LA LEGÍTIMA DEFENSA - Rpa

 

 

EAHÍVDMB FAOAI\B  Mh . ^ búe M. Sbegmdig B mbrg

 

FAODIDLDÜI Ae Brt. >3.< fae L.S., pravä eb axdmaita fa eahítdmb faoaisb; sd ndai fa asta pralaptg ig sa faspraifa idihúi lgilaptg eahbe, sa puafa dioardr su ibturbeazb y prgpüsdtg. AMDEDG GLVB_DG FA VGEAFG y \Q\BIB @QA^VB aitdaifa aitdaifai i qua eb eahítdmb eahít dmb faoaisb as ―bquaeeb rablldüi qua sa `bla ialasbrdb pbrb rapaear uib bhrasdüi deahdtdmb y bltube fdrdhdfb lgitrb uig mdsmg g lgitrb ui tarlarg” >, pgr su pbrta SA^LT HB^LÍB lgisdfarb qua eb ―eahdtdmb faoaisb justdodlb eb rabedzbldüi fa uib lgifultb típdlb pgr pbrta fa qudai gnrb ai faoaisb fa ndaias jurífdlgs prgpdgs g fa tarlargs bita uib bhrasdüi deahítdmb. Ai eb mafdfb qua eb faoaisb sa eeavb b lbng pbrb lgitrbrrastbr uib bhrasdüi raspgisbneamaita grhbidzbfb pgr ae bhrasgr, eb lgmpataildb pgr ebs boaltbldgias qua prgfuldrâ ae bltg fa faoaisb fanarâ ralbar sgnra ae bhrasgr”38. <  SA^LT HB^LÍB LB_A^G (>330), Ealldgias fa Faral`g Saibe  “  “ Sbrta  Sbrta Haiarbe, Afdtgrb Jurífdlb Hrdjeay, Edmb, p. 684. 6  Dfam, p. 684.

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fatarmdibrsa fa ogrmb faodidtdvb”1. Eb beufdfb pgsdldüi ogrmbe as lrdtdlbfb, lgmg praldsb SA^LT HB^LÍB?, puas divartdríb eb tbrab fae Faral`g paibe, ai tbitg ästa ig sa fafdlbríb b prgtahar ndaias jurífdlgs, sdig b eahdtdmbr btbquas ai ndaias jurífdlgs bjaigs. Gtrg saltgr fa eb fgltrdib `b axpedlbfg ebs lbusbs fa justdodlbldüi lgmg ui prglasg fa pgifarbldüi qua ralgigla eb prdmblíb fa ldartgs ditarasas aspaldbeas oraita b egs ndaias jurífdlgs easdgibfgs g puastgs ai paedhrg; lgisdfarbldüi eb bigtbfb qua sa fasbrrgeeb lgitaxtgaxpedlbr fa lgmpraisdüi ―uidtbrdb” fa fa ebs justdodlbldüi lbusbs fa  justdodlbldüi y quaaiiguiparmdta ebs fdstditbs lbusbs ralgigldfbs.8  Ai gpdidüi fae prgoasgr bitas ldtbfg, SA^LT SA^ LT HB^LÍB, ―ebs lbusbs fa  justdodlbldüi fanai sar ditarpratbfbs lgmg supuastgs ai egs qua sa eavbitb eb lgmpataildb paibe pgr eb prgfulldüi fa ui sulasg difasabfg ai sdtubldgias aspaldbeas fa lgioedltg. Lgmg puafa varsa, sa trbtb fa uib pbrta fae prglasg fa dmputbldüi paibe, ai eb qua sa fatarmdib qudai as ae lgmpataita pgr ae `al`g lgilratg y ai quä mafdfb eg as”. Bhrahb bfamâs, ―Eb úidlb odibedfbf fa eb fdoaraildbldüi axpgsdtdvb aitra tdpdldfbf y bitdjurdfdldfbf as mgstrbr egs fdvarsgs pbsgs eühdlgs ai ui prglasg fa dmputbldüi paibe g ebs pgsdndedfbfas fa su iahbldüi. Ai asta saitdfg, ai ebs lbusbs fa justdodlbldüi sa fdsluta, be dhube qua ai eb tdpdldfbf gnjatdvb y sunjatdvb, qudäi rasuetb lgmpataita pgr ae `al`g blbaldfg. Eb úidlb pbrtdluebrdfbf sa aspaldbe   fa lgioedltg qua fbríb euhbr b ui prasaitb ai axdstaildb fa uib sdtubldüi 0 faslbrhg fa eb eb dmputbldüi be butgr” .

Ldtb jurdsprufaildbe:4  ―Ai ae lbsg sun-axbidma sun-axbidma sa bpraldb qua eb blldüi rabedzbfb pgr ae prglasbfg, fa fdspbrbr lgitrb ui butgmüvde, ai luyg ditardgr sa fbnb b eb ouhb ae glldsg, qudai ai su `udfb aoaltuü vbrdgs fdspbrgs lgitrb ae pbtrueearg ai fgifa sa ailgitrbnb ae raoardfg ailbusbfg juitg b gtrgs aoaltdvgs pgedldbeas, sa bmpbrb ai ebs lbusbs fa justdodlbldüi fa eb eahítdmb faoaisb (bhrasdüi deahítdmb, ialasdfbf rbldgibe fae mafdg ampeabfg pbrb dmpafdr g rapaeareb, obetb fa prgvglbldüi suodldaita fa qudai `bla eb faoaisb) y fae gnrbr ai lumpedmdaitg fa ui fanar (be trbtbrsa fa ui mdamnrg fa eb Sgedlíb Ibldgibe qua lumpedü fanaras aspaldbeas be ditarvaidr ae va`ílueg glupbfg pgr ae glldsg); ai lgisaluaildb, eb blldüi rabedzbfb pgr ae prglasbfg fana sar vdstg lgmg ui lgmpgrtbmdaitg blaptbfg sgldbemaita ai lgisdfarbldüi be taxtg aspaldbe ai qua sa fasbrrgeeü eb bhrasdüi, eb raspuastb b aeeb ae lumpedmdaitg fa su fanar fa  pgedlíb, fasbpbraldaifg bsí eb bitdjurdldfbf fa su lgifultb, ig bsdstdäifgea, aitgilas idihuib pgsdndedfbf fa dmputbldüi fae rasuetbfg pgr ig `bnar lrabfg eb sdtubldüi fa lgioedltg, sdaifg ae lbsg falebrbfg axaitg fa raspgisbndedfbf raspgisbndedfbf paibe” . (Ajalutgrdb

fae 2>/3?/40; ^.I. Iª 6381-48. Ai ^gjbs _brhbs, O. (2444). Jurdsprufaildb Saibe Lgmaitbfb. Edmb. Hblatb Jurífdlb. S.01).  

Sbrb igsgtrgs ebs lbusbs fa justdodlbldüi sgi parmdsgs pbrb eb rabedzbldüi fa lgmpgrtbmdaitgs típdlgs, qua prgvdaiai fa lubequdar saltgr fae grfaibmdaitg jurífdlg y qua bltúbi lgmg odetrgs fa dmputbldüi; bsdmdsmg, be sar utdedzbfbs b pasbr fa su 1 OAEDSA _DEEB_DLAILDG VA^^A^G\ (>33?), Faral`g Saibe “ Saibe  “ Sbrta  Sbrta Haiarbe, Afdtgrb Jurífdlb Hrdjeay, Edmb, pp. 18, nbjbfbs  nbjbfbs ae >2/32/>32>. 

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easdvdfbf ig haiarbi diastbndedfbf igrmbtdvb, id fasastbndedzbldüi fae grfai sgldbe; eg bitardgr, ai ae aitaifdfg fa qua ebs mdsmbs -ebs lbusbs fa justdodlbldüi- fanai mbtardbedzbrsa fa mbiarb axlapldgibe. Ldtb jurdsprufaildbe: ―\ahúi eb fgltrdib paibe, eb eahítdmb faoaisb sa ouifb ai ae  prdildpdg fa qua ibfda puafa sar gnedhbfg b sgpgrtbr eg dijustg,  pgr eg qua ae grfaibmdaitg jurífdlg ig sgebmaita sa lgmpgia fa prg`dndldgias, sdig tbmndäi fa igrmbs parmdsdvbs qua butgrdzbi rabedzbr `al`gs, ai prdildpdg prg`dndfgs pgr eb Eay;  parg qua pgr lbusbs justdodlbfbs sgi parmdtdfgs par mdtdfgs y, pgr eg tbitg, ig puidnea; as faldr, axdstai lbusbs qua axleuyai axleuyai eb bitdjurdldfbf y lgivdartai ae `al`g típdlg ai uig paroaltbmaita eíldtg y bprgnbfg pgr ae grfaibmdaitg jurífdlg; y sd ui `al`g g uib blldüi ig as bitdjurífdlb, astg as, ig as lgitrbrdb be grfai  jurífdlg pgrqua eb eay eg parmdta, aitgilas ig as faedtg, y ig sdaifg faedtg be qua bltúb ai eahítdmb faoaisb ig sa ea puafa sbildgibr”   (\aitaildb fa eb Srdmarb \beb Saibe fa eb Lgrta

\upardgr fa Justdldb fa Juiíi fae 28/34/4?, Axp. Iª 2?11-42. Ai: Blbfamdb fa eb Mbhdstrbturb (>333). \arda fa Jurdsprufaildb. Vgmg 82). Ouaita: Jgsä Qrqudzg Gebal`ab, Lüfdhg Saibe, Fgltrdib y Jurdsprufaildb, Vgmg D, Afdtgrdbe Dfamsb, bòg >323 p 2>6, 2>1.  

Tb ai raebldüi b eb eahítdmb faoaisb g faoaisb ialasbrdb 23, lgmpbrtdmgs ae ouifbmaitg axpuastg pgr ae prgoasgr AI^DRQA NBLDHBEQSG22, qudai sgstdaia qua 23

 B aoaltgs fa axpedlbr egs fdvarsgs ouifbmaitgs qua ai eb fgltrdib sa `bi asngzbfg ai raebldüi b eb eahítdmb faoaisb, igs ramdtdmgs b egs bpgrtas ralghdfgs ai ebs pâhdibs >38->2> fa eb gnrb yb ldtbfb fa AMDEDG GLVB_DG FA VGEAFG T QNDAVG y \Q\BIB @QA^VB VGLDEFG, qua as lgmg sdhua. ^aspaltg be ouifbmaitg fa eb eahítdmb faoaisb sa `bi mbitaidfg fdvarsbs tasds, qua F.M. Euzüi ebs lebsdodlb ai fgs hrbifas bpbrtbfgs: bquaeebs qua axpedlbi eb axaildüi fa raspgisbndedfbf lrdmdibe sdi ralgiglar ui lbrâltar eíldtg g ig bitdjurífdlg ai eb lgifultb fa faoaisb y bquaeebs gtrbs pbrb ebs qua ae lgmpgrtbmdaitg faoaisdvg as eíldtg. Aitra ebs prdmarbs fastblbi ebs sdhudaitas:  B)Vagríb fa eb parturnbldüi parturnbldüi fae âidmg Lgiogrma b aeeb sa lgilafa eb pgsdndedfbf fa faoaifarsa be bhrafdfg dijustbmaita ai btaildüi beb parturnbldüi qua ai su âidmg `b lbusbfg eb bhrasdüi. Fa astb suarta eb eahítdmb faoaisb sa lgiodhurb lgmg uib lbusb fa didmputbndedfbf. Ig axleuya, puas, eb bitdjurdfdldfbf fa eb lgifultb faoaisdvb, sdig eb luepbndedfbf fae qua sa faodaifa. (…)   (…) N) Vagríb fae lgioedltg fa mgtdvbldgias ^bfdlb ae ouifbmaitg fa eb prasaita ldrluistbildb ai eb dfab fa ig axdhdndedfbf fa uib lgifultb fdstditb b eb gnsarvbfb raspaltg fa qudai sa va mgtdvbfg, fa ui ebfg, b raspatbr ae Grfaibmdaitg jurífdlg y, pgr tbitg, b avdtbr ae btbqua lgitrb egs ndaias jurífdlgs fa egs qua as tdtuebr ae bhrasgr y, fa gtrb, b faoaifarsa mafdbita asa btbqua hudbfg pgr su distditg fa lgisarvbldüi. Fasfa astb üptdlb eb eahítdmb faoaisb sa lgisdfarbrâ lgmg uib lbusb fa diluepbndedfbf nbsbfb ai ae prdildpdg fa ―ig axdhdndedfbf”. axdhdndedfbf”.   (…)   (…) L) Vagríb fa eb ratrdnuldüi Astb tasds ouifbmaitb eb eahítdmb faoaisb ai ae lgilaptg fa ratrdnuldüi: oraita be mbe qua prataifa lbusbr ae bhrasgr, ae bhrafdfg raspgifa lgi gtrg mbe qua lgitrbrrastb be prdmarg. Fa bluarfg lgi asta pebitabmdaitg, eb lgifultb fa faoaisb ig sa lbstdhb pgrqua ai aeeb yb sa prgfula ui aqudednrdg aitra bmngs ―mbeas” y, pgr lgisdhudaita, rasuetb Vagríb diialasbrdg ui lbstdhg qua vaifríb b betarbreg. Eb faoaisb ialasbrdb oraita b uib bhrasdüi deahítdmb sa lgildna bsí lgmg uib lbusb fa axleusdüi fa eb puidndedfbf. (…)   (…)  B lgitdiubldüi sa prasaitbrâi bquaeebs bquaeebs tagríbs qua sgstdaiai sgstdaiai eb edldtuf edldtuf fa eb lgifultb faoaisdvb faoaisdvb  B) Vagríb faeb busaildb busaildb fa prgtalldüi prgtalldüi astbtbe Qig fa egs brhumaitgs mâs usubeas ai prg fa eb edldtuf fa eb faoaisb lgisdsta ai bodrmbr qua ae Grfaibmdaitg eb butgrdzb pgrqua, ai fatarmdibfgs lbsgs, egs pgfaras púnedlgs  “  “b b egs qua ai prdildpdg lgmpata eb tutaeb jurífdlb fa egs ldufbfbigs- ig astâi ai lgifdldgias fa bltubr y, pgr aeeg, sa lgilafa b egs difdvdfugs eb pgsdndedfbf fa ajarldtbr sí fdl`b prgtalldüi (g butgtutaeb). (…)   (…) N) odjb Vagríb eb prgtalldüi fa ndaias jurífdlgs \a astbfa tasds ai ae bspaltg difdvdfube fa eb faoaisb y ldorb ae ouifbmaitg fa su edldtuf ai eb ialasdfbf ai qua sa `beeb ae sujatg fa faoaifar su vdfb u gtrgs ndaias jurífdlgs prgpdgs g bjaigs. (…)   (…) L) Vagríb fae aioraitbmdaitg aioraitbmdaitg aitra ae ae Faral`g y eg dijustg (…), behg qua fdoaraildb eb eahdtdmb faoaisb fa gtrbs axdmaitas (ai lgilratg, fae astbfg fa ialasdfbf) as ae `al`g fa qua praldsbmaita, qudai sa faodaifa eg `bla oraita b uib bhrasdüi deahítdmb. Suas ndai, ui bmpedg saltgr fgltrdibe sa odjb ai asta aeamaitg pbrb astbnealar ae ouifbmaitg fa eb edldtuf fa eb faoaisb. Ai asta saitdfg sa fdla qua ai eb

8/36/40; Axp. Iª 640?-

48. Edmb. Ai ^avdstb Sarubib fa Fgltrdib y Jurdsprufaildb Saibeas >333. Iª 2. pp. 10>-10336), Gn., ldt., p. 336), Gn., ldt., p. 33?), Gn., ldt., p. 1336), Gn., ldt., p. 2? “ >2?  “ >28.  >28.  SA^LT HB^LÍB LB_A^G (>330), Gn., ldt., p. 603.

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supardgrdfbf iumärdlb fa egs bsbetbitas, y ae paedhrg dimdiaita ai ae qua sa ailgitrbnb, `dzg usg fae brmb qua sa ea aitrahü  pbrb ae lumpedmdaitg fa sus ouildgias fa hubrfdbiíb y sdaifg bsí, ea belbizbnb eb axdmaita pravdstb ai ae brtílueg vadita dildsg tarlarg fae Lüfdhg Saibe raspaltg fae faedtg fa easdgias  pgr ae qua `b sdfg prglasbfg”   (Ajalutgrdb \upramb fae

30/22/33, Axp. Iª ->333. Edmb. Ai: Ordsbil`g Bpbrdldg, M. (>333). Jurdsprufaildb Saibe. Edmb. Jurdstbs Afdtgras, p. >8?).  

3 fa iuastrb Lgistdtuldüi Sgeítdlb y qua lgisdfarbmgs ig fana bsdmdebrsa be lgilaptg id lgifdldgias fa eb eahítdmb faoaisb>2. @bnríb qua ralgrfbr qua eb eahítdmb faoaisb vdaia pravdstb lgmg ui faral`g ouifbmaitbe ouifbmaitbe fa mbiarb puitube y aspalíodlb ai ae Brt. >, iumarbe >< fa eb Lgistdtuldüi Sgeítdlb fa 244>, ai lbsg fa bhrasdgias b gtrgs  ndaias lgealtdvgs, eg qua dmpgrtb as sd lgi aeebs sa vai fdraltbmaita bmaibzbfgss ndaias (ditarasas bmaibzbfg ( ditarasas vdtbeas) fa difdvdfugs: süeg aitgilas sarâ bfmdsdnea eb eahítdmb faoaisb, sd ig, ig.

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 JBMA\ ^AÂVAHQD \ÂIL@AZ (>334), Faral`g Saibe Sbrta Haiarbe, 2rb. Afdldüi, Hblatb Jurífdlb \.B. Edmb, p. 283. 24  HÕIV@A^ \V^BVAIXA^V@ (>331), Faral`g paibe, Sbrta Haiarbe D. Ae `al`g puidnea. 2ª. Afdldüi, @bmmurbnd, Nuaigs Bdras, pp. >>4 “ >>4 “ >3 6?³.- Ibfda fana gnafdaildb b ui hgndarig usurpbfgr, id b qudaias bsumai ouildgias púnedlbs ai vdgebldüi  ―Brtílueg 6?³.fa eb Lgistdtuldüi y fa ebs eayas. Eb pgnebldüi ldvde tdaia ae faral`g fa disurhaildb ai faoaisb fae grfai lgistdtuldgibe. \gi iuegs egs bltgs fa qudaias usurpbi ouildgias púnedlbs”.  púnedlbs”.   >2   Be Be raspaltg rasuetb ditarasbita eg sdhudaita: ―`bnrâ qua lgisdfarbr qua eb Lgistdtuldüi Sgeítdlb fa 244< astbneala ae eebmbfg faral`g b eb disurralldüi fa eb pgnebldüi (brtílueg 6?). Eb prahuitb qu a surha as eb sdhudaita: ·\d ae faral`g b eb disurhaildb puafa sar lgisdfarbfg lgmg lbusb fa justdodlbldüi fa egs faedtgs qua sa lgmatbi ai ae mbrlg fae hgepa fa Astbfg7 B md judldg, eb raspuastb fana sar ai ogrmb iahbtdvb fasfa qua ae faral`g b eb disurhaildb, sd ndai as ui faral`g fa lgrta lgistdtuldgibe y qua hgzb fa ―eahdtdmdfbf”, tdaia lgmg gnjatg prdildpbe ui ndai fa ibturbeazb lgealtdvblgealtdvbdistdtuldgibe lgmg as ae rähdmai lgistdtuldgibe bmpbrbfg nbjg eb eahítdmb faoaisb fa egs ldufbfbigs. Bfamâs ―(…) asta faral`g “ faral`g  “gpdib gpdib @urtbfg Sgzg- ig puafa sar justdodlbfg id axpedlbfg pgr mafdg fa egs lrdtardgs qua ouifbmaitbi y faedmdtbi eb eahítdmb faoaisb, puas ig sa trbtb fa uib eahítdmb faoaisb fae Astbfg fa Faral`g, sdig fae ralgigldmdaitg fae ajarldldg fa egs faral`gs pgeítdlgs fa egs ldufbfbigs, bfmdtdäifgsa dileusg eb rablldüi y rasdstaildb lgitrb ui hgndarig qua ig raspata ae Astbfg fa Faral`g y, pgr eg tbitg, egs faral`gs ouifbmaitbeas fa ebs parsgibs. Astb sdtubldüi, pgr eg famâs, sa bsamajb be astbfg fa ialasdfbf””. ialasdfbf””. (JBMA\ ^AÂVAHQD \ÂIL@AZ (>334), Gn., ldt., p. 28>).  28>).   >>  HÕIV@A^ \V^BVAIXA^V@ (>331), Gn., ldt., p. >3³ dil. 6  fa iuastrg LS., eb faoaisb as ialasbrdb lubifg axdstb ialasdfbf rbldgibe fae mafdg ampeabfg pbrb dmpafdr g rapaear eb bhrasdüi. Fandäifgsa axleudr pbrb eb vbegrbldüi fa asta raqudsdtg (―ialasdfbf rbldgibe”), ae lrdtardg fa prgpgrldgibedfbf fa mafdgs, lgisdfarâifgsa ai su euhbr, aitra gtrbs ldrluistbildbs, eb ditaisdfbf y paedhrgsdfbf fa eb bhrasdüi, eb ogrmb fa prglafar fae bhrasgr rasbetbr, y egs mafdgs sa SA^LT fdspgihb. As dmpgrtbita lgmgfaegqua `bla HB^LÍB >1, qua fana quafbr lebrbmaita faodidfg qua eb rbldgibedfbf fa egs mafdgs fa faoaisb ig fana aitaifarsa lgmg uib raebldüi fa prgpgrldgibedfbf aitra astgs mafdgs y egs ampeabfgs pgr ae bhrasgr, sdig qua eb rbldgibedfbf fae mafdg dmpgia eb aealldüi fae mafdg dfüiag maigs easdvg fa egs qua sa fdspgiai ai asa mgmaitg pbrb avdtbr qua sa mbtardbedla g lgitdiúa eb bhrasdüi deahítdmb. deahítdmb. Ae prgoasgr AI^DRQA NBLDHBEQSG>?  praldsb qua ―eb faoaisb as ialasbrdb sd eb blldüi fae bhrafdfg as eb maigs fbògsb fa lubitbs astbnbi b su fdspgsdldüi pbrb ral`bzbr eb bhrasdüi ai eb sdtubldüi lgilratb. Eb axdhaildb fa qua eb ialasdfbf sab rbldgibe sa axpedlb faitrg fa asta mbrlg: eb ialasdfbf fa eb blldüi fa faoaisb as rbldgibe lubifg ästb as bfalubfb pbrb dmpafdr g rapaear eb bhrasdüi. Eb raebldüi aitra eb bhrasdüi y eb blldüi ialasbrdb pbrb dmpafdreb g rapaeareb, pgr tbitg, fana sar tbe qua sa puafb bodrmbr qua, fa bluarfg lgi ebs ldrluistbildbs fae `al`g, eb blldüi lgilratb fa faoaisb arb bfalubfb pbrb rapaear g dmpafdr eb bhrasdüi lgilratb. Ig sa fana lgiouifdr eb raebldüi qua fana `bnar aitra bhrasdüi y faoaisb y eb prgpgrldüi aitra ae fbòg qua `undarb lbusbfg eb bhrasdüi y ae lbusbfg pgr eb faoaisb. Eb rbldgibedfbf fa eb ialasdfbf fa eb faoaisb süeg sa vdilueb lgi eb prdmarb luastdüi. Sbrb fatarmdibr eb ialasdfbf fa eb lgifultb faoaisdvb as praldsg tgmbr ai lgisdfarbldüi ebs blldgias qua ae butgr taiíb b su fdspgsdldüi pbrb dmpafdr g rapaear eb bhrasdüi bitas fa lgmaizbr eb faoaisb y astbnealar sd eb ampraifdfb as rabemaita eb qua `undarb dmpafdfg eb easdüi bmaibzbfb pgr eb bhrasdüi lbusbifg maigs fbòg. Sgr ajampeg: B tdaia eb pgsdndedfbf fa dmpafdr qua N sa bpgfara fa uib jgyb fa su prgpdafbf hgepaâifgeg lgi ui pbrbhubs qua tdaia b mbig parg, sdi amnbrhg, fdspbrb lgi ui brmb fa ouahg qua eeavb lgisdhg: eb blldüi ig as ialasbrdb puas lbnríb rabedzbr gtrb maigs fbògsb. ><

 @BI\-@ADI^DL@ JA\L@ALK (>33>), Vrbtbfg fa Faral`g Saibe Sbrta Haiarbe, Afdtgrdbe Lgmbras \.E., Hrbibfb, p.