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Am Eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm | ==7 \@A. = | 4??3

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AM EYWRCGCM TIWRMYTMB@TM5 YHM HYI\M _ITW_IGRC\M IH BITIGN@ _IHMA, \CGRCF@A@KÆM S GTCFCH@A@KÆM Br. Ifcac` G. \cmh`=  Am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm riprisihtm uhm huivm pirspigtcvm ih ia gmfp` bia birign` pihma, am vcgtcf`a`kæm y am grcfch`a`kæm. Wudrmym prchgcpmafihti qui ia grcfih gmusm bmý`s g`hscbirmdais m ams pirs`hms y g`fuhcbmbis. _`r g`hsckucihti, ia `deitcv` prchgcpma bi am eustcgcm is ripmrmr is`s bmý`s y pirfctcr m ams pmrtis pmrtcgcpmr ih isti pr`gis`. A`s pr`krmfms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm ai bmh m am vægtcfm, ma chlrmgt`r ` chlrmgt`rm y m a`s fcifdr`s mligtmb`s bi am g`fuhcbmb, am p`scdcacbmb y nmdcacbmb bi istmr bcrigtmfihti chv`augrmb`s ih rimggc`hmr ma grcfih.4  Bi istm fmhirm, aaikmh m sir ia puht` gihtrma bia pr`gis` bi eustcgcm pihma, uh scstifm qui mgihtõm am risp`hsmdcacbmb bia chlrmgt`r ` chlrmgt`rm, am ripmrmgc÷h m am vægtcfm, y am t`tma pmrtcgcpmgc÷h bi ãstm, bi am pirs`hm guym g`hbugtm `gmsc`hm bmý` (chlrmgt`r/m) y bi am g`fuhcbmb ih rifibcmr am sctumgc÷h bmýchm grimbm p`r ia grcfih ([rcknt ih FmgJmy, 4??;). Ia pr`gis` ristmurmb`r riquciri qui t`bms ams pmrtis simh chv`augrmbms g`f` uh mspigt` luhbmfihtma pmrm a`krmr ia risuatmb` ristmurmb`r bi am ripmrmgc÷h y am pmz (F``ri, 4??;). @deitcv`s bi am eustcgcm pihma Wupuistmfihti, am eustcgcm pihma `t`rkm birign`s m ams pirs`hms mgusmbms y rig`h`gi su bckhcbmb y si ihtcihbi qui t`bms siríh trmtmbms p`r ckuma. Nmy uhm iqucbmb kihirma pmrm mpacgmr am aiy m t`bms ams pirs`hms, sch pristmrai cfp`rtmhgcm m su `rckih bi pr`gibihgcm, kãhir`, gamsi ` g`hbcgc÷h s`gcma ` ig`h÷fcgm, muh qui ist` h` scifpri si pamsfm ih am rimacbmb. Ia scstifm bi eustcgcm grcfchma fugnms vigis bcsgrcfchm (Rmjmnmsnc, 4??> ih \`h [`rfir, 4??>). =  =

_c`hir` ih ia gmfp` bi am vcgtcf`a`kæm, a`s birign`s bi ams vægtcfms y ixpirt` ih ia tifm bi am grcfchmacbmb trmhshmgc`hma, ia Br. Ifcac` \cmh` is rig`h`gcb`chtirhmgc`hmafihti p`r sus g`htrcdugc`his ih a`s gmfp`s bi am eustcgcm y bi a`s birign`s nufmh`s. Ih am mgtumacbmb si bisifpiým g`f` pr`lis`r ih am Mfircgmh Yhcvirscty y _r`lis`r Mbeuht` ih [msnchkt`h G`aaiki `l Amw ih a`s Istmb`s Yhcb`s. Fcifdr` bi am Luhbmgc÷h Chtirhmgc`hma _ihma y _ihctihgcmrcm (LC__), bia G`hsie` bi Bcriggc÷h bi am W`gcibmb Chtirhmgc`hma bi Grcfch`a`kæm (_mrcs) y bi am Wiggc÷h YWM bi am Ms`gcmgc÷h Ms`gcmgc÷h Chtirhmgc`hma bi Birign` _ihma, y G`hsuat`r Chtirhmgc`hma bia G`fctã _irfmhihti bi Mfãrcgm Amtchm pmrm am rivcsc÷h y mgtumaczmgc÷h bi ams Tikams Fæhcfms pmrm ia Rrmtmfciht` bi a`s Tigaus`s mb`ptmbms p`r am @HY ih =399. 4 4 Am

eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm ristmurmb`rm lui chtr`bugcbm prchgcpmafiht prchgcpmafihtii ih Gmhmbí, Istmb`s Yhcb`s, Mustrmacm y Huivm Uiamhbcm:

pir` mn`rm is uh lih÷fih` fuhbcma. _mrm chl`rfmgc`his ka`dmais, vir5  vir5  nttp5//www.rist`rmtcvieustcgi.`rk/   4

 

Yh` bi a`s `deitcv`s fís cfp`rtmhtis bi am eustcgcm grcfchma is `lrigir uhm matirhmtcvm m am vihkmhzm, bi fmhirm qui am vægtcfm y am s`gcibmb scihtmh qui si ‑ncz` eustcgcm‖ p`r am aiy (Lrmsi, ih Lricdirk mhb Kiad, 4??>). Wc luhgc`hm g`f` bidiræm, si g`hscbirmræm uh scstifm ilcgcihti, fís pr`lisc`hma, qui chv`augrm m t`b`s a`s `pirmb`ris bi am eustcgcm5 p`acgæm, lcsgmais, euigis y `lcgcmais g`rriggc`hmais (_iacjmh ch Fmgjmy, 4??;).

G@F_MTMGC×H TIWRMYTMB@TMIHRTI AM EYWRCGCM TIRTCDYRC\M S EYWRCGCM

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Eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm5 Mspigt`s p`sctcv`s Am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm chv`augrm i chtikrm m am vægtcfm y m am g`fuhcbmb (Nutt`h ih Lricdirk & Kiad, 4??>): vi ia biact`g`f` mak` fís mfpac` y g`fprihscv` qui uhm `lihsm g`htrm am aiy y am s`gcibmb. Tig`h`gi y g`a`gm ãhlmscs ih ia bmý` qui risuatm bia grcfih, h` s`amfihti ih am g`htrmvihgc÷h. Myubm m mprigcmr guíht` bmý` nm scb` ripmrmb` y is fugn` fís laixcdai ym qui `lrigi matirhmtcvms ma `lihs`r pmrm qui risp`hbm mhti am vægtcfm (Jihymttm, 4??;) y m am vægtcfm pmrm qui puibm a`krmr rispuistms, ixpacgmgc`his y ripmrmgc`his bi pmrti bia `lihs`r u `lihs`rm (Chbirfmur ih Lricdirk & Kiad, 4??>). Nmy gchg` `deitcv`s qui bidih gufpacrsi ih uh pr`krmfm ` scstifm pmrm qui sim g`hscbirmb` virbmbirmfihti pmrti bi am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm5 (zirh`vm, 4??;). _mrtcgcpmgc÷h paihm y g`hsihs` g`fpait`. Ist` sckhclcgm qui ams vægtcfms y a`s chlrmgt`ris ` chlrmgt`rms chtirvcihih ih ia pr`gis` (T`dirts ih Lricdirk & Kiad, 4??>),y qui tmfdcãh puibih pmrtcgcpmr `trms pirs`hms m qui qucihis quisikur`s si nmh vuahirmb` (p`r ieifpa`,vigch`s ym si h` g`hscbiri si scihtih m gmusm bisusamchtirisis grcfchmacbmb ixcstihti ih su z`hm). Wi g`hgihtrm ih a`s dihilcgc`s bi am pmrtcgcpmgc÷h v`auhtmrcm, muhqui lriguihtifihti am pmrti `lihs`rm istã f`tcvmbm prchgcpmafihti p`r ia bisi` bi ivctmr ia pr`gis` pihma y uh pr`dmdai sivir` gmstck` (A`bi [makrmvi,4??>).

.... Wmhmr a` qui nm scb` bmýmb` ` bistrucb`. Yhm bi ams prcfirms prikuhtms ih gumaqucir pr`gis` ristmurmtcv` is ‑°quã higisctm am vægtcfm pmrm smhmr ia bmý`, rigupirmrsi y rig`drmr su sihtcb` bi sikurcbmb0‖ Ams vægtcfms  puibih higisctmr chl`rfmgc÷h, am p`scdcacbmb bi

ixprismr su crm y su ih`e` nmgcm ams pirs`hms qui ais nmh nign` bmý`, y higisctmr am ripmrmgc÷h bi is`s bmý`s. Rma viz a`s chlrmgt`ris ` chlrmgt`rms tmfdcãh higisctmh sir smhmb`s, acdirmrsi bia sihtcfciht`s bi guapm y bi tif`r: s`augc`hmr a`s g`hl acgt`s ` pr`daifms bi dmsi qui g`hbueir`h ma biact`: y tihir am `p`rtuhcbmb bi ripmrmr a`s bmý`s (Tukki, 4??), itg. ist` is uh msuht` fuy biacgmb` y bismlcmhti. Wi istí ifpizmhb` m ixpircfihtmr g`h am rig`hgcacmgc÷h ihtri s`drivcvcihtis bi vægtcfms bi n`fcgcbc` y a`s n`fcgcbms. Ist` h` sckhclcgm qui ia `lihs`r h` tihkm qui ihlrihtmr m sus risp`hsmdcacbmbis: pir` `lrigi p`scdcacbmbis chh`vmb`rms pmrm fmhiemr ia gms` sch sc h utcaczmr ixgauscvmfihti am puhcgc÷h y ia ihgmrgiamfciht`.7 Yhm bi ams prifcsms bi am eustcgcm e ustcgcm ristmurmb`rm is qui a`s r`ais bi ‑vægtcfm‖ i ‑chlrmgt`r‖ tcihih qui sir bi gmrígtir  tifp`rma y h` burmr t`bm uhm vcbm. Ia scstifm pihma m vigis grim vægtcfms i chlrmgt`ris pr`lisc`hmais, vmai bigcr, qui 77 mgiptmh istm cbihtcbmb y isti r`a pirfmhihtifihti y si g`fp`rtmh ih g`hl`rfcbmb p`r ia rist` bi su vcbm. Ih gcirtms s`gcibmbis ` ãp`gms, vægtcfms irmh l`rzmbms m mb`ptmr isti r`a bi vægtcfm pirfmhihti. _`r ieifpa`, uhm vægtcfm bi vc`amgc÷h irm rignmzmbm pmrm ia fmtrcf`hc`, m fih`s qui si ggmsmrm msmrm g`h su vc`amb`r, sc ãa a` quiræm. Irm g`hscbirmbm g`f` ‑dcihis  bmýmb`s‖ y ixgaucbm bia krup` bi fueiris bcsp`hcdais pmrm pr`puistms bi gmsmfciht`. _mrm iaams nmdæm p`gms `pgc`his5 sir scrvcihtm t`bm su vcbm, vuahirmdai ma mg`s` ` ixpa`tmgc÷h sixuma ` am pr`stctugc÷h `, g`h suirti y uhm b`ti, ihgirrmrsi ih uh f`hmstirc`. Ia `deitcv` bi am eustcgcm eust cgcm ristmurmb`rm is acdirmr mfd`s bi su pmsmb`, b`hbi ym h` simh bilchcb`s, acfctmb`s, y ihgirrmb`s prchgcpmafihti p`r ia bmý` qui nmymh gmusmb` ` pmbigcb` (\mh [`rfir, 4??>). 7

 _`r ieifpa`, Furbir \cgtcfs– Lmfcacis l`r Tig`hgcacmtc`h (F\LT) is uhm  `rkmhczmgc÷h luhbmbm y

bcrckcbm p`r s`drivcvcihtis qui riprisihtm lmfcacms bivægtcfms bi n`fcgcbc` qui si `p`hih m am pihm gmpctma (www.fvlr.`rk). Ih am Gírgia Istmtma bi Gmacl`rhcm ih W`amh`, ia pr`krmfm bi rig`hgcacmgc÷h 9

 

L`rtmaigir m am g`fuhcbmb y ivctmr fís bmý`s y pireucgc`s ih ia lutur`. Am grcfchmacbmb pr`v`gm pireucgc`s, pir` ma fcsf` tcifp` puibi riviamr gcirtms cheustcgcms priixcstihtis. Istms puibih sir bi gmrígtir pirs`hma (g`f` p`r ieifpa`, uhm vciem ihifcstmb ihtri ia ‑chlrmgt`r‖ ` ‑chlrmgt`rm‖ y am ‑vægtcfm‖ qui si ixprisi ih uhm g`hbugtm grcfchma). _uibih tmfdcãh sir bisckumabmbis scstãfcgms pirfmhihtis p`r rmz`his bi `rckih rmgcma ` p`scgc÷h ig`h÷fcgm, muhqui h` eustclcquih am g`hbugtm bi am pmrti chlrmgt`rm. Bidih sir risuiatms pmrm l`rtmaigir m am g`fuhcbmb y kmrmhtczmr qui sim uh aukmr eust` y sikur` b`hbi si puibm vcvcr y g`hvcvcr.

Am prígtcgm bi am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm si mp`ym s`dri gumtr` pcamris fmy`ris5 _camr =.  Bcsguapms y rismrgcfciht`. Wi pcbi bcsguapms. Ams vægtcfms si scihtih smtcslignms y ricvchbcgmbms gumhb` ia `lihs`r u `lihs`rm pcbi bcsguapms ih a` qui pmrigi is uhm mgtctub schgirm pmrm msikurmr y kmrmhtczmr istm t`fm bi g`hgcihgcm y gmfdc` bi mgtctub bi am pmrti bia `lihs`r/m ih a` qui si rilciri ma bmý` qui ncz` m am vægtcfm, m sc fcsf`, y m am g`fuhcbmb p`r ia grcfih. Wi g`fpr`fiti m dusgmr y g`hsikucr trmdme`, istubcmr, ivctmr aukmris b`hbi vihbih mag`n`a, pmrtcgcpmr ih sirvcgc`s riackc`s`s, bismrr`aamr fís y fís rmægis ih am g`fuhcbmb. Cbimafihti, bivuiavi a` qui r`d÷ ` nmy rismrgcfciht` bia bmý`. _camr 4. Tichtikrmgc÷h. Ia `deitcv` is am richtikrmgc÷h bi am pirs`hm ih am vcbm bi am g`fuhcbmb g`f` uh fcifdr` chtikrma, pr`bugtcv` y õtca qui g`htrcduyi ma bismrr`aa` bi am g`fuhcbmb. Ist` is p`scdai gumhb` ams pirs`hms ikrismh bi am gírgia y mgtõmh g`f` gcubmbmh`s qui pirtihigih m am g`fuhcbmb y s`h chtikrmb`s m am fcsfm. Rmhtms vægtcfms, g`f` `lihs`ris u `lihs`rms, lriguihtifihti higisctmh myubm, ispirmh y bidih sir trmtmb`s g`h bckhcbmb, y ixckih qui sus tmaiht`s y nmdcacbmbis simh rispitmb`s. Ma fcsf` tcifp` gumhb` uhm pirs`hm ix g`hlchmbm higisctm myubm, y ist` pmsm gmsc scifpri, nmy am `dackmgc÷h bi pr`viirai mp`y` f`rma, fmtircma y ispcrctuma (R`rris Mavis Bm Wcavm, 4??>).

ihtri vægtcfms y `lihs`ris lmgcactm ihguihtr`s ihtri pris`s risp`hsmdais bi græfihis  vc`aiht`s y ams vægtcfms.  <

 

_camr 7. Ihguihtr`. Am vægtcfm y am pmrti `lihs`rm si riõhih uhm ` vmrcms vigis. _mrm msikurmr ia ãxct` bi tmais ‑ihguihtr`s‖ ixcstih bclirihtis `pgc`his5 am g`fuhcbmb puibi sir chv`augrmbm ih isti pr`gis`, (Wgnmtz ih \mh [?rfir, 4??>) si puibih t`fmr bclirihtis p`scgc`his ivmaumhb` a` `gurrcb`, ia `lihs`r puibi istmr istckfmtczmb` ` h` (p`r ieifpa`, istmr chsgrct` ` h` ih uh rikcstr` bi `lihs`ris sixumais). Istms riuhc`his gmrm my gmrm, msæ qui maaæ t`b` ia fuhb` puibi ixprismr su puht`s`h bi pirs`hmais, vcstm, g`fpmrtcr pamhtimr a` qui vc`. Wi puibi prikuhtmr y smdir quã pihsmdm ia `lihs`r u `lihs`rm gumhb` g`fitc÷ ia biact`, h` s`amfihti am pmrti aikma u `lcgcma ` ams pruidms qui si puibih prisihtmr mhti uh trcduhma. Mbifís, si ixmfchm ams p`scdcacbmbis bi ris`avir isti g`hlacgt`. Lriguihtifihti, nmy fugnm tihsc÷h y if`gc÷h ih isti ihguihtr` kihirmb` ispigcmafihti, p`r g`h`gir am virbmb bcrigtmfihti bi am pmrti chlrmgt`rm y bi am vægtcfm ` bi sus lmfcacmris. A` qui si dusgm is am g`fprihsc÷h, am t`airmhgcm y ia ihtihbcfciht`, h` ia gmstck`. Is bi istm fmhirm qui si puibi aaikmr m uh mguirb`.

_camr 2. _mrtcgcpmgc÷h. Cbimafihti, t`bms ams pirs`hms qui bisiih, puibih pmrtcgcpmr. R`bms istíh chvctmbms, ams qui mp`ymh m am vægtcfm y ams qui istíh bi amb` bia `lihs`r u `lihs`rm ([makrmvi, 4??>). Fuy cfp`rtmhti is ia rig`h`gcfciht` bi am lmatm g`fitcbm. _mrm a`krmr is` is higismrc` qui a`s `lihs`ris `ams `lihs`rms nmdaih g`h sus vægtcfms y vcgivirsm, g`fpmrtmh bcrigtmfihti, h` chbcrigtmfihti m trmvãs bi sus md`kmb`s ` riprisihtmhtis. A` fcsf` ih ia gms` bi am vægtcfm5 tcihi qui pmrtcgcpmr y g`fpmrtcr pmrm smdir quã istí schtcihb`, quã istí pmbigcihb` y g÷f` bisim smacr bi am sctumgc÷h. Am vægtcfm y `lihs`r u `lihs`rm puibih bcsgutcr y ivmaumr matirhmtcvms bi s`augc÷h qui h` istmdmh mhtis g`htifpambms. Mbifís, si puibi mhmaczmr am ristctugc÷h (g`fpr`fcs` bi pmkmr gcirt` bchir`, trmdmemr pmrm am vægtcfm, myubmr ih su trmdme`) y am richtikrmgc÷h (si puibi ivctmr ia ihgmrgiamfciht`, nmy mguirb` s`dri ams g`hbcgc`his pmrm ia mguirb`, si vih ams higiscbmbis futums, si myubm m `trms vægtcfms). Krmgcms ma f`vcfciht` vcgtcf`a÷kcg`, am vægtcfm is t`fmbm ih guihtm fugn` fís qui mhtis. Wc ixcsti uh virbmbir` mrripihtcfciht`, nmy uhm dmsi pmrm p`bir trmdmemr y mp`ymr m am vægtcfm y ma `lihs`r/m.

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_r`krmfms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm Nmdamr bi ‑eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm‖ is riamtcvmfihti huiv`. 

Wch ifdmrk`, a`s prchgcpc`s qui g`hstctuyih am dmsi bi isti g`hgipt` nmh scb` bismrr`aamb`s i chstctucb`s burmhti scka`s ih ams g`stufdris, trmbcgc`his y vma`ris ispigcmafihti bi gmrígtir bi bclirihtis gumaqucir 2 Fís rigcihtifihti, guaturm.2g`hsuitubchmrc`s, ist`s prchgcpc`s nmh scb` chl`rfma, mpacgmb`s bi l`rfms, g`heuhtmfihti ` ih pmrmaia` g`h ia scstifm bi eustcgcm pihma (_mz y _mz, s.l.). Ih pmrtcguamr, a`s sckucihtis pr`krmfms chtikrmh am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm5

.... Fibcmgc÷h ihtri vægtcfm i chlrmgt`r(m)  Ia prcfir pr`gis` ristmurmtcv` g`htifp`ríhi` lui am fibcmgc÷h ihtri vægtcfm i chlrmgt`r(m). Ih su l`rfm `rckchma, isti pr`gis` riuhæm m ams vægtcfms y m a`s chlrmgt`ris, g`h am pmrtcgcpmgc÷h bi uh lmgcactmb`r gmpmgctmb` pmrm g``rbchmr y fmhiemr ia ihguihtr`. Gumhb` si riõhih, ams vægtcfms bisgrcdih sus ixpircihgcms mgirgm bia grcfih y bi am grcfchmacbmb y a` qui ais nm g`stmb`. A`s chlrmgt`ris ` chlrmgt`rms nmdamh bi a`s qui g`fitcir`h y ia p`rquã bi sus mggc`his, risp`hbcihb` m ams prikuhtms qui ai nmgih ams vægtcfms. Bispuãs bi qui ams vægtcfms y a`s chlrmgt`ris si nmymh ixprismb`, ia fibcmb`r lmgcactm qui puibmh ihg`htrmr ams fmhirms bi smhmr ia bmý`. Am fibcmgc÷h ihtri vægtcfms i chlrmgt`ris(ms) puibi chtr`bugcrsi ih gumaqucir itmpm bia pr`gis` bi eustcgcm pihma, ` aaivmrsi m gmd` ma fmrkih bi bcgn` pr`gis` (_uemhti, 4??4). _uibi pr`bugcrsi bispuãs bi qui si cfp`hkm am g`hbihm, chgaus` gumhb` sus risuatmb`s h` chl auymh s`dri am pihm cfpuistm.

2  Ih ihl`qui ristmurmb`r ixcsti bisbi nmgi scka`s. Ih Mfãrcgm bia H`rti, a`s prcfir`s rmstr`s bi eustcgcm

ristmurmb`rm s`h mtrcducb`s m ams trcdus bi a`s chbækihms. Ia _ihtmtiug` prisgrcdi am ristctugc÷h pmrm græfihis g`htrm am pr`pcibmb. Ih Wufircm, ia g÷bck` bi Yr-Hmffu (g. 4?).

.... G`hlirihgcms g`fuhctmrcms. Isti tcp` bi ihguihtr` lui chtr`bugcb` ih Huivm Uiamhbm g`f` uhm matirhmtcvm m a`s trcduhmais euvihcais (Hiw Uimamhb Fchcstry `l Eustcgi, 4??>).

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 _mrm uhm acstm bi a`s pr`krmfms bi bcma`k` ihtri rigaus`s y vægtcfms ih a`s II.YY., vir5 Hmtc`hma Chstctuti `l G`rrigtc`hs, G`rrigtc`hs-dmsib sirvcgis l`r vcgtcfs `l grcfi. A`hkf`ht G@5 HCG Chl`rfmtc`h Gihtir, 4??2: nttp5//www.hcgcg.`rk/puds/4??2/?=332;.pbl  

3

 

Wi rit`fmr`h i chg`rp`rmr`h makuhms cbims y prígtcgms bi a`s pr`gis`s trmbcgc`hmais bia puida` fm`ræ y bi a`s md`rækihis bi Huivm Uiamhbm, ams qui p`stirc`rfihti,nmh scb` mb`ptmbms y utcaczmbms ih bcvirs`s pmæsis bia fuhb`.Ams g`hlirihgcms s`h bclirihtis m am fibcmgc÷h puis chgauyih m fís pmrtcgcpmhtis. Istíh prisihti h` s`a` am vægtcfm y ia chlrmgt`r prcfmrc`s, sch` tmfdcãh vægtcfms a`s bia lmfcacmris y Rmfdcãh mfcstmbispuibih bi am vægtcfm), ams y tmfdcãh a`ssiguhbmrcms lmfcacmris y (g`f` mfcstmbis chlrmgt`r. pmrtcgcpmr a`s riprisihtmhtis bia scstifm bi eustcgcm pihma. Am g`hlirihgcm is scfcamr m am fibcmgc÷h ihtri am vægtcfm y ia chlrmgt`r ` am chlrmgt`rm p`r su istrugturm y p`r ia nign` bi qui chtirvcihi uh lmgcactmb`r. Am prchgcpma bclirihgcm is qui ia krup` ih su t`tmacbmb is ia qui bigcbi a` qui bidi nmgir ia chlrmgt`r ` chlrmgt`rm pmrm ripmrmr ia bmý`, y am myubm pmrm p`bir nmgira`. Ia mguirb` is p`r isgrct`, lcrfmb` y ihvcmb` m a`s luhgc`hmrc`s g`rrisp`hbcihtis bi am eustcgcm pihma. Kihirmafihti, tãghcgm si utcaczm ). _ir` tmfdcãh puibi pmrtcgcpmr gumaqucir fcifdr` bi am g`fuhcbmb qui tihkm chtirãs ih ia gms`. A`s gærgua`s s`h bilchcb`s g`f` am riuhc÷h bi ams ‑pmrtis chtirismbms ih ia biact` g`fitcb`‖  (D`yis-[mts`h, 4??>). A`s gærgua`s s`h uhm mbmptmgc÷h bi ams trmbcgc`his bi a`s puida`s md`rækihis bi Mfãrcgm bia H`rti, y fmhtcihih ih pmrti sus mspigt`s `rckchmais (Tcikir, =332). R`b`s a`s pmrtcgcpmhtis si scihtmh ih uh gærgua`. _`r a` kihirma, am pmrti chlrmgt`rm chcgcm ia bcía`k` ixpacgmhb` a` `gurrcb` y m g`htchumgc÷h si bm am pmamdrm m t`bms ams pirs`hms sihtmbms ih ia gærgua`. Ia us` bi am pmamdrm pmsm bi pirs`hm m pirs`hm maribib`r bia gærgua`, y t`b` ia fuhb` bcgi a` qui quciri ` qui is pirtchihti. Am g`hvirsmgc÷h g`htchõm nmstm qui si nmym bcgn` t`b` a` qui si bisii ` bidm bigcrsi, y ih isi f`fiht` si bidi aaikmr m uhm g`hgausc÷h t`fmhb` uhm bigcsc÷h (Tist`rmtcvi Gcrgai, 4??). Ihlrihtmhb` istm pr`daifítcgm, is higismrc` gmfdcmr huistrms bcsp`scgc`his aikmais ih fmtircm pihma y pirfctcr qui ams pirs`hms prcvmbms bi acdirtmb puibmh fmhtihir uhm ispirmhzm bi vcbm bckhm y bi uh lutur` pr`fitib`r. Ist` puibi a`krmrsi m trmvãs bi a` qui si puibi aamfmr am g`hgcacmgc÷h p`st eubcgcma, qui g`hscsti ih riuhcr m ams vægtcfms g`h a`s `lihs`ris u `lihs`rms, pmrm qui mfd`s si bih guihtm bi y ivmaõih ams g`hsiguihgcms bia grcfih, utcaczmhb` a`s prchgcpc`s bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm. Bihtr` bi su am mgtctub g`hgcacmgc÷h p`st eubcgcma, ivmaõm ia chlrmgt`r ` chlrmgt`rm nm gmfdcmb` y pirspigtcvm ih amsigírgia, sc sc tuv` ãxct` ih ia pr`krmfm bi trmtmfciht`, sc fmhtcihi uh duih g`fp`rtmfciht`, sc myubm m `trms pirs`hms (g`hlchmbms ` h`), sc si nm fie`rmb` su gmpmgctmgc÷h istubcmhb` ` mprihbcihb` uh `lcgc`, sc fmhtuv` g`htmgt`s g`h su lmfcacm y sc tcihi am gmpmgcbmb bi s`stihirsi p`r sc fcsf`(m) luirm bi am gírgia. Rmfdcãh si ivmaõm m am vægtcfm, sc ãstm higisctm mp`y` ` sc tuv` ãxct` ih supirmr pscg`a÷kcgmfihti ia trmufm bia biact`. Mfdms pmrtis sulrih ia iligt` bia grcfih, uhm ihgirrmbm ih am gírgia y am `trm sulrcihb` vmrcms g`hsiguihgcms bia grcfih ih uh g`htixt` bi isgmsiz bi sirvcgc`s y lmatm bi mp`y` ih am s`gcibmb. Bispuãs bi am sihtihgcm eubcgcma, a` qui si quciri is riuhcr m am vægtcfm y ma `lihs`r ` am `lihs`rm. Bclægcafihti, si puibih riuhcr istms pirs`hms. Ma g`htrmrc`, ia pr`gis` pihma sipmrm ams pirs`hms mligtmbms p`r ia grcfih msæ qui si bcstmhgcmh mõh fís. Gumhb` h` si supirm ia b`a`r y si g`htchõm `bcmhb` ma `tr`, muhqui am pmrti `lihs`rm nmym g`fpaitmb` su g`hbihm, a`s iligt`s bi am istckfmtczmgc÷h g`htchõmh y m vigis si nmgih pirfmhihtis (Wnircbmh, 4??;).

=7

 

A` tríkcg` is qui ym ih acdirtmb ams pirs`hms chlrmgt`rms s`h chtirpiambms p`r sus mgt`s,mg`smbms ih aukmris põdacg`s, y si pudacgmh acstms bi iaams, bi a`s biact`s ` chlrmggc`his qui g`fitcir`h y tmfdcãh bi am bcriggc÷h b`hbi vcvih. H` s`amfihti h` s`h mgiptmbms, pir` rignmzmbms mdcirtmfihti. Istms pirs`hms tcihih qui fmhtihir uh pirlca dme`, isg`hbirsi, gmfdcmrsi bi dmrrc` ` bi gcubmb, y m vigis biemr m su y m su h`g`fuhcbmb (_itruhcj hc & Biutsgnfmhh,4??;). Ih isti tcp`lmfcacm bi sctumgc÷h nmy rinmdcactmgc÷h, p`scdcacbmbis bi ri-istmdaigir am pmz s`gcma. Fugnms vuiavih m g`fitir biact`s, ` qucirih vihkmrsi p`r ia tcifp` y a`s mdus`s qui pmsmr`h ih prcsc÷h. Ih ia gms` bi ams vægtcfms, iaams sulrih am bismpmrcgc÷h bia sir quircb` ` pãrbcbms fmtircmais. M vigis, nmh pmsmb` mý`s y h` puibih ri`rkmhczmr sus vcbms, pmbigih p`r iligt` bia grcfih, h` tcihih chl`rfmgc÷h s`dri quã nm sugibcb` g`h ia biact` ` am chvistckmgc÷h, y istíh bis`rcihtmbms. Nmstm qui h` si riõhmh g`h ia chlrmgt`r ` am chlrmgt`rm scifpri ais quibmrí am bubm, ia fcib` sikucrí ixcstcihb` y am pmz chbcvcbuma h` si a`krmrí. Mfd`s, vægtcfm y `lihs`r(m) istíh mligtmb`s p`r ia biact`. _`r is` is higismrc` riuhcra`s y bmrais uhm huivm p`scdcacbmb bi vcbm, sch rihg`ris y g`fprihbcihb`, h` eustclcgmhb`, a` sugibcb`. Is tmfdcãh fuy cfp`rtmhti rispitmr pr`luhbmfihti a`s vma`ris, ams mgtctubis, ia ihtihbcfciht` y vma`rmgc÷h bi am sctumgc÷h p`r ia s`drivcvcihti y ia chlrmgt`r ` am chlrmgt`rm (\mh bir Wpuy, Iarihm & _mrfihtcir, 4??;). Nmy qucihis grctcgmh am prisc÷h pscg`a`kcgm y s`gcma qui gcirt`s figmhcsf`s bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm m vigis cfp`hih s`dri vægtcfms i chlrmgt`ris, ispigcmafihti, gumhb` mõh h` istíh acst`s ` h` qucirih pmrtcgcpmr, m vigis p`r `deitcv`s chstctugc`hmais (Nmrk`vmh,4??;).  Mb`pgc÷h bi am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm p`r @rkmhcsf`s y Istmb`s A`s `rkmhcsf`s chtirkudirhmfihtmais si istíh bmhb` guihtm y t`fmhb` h`tm bi am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm. _`r g`hsckucihti, am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm is gmbm viz fís bidmtcbm y bcsgutcbm m hcvia chtirhmgc`hma.

=2

 

Ia G`fctã bi Fchcstr`s bia G`hsie` bi Iur`pm mpr`d÷ uhm rig`fihbmgc÷h s`dri ia us` bi am fibcmgc÷h ih ams sctumgc`his pihmais (Iur`pimh L`ruf l`r Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi, 4??>). Am Yhc÷h Iur`pim nm lchmhgcmb` am grimgc÷h bia L`r` Iur`pi` pmrm am Fibcmgc÷h ihtri \ægtcfms y Rrmhskris`ris y am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm. Ia Istmtut` bi T`fm s`dri ia Rrcduhma _ihma Chtirhmgc`hma (C_C) chgauyi uhHkihbmnmy` g`heuht` bi&fibcbms qui p`bræmh g`hscbirmrsi g`f` ristmurmb`rms (Rn`rbcs, Wiaairs, 4???). _`r ieifpa`, am grimgc÷h bi uhm uhcbmb bi vægtcfms y tistck`s, am gmpmgcbmb bia trcduhma pmrm isgugnmr y t`fmr ih guihtm a`s chtirisis pirs`hmais bi ams vægtcfms gumhb` risuati pr`vign`s` ` higismrc`, am `dackmgc÷h bi l`rfuamr a`s prchgcpc`s riamtcv`s m am ristctugc÷h y `trms g`fpihsmgc`his m ams vægtcfms, y ia fmhbmt` bi istmdaigir uh l`hb` lcbugcmrc` pmrm ams vægtcfms bi am grcfchmacbmb y sus lmfcacms. Ia G`hsie` Ig`h÷fcg` y W`gcma bi ams Hmgc`his Yhcbms nm mpr`dmb` uhm ris`augc÷h ih qui si ixn`rtm m am utcaczmgc÷h bi pr`krmfms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm ih am eustcgcm pihma, y b`hbi cbihtclcgmh a`s _rchgcpc`s Díscg`s pmrm Ytcaczmgc÷h bi am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm (Yhctib Hmtc`hs Ig`h`fcg mhb W`gcma,G`uhgca, 4??4). Bcgn`s prchgcpc`s bmh uhm gamrm `rcihtmgc÷h m ams hmgc`his pmrm chtr`bugcr y p`hir ih prígtcgm pr`krmfms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm. Ia chtirãs bi ams Hmgc`his Yhcbms ih am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm is bif`strmb` p`r `tr`s b`gufiht`s, pr`puistms y d`rrmb`ris y ispigcmafihti p`r am Bigamrmgc÷h bi \cihm s`dri am Biachguihgcm y am Eustcgcm (YH, 4???) y am Bigamrmgc÷h bi ams Hmgc`his Yhcbms bi a`s _rchgcpc`s Díscg`s bi Eustcgcm pmrm ams \ægtcfms bia Grcfih y Mdus` bi _`bir (YH,=3>9). Wi nmgi uh aamfmb` m a`s Istmb`s pmrm qui l`rfuaih p`aætcgms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm qui pr`fuivmh uh mfpac` g`h`gcfciht` lmv`rmdai m am fibcmgc÷h y bifís pr`gis`s bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm ihtri ams mut`rcbmbis ihgmrkmbms bi ieigutmr am aiy, mut`rcbmbis eubcgcmais y s`gcmais, msæ g`f` tmfdcãh ihtri ams g`fuhcbmbis a`gmais, krup`s ãthcg`s y rmgcmais, y pr`p`rgc`hmr am gmpmgctmgc÷h mbigumbm cfpaifihtmhb` istms p`aætcgms. M su viz, si s`acgctm ma Wigritmrc` Kihirma ifprihbir mgtcvcbmbis pmrm myubmr m a`s Istmb`s Fcifdr`s m bismrr`aamr p`aætcgms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm y lmgcactmr ia chtirgmfdc` bi ixpircihgcms ih tifms bi pr`krmfms bi eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm, chgauyihb` am bcvuakmgc÷h bi ams fie`ris prígtcgms, m hcvia rikc`hma i chtirhmgc`hma.

=9

 

Bi nign`, am eustcgcm ristmurmb`rm h` is mak` huiv`. _`r ieifpa`, ia Fmhuma Chtirhmgc`hma s`dri am Eustcgcm pmrm ams \ægtcfms, iamd`rmb` p`r ams Hmgc`his Yhcbms ih =33)*\@B6Bcía`k` ihtri pris`s y vægtcfms (\cgtcf-@llihbir Bcma`kui)

TILITIHGCMW   Mnfib, Iaczm, Nmrrcs, Hmtnmh, Drmctnwmcti, E`nh, & Drmctnwmcti,\mairci



(4??=). Wnmfi Yhcvirscty _riss.

Fmhmkifiht

tnr`ukn

Tichtikrmtc`h.Gmfdrcbki

  Mabir, Gnrcstchi & [uhbirsctz, E`y (=332) Lmfcay G`hlirihgchk



mhbEuvihcai Eustcgi5 Rni [my L`rwmrb `r Fcspamgib @ptcfcsf0   Gmhdirrm5 Mustrmacmh Chstctuti `l Grcfch`a`ky



  Dmrt`h, Gnmrais J. (4??7). Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi5 Rni Ifp`wirfiht F`bia.



Libirmtc`h _riss.   Dmzif`ri, W. K`rb`h mhb Wgncll, Fmrm, ibs. (4??=). Tist`rmtcvi



G`ffuhcty Eustcgi5 Tipmcrchk Nmrf mhb Rrmhsl`rfchk G`ffuhctcis. Mhbirs`h _ud. G`. =;

 

  D`wih, Niaih & G`hsibchi, Ecf (=333) Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi5G`htifp`rmry



Rnifis mhb _rmgtcgi _a`uknsnmris D``js.   Drmctnwmcti,



E., Fukl`rb, W. (=332), ‑G`hbctc`hs `l richtikrmtc`h girif`hcis5 bimachk wctn euvihcai `llihbirs‖,  

suggisslua  



H `.4, pp.=73-;=.   Rni Drctcsn E`urhma `l Grcfch`a`ky, \`a. 72 H`.4,   Drmctnwmcti, E`nh mhb Wtrmhk, Nimtnir, ibs. (4??=). Tist`rmtcvi



  Eustcgi mhb Gcvca W`gcity. Gmfdrcbki Yhcvirscty _riss.



  Drmswiaa, Fcgnmia, Luaair, E`nh mhb A`z`ll, D` (4???). G`rrigtc`hs,



_imgifmjchk, mhb Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi5 Rrmhsl`rfchk Chbcvcbumas mhb Chstctutc`hs. Mhbirs`h _udacsnchk G`.   G`as`h, Gnmrais. [. (4??=). Eustcgi tnmt Tist`ris Ryhbmai N`usi



_udacsnirs.   Bi Krugny, E`nh [. (4??7). Tig`hgcacmtc`h5 Tist`rchk Eustcgi. L`rtriss



  _riss.Iur`pimh L`ruf l`r \cgtcf-@llihbir Fibcmtc`h mhb Tist`rmtcvi



  Eustcgi (4???). \cgtcf-@llihbir Fibcmtc`h ch Iur`pi5 Fmjchk Tist`rmtcvi



Eustcgi [`rj. Aiuvih Yhcvirscty _riss.   E`nhst`hi, Kirry (4??4). Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi5 Cbims, \mauis, Bidmtis.



[caamh _udacsnchk.   Nubs`h, E`i, F`rrcs, Maacs`h, Fmxwiaa, Kmdrciaai mhb Kmamwmy,



  Durt ibs. (=33

 

  [rihbirsctz, E. (Ibs), Lmfcay G`hlirihgchk mhb Euvihcai Eustcgi5 Rni [my



L`rwmrb `r Fcspamgib @ptcfcsf0 Mustrmacmh Wtubcis ch Amw, Grcfi.   _irry, E`nh (ib.) (4??4) Tipmcrchk G`ffuhctcis tnr`ukn Tist`rmtcvi



Eustcgi. Mfircgmh G`rrigtc`hma Mss`gcmtc`h. 

Jmy (4??9). Rni Acttai D``j `l Gcrgai _r`gissis5 M Hiw/@ab   _rmhcs, Mppr`mgn t` _imgifmjchk (Rni Acttai D``js `l Eustcgi mhb _imgiducabchk Wircis). K``b D``js.   Jmy _rmhcs, Fmrj [ibki, Dmrry Wtumrt. (4??7). _imgifmjchk Gcrgais5



Lr`f Grcfi t` G`ffuhcty. Acvchk Eustcgi _riss.   Wtrmhk, Nimtnir (4??4). Tipmcr `r Tivihki5 \cgtcfs mhb Tist`rmtcvi



Eustcgi. @xl`rb Yhcvirscty _riss.   Wtrcgjamhb, Tutn Mhh (4??7). Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi. _itir Amhk _udacsnchk.





  Yfdrict, Fmrj W., \`s, Ditty, G`mtis, T`dirt D. mhb Dr`wh, Jmtnirchi M.

(4??2) Lmgchk \c`aihgi5 Rni _mtn `l Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi mhb Bcma`kui. F`hsiy, HS5 Grcfchma Eustcgi _riss.

  [makrmvi, A`bi (4??7). Tip`sctc`hchk Tist`rmtcvi Eustcgi5 Tist`rmtcvi



Eustcgi, Grcfchma Eustcgi mhb W`gcma G`htixt. [caamh _udacsnchk.   Uinr, N`wmrb mhb R`iws, Dmrd (4??2) Grctcgma Cssuis ch Tist`rmtcvi



Eustcgi. Grcfchma Eustcgi _riss.

 MHI^@ Ia Br. \cmh` g`fpmrti pmhia g`h ia Br. Kmrgæm R`r`. TIMGGC×H M AM _TIWIHRMGC×H BIA BT. IFCAC@ \CMH@ W@DTI5 EYWRCGCM TIWRMYTMB@TM Br. \ægt`r C. Kmrgæm R`r`=;  ]ucscirm g`fihzmr rig`h`gcihb` am ixgiaihti prisihtmgc÷h bi _r`lis`r \cmh` \cmh` s`dri ia tifm qui h`s g`hv`gm qui is am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm. ;

 = Ia Br. \ægt`r C. Kmrgæm R`r` is W`gc÷a`k`, trmdmemb`r s`gcma y grcfch÷a`k`, gmtibrítcg` ih am Isguiam Krmbumbm bi Rrmdme` W`gcma Y_T ih ia rigcht` bi Tæ` _cibrms.

=3

 

Is cfp`rtmhti rig`h`gir qui burmhti a`s bæms qui aaivmf`s ih isti iviht`, nif`s p`bcb` rig`h`gir y vmacbmr fugnms g`chgcbihgcms ihtri ams bclirihtis mp`rtmgc`his y bcsgusc`his prisihtmbms y mspigt`s qui tcihih tmhkihgcm g`h am p`hihgcm bia Br. \cmh`. Istm g`chgcbihgcm h`s smtcslmgi, uhm viz qui is huistr` chtirãs viamb` ia chgcbcr s`dri istm pirspigtcvm. G`f` grcfch÷a`k` luc l`rfmb` ih am Yhcvirscbmb Wmh _mdaibia ihBr. Drmsca y ihG.Istmb`s Yhcb`s @nc` Wtmti Yhcvirscty dme` am bi `rcihtmgc÷h `rcihtmgc÷h [matir Tigjaiss. Isti ih luiamluhbmb`r bi am ]uchtm Isguiam bi Grcfch`a`kæm h`rtimfircgmhm guy` l`g` bi chtirãs kcrmdm ih t`rh` ma g`hgipt` bi bcsumsc÷h. Ih sus isgrct`s y istmhb` g`f` su mscstihti vcsctmhb` ia chgcpcihti Gihtr` bi Wcstir Cs`achm Lirri ih am _amyctm bi _`hgi, gumhb` lui huistr` pr`lis`r vcsctmhti ih am Isguiam bi Rrmdme` W`gcma, ai isgugnã iamd`rmr sus g`hgipt`s ti÷rcg`s y vira`s ih am prígtcgm y gcirtmfihti ixcstæmh istrign`s amz`s ihtri sus cbims y am h`gc÷h bi Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm. Bi maaæ fc chtirãs p`r isti g`hgipt` y sus cfpacgmgc`his ih t`rh` m ams p`damgc`his bi n`fdris y fueiris ih ihgcirr` ih dusgm bi am pr`fitcbm rinmdcactmgc÷h qui g`hstm bi am aiy y ih am G`hstctugc÷h bia pmæs, pir` h` ih su g`tcbcmh`. Ma nmdamr bi rinmdcactmgc÷h y riamgc`hmram g`h a` qui si nm trmæb` ih am prisihtmgc÷h riamtcvm m am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm, h` p`bif`s biemr bi p`hbirmr am cfp`rtmhgcm bi g`hscbirmram bcfihsc÷h fmgr` istrugturma pmrm p`bir ihtihbir g÷f` luhgc`hm ih ia hcvia fcgr`, b`hbi g`h lriguihgcm h`s udcgmf`s. Isti trmdme` h`s rifcti chbcsgutcdaifihti, m tihir qui g`hscbirmr g`hgipt`s g`f` ia bi p`bir, ih t`bms sus fís vmrcmbms bcfihsc`his y gcirtmfihti, ih sus cfpmgt`s. H`s g`hlr`htm g`h g`hgipt`s g`f` am bckhcbmb bia sir nufmh`, am acdirtmb, am eustcgcm s`gcma, a`s birign`s nufmh`s y g`h ams bclirihtis bcfihsc`his bi am vc`aihgcm, tmh chtræhsigmfihti vchguambms m isti msuht` nufmh`-aikma bia sir nufmh` y am eustcgcm. Rmfdcãh h`s rifcti m g`hgipt`s g`f` kãhir` y ih ispigælcg`, ma kãhir` fmsguach` g`h qucih lriguihtifihti si riamgc`hm am vc`aihgcm g`f` sc luisi chtræhsigm m ãsti. Bi am fcsfm l`rfm, h`s g`hlr`htm g`h ia nign` bi qui a`s græfihis g`fitcb`s s`h fmy`rfihti g`fitcb`s p`r n`fdris y pmrigcirm qui am vc`aihgcm nmgi bi a`s n`fdris sus isgamv`s ma mtmra`s m su bcsgurs` crrifibcmdaifihti.

4?

 

Am bcvirscbmb is `tr` bi a`s g`hgipt`s m g`hscbirmr, g`f` a` is ia bi rmzm y sus hilmstms cfpacgmgc`his ih huistrms guaturms bisbi am g`hqucstm bi ams Mfãrcgms p`r Ispmým ih =234. Isti g`hgipt` fís qui `trm g`sm, nm scb` uh` guym luhgc÷h lui y g`htchõm scihb` am sud`rbchmgc÷h y sueigc÷h bi a`s siris nufmh`s ih uh fuhb` ka`dmaczmb` bisbi iht`hgis y b`hbi am p`drizm, am bipihbihgcm y am `prisc÷h g`htchõmh prisihtis. Biaaivm am fcsfm l`rfm, ia g`hgipt` bcsgurs` fie`r bcgn` bi bcsgurs`s qui h`s m ihgmrhmr mquiaa` qui a`s bi `tr`s pcihsmh` i cbimr`h g`f` huistr`s riquircfciht`s bi kãhir`, ihtri `tr`s. \ãmsi ia gms` bia bcsgurs` bi am fmsguachcbmb nikif÷hcgm y sus cfpmgt`s s`dri a`s n`fdris, ams bcvirsms fmsguachcbmbis y s`dri ams lmfcacms. Bi mguirb` m L`ugmuat, is ih ams lmfcacms b`hbi bi f`b` kihirma g`chgcbih t`b`s a`s bcsgurs`s g`hvcrtcãhb`am ih uh gmfp` vcrtumafihti fchmb` pmrm ia surkcfciht` bi g`hl acgt`s. Gcirtmfihti, ist`s g`hgipt`s g`f` am pr`puistm bia Br. \cmh` chgcbih ih am higiscbmb bi g`hscbirmr am g`fpaiecbmb y a`s p`tihgcmais bi isti pr`gis`. Fi kustmræm girrmr fc p`hihgcm trmyihb` m su mtihgc÷h uhm ixpircihgcm qui rig`ki a` ixpuist` p`r ia Br. \cmh` ih suprisihtmgc÷h ih a` qui si rilciri m am pirtchihgcm y m am higiscbmb bi p`hbirmr am riaivmhgcm bi a`s aikmb`s muh vcv`s, ih fugn`s gms`s, bi ams l`rfms ih qui a`s puida`s md`rækihis y `rcuhb`s bi huistr` G`htchihti Mfircgmh`, g`f` tmfdcãh a`s gms`s bi Ílrcgm y @gimhæm, h`s puibih ivcbihgcmr f`b`s mut÷gt`h`s y ilcgcihtis ih sus rispigtcv`s g`htixt`s guaturmais, pmrm acbcmr g`h pr`daifms bi Eustcgcm m t`bms augis ristmurmb`rm. _`r vcrtub bi fc pmrtcgcpmgc÷h ih ia G`fctã Chtirhmgc`hma bi Dcihistmr W`gcma, `rkmhcsf` msis`r bi ams Hmgc`his Yhcbms ih mspigt`s bi dcihistmr s`gcma, vcmeã m Ílrcgm bia Wur auik` bi am t`fm bi p`bir bi Hias`h Fmhbiam. \csctmf`s vmrcms a`gmacbmbis y ih uhm bi iaams tuvcf`s am `p`rtuhcbmb bi g`h`gir fís bi girgm ia trmdme` bi uhm `rkmhczmgc÷h g`fuhctmrcm fuy ixct`sm. H`s rigcdc÷ su bcrigt`rm, uhm siý`rm bi `rckih istmb`uhcbihsi y uh e`vih surmlrcgmh` qui irm su myubmhti. H`s g`ht÷ g÷f` aaik÷ m isi pmæs y m trmdmemr b`hbi istídmf`s y gcirtmfihti lui uhm ixpircihgcm õhcgm ihtihbir g÷f` si bc` ia pr`gis` qui rilaiem guíh ilcgmz puibi sir am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm. G`ht÷ qui am `rkmhczmgc÷h nmdæm surkcb` bidcb` m uhm sctumgc÷h ih qui uhm e`vih h`rtimfircgmhm mhtr`p÷a`km qui trmdmemdm g`h kihti ih ams mluirms bi Gmpi R`wh ih Ílrcgm bia Wur lui msischmbm. Mhti am sctumgc÷h a`s pr`kihct`ris bi am e`vih quibmr`h mligtmb`s m tma krmb` qui hc tihæmh bisi`s bi vcmemr ma pmæs pmrm rigupirmr a`s rist`s bi su ncem. 4=

 

Rma irm su istmb` bi íhcf`. H` pms÷ fugn` tcifp` nmstm qui luir`h g`hv`gmb`s p`r ia K`dcirh` bi Ílrcgm bi Wur pmrm cr m su pmæs y pmrtcgcpmr ih uhm Girif`hcm bi Wmhgc÷h. \cscdaifihti pirturdmb`s puis h` g`hsikuæmh smacr bi su ms`fdr`, aamfmr`h y si ais chl`rf÷ qui t`b` ist` irm pmrti bi uh pr`gis` eubcgcma qui chv`augrmdm ma e`vih qui fmt÷ m su ncem. Wi riquiræm bi iaa`s su prisihgcm isgugnmr a`s mrkufiht`s bi am trcdu m am guma pirtihigæmpmrm ia e`vih, guym h`gc÷h bi eustcgcmbi h`ams irmpirs`hms ivcbihtifihti sifiemhti m am suym. Wi ais pibæm qui pirb`hmsih ma e`vih qui fmt÷ m su ncem a` qui m sus `e`s irm chg`hgidcdai. M aaikmr ma pmæs luir`h rigcdcb`s p`r mkihtis `lcgcmais bia k`dcirh` y aaivmb`s m am mgtcvcbmb b`hbi istmdm ia e`vih, su lmfcacm y am kihti bi su trcdu-riscbihtis ih ams mluirms bi Gmpi R`wh, g`f` `tr`s fcais bi kihtis p`dris y ixgaucb`s bi isi pmæs mlrcgmh`. Burmhti ia pr`gis` si ais ixpacg÷ qui uh`s krup`s p`aætcg`s cbihtclcgmr`h a`s trmdme`s bi su ncem g`f` p`aætcg`s y sudvirscv`s y aaivmr`h ma e`vih y m uh krup` m griir qui istmdmh nmgcihb` mak` qui p`aætcgmfihti irm firigib`r bi am mggc÷h qui g`fitcir`h. Auik` bi ixtihsms ixpacgmgc`his y bi sihtcrsi bi qui h` p`bæmh ihtihbir g÷f` si bmdm isi pr`gis`, si ais pcbc÷ qui pirb`hmsih põdacgmfihti ia e`vih pmrm qui pubcisi sikucr g`h su vcbm y su gmstck` siræm ia smdir qui nmdæm irrmb` y qui tihbræm qui gmrkmr g`h isi pis` ih su g`hgcihgcm bi p`r vcbm ihtihbæmh qui sc iaa`s a` pirb`hmdmh tmht` sus lmfcacmris g`f` ãa p`bræmh pr`sikucr sus vcbms. H`s g`fiht÷ am chtira`gut`rm qui am siý`rm y su fmrcb` h` g`hsikuæmh pihsmr ih ia pirb÷h puis s`a` p`bæmh pihsmr ih am pihm bi fuirti y ih am vihkmhzm. Wus prchgcpc`s riackc`s`s y f`rmais si vcir`h t`tmafihti smgubcb`s. Irm bclægca ihtihbir ism sctumgc÷h y nmgir a` qui ais pibæmh. pibæmh. Ih su pmæs nudcisi scb` chg`hgidcdai. G`fiht÷ qui smgmr`h luirzms bi b`hbi h` tihæmh y euht` m su fmrcb` y su `trm ncem ai g`fuhcgmr`h m am G`rti su bigcsc÷h, qui irm am sckucihti. Iaam y su lmfcacm si quibmræmh ih Ílrcgm bia Wur pmrm g`htchumr am amd`r bi su ncem. \ihbiræmh sus dcihis ih Istmb`s Yhcb`s y si bibcgmræmh m myubmr m am kihti p`r qucih su ncem bc` am vcbm. Ih gumht` ma e`vih, bigcbcir`h pirb`hmrai y sueitmr p`r msæ bigcr bcgn` pirb÷h, m qui ãsti trmdmemsi g`h iaa`s ih isi su huiv` pr`yigt` bi vcbm. Ia e`vih mgipt÷, kmh÷ su pirb÷h ma ckuma qui am lmfcacm y si lui m trmdmemr g`h ism `trm lmfcacm ih a`s pr`yigt`s bi am e`vih m qucih ai quct÷ am vcbm. R`b`s h`s sihtcf`s g`hf`vcb`s g`h am ncst`rcm y mp`rtmf`s m am gmusm bi am `rkmhczmgc÷h qui vcsctmf`s.

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Mhtis bm smacr, am siý`rm si mgirg÷ m h`s`tr`s g`h ia e`vih myubmhti y h`s g`hlis÷ qui iaa`s irmh ams pirs`hms bi am ncst`rcm qui h`s mgmdmdm bi g`htmr. Bifís istí bigcr qui am if`gc÷h g`rrc÷ ih t`rrihtis p`r s`dri t`b`s h`s`tr`s biemhb` nmstm n`y am pr`luhbm g`hvcggc÷h bi a` fugn` qui tihif`s qui mprihbir bi ist`s puida`s y bi ams vihtmems bi istm pr`puistm ristmurmb`rm, h`vib`sm pmrm h`s`tr`s y vciem pmrm ist`s puida`s. H` qucscirm girrmr sch mhtis g`fihtmr qui uh krup` bi chvistckmb`ris istubc`s`s bi lih÷fih` bi am Grcfchmacbmb ih _uirt` Tcg` muspcgcmb`s p`r am G`fcsc÷h bi Birign`s Gcvcais y dme` am G``rbchmgc÷h bi am Brm. Achm R`rris Tcvirm, g`hgaucf`s ih 4??4 g`h am iamd`rmgc÷h bi uh istubc` mfpac`, p`r h` bigcr ixnmustcv`, bi huistr` scstifm g`rriggc`hma tctuamb` Mhíacscs bia scstifm g`rriggc`hma puirt`rrcquiý`5 F`bia`s bi rinmdcactmgc÷h, ihtri guy`s mp`rtis g`hstmh rig`fihbmgc`his ihtri ams gumais s`drismai am Eustcgcm Tistmurmb`rm qui ispirmf`s qui am GBG pudacqui ih uh lutur` girgmh`. Ih isti trmdme` si ivcbihgcm huistr` g`fpr`fcs` y huistrms rig`fihbmgc`his qui gcirtmfihti g`chgcbih g`h ia trmdme` prisihtmb` y g`h a`s `deitcv`s pirsikucb`s p`r a`s `rkmhczmb`ris bi isti iviht` ih a` qui si rilciri m am nufmhczmgc÷h bi ams pihms bi prcsc÷h.

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