La Lengua Como Base de La Cultura
July 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Bsecobturb Dspbòj` 2 Qdhb @b `docub gjhj ibsd ad `b gu`turb [brtegepbotd SE@NYE BOQJOEJ AD @B YJWB CJHDV Hbtregu`b 9;9;;953> Nbge`etbajrb6 Nrbogesgb B`t. Yjarècudz, H.B. Hjab`eaba6 Wdheprdsdogeb` Hjosdòjr Ojud`, Ijobj Ydpöi`egb Ajheoegbob Ndglb ad dotrdcb < ad hbyj ad` 9;9;
Eotrjaugge÷o6 Do dstb prdsdotbge÷o vdrdhjs d` tdhb6 @b `docub gjhj ibsd ad `b gu`turb y dstbrå adneoedoaj sus aevdrsbs gbrbgtdrèstegbs y suitdhbs `js gub`ds sjo6 @js trds tårheojs preogepb`ds, Nuogejods ad `b `docub, Qepjs ad @docub, Dxprdse÷o ad `b `docub, Oevd`ds ad `docub, Nbgtjrds qud eotdrvedodo do `js oevd`ds ad `docub y Ydcestrjs `eocðèstegjs.
@b `docub gjhj ibsd ad `b gu`turb.
@js trds tårheojs preogepb`ds6 @docub6 Tob `docub ds uo sestdhb ad gjhuoegbge÷o vdrib` y dsgretj, ajtbaj ad gjovdogejods y rdc`bs crbhbtegb`ds, dhp`dbaj pjr `bs gjhuoeabads luhbobs gjo neods gjhuoegbtevjs. Tsub`hdotd, dstâ ibsbab do sèhij`js sjojrjs, pdrj tbhieåo pudad dstbr gjostetueab öoegbhdotd pjr secojs crânegjs. @docubfd6 D` `docubfd ds d` gjofuotj ad hdaejs qud pdrhetdo b` ljhird dxprdsbr sus pdosbhedotjs, sdotehedotjs y vevdogebs. Qbhieåo sd adneod gjhj d` gjofuotj ad sestdhbs ad gjhuoegbge÷o gjostetueaj pjr aevdrsbs hboendstbgejods6 aeiufjs, cdstjs, sjoeajs, hjvehedotjs prjgdsjs gu`turb`ds (hetjs, `dydoab, brtd, hjouhdotjs), dtg. Lbi`b6 D` lbi`b ds `b rdb`ezbge÷o ad uob `docub, ds adger, d` bgtj eoaeveaub` pjr hdaej ad` gub` uob pdrsjob lbgd usj ad uob `docub pbrb pjadr gjhuoegbrsd, d`bijrboaj uo hdosbfd sdcöo `bs rdc`bs y gjovdogejods crbhbtegb`ds qud gjhpbrtd gjo uob gjhuoeaba `eocðèstegb adtdrheobab.
Nuogejods ad `b `docub Nuoge÷o rdndrdogeb6 Qedod `ucbr guboaj `b neob`eaba ad` dhesjr ds adstbgbr `b rdb`eaba, ds adger, `j qud sd pudad vdrenegbr. @b jifdteveaba, rdprdsdotbab b trbvås ad` `docubfd adojtbtevj, ds `b prjtbcjoestb do `b nuoge÷o rdndrdogeb`, ajoad gedrtbhdotd oj lby dspbgej pbrb `b suifdteveaba. B dstb nuoge÷o sd `dab prejreaba do `js tdxtjs gedo gedotènegjs, tènegjs, pjr gubotj d` hdosbfd hdosbfd sd gdotrb do d` nbgtjr gjotdxtub`.
Nuoge÷o dhjtevb6 Dstb nuoge÷o prdajheob guboaj `b eotdoge÷o gjhuoegbtevb ds hjstrbr d` huoaj eotdrejr ad` lbi`botd. Wd lbi`b dotjogds ad `js sdotehedotjs, grddogebs, bsperbgejods, dstbajs boèhegjs, boèhegjs, jpeoejods y vb`jrbgejods. D` dhesjr ds d` nbgtjr gdotrb` guboaj do d` bgtj gjhuoegbtevj prehb `b nuoge÷o dhjtevb, nuoge÷o do `b qud oj sd prdtdoad `b vdrenegbge÷o j gjhprjibge÷o ad` hdosbfd.
Nuoge÷o gjobtevb6 [jr d` gbrâgtdr bpd`btevj ad dstb nuoge÷o, d` hdosbfd sd jrcboezb gjo herbs b `jcrbr ad` eotdr`jgutjr uob rdbgge÷o nbvjrbi`d b `js eotdrdsds e otdrdsds ad` dhesjr, yb sdb rdspjoaedoaj b gudstejobhedotjs aerdgtjs, yb sdb rdbggejoboaj do su idodnegej botd hboabtjs, qudfbs j b`cöo jtrj tepj ad gjoaugtb hboepu`btevb. Do pui`egeaba y do `b gjhuoegbge÷o ad gjrtd pj`ètegj prdajheob `b nuoge÷o gjobtevb. Qbhieåo `b dogjotrbhjs gjo huglb nrdgudogeb do d` `docubfd gj`jqueb`. D` rdgdptjr ds quedo baquedrd rd`edvd do dstb nuoge÷o ad` `docubfd. Nuoge÷o `etdrbreb j pjåtegb6 Do dstb nuoge÷o sd ab prejreaba b `b njrhb pjr dogehb ad` njoaj. Gjhj sd prdtdoad adspdrtbr p`bgdr dståtegj do d` rdgdptjr, d` rd`edvd sd pjod do g÷hj sd aegd, oj do `j qud sd aegd. [jr dsd hjtevj sd gjogdad prjtbcjoeshj b` `docubfd gjoojtbtevj, b trbvås ad `bs adojheobabs necurbs ad aegge÷o, `j qud secoenegb qud `bs hdtânjrbs, sèhe`ds y b`dcjrèbs, dogudotrbo do `b nuoge÷o pjåtegb d` dspbgej ea÷odj pbrb rdprdsdotbr su pbpd` b p`doetua. D` hdosbfd, `b id``dzb ad `b gjhpjsege÷o ad` hdosbfd, ds `j qud sd adstbgb do `b nuoge÷o `etdrbreb gjhj sd pudad jisdrvbr. Nuoge÷o hdtb`eocðèstegb6 D` nbgtjr ad `b gjhuoegbge÷o qud sjirdsb`d do dstb nuoge÷o ds d` g÷aecj, tjab vdz qud d` lbi`botd dhp`db `b `docub pbrb lbi`br sjird `b `docub heshb. Gjhpbrtd `bs gbrbgtdrèstegbs ad `b nuoge÷o rdndrdogeb`, pdrj jgurrd dxg`usevbhdotd guboaj `b neob`eaba ds aesguter bsuotjs rd`bgejobajs gjo d` g÷aecj `eocðèstegj. Do `bs g`bsds ad eaejhbs prdajheob `b nuoge÷o hdtb`eocðèstegb, tbotj guboaj sd dstuaeb `b `docub hbtdrob gjhj guboaj sd dstuaeb uob sdcuoab j tdrgdrb `docub. Do `b veab gjteaebob tedod uo pbpd` rdaugeaj, r daugeaj, pdrj oj dstâ ad` tjaj busdotd. Guboaj b`cuedo aegd6 ‐Oj så g÷hj sd dsgreid jrtjcrbnèb, ºds gjo lbgld j seo lbgld:, j guboaj jtrb prdcuotb ºquå secoenegb dsb pb`birb:, dstâ dhp`dboaj `b nuoge÷o hdtb`eocðèstegb. Nuoge÷o nâtegb6
Qedod `ucbr guboaj `b eotdoge÷o ds gjhprjibr se d` gbob` gjhuoegbtevj dstâ biedrtj, y pbrb hbotdodr`j biedrtj uob vdz dstbi`dgeab `b gjhuoegbge÷o. D` gjotdoeaj gjogdptub` gjogdptub` ds dsgbsj do dstb nuoge÷o, pudstj qud `j prehjraeb` ds dstbi`dgdr y hbotdodr d` gjotbgtj gjo d` rdgdptjr. Bsè qud sd pudad jisdrvbr uo usj biuoabotd ad vjgbi`js seo gjotdoeaj vdrabadrj ad` tepj ad6 ‐ºWè, hd dsguglbs: jm, bofb, pjr supudstj, dotedoaj, obturb`hdotd‘ … y jtrjs ad` heshj dste`j. Wu âhietj dspdgènegj ds d` `b gjhuoegbge÷o nbhe`ebr y sjgeb`. D` gbob` ds d` d`dhdotj qud sd adstbgb do `b nuoge÷o nâtegb. Qepjs ad @docub Aesgursevb6 @b `docub aesgursevb tedod `ucbr guboaj d` lbi`botd sd prjpjod eonjrhbr j gjhuoegbr uo gjotdoeaj do njrhb jifdtevb. Do dstd tepj ad `docub oj sd pdrsecud bajrobr gjo hdtânjrbs oe dorequdgdr gjo rdgursjs dste`èstegjs= tbhpjgj ehpjrtb hjstrbr `js hbtegds bndgtevjs qud d` ldglj adspedrtb, b hdojs qud sdb pbrb gjonerhbr`js j odcbr`js. [jr gjosecuedotd, sd usb `b adojtbge÷o pbrb rdn`dfbr uob aehdose÷o `j hâs gdrgbob pjsei`d b `b rdb`eaba. @bs nuogejods rdndrdogeb` y hdtb`eocðèstegb gjostetuydo d` nuoabhdotj ad `b `docub aesgursevb. Dxprdsevb6 Wedhprd qud usbhjs `b `docub gjo `b eotdoge÷o ad grdbr ad`detd, rdgrdbrojs, grdbr cjzjs j p`bgdr dståtegj, dstâ prdsdotd `b `docub ` docub dxprdsevb. Dstb ds ad Gbrâgtdr suifdtevb. Ds `b `docub ad `b `etdrbturb, pjr tbotj, `b dogjotrbhjs do ojvd`b, gudotjs, pjdsèbs, arbhbs, nbiu`bs, `dydoabs, dtg. Bgtevb6 [rdajheob do `b `docub bgtevb `b nuoge÷o bpd`btevb. Guboaj d` lbi`botd prdtdoad bgtubr sjird `js adhâs, eon`uer sjird d``js, pdrsubaer`js j prdaespjodr`js do uob adtdrheobab aerdgge÷o, ute`ezb `b `docub bgtevb. Dstd ds d` tepj ad `docub dhp`dbaj do d` aesgursj pj`ètegj, do d` sdrh÷o rd`ecejsj, do `js bouogejs gjhdrgeb`ds, y do `b veab aebreb guboaj bgjosdfbhjs b b`cuedo j guboaj qudrdhjs jitdodr b`cöo idodnegej ad oudstrj eotdr`jgutjr. Dxprdse÷o ad `b `docub6 Adojtbtevb6 Qedod `ucbr guboaj `bs pb`birbs sjo dhp`dbabs ad hbodrb jifdtevb, dstj ds, pbrb rdndrersd b uob rdb`eaba gjhprjibi`d. D` secoenegbaj ad `bs pb`birbs do su usj adojtbtevj ds d` qud bpbrdgd do `js aeggejobrejs, d` secoenegbaj qud jnrdgd `b `docub b tjajs `js lbi`botds. @b adojtbge÷o gbrdgd ad bprdgebgejods j ehp`egbgejods dhjtevbs.
Gjoojtbtevb6 [jr su pbrtd, jgurrd guboaj `bs pb`birbs dxprdsbo uo sdoteaj necurbaj, sdoteaj qud sucedrd `b ehprdse÷o qud `b rdb`eaba gbusb do d` dhesjr. D` lbi`botd ds quedo bsecob uo secoenegbaj dxtrb b `bs ` bs pb`birbs. Ad hbodrb qud, do su nuoge÷o gjoojtbtevb, `bs pb`birbs oj dxprdsbo d` sdoteaj prjpej, seoj qud hudstrbo `bs pdgu`ebreabads eotrèosdgbs ad` dhesjr, sus custjs j prdfuegejs. [jr dfdhp`j6 ‐Au`gd [jotds, dsb crbo brtestb pjrtucudsb, tedod âocd` do `b vjz‘. @b pb`birb ‐âocd`‘ oj sd rdnedrd b `b rdb`eaba pbrb `b gub` nud gjovdoeab, seoj qud b`uad b` ldglj ad qud `b [jotds tedod uob vjz tedrob y ``dob ad dogbotj. Guboaj pb`birb ‐vedfetj‘ tedod uob gjoojtbge÷o gbreòjsb= hedotrbs qud do `b dxprdse÷o6 ‐Dsd vedfj adidrèb rdspdtbr sus gbobs‘, vedfj tedod gjoojtbge÷o adspdgtevb. Oevd`ds ad `docub Do tdjrèb tjajs `js lbi`botds ad uob `docub tedodo d` heshj adrdglj b bggdadr b tjajs `js secojs ad su `docub. [drj, ad ldglj, `b sd`dgge÷o ad secojs oj ds tjtb`hdotd `eird, yb qud nbgtjrds gu`turb`ds, cdjcrânegjs, dgjo÷hegjs, sjgeb`ds y tdhpjrb`ds gjosperbo gjotrb dsd adrdglj. Wbidhjs qud `b njrhb ad dxprdse÷o ad uo håaegj oj cubrab sehe`etua gjo `b hbodrb do qud sd dxprdsb uo bijcbaj, j uo gbotbotd, j uo zbpbtdrj. D` heshj håaegj tdoarâ uob gjhpdtdogeb `eocðèstegb aendrdotd se sus dstuaejs nudrjo rdb`ezbajs do `b prehdrb fuvdotua j do su hbaurdz= bseheshj, sdrâ aesteotb se sd eovj`ugr÷ do dstuaejs ad pjstcrbaj j oj, y lbstb d` `ucbr do qud sd aep`jh÷ lbrâ uob aendrdogeb. Ds prdgesj bojtbr qud eog`usj d` heshj lbi`botd dhp`db pb`birbs y dxprdsejods aendrdotds do gerguostbogebs aendrdotds. Oevd` Gu`tj6 Ds gbrbgtdrèstegj ad `js lbi`botds qud dhp`dbo uo vjgbiu`brej dxtdosj p`bcbaj ad gu`teshjs j tårheojs gbrbgtdrèstegjs ad dstd oevd`. Wd bp`egbo tjabs `bs rdc`bs crbhbtegb`ds, `j qud ``dvb b `b prjouogebge÷o badgubab. badgubab. @b njrhb dsgretb ad` oevd` gu`tj nuogejob gjhj hjad`j j ojrhb b sdcuer, `j qud gjotreiuyd b hbotdodr `b uoeaba y pdrhbodogeb b `b `docub. Do d` oevd` gu`tj ds ajoad jgurrd `b hbyjr gjrrdspjoadogeb dotrd `js gjogdptjs `docub y lbi`b, pjr gubotj d` lbi`botd gu`tj lb tjhbaj uob crbo prjpjrge÷o ad `j qud `b `docub `d jnrdgd y sd bgjcd b `b ojrhbtevb. @etdrbrej6 Ds bqud` qud usbo `js dsgretjrds gjo d` neo ad trbosheter uob eadb, pdrj ad uob hbodrb hâs id``b y dståtegb pbrb gbptbr `b btdoge÷o ad` `dgtjr. Adpdoaedoaj ad `b dstrugturb y d` gjotdoeaj, d` `docubfd `etdrbrej `j pjadhjs dogjotrbr do `js cåodrjs `èregj, obrrbtevj, arbhâtegj y aeaâgtegj-dosbyèstegj.
Dstd tepj ad `docubfd pudad sdr usbaj do prjsb j vdrsj. Bseheshj, pudad sdr tbhieåo vdrib` y usbaj do `b gjhuoegbge÷o aebreb. D` `docubfd ` docubfd `etdrbrej ds uo `docubfd dspdgeb` do `b hdaeab qud prejrezb d` hjaj ad trbosheter d` hdosbfd qud do d` hdosbfd heshj. Ds jivej qud uo hdosbfd `etdrbrej adspjfbaj ad su njrhb, pedrad j gbhieb su secoenegbaj, pedrad su pjtdogeb` gjoojtbtevj y gjo d``j, su gbrâgtdr `etdrbrej. Lbgdr usj ad dstb hbodrb ad dxprdse÷o ehp`egb eodxjrbi`dhdotd bgteveaba grdbtevb. D` usj ad dstd aeb`dgtj ad` `docubfd sj`èb sdr huy pjpu`br do `b Daba Hdaeb pbrb grdbr uo dndgtj arbhâtegj. [jr `j ` j botdrejr, dstâ huy prdsdotd do dsgreturbs @etörcegbs. Ljy do aèb ds nrdgudotd dogjotrbr`j do pjdsèbs, pjdhbs y gbogejods. D` `docubfd `etdrbrej ds `j sunegedotdhdotd hb`dbi`d pbrb eohesguersd do jtrjs dsgretjs oj `etdrbrejs tb`ds gjhj hdhjrebs y pedzbs pdrejaèstegbs. Gedotènegj6 Ds uob hjab`eaba ad `docubfd gbrbgtdrezbaj pjr su njrhb`eaba y usj ad sèhij`js y tårheojs ad `b gedogeb. Wd ute`ezb pbrb `b trboshese÷o ad gjojgehedotj dspdgeb`ezbaj dspdgeb`ezbaj j gedotènegj. [jr `j cdodrb` sd trboshetd b trbvås ad hdosbfds dsgretjs y adid dstbr bpjybaj do nudotds neadaecobs y adhjstrbgejods gedotènegj-tågoegbs. @b gedogeb rdquedrd ad `b ute`ezbge÷o ad g÷aecjs ad `docubfd dspdgeb`ds pbrb aendrdogebrsd ad` `docubfd gj`jqueb`= eog`usj dxestd `docubfd ` docubfd dspdgeb`ezbaj pbrb `bs aesteotbs aesgep`eobs gedotènegbs. Gbab rbhb ad `b gedogeb dhp`db gedogeb dhp`db uob fdrcb j g÷aecjs ad `docubfd prjpejs6 `b hdaegeob, `b iej`jcèb iej`jcèb,, `b tdgoj`jcèb tdgoj`jcèb,, `b bstrjojhèb, `b hbtdhâtegb, `b nèsegb nèsegb,, dtg. Weo dhibrcj, b pdsbr ad `bs aendrdogebs sdhâotegbs dotrd `bs gedogebs, dxestdo uobs gbrbgtdrèstegbs iâsegbs j gjhuods ad` `docubfd gedotènegj. D` `docubfd gedotènegj ute`ezb tårheojs dspdgènegjs bgdrgb ad `b hbtdreb hbtdreb ad ad `b qud lbi`b, tbotj bsè qud d` `åxegj dspdgeb` dhp`dbaj do `js tdxtjs gedotènegjs ds su preogepb` gbrbgtdrèstegb. Dstd tepj ad `docubfd `docubfd sd sd gbrbgtdrezb badhâs pjr su jifdteveaba, g`breaba, prdgese÷o y dxbgtetua. Oj lby `ucbr pbrb `bs jpeoejods pdrsjob`ds oe `js sdotehedotjs sdotehedotjs.. Ad dstb njrhb, `b gedogeb dvetb `bs bhiecðdabads y `js hb`dotdoaeajs. Qågoegj [rjndsejob`6 Wd rdnedrd b tjabs dsbs ârdbs ad vjgbiu`brej y dxprdse÷o do uo eaejhb qud pdrtdodgdo b uo gbhpj prjndsejob` j gedotènegj huy dspdgènegj, y qud
ojrhb`hdotd sj`j gjojgdo bqud``js qud lbo rdgeieaj dotrdobhedotj adotrj ad dsd gbhpj. Adotrj ad dstb adneoege÷o, sd bibrgbo ârdbs huy bhp`ebs, y oj sedhprd d` heshj trbaugtjr tågoegj sdrâ dxpdrtj do tjabs d``bs6 iej`jcèb, hdaegeob, tdgoj`jcèb, eocdoedrèb, hbtdhâtegbs, `eocðèstegb, dtg. B hdouaj, d` sdrvegej ad trbaugge÷o trbaugge÷o qud qud sd rdquedrd guboaj sd trbtb ad trbauger tdxtjs do `docubfd tågoegj tbhieåo aenedrd ad `b trbaugge÷o odgdsbreb pbrb brtègu`js pdrejaèstegjs, `etdrbrejs, j gjteaebojs. Oj sj`j sd trbtb ad gjojgdr `b tdrheoj`jcèb ad `b aesgep`eob, seoj ad pjadr gjostruer uo tdxtj gbpbz ad rdn`dfbr d` tjoj jifdtevj, gedotènegj y tågoegj ad` jreceob`. [jr `j tbotj, pbrb `js tdxtjs hâs gjhp`dfjs, ds odgdsbrej qud d` trbaugtjr sdb gbpbz ad gjhprdoadr d` tdhb qud sd dstâ trbtboaj, yb qud uob trbaugge÷o `etdrb` oj ds sunegedotd pbrb gjhuoegbr d` secoenegbaj ad uob dxp`egbge÷o gedotènegb.
Oevd` pjpu`br Gj`jqueb`6 Ds d` dhp`dbaj gjo hâs nrdgudogeb pjr uo oöhdrj hâs crboad ad lbi`botds= pjr `j tbotj, ds d` qud nbge`etb `b dvj`uge÷o ad `b `docub. D` lbi`botd ad oevd` gj`jqueb` dhp`db uo oöhdrj hâs j hdojs bhp`ej ad vjgbi`js y gjojgd `bs rdc`bs crbhbtegb`ds, buoqud oj sd bpdcb gjhp`dtbhdotd b d``bs. Dstd oevd` ds d` qud dhp`db d` lbi`botd gu`tj pbrb gjhuoegbrsd do sus rd`bgejods r d`bgejods eonjrhb`ds. Nbhe`ebr6 Wd usb do eotdrgbhiejs èotehjs, nbhe`ebrds. @js vjgbi`js dhp`dbajs sud`do tdodr uob gbrcb bndgtevb qud `js gjovedrtd do oj bptjs pbrb jtrbs eotdrrd`bgejods (aebi`js, hedrab, lefj ad putb). Ds uo oevd` regj do aeheoutevjs y buhdotbtevjs (uo pbogetj, bhjrgetj, dsb gbidzjtb), ajoad pudado bpbrdgdr huglbs pb`birbs bpjgjpbabs bpjgjpbabs (º[b― quå td gudotj, he bhecj: [drj he lefj…) D` oevd` nbhe`ebr ds gjhpbrteaj pjr lbi`botds ad tjajs `js oevd`ds, y sus pdgu`ebreabads adpdoadrâo ad` oevd` pbrtegu`br ad gbab usubrej. Fdrcb6 Ds d` ojhird qud rdgeid uob vbredaba `eocðèstegb `eocðèstegb ad` ad` lbi`b aendrdotd ad `b `docub dstâoabr y y b vdgds eogjhprdosei`d pbrb `js lbi`botds ad dstb, usbab gjo nrdgudogeb pjr aesteotjs crupjs sjgeb`ds sjgeb`ds gjo gjo eotdogejods ad jgu`tbr d` vdrabadrj secoenegbaj ad sus pb`birbs, b su gjovdoedogeb y odgdseaba. Ojrhb`hdotd, `js tårheojs usbajs do `b fdrcb ad crupjs dspdgènegjs sjo tdhpjrb`ds (dxgdptj `bs fdrcbs prjndsejob`ds), pdraeåoajsd d` usj pjgj tedhpj adspuås ad sdr bajptbajs. ^u`cbr6
Ds ajoad sd ojtb `b hbyjr aendrdogeb dotrd `j qud `b `docub pjod b` b`gbogd ad` usubrej, y `j qud `bs gerguostbogebs `d pdrhetdo jitdodr. Wd pudad bnerhbr qud gubotj hâs ibfj ds d` oevd` sjgejgu`turb` ad uo lbi`botd, hâs rdaugeaj ds d` dhp`dj qud lbgd ad `js secojs gjhuods b tjajs y hâs biuoabotd d` usj ad `jgb`eshj y ibribreshjs. Gbhpdseoj6 @b `docub gbhpdseob lbgd rdndrdogeb b `b njrhb ad dxprdsbrsd qud sd tedod do `js gbhpjs j do rdcejods huy b`dfbabs ad `b geuaba. Tob `docub gbhpdseob pudad tdodr uo bgdotj prjpej y badhâs b`cuobs pb`birbs gbrbgtdrèstegbs, ds adger, qud sj`j sjo dotdoaei`ds do d` gjotdxtj gbhpdseoj. Ds ehpjrtbotd hdogejobr qud do huglbs rdcejods gbhpdseobs gbrdgd `b daugbge÷o, y dstj lbgd qud huglbs pdrsjobs bajptdo njrhbs ad dxprdsejods pbrtegu`brds. Nbgtjrds qud eotdrvedodo do `js oevd`ds ad `docub Gu`turb6 Gu`turb sd rdnedrd b` gjofuotj ad iedods hbtdreb`ds y dsperetub`ds ad uo crupj sjgeb` trbosheteaj ad cdodrbge÷o do cdodrbge÷o b neo ad jredotbr `bs prâgtegbs eoaeveaub`ds y gj`dgtevbs. Eog`uyd `docub, prjgdsjs, hjajs ad veab, gjstuhirds, trbaegejods, lâietjs, vb`jrds, pbtrjods, ldrrbhedotbs y gjojgehedotj ^brebge÷o aebt÷pegb j cdjcrânegb6 Adieaj b qud `bs `docubs ad` huoaj dstâo sjhdteabs b` gbhiej `eocðèstegj `eocðèstegj,, do d` ajheoej ad uob `docub dxestdo vbrebgejods qud aenedrdo ad uo `ucbr b jtrj. Nrdgudotdhdotd adieaj b` ldglj qud `bs njrhbs qud usbo `js lbi`botds dstâo sjhdteabs b bfustds gjhuoegbtevjs, `bs vbrebotds usbabs pjr `js lbi`botds qud tedodo gjotbgtjs nrdgudotds tedoado b sdr `bs heshbs. Adieaj b qud `b ` b hbyjrèb ad pdrsjobs tedodo uo gjotbgtj hâs dstrdglj gjo `bs pdrsjobs ad su prjpeb geuaba j `jgb`eaba, `bs vbrebgejods tedoado b sdr hâs uoenjrhds do ârdbs guyjs lbietbotds hbotedodo gjotbgtjs rdcu`brds dotrd sè. Dstd nbgtjr ds d` jrecdo ad `b vbrebge÷o cdjcrânegb. B` sdr hdojs nrdgudotds `js gjotbgtjs dotrd lbi`botds ad rdcejods aestbotds, d` prjgdsj ad rdbfustd dotrd dsbs rdcejods ds hdojr y `bs lbi`bs tedoado b aendrer dotrd sè b` bajptbr vbrebgejods `ecdrbhdotd aendrdotds do gbab rdce÷o. Tob vbrebotd cdjcrânegb gjo rbscjs hâs j hdojs ljhjcåodjs sd gjojgd gjhj cdj`dgtj cdj`dgtj.. Qrbaegejob`hdotd `js cdj`dgtjs lbièbo seaj d` preogepb` jifdtj ad dstuaej ad `b aeb`dgtj`jcèb. Dgjo÷hegj6
Wd rdnedrd b `b hdaege÷o ad `b ehpjrtbogeb rd`btevb ad `b `docub dspbòj`b dspbòj`b do do d` gjofuotj ad `b dgjojhèb dgjojhèb,, hdaebotd `b gubotenegbge÷o ad tjab bgteveaba prjaugtevb j ad eotdrgbhiej dgjo÷hegj do d` gjofuotj ad `js pbèsds ad lbi`b lespbob.. lespbob @js dgjojhestbs aesteocudo, b` hdojs, trds nuogejods dgjo÷hegbs ad `b `docub6 `b `docub gjhj hdrgbaj= `b `docub gjhj sjpjrtd ad `b gjhuoegbge÷o y ad `b grdbge÷o= y `b `docub gjhj eaejhb pbrb d` gjhdrgej. Adotrj ad dstbs nuogejods dgjo÷hegbs sd dogudotrbo, pjr dfdhp`j, `b prjaugge÷o daetjreb`, daetjreb`, d` tureshj eaejhâtegj,, d` usj gedotènegj j su ute`ezbge÷o gjhdrgeb` j aep`jhâtegb. eaejhâtegj ^brebge÷o aebstrâtegb j sjgeb`6 Ad `b heshb hbodrb qud `js lbi`botds pdrtdodgedotds b rdcejods cdjcrânegbs `dfbobs tedodo hdojs gjotbgtj `eocðèstegj qud `js lbi`botds ad uob heshb ârdb cdjcrânegb, ds uo ldglj iedo dstbi`dgeaj qud adotrj ad uo ârdb cdjcrânegb `bs pdrsjobs rdbfustbo hâs su lbi`b gjo pdrsjobs ad su heshj crupj sjgeb` sjgeb`.. Dstj ab `ucbr b vbrebotds aebstrâtegbs j sjgej`dgtjs sjgej`dgtjs qud qud lbgdo qud `js lbi`botds gjo gbrbgtdrèstegbs sjgejdgjo÷hegbs sjgejdgjo÷hegbs u jgupbgejob`ds sehe`brds tdocbo gbrbgtdrèstegbs ad lbi`b qud `bs aendrdogebo sestdhâtegbhdotd j dstbaèstegbhdotd ad jtrjs crupjs. @js sjgej`dgtjs lbo seaj uo gbhpj ad dstuaej prdndrdotd ad `b sjgej`eocðèstegb sjgej`eocðèstegb qud qud trbtb ad vdr g÷hj `bs rd`bgejods sjgeb`ds sd rdn`dfbo do `js ldgljs `eocðèstegjs. @js sjgej`dgtjs sd gbrbgtdrezbo pjr uo gjofuotj ad rbscjs ad` lbi`b ad uo adtdrheobaj crupj sjgeb` qud sjo hâs dstbi`ds, sd aendrdogebo ad jtrbs vbrebgejods ad tepj sjgeb` gjhj `js g÷aecjs d`bijrbajs y rdstreoceajs, guyb bpbrege÷o dstâ hâs eon`ueab pjr d` gjotdxtj j `b setubge÷o qud pjr `b pdrtdodogeb b` crupj sjgeb` ad` eoaeveauj. Weo dhibrcj, ds uo ldglj gjojgeaj qud `bs gbrbgtdrèstegbs ad gedrtjs g÷aecjs rdstreoceajs dspdgeb`hdotd prdstecejsjs, pudado ``dcbr b sdr bajptbajs gjhj gbrbgtdrèstegbs prjpebs ad` sjgej`dgtj ad `js lbi`botds hâs `ecbajs b aeglj gjotdxtj. . Qdhpjrb`ds (vbrebge÷o `eocðèstegb)6 Ds d` gjofuotj ad aendrdotds njrhbs b`tdrobtevbs pbrb dxprdsbr uo heshj secoenegbaj do d` ajheoej ad uob `docub. Ds adger, aesteotjs lbi`botds, j eog`usj d` heshj lbi`botd do aesteotjs hjhdotjs, usbo njrhbs aendrdotds pbrb dxprdsbr d` heshj gjogdptj, j tedodo aesteotbs prjouogebgejods pbrb `b heshb pb`birb. Dxestdo aesteotjs tepjs ad vbrebge÷o `eocðèstegb6 sdcöo ârdb cdjcrânegb, sdcöo rdcestrj j dste`j, sdcöo `b g`bsd sjgeb`, dtg., pdrj `b eadb suiybgdotd ds qud tjajs dstjs tepjs ad vbrebge÷o oj sjo eoadpdoaedotds, seoj qud dstâo huy rd`bgejobajs dotrd sè.
Ydcestrjs `eocðèstegjs Ds d` gjofuotj ad vbrebi`ds gjotdxtub`ds gjotdxtub`ds,, sjgej`eocðèstegbs sjgej`eocðèstegbs y y ad jtrj tepj qud gjoaegejobo d` hjaj do qud uob `docub `docub ds ds usbab do uo gjotdxtj gjotdxtj gjogrdtj. gjogrdtj. Adotrj ad `js nbgtjrds vbrebi`ds qud gbrbgtdrezbo d` rdcestrj `eocðèstegj `e ocðèstegj dstâo6
D` tepj y dstbtus ad` rdgdptjr gjo gjo d` qud sd dstbi`dgd `b gjhuoegbge÷o.
D` tepj ad vèb j gbob` gjhuoegbtevj gjhuoegbtevj j j sdcöo `b setubge÷o qud sd dxprdsb.
@js usjs y gjstuhirds ad `b sjgedaba do `b qud tedod `ucbr d` ldglj gjhuoegbtevj.
Njrhb`6 Wd gbrbgtdrezbo pjr `b sd`dgge÷o pjr pbrtd ad` dhesjr ad `js rdgursjs `eocðèstegjs badgubajs, badgubajs, y d` usj ad` `docubfd ad njrhb badgubab. [udad trbtbrsd ad rdcestrjs dspdgeb`ezbaj dspdgeb`ezbajs s, gjhj d` gedotènegj-tågoegj gedotènegj-tågoegj.. Eonjrhb`6 Wud`do do `b gjhuoegbge÷o nbhe`ebr j dotrd bhecjs. D` rdcestrj gj`jqueb` gj`jqueb` j j nbhe`ebr abrsd sd gbrbgtdrezb pjr `b nb`tb ad p`boenegbge÷o, `b prdndrdogeb pjr `bs dstrugturbs sehp`ds y `b dxprdseveaba ad` lbi`botd.
Dstbi`dgd ajs aendrdogebs dotrd `docub, `dcubfd y lbi`b6 [rehdr puotj6 Buoqud `docub y `docubfd sd sud`do u ute`ezbr te`ezbr gjhj seo÷oehjs, `b rdb`ea rdb`eaba ba ds qud `b `docub ds d` sestdhb qud usbhjs pbrb gjhuoegbrojs y sd gjogrdtb do d` lbi`b, hedotrbs qud d` `docubfd ds `b nbgu`tba luhbob, `j qud lbgd bptj b uo eoaeveauj pbrb dxprdsbrsd. Wdcuoaj [uotj6 [jadhjs adger qud `b `docub ds d` hdaej ad gjhuoegbge÷o gjhuoegbge÷o,, d` `docubfd d` sestdhb y d` lbi`b d` bptj qud ute`ezbhjs pbrb gjhuoegbrojs. Dsgreid d` oevd` ad `docub dhp`dbab do `js secuedotds nrbchdotjs. Dxp`egb irdvdhdotd. b) ‐…Herd ajo bqud``b peotb qud sd bcubetb b``â adid lbide pbrej bojgld j pje `b hbòbob, pjequd yj oj `d vdj ibrrecb...‘ Oevd` pjpu`br (Gbhpdseoj)
i) D` håaegj dotr÷ b `b sb`b ad gerucèb d eoaeg÷ b `b dondrhdrb qud ``bhbrb b` gbrae÷`jcj ad eohdaebtj pjrqud tdoèb qud jpdrbr ad eohdaebtj b `b pbgedotd. Oevd` Gu`tj (Qågoegj [rjndsejob`)
g) Gu`tevb uob rjsb i`bogb do fuoej gjhj do dodrj pbrb d` bhecj seogdrj qud hd ab su hboj nrbogb. Oevd` Gu`tj (@etdrbrej)
Gjog`use÷o [brb tdrheobr he prdsdotbge÷o, pjadhjs adger qud `b `docub, d` `docubfd y d` lbi`b ds `j qud gbrbgtdrezb b` sdr luhboj b `b ljrb ad gjhuoegbrsd gjo jtrbs pdrsjobs y qud dxestdo vbrejs gbhpjs ajoad `b `docub pudad vbrebr yb sdb pjr su daugbge÷o, oevd` sjgeb`, dgjojhèb y cdjcrbnèb. cdjcrbnèb.
Iei`ejcrbnèb
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Semepdaeb [AN Toeaba 9
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