkehnbmti ml amgi y sh dmahk pmsmr lis khrvbis nh cuhrm dmabm mnhktri pir hl irbcbabi. Qh thksmk lis khrvbis dmstm quh hl firnh nhl amrtñk tiquh hl amgi. Xkm vhz airtmni hl hxahsi, sh rbsalm y sh mplbam ailm sifrh lms ebsems y hl amrtñk mlrhnhnir nh âstms pmrm cbgmrlms m lms tmpms. Pir ÷ltbei, aik myunm nh uk emrtblli sh hghrah prhsbñk sifrh lis moughris pir hl lmni aiktrmrbi ml quh sh rhmlbzñ lm phrcirmabñk pmrm cmablbtmr hl mplmkmebhkti nh lis khrvbis y liormr nbsebkubr hl rhlbhvh ohkhrmni.68 

Cbourm >6.- Emramni nhl irbcbabi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >1.- Vhsultmni nhl irbcbabi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

6>

 OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Ip. Abt, pp. =31-=33.  OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Ip. Abt, pp. =?6-=?8.

68

>0

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Cbourm >>.- Khrvbi bkshrtmni. Bemohk nhl mutir..

Cbourm >3.- Vhsultmni nhl rbsalmni.

1.1.3. Vhcuhrzi nhl liei Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >8.- Vbsalmni nh lm auhrnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >?.- Mndhsbñk nhl hxtrhei nhl khrvbi. Bemohk nhl mutir.

1.1.3. Vhcuhrzi nhl liei  Qh ailiam lm amfhzmnm nh cirem quh lm abktm hstâ hk aieplhti aiktmati aik hl liei y sifrhsmlom hl hxtrhei nhairmni. ^rms su shamni, sh mndbhrh uk rhcuhrzi hk pmphl jrmct quh aufrm hl liei y lm ebtmn nhl mkadi nh lm liehrm pir amnm lmni. Qh prhpmrm mdirm uk amrtikablli nhl ebsei mlti nh lms tmpms y mkadi quh hl liei y sh aurvm pmrm mahktumr hl rhniknhmni nhl ebsei y sh mplbam aik ailm flmkam, nhgmkni suhlti uk emrohk hk hl pbh pmrm bktrinuabr pisthrbirehkth hl sifrmkth nh lm pbhl. Hl sboubhkth pmsi hs lm ailiamabñk nh lis cmlsis khrvbis hk hl liei, quh sh rhmlbzmk aik hl ebsei emthrbml. Qh mplbam ailm sifrh lms emrams niknh brík

>=

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

liamlbzmnis hk hl liei y sh cbgmk dmstm su aieplhti shamni pmrm hvbtmr quh sh lhvmkth pir hstm zikm.63 

Cbourm >4.- Mplbamabñk nh amfhzmnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm >2.- Vhcuhrzi nh pmphl jrmct. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 80.- Cmlsis khrvbis sifrh amrtikablli. Bemohk nhl mutir.

63

 SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Ip. Abt, pp. 3> y 38.

>6

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.1.?. Eiktmgh nh aufbhrtm Xki nh lis hlhehktis eís sbokbcbamtbvis nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm hs dilmknhsm hs lm emkhrm nh aufrbr hl liei y sus bkehnbmabikhs, níknilh hl kiefrh nh hkaumnhrkmabñk m ehnbm pbhl. Hl târebki liehrm dmah rhchrhkabm ml “trizi nh pbhl i nh thlm quh sh ailiam hk hl liei nhl lbfri 6?

pmrm lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m ehnbm pmstm―.  

Hl prbehr pmsi pmrm prhpmrmr hl emthrbml hs hl airth, auyi tmemýi sh nhfh amlaulmr thkbhkni hk auhktm tmkti lm suphrcbabh vbstm aiei hl plbhouh nhl pbh y lis eírohkhs quh quhnmrík aufbhrtis pisthrbirehkth aik hl pmphl nh moum. M aiktbkumabñk sh rhfmgm hl orisir nh lm pbhl (pir su amrm bkthrbir i clir) hk su phråehtri ehnbmkth hl adbclmni emkuml, li quh phrebtbrí plhomr hl emthrbml, emramr lms fbsmorms y dieiohkhbzmr lm trmksbabñk nh lm pbhl ml pmphl nh lm aufbhrtm. Pmrm hlli sh rhmlbzm uk prbehr adbclmni hk plmki pmrmlhli ml firnh nhl crmoehkti auyi mkadi ki hxahnm nh lis 8 ae, sbhkni prhchrbflh pmrm hl amsi nh hsth lbfri uk eíxbei nh 1‒8 ae. Qh

trmfmgm mdirm hl hsamlñk bkalbkmkni lm adbclm dmstm aikshoubr uk plmki aiktbkui y sh vm aieprifmkni hl orisir y lm clhxbfblbnmn m ehnbnm quh sh rhfmgm lm pbhl. Hk aumkti m lis amgis, aikvbhkh adbclmrlis tmefbâk pmrm mausmr hl plhomni dmabhkni tmefbâk usi nh lm plhomnhrm quh myunmrí m emramrli pir lm amrm hxthrkm nh lm pbhl, rhmlbzmkni hl eivbebhkti hk nbmoikml nhsnh hl amgi dmabm hl liei.64  Pisthrbirehkth sh mplbam ukm ampm nh hkoruni m fmsh n nhh mlebnñk pir hl rhvhrsi nh lm pbhl y, trms su shamni, sh mplbam ukm shouknm ampm quh nhfh hstmr tinmvåm eirnbhkth aumkni sh ailiquh sifrh hl liei. Hsti myunm m muehktmr hl aikthkbni hk duehnmn nh lm emthrbm mkbeml y pir tmkti cmvirhah su clhxbfblbnmn.

Cbourm 8=.- Adbclmni nh lm pbhl. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 86.- Mplbamabñk nh hkoruni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

6?

 FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Ip. Abt, p. =40.  PHVQXR, Mkkbh, HSVMVN, Qük. Ip. Abt, pp. 20 y 21.

64

>1

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Lm ailiamabñk nh lm pbhl sh nhfh rhmlbzmr thkbhkni hl lbfri bkeivblbzmni y, aik aubnmni nh quh hl hgh ahktrml nh lm liehrm aibkabnm aik hl nhl liei, sh prhsbikm pmrm cbgmr lm pbhl m âsth y m lms tmpms priaurmkni quh quhnh lbsi. Qhoubnmehkth sh bktrinuah hl sifrmkth nhl pbh nhl liei hk hl emrohk nhl amrtikablli orbs quh sh dmfåm nhgmni suhlti aik myunm nh lm plhomnhrm y aik euadi aubnmni nh ki emkadmr lms amfhzmnms kb lis airths nhl pmphl, sh threbkm nh mndhrbr ml liei nhl auhrpi.62  Pir ÷ltbei, sh heplhm ukm pbkzm nh khrvbi pmrm emramr hstis hlhehktis fmgi lm pbhl. Hl lbfri sh hkrillm thepirmlehkth aik airnhlhs dmabhkni prhsbñk sifrh lis lmthrmlhs nh lis khrvbis aik hl cbk nh hvbtmr quh sh pbhrnm hl emramni trms hl shamni nhl hkoruni.

Cbourm 81.- Ailiamabñk nh lm pbhl. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 8>.- Emramni nh lis khrvbis aik pbkzms. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Lis plmkis nh lm aufbhrtm sh cirrmk mdirm aik hl pmphl nh moum. Li prbehri shrí emramr hk lm pbhl hl låebth ml quh nhfh llhomr hl pmphl pmrm hktikahs amlaulmr hl írhm nh lm suphrcbabh quh shrí aufbhrtm, thkbhkni hk auhktm nbchrhkths msphatis7 lm suphrpisbabñk nhl ebsei sifrh lm emthrbm mkbeml, lms nbehksbikhs quh quhnmk pir aufrbr, lm ehnbnm nh lms ahgms airrhspiknbhkths ml pbh y m lm ebtmn nhl airth nhlmkthri, y lm nhl amkti nhl amrtñk. Xkm vhz ifthkbnms lms ehnbnms, sh trmslmnmk ml pmphl nhairmni, sh rhairtm pir su aiktirki y sh prhshktm hl crmoehkti ifthkbni sifrh lms aufbhrtms pmrm aieprifmr lm hxmatbtun nh lm ebsem. 62

 SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Ip. Abt, pp. 31 y 3>.

>>

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

M aiktbkumabñk, sh mplbam ailm flmkam hk su rhvhrsi nh cirem dieioâkhm y, sboubhkni lm emram hk lm pbhl sh phom m lms tmpms10, pikbhkni hsphabml aubnmni hk lms hsqubkms nh lms ebsems mplbamkni prhsbñk aik lm plhomnhrm. Hl sboubhkth pmsi hs lm nhairmabñk nhl liei, quh aiksbsth ÷kbamehkth hk rhmlbzmr lis oicrmnis shkabllis. Lm tâakbam nhl oicrmni sh mplbam hk lis lmnis nh lis khrvbis y hk hl pbh nhl liei aik uk dbhrri rhatblåkhi amlhktmni hk uk dirkblli hlâatrbai. Hl nirmni nh lis khrvbis rhqubhrh dbhrris aik hl ebsei nbfugi nhl irbobkml nh lis quh ki sh nbspikhk.

Cbourm 88.- Oicrmni nh lm pbhl. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Hl ÷ltbei pmsi aiksbsth hk lm ailiamabñk nh lms oumrnms. Pmrm hlli sh phom pir lm ebtmn hl pmphl plhomni m lm prbehrm y ÷ltbem digm nhl lbfri ehnbmkth ukm låkhm nh mndhsbvi nh 1 ee nh mkadi pmrmlhlm ml liei lm oumrnm. Xkm vhz mshktmnm, sh cbgmk m lms aiktrmtmpms lm ebtmn nh lm oumrnm quh quhnmrí bkeñvbl ukm vhz ahrrmni hl lbfri y mplbamni prhsbñk hktrh tmflhris pmrm mshourmr hl airrhati mshktmebhkti nh lms ebsems, mså aiei su mlbsmni. Hs bepirtmkth amlaulmr fbhk hl shoehkti quh sh mndbhrh m lm digm nh pmphl, puhs nh hlli nhphknhrí quh lms oumrnms rhsphthk lms ahgms nh lis trhs lmnis ym ehkabikmnis. Pir ÷ltbei, sh rhmlbzm ukm vhktmkm hk lm aiktrmtmpm pmrm nhgmr m lm vbstm lm ukbñk nhl khrvbi m lm tmpm.

Cbourm 83.- Hkailmni nh oumrnm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 8?.- Shktmkm nhl rbsalmni. Bemohk nhl mutir.

10

 OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Ip. Abt, pp. 663-61>.

>8

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

1.1.4. Vhsultmni

Cbourm 84.- Plmki nhlmkthri nh lm emquhtm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 82.- Liei hk ampms. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 3=.- Nhtmllh nhl pbh nhl liei nh lm emquhtm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 30.- Plmki trmshri nh lm emquhtm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

Cbourm 36.- Oumrnm nhlmkthrm. Bemohk nhl mutir.

>3

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

>. AIKALXQBIKHQ  >.=. AIKALXQBIKHQ Lm bnhktbcbamabñk nh lm hstruaturm nh ukm hkaumnhrkmabñk m trmvâs nh sus amrmathråstbams vbsumlhs y emthrbmlhs aikstbtuyhkths, ml bouml quh hl hstunbi nh su sbsthem aikstruatbvi, hs cuknmehktml pmrm aikshrvmr h bkthrvhkbr uk lbfri. Nurmkth lm rhmlbzmabñk nh hsth ^rmfmgi nh Cbk nh Ormni sh dm pinbni aieprifmr quh mukquh lms tâakbams trmnbabikmlhs sik nhsarbtms aik ormk nhtmllh hk vmrbis emkumlhs, hl irbohk y hviluabñk nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm ki dilmknhsm ki quhnm tmk almri kb hstí tmk hstunbmni aiei suahnh aik lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs oñtbams, fmrriams i rieíktbams, tml vhz nhfbni m quh hl nbshýi nh hstms puhnh nhsphrtmr uk emyir bkthrâs pir lm rbquhzm nh sus emthrbmlhs y lm bepirtmkabm nhl nhtmllh. Pmrm lm rhmlbzmabñk nh hkaumnhrkmabikhs hk ñptbems aiknbabikhs hs prhabsi nbspikhr nh lms dhrrmebhktms y emqubkmrbm mnhaumnms aiei lm prhksm emkuml, lm prhksm pmrm smamr amgis i lm prhksm nh nirmr i furri  ‑quh sh heplhm ki sili pmrm hstm matbvbnmn, sbki tmefbâk pmrm trmfmgmr hl liei quhnmkni hl lbfri hk vhrtbaml-. Qbk hefmroi, ml ki nbspikhr nh âstms sh dm thkbni quh utblbzmr ehnbis mlthrkmtbvis eís runbehktmrbis, hk hsth amsi aik tmflms nh emnhrm y smrohktis, quh dmk pmlbmni hk abhrtm ehnbnm lm amrhkabm nh mquhllms. Hl hstunbi nh lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs sh fmsm hk lm aieprhksbñk nh lis priahsis pmrm su aikchaabñk, li quh beplbam m su vhz hl hkthknbebhkti nhl eini nh nhseiktmrlms. Hsti hs nh ormk bepirtmkabm pmrm lis priahsis nh rhstmurmabñk puhsti quh sh dm aieprifmni quh beplbam lm pârnbnm nh euadis hlhehktis irbobkmlhs quh ciremk pmrth nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. Lm aieprhksbñk nh lm threbkilioåm hsphaåcbam, pir itri lmni, hs hlhehktml m lm dirm nh nhsarbfbr ukm hkaumnhrkmabñk ym quh sh dm nh nbchrhkabmr lms pmrths nh lm ebsem y sus priahsis nh eiktmgh. Pir tmkti, sh dmk aueplbni lis ifghtbvis pripuhstis.

>?

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

>.6. PVIPXHQ^M NH BK^HVSHKABÑK >.6.=. Hstmni nh aikshrvmabñk Hl hstmni nh aikshrvmabñk hk ohkhrml hs emli nhfbni m lms nbchrhkths pmtilioåms prhshkths hk hl auhrpi nhl lbfri. Nhstmam nh cirem kitmflh lm crmoblbnmn quh dm mnqubrbni su hstruaturm, y hk lm aufbhrtm, nh cirem suphrcbabml mchatmkni m lm hstâtbam. Lms mlthrmabikhs prhshkths hk hl auhrpi nhl lbfri sik prbkabpmlehkth nmýis cåsbai-ehaíkbais. Hktrh hllis nhstmamk7 nhsomrris prhshkths hk lis niflhahs nh lis plbhois m amusm nh lm bkmnhaumnm thksbñk nh lis dblis, pârnbnms nh sipirth ukbni ml hkvhghabebhkti y nbsebkuabñk nh lm nhksbnmn nhl emthrbml ahlulñsbai, mså aiei nhsprhknbebhkti nh mloukms nh lms digms. Mnheís, hl aikgukti nh aumnhrkbllis mpmrhah shpmrmni nh lm liehrm bkthrbir, niknh quhnmk rhstis nhl amkti nh lis plbhois y pir tmkti, aiktrbfuyh ml nhsprhknbebhkti nh lms digms ym ehkabikmni. Hl kbvhl nh suabhnmn suphrcbabml hs fmgi, puhs mukquh dmy rhstis nh pilvi mefbhktml dieioâkhmehkth nbsphrsis, ki dmy maueulmabikhs, emkadms nh duehnmn i rhstis nh nhtrbtus nh fbflbñcmois. Lm aisturm hs lm pmrth quh sucrh uk emyir nhthrbiri, puhs lms cbfrms nhfblbtmnms pir lis eivbebhktis nh mphrturm nhl lbfri y hl pmsi nhl tbhepi, dmk bknuabni lm riturm nhl dbli, priviamkni rbhsois aiei lm nhsaidhsbñk hktrh aumnhrkbllis y pir aiksboubhkth lm hstmfblbnmn nh lm hstruaturm nhl ifghti, quh sh mchrrm m lis khrvbis quh m÷k iaupmk su luomr sbk nhthrbiris. Hk lm aufbhrtm, pir itri lmni, sh ifshrvm hl pmsi nhl tbhepi pir nbchrhkths cmatirhs, hktrh lis quh nhstmamk lm nhailirmabñk nhl liei, pmsmkni nh rigi-emohktm m tikis tbhrrm, lm pârnbnm nh emthrbml hk lms mrbstms nh lis amrtikhs y nhl liei, tmkti nh lm pbhl aiei nhl pmphl nh moum, hl pârnbnm nh kbtbnhz nhl nbfugi nhl pmphl gmsphmni nh lm aufbhrtm y lm pârnbnm nh nirmnis hk lis cmlsis khrvbis, amfhzm y, hk ehkir ehnbnm, hl pbh. Hk lm amrm bkthrbir nh lms tmpms, lms oumrnms dmk sucrbni uk nhsomrri quh rhairrh hl hgh nhl amgi nhfbni ml eivbebhkti nh lms fbsmorms hk mefis lmnis nhl auhrpi.

>4

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRII PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

>.6.6. Pripuhstm nh bkthrvhkabñk Qh pripikhk lms sboubhkths ehnbnms pmrm priaurmr lm rhstmurmabñk nhl lbfri y prilikomr su aikshrvmabñk, lms aumlhs sh rhobrík hk fmsh m lis arbthrbis nh bkthrvhkabñk pripuhstis hk Lm  prhshrvmabñk y rhstmurmabñk nh niauehktis niauehktis y lbfris hk pmphl7 uk hstunbi nhl VM VMEP EP1=7   Mfsthkhrsh nh rhmlbzmr trmtmebhktis quh ki shmk cmatbflhs i puhnmk rhsultmr



phrgunbabmlhs pmrm lm ifrm y hl rhstmurmnir   Nhfh shr ukm bkthrvhkabñk ifghtbvm, hvbtmkni cmlsbcbamabikhs i nbstirsbikhs nhl ehksmgh



nhl mutir y nh lm ifrm hk så.   Priaurmr quh lis hlhehktis mýmnbnis shmk bkdhrhkths m lm pripbm dbstirbm nh lm ifrm.



  Hlbebkmr mquhllms bkthrvhkabikhs quh einbcbquhk hl ehksmgh i bepisbfblbthk su lhaturm.



  Hghautmr ukm eåkbem bkthrvhkabñk sifrh lis hlhehktis quh rhqubhrmk trmtmebhkti,



hvbtmkni mnbabikhs mrfbtrmrbms. aiepikhkths quh sh hkauhktrmk bknhphknbhkths m lm ifrm y quh   Nhviluabñk nh lis aiepikhkths



bknbsautbflhehkth phrthkhzamk m lm ebsem.   Vhmlbzmr lms bkthrvhkabikhs nh cirem nbsahrkbflh.



  Heplhmr hlhehktis quh sustbtuymk m lis irbobkmlhs aumkni hxbstm ukm pârnbnm nh lis



ebseis quh m phsmr nh ki shr nbsahrkbflhs beplbquh lm smlvmoumrnm nhl aikgukti.   Priaurmr lm rhvhrsbfblbnmn nh lis emthrbmlhs, quh dmk nh shr bkiauis.



  Lis trmtmebhktis nhfhrík hstmr phrchatmehkth niauehktmnis y gustbcbamnis hk uk



bkcireh nh rhstmurmabñk. Nhfbni ml hstmni nh aikshrvmabñk quhnm gustbcbamni hl nhseiktmgh nhl lbfri pmrm trmfmgmr sifrh lm titmlbnmn nh lis hlhehktis aikstbtuyhkths, rhtbrmkni tmefbâk mquhllis quh ki puhnmk shr usmnis kuhvmehkth i quh nhfmk shr rheplmzmnis, aiei hs hl amsi nh lis dblis nh lm aisturm. Xkm vhz nbvbnbnis lis hlhehktis y dmfbhkni rhmlbzmni lm lbepbhzm suphrcbabml aik oiems, sh prhthknh rhcirzmr lis fbcilbis pir hl plbhouh hk tinms lms digms, aiksilbnmkni mså hl sipirth. Qhoubnmehkth sh prmatbamrí lm aisturm sboubhkni hl ebsei hsquhem quh hl irbobkml, pmrm li quh sh nhfhrí thkhr hk auhktm lis khrvbis quh dmfråmk sbni shpmrmnis nh lms tmpms prhvbmehkth. 1=

 SBÝMQ, Sbahkth, SBÝMQ, Vutd. Lm prhshrvmabñk y rhstmurmabñk nh niauehktis y lbfris hk pmphl7 uk

hstunbi VMEP. Pmrbs7 Iromkbzmabñk nh lms Kmabikhs Xkbnms pmrm lm Hnuamabñk, lm Abhkabm y lm Aulturm, =244. nhl VMEP. Pmrbs7

>2

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Aikstbtubni hl auhrpi, sh mplbamrí lm thlm tmrlmtmkm y sh bkshrtmrík kuhvmehkth lis khrvbis hk lms tmpms aik aubnmni nh ki rmsomr hl pmphl nh lm aufbhrtm. Lm pbhl, quh sh dmfåm nhsphomni nh lis amrtikhs pmrm phrebtbr lm bkshrabñk nh lis khrvbis, sh ailiamrí kuhvmehkth hk su sbtbi trms phomr lm tmrlmtmkm sifrh hl liei nhl auhrpi y sh aiksilbnmrík y mplbamrík pisthrbirehkth lms oumrnms. Cbkmlehkth sh priahnhrí m rhbkthormr arieítbamehkth lms cmltms nhl pmphl nh moum.

80

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

8. FBFLBIOVMCÅM FHVEHGI EMV^ÅK, Gisâ Fikbcmabi. Hkabaliphnbm nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Illhri & Vmeis, =224. FXTÑ B EMVQÍ, Eiktsh. Pbktmr sifrh uk låqubni. Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh mrth. Vhvbstm nh lm msiabmabñk pmrm hl ciehkti nh lm l m hkaumnhrkmabñk, hkaumnhrkmabñk, 6003, k· 64, pp. =1->2. AMEFVMQ VBX, Gishp. Hkaumnhrkmabñk Hkaumnhrkmabñk.. =ª hn. Fmrahlikm7 Pmrrmeñk, 6001. ADHAM AVHEMNHQ, Gisâ Lubs. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 Hstbli, bnhilioåm y siabhnmn. Hkaumnhrkmabñk nh mrth. Vhvbstm nh lm msiabmabñk pmrm hl ciehkti nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk, hkaumnhrkmabñk, 600>, k· 61, pp =?-64. ADHAM AVHEMNHQ, Gisâ Lubs. Lis Lubs. Lis hstblis nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. hkaumnhrkmabñk . =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Illhri & Vmeis, 6001. ALMSHVÅM, Amrlis. Vhaikiabebhkti y nhsarbpabñk nh hkaumnhrkmabikhs mktboums. mktboums. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Mrai/Lbfris, 6003. NMDL, Qvhkn. Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Mlbmkzm, =2?6. NÅMW-EBVMKNM R EMAÅMQ, Eª Nilirhs. Arhmabñk nh uk pritiaili nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk quh phrebtm aiktrilmr hl priahsi nh su rhstmurmabñk. Hk BBB Aikorhsi nhl Orupi Hspmýil nhl BBA. Fmrahlikm7 ^mllhr nh Vhstmurmabñk nhl Eikmsthrbi nh Qmkt Phrh nh lms Puhl-lhs, Eikgms Fhkhnbatbkms, 600?. pp. 608-666 HQAILMV, Dbpñlbti. Dbstirbm nhl lbfri. lbfri. 6ª hn. Emnrbn7 Pbríebnh, =244. CVHNHVBA CBKÑ, G., DIXVAMNH, Lubs M. ^rmtmni nh Fbflbilioåm. Dbstirbm y tâakbam nh prinuaabñk nh niauehktis. Qhvbllm7 niauehktis. Qhvbllm7 Hspuhlm nh Plmtm, 60==. OÑEHW VMOOBI, Crmkabsai. Hl lbfri nh lm hkaumnhrkmabñk. hkaumnhrkmabñk. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Mlbmkzm, =228. LÑPHW HQ^VMNM, Gisâ. ^rmtmni nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. ^hñrbai príatbai. 3ª hn. Eâxbai, N.C.7 Priorhsi, =281. EBLLMVHQ AMVLI, Mouståk. Bktrinuaabñk m lm dbstirbm nhl lbfri y nh lms fbflbithams. fbflbithams. =ª hn. Eâxbai, N.C7 Cikni nh aulturm haikñebam, =2?=.

8=

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

PHVQXR, Mkkbh, HSVMVN, Qük. Lm hkaumnhrkmabñk7 ^âakbam y priahsi. priahsi. =ª hn. Emnrbn7 Illhri & Vmeis, =222. QMFVHL, E. Emkuml príatbai nhl hkaumnhrkmnir. Emnrbn7 Almk, =22?. SMLLMNI EHKÂKNHW, Gisâ Emråm. Emkuml nh hkaumnhrkmabñk. hkaumnhrkmabñk. 6ª hn. Hl mutir, Hspmým, =248. SBÝMQ, Sbahkth, SBÝMQ, Vutd. Lm prhshrvmabñk y rhstmurmabñk nh niauehktis y lbfris hk pmphl7 uk hstunbi nhl VMEP. Pmrås7 VMEP. Pmrås7 Iromkbzmabñk nh lms Kmabikhs Xkbnms pmrm lm Hnuamabñk, lm Abhkabm y lm Aulturm, =244.

VHAXVQIQ _HF MKHTI S7 cbadms nh fbhkhs euhflhs y lbfris y niauehktis. Hk Plmk kmabikml nh mfmnåms, eikmsthrbis y aikvhktis. Vhvbsbñk. Ebkbsthrbi Vhvbsbñk. Ebkbsthrbi nh Aulturm y Nhpirth. p. =66. ZAiksultmni hl ==0>-60=2U Nbspikbflh hk7 dttp7//www.aulturmynhpirth.oif.hs/plmkhs-kmabikmlhs/nme/gar7n>2>h3?>-f>68->=02-fac>3ffmma3>=8c0/cbadms-nh-fbhkhs-euhflhs-nh-lbfris-y-niauehktis.pnc  

Amsm-Eushi Pârhz Omlnñs. Fbiormcåm nh Fhkbti Pârhz Omlnñs Zhk låkhmU. Lms Lm s Pmlems nh Ormk Amkmrbm7 Amfblni nh Ormk Amkmrbm. ZAiksultmni hl 66-03-60=2U Nbspikbflh hk7 dttp7//www.amsmeushiphrhzomlnis.aie/fbiormcbm  dttp7//www.amsmeushiphrhzomlnis.aie/fbiormcbm 

OMVAÅM, Gumk-Gisâ Emrais. Lis Hlzhvbr7 hl trbukci nhl lbfri nh filsblli. Hk ^bpiormcåm nhl orbhoi alísbai. Mkílbsbs h dbstirbm nhsnh lm bkvhkabñk nh lm beprhktm dmstm lm hrm nbobtml . Emnrbn7 Nyjbksik, 60=8. pp 638-?6. ZAiksultmni hl 8-08-60=2U Nbspikbflh hk7 dttp7//www.gstir.iro/stmflh/g.att=j61=q?.=2..  dttp7//www.gstir.iro/stmflh/g.att=j61=q?.=2

86

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

3. OLIQMVBI  F  Fbcilbi7 Digm phomnm pir lm ebtmn.  ebtmn.  Fbsmorm7 Guhoi mrtbaulmni quh ukh lms tmpms ml liei.

A  Amfhzm7 Pmrth nhl lbfri quh airrhspiknh ml airth suphrbir.  suphrbir.  Amfhzmnm7 Hlhehkti sbtumni hk lm amfhzm y pbh nh lm pmrth bkthrkm nhl liei quh irbobkmlehkth thkåm ukm cukabñk hstruaturml nh rhcuhrzi y matumlehkth hs ehrmehkth hstâtbai. Amgi7 Vhfirnh quh sh rhmlbzm m mefis lmnis nhl liei aik lm bkthkabñk nh boumlmr su mlturm aik lm nh lis amrtikhs, quhnmkni hktrh lis ebseis lm fbsmorm.  fbsmorm.  Amrtñk7 Aiepikhkth hstruaturml heplhmni pmrm lm arhmabñk nh lms tmpms. Ahgm7 Pirabñk nh lms tmpms quh sifrhsmlh pir lis trhs airths nhl auhrpi nhl lbfri. Adbclm7 Dhrrmebhktm Adbclm7  Dhrrmebhktm airtmkth heplhmnm pmrm rhfmgmr hl viluehk nh lm pbhl. pbhl.   Aisturm7 Eâtini heplhmni hk lm hkaumnhrkmabñk auym cukabñk hs ukbr lis fbcilbis iromkbzmnis hk aumnhrkbllis nhl lbfri pir ehnbi nh dblis quh sbouhk uk pmtrñk nhthrebkmni.  nhthrebkmni.  Aumnhrkblli7 Morupmabñk nh digms i fbcilbis.  fbcilbis.  Aufbhrtm7 Hlhehktis quh rhvbsthk hl hxthrbir nhl lbfri.

H  Hkailmni7 Priahsi pir hl auml sh mndbhrhk hlhehktis nh rhcuhrzi i hstâtbais ehnbmkth ailms. Hkaumnhrkmabñk7 Aikgukti nh tâakbams auym cukabñk hs aikshrvmr hl aikthkbni nh uk lbfri m trmvâs nh lm aikstbtuabñk nhl auhrpi nhl lbfri y su ukbñk m lms tmpms. tm pms.   Hkaumnhrkmabñk m lm dilmknhsm7 ^bpi nh hkaumnhrkmabñk quh sh nhcbkh pir hl usi nh pbhl hk hl liei t hk iamsbikhs hk lms puktms, y pmphl, thlm i ouíclhx hk lms tmpms.  tmpms.   81

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Hkliemni7 Priahsi pir hl auml sh mndbhrhk tbrms nh pmphl u itri emthrbml pmrm rhcirzmr hl liei nhl auhrpi.  auhrpi.  Hkthkhrvbi7 Hspmabi liamlbzmni hk hl liei quh shpmrm lis khrvbis hktrh så.

C  Cmlsi khrvbi7 Khrvbi aikchaabikmni aik hlhehktis mýmnbnis aiei amrtñk hk luomr nh aik lis irbobkmlhs nh lm aisturm.  aisturm. 

O  Oicrmni7 Irkmehkti rhmlbzmni ehnbmkth lm hstmepmabñk nh dbhrris ormfmnis hk shai y aik amlir. Oumrnm7 Digm sbtumnm hktrh lms tmpms y lm prbehrm y ÷ltbem digm nhl lbfri.

L  Lbfri7 Aikgukti nh digms quh sh hkaumnhrkmk guktms y quh dmah lms vhahs nh sipirth nh bkciremabñk y aikiabebhkti.  aikiabebhkti.  Liehrm7 Crmoehkti nh pbhl quh sh ailiam sifrh hl liei nhl auhrpi pmrm lm hkaumnhrkmabñk m ehnbm pbhl. Liei7 Lmni nhl lbfri quh aibkabnh aik hl luomr niknh sh hkauhktrm lm aisturm, pmrmlhli ml lmni nh mphrturm.

E  Ehnbm amým7 Mrquhi ohkhrmni hk hl airth nhlmkthri m amusm nhl rhniknhmni nhl liei.  liei. 

K  Khrvbi7 Vhsmlth nhl liei priviamni pir hl airnhl quh cirem pmrth nh lm aisturm nhl auhrpi.

P  Pbh7 Pmrth nhl lbfri quh airrhspiknh ml airth bkchrbir y hs pmrmlhli m lm amfhzm. Pbkzm nh khrvbi7 Dhrrmebhktm khrvbi7 Dhrrmebhktm heplhmnm pmrm mgustmr lm aufbhrtm nhl liei m lis khrvbis.  khrvbis. 

88

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

Plmki7 Quphrcbabh hxthrbir nh lm tmpm quh hk lms hkaumnhrkmabikhs m lm dilmknhsm airrhspiknh m lm pmrth quh ki aufrh lm liehrm.  liehrm.  Plhomni7 Maabñk pir lm auml sh niflmk lms digms quh aikstbtuyhk lis aumnhrkbllis. Puktm riem7 Vhemth nh lis íkoulis nh lms tmpms quh sh vhk rhniknhmnms.

V  Vbsalmr7 ^âakbam quh aiksbsth hk nhsdblmadmr lis hxtrheis nh lis khrvbis pmrm hlbebkmr hl rhsmlth quh punbhrm prinuabrsh ml ailiamr lm pbhl.  

^  ^mpm7 Pbhzm råobnm ohkhrmlehkth nh amrtñk quh aufrh hl auhrpi nhl lbfri. ^mrlmtmkm7 ^hgbni ^mrlmtmkm7  ^hgbni piai tupbni heplhmni hk hl hkliemni nhl lbfri.  lbfri.  ^hlmr7 Dhrrmebhktm heplhmnm pmrm cmablbtmr lm aisturm nh lis lbfris.

88

 

LM EM]XH^M AIEI HKQMRI PVHSBI PMVM LM VHQ^MXVMABÑK NH XK LBFVI AIK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK HKAXMNHVKMABÑK M  M LM DILMKNHQM.  DILMKNHQM. 

?. MKHTIQ

BNHK^BCBAMABÑK Mkohl Ouhrrm

^åtuli Mutir

F. Pârhz Omlnñs

Nmtmabñk

=42=

Hnbtir

Lm oubrkmlnm y Hpbsinbis Kmabikmlhs

Nbehksbikhs

Mlti7 =?‒2 ae  Mkadi7 =6‒8 ae 

Orisir7 1 ae AMVMA^HVÅQ^BAMQ ^ÂAKBAMQ Emthrbmlhs prbkabpmlhs

Amrtñk, pbhl, pmphl nh moum, auhrnm, dbli nh lbki, pmphl nh pmstm nh emnhrm

Emthrbmlhs maahsirbis

Nirmnis, htbquhtms nhl liei

K· Aumnhrkbllis

61 x > + =x=

^bpi nh aisturm

Aisbni mlthrki sifrh shbs airths

^bpi nh hkaumnhrkmabñk

M aumrti nh pbhl

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