If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi; egmpihka`f` egmp ihka`f` prg`uetavf h ajstatueagjfi
If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi; egmpihka`f` egmp ihka`f` prg`uetavf h ajstatueagjfi
Mõjaef Efsfiht (h`.)
55>.043?16214? A0?6 If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi ; egmpihka`f` prg`uetavf h ajstatueagjfi / Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf (eggr`ajf`grf). -- Máxaeg ; CIFEUG Máxaeg, ?265. ??0 pædajfs ; ai. 68x?5 em. AUOJ 14>-324-1?48-66-? 6. ―Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi - Rgiítaefs Rûoiaefs ― Máxaeg ?.- Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi Hmpihf`gs ― Máxaeg 5.- Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef ― Máxaeg 0.- Egmphthjeaf Hegjõmaef Ajthrjfeagjfi ― Máxaeg 8.- Egmphtatava`f` ― Máxaeg 3.- Rgiítaef Aj`ustrafi ― Máxaeg 4.- Efpfeatfeaõj Rrgchsagjfi ― Máxaeg A.- Efsfiht, Mõjaef, h`atgrf.
Rramhrf h`aeaõj; mfrzg `h ?265 @._. © ?265, Cfeuitf` Iftajgfmhraefjf `h Eahjeafs Ugeafihs, Uh`h Máxae Máxaegg Efrrhthrf fi Fkuseg jûm. 544, egi. Nárghs `h Rf`ahrjf, `hi. Pifipfj, 60?22 Máxaeg, @.C. 9www.fesg.h`u.mx: AUOJ 14>-324-1?48-66-? Aiustrfeaõj hj cgrrgs `h _g`radg Pgih`g Hsth iaorg cuh sgmhta`g f uj prgehsg `h `aetfmajfeaõj pgr fef`ámaegs hxthrjgs `h feuhr`g egj ifs jgrmfs hstfoihea`fs pgr hi Egmatá H`atgrafi `h if Cifesg Máxaeg. Vuh`f prgnaoa`f if rhprg`ueeaõj pfreafi g tgtfi, `arhetf g aj`arhetf `hi egjthja egjthja`g `g `h if prhshjth gorf, saj egjtfr prhvafmhjth egj if futgrazfeaõj pgr hseratg `h igs h`atgrhs, hj tármajgs `h if Ihy Ch`hrfi `hi @hrheng `h Futgr y, hj su efsg, `h igs trftf`gs ajthrjfeagjfihs fpiaefoihs. Amprhsg y nheng hj Máxaeg. Rrajth` fj` mf`h aj Mhxaeg.
Íj`aeh
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
Mõjaef Efsfih Efsfihtt _fvhjjf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Efpítuig A `h vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs Hi `hsfrrgiig egmphtatavfs ajstatueagjfihs; hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Mgjtrhfi
Iueah Mgrasshtth, Mgrasshtth, Rnaiapph Rn aiapph Ofrrá, Enrastafj Iávhsquh, Ifurhjeh Ugift-Rhiihtahr y Mfr Mfreaf eaf Uaivharf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?6 Efpítuig AA Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrg `hsfrrgiig iig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg @fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 01
Efpítuig AAA Fetgrhs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi; hi eiusthr `h Vuhrátfrg, ujf gpgrtuja`f` rhdagjfi Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15
Efpítuig AS ·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh f if ef`hjf `h vfigr ajthrjfeagjfi `h fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g7 Cigr Orgwj Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjd @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs uhz-Saiifigogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Efpítuig S ·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf Kgrdh Efrra Efrraiig iig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Efpítuig Efpítuig SA Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths. If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ugjgrf Õsefr C. Egjtrhrfs y Æivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 11
Ajtrg`ueeaõj Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
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R frf egmprhj`hr egmprhj`hr if egmphtat egmphtatava`f` ava`f` fiefjzf`f pgr if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hs jhehsfrag fjfiazfr if hvgiueaõj y hstrueturf `h if grdfjazfeaõj prg`uetavf, if `ajæmaef `h igefiazfeaõj `h ifs fetava`f`hs y if rhifeaõj hjtrh igs dgoahrjgs y if aj`ustraf. Hi gokhtavg `h hsth iaorg hs hxpiaefr hstf egmpihka`f` prg`uetavf `hspihdf`f hj hi pifjg ajthrjfeagjfi, ajthrjfeagjfi, fsí egmg a`hjtacaefr if ampgrtfjeaf `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi (AF) hj Máxaeg, tfjtg hj hi `ashög `h ifs if s pgiítaefs jfeagjfihs y hstftfihs pfrf grahjtfr if igefiazfeaõj `h hmprhsfs ií`hrhs ajthrjfeagjfihs hj hi pfís, egmg hj if vfrah`f` `h ajstatueagjhs quh `hs`h hi æmoatg pûoiaeg y pravf`g egjtraouyhj f erhfr ujf `hjsf rh` `h ajthrfeeagjhs pfrf cfvgrhehr hi erheamahjtg `hi shetgr. shetgr.
Egmpihka`f` prg`uetavf prg`uetavf `h ujf aj`ustraf hstrftádaef Hi fitg javhi thejgiõdaeg hj hi `ashög y mfjucfeturf `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, mfjacahstg hj if egmpihka`f` `h if cforaefeaõj cforaefeaõj y hj if muitapiaea`f` `h `aseapiajfs quh ajea`hj hj if prg`ueeaõj, fujf`fs f ifs if s ehrtacaefeagjhs ajthrjfeagjfihs quh fegmpföfj hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj, `hthrmajf ujf dhstaõj ehjtrfiazf`f `h if prg`ueeaõj pgr pfrth `h prg`uetgrfs ajthrjfeagjfihs. Hiig hxpiaef if sadjacaeftavf ngmgdhjha`f` `h ifs sgiueagjhs thejgiõdaefs, hj ifs quh uj phquhög hrrgr g vfrafeaõj ajvgiuerf ajvgiuerf hjgrmhs
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Rrgchsgrf ajvhstadf`grf `h if Cfeuitf` Iftajgmfhraefjf `h Eahjeafs Ugeafihs, sh`h Máxaeg (Cifesg Máxaeg).
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Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
pár`a`fs hegjõmaefs. Hj hsth shjta`g, igs egjtrgihs jgrmftavgs ajthrjfeagjfihs y jfeagjfihs quh phsfj sgorh hi shetgr cujeagjfj egmg ofrrhrf pfrf if ajjgvfeaõj, puhs fshdurfj hi egjtrgi `h tg`fs ifs thejgigdífs h ajthr`hphj`hjeafs pfrf hvatfr cuturgs cfiigs. If trfzfoaia`f`, hs `hear, if egmg`hsheggr`ajfeaõj `hsfrrgiifj igs `htfiif`fmhjth hs cuj`fmhjtficgrmf hj if rutf `hprgehsgs igs shdmhjtgs `h prg`uetgs quh sh cforaefj (Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224). Ifs prhsagjhs pfrf if frmgjazfeaõj `h igs prgehsgs surdhj `h if jfturfihzf ajthrjfeagjfi `h if prg`ueeaõj crfdmhjtf`f hj `achrhjths mõ`uigs g javhihs, yf quh if prg`ueeaõj `h uj fvaõj sh ofsf hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h uj sasthmf `h rhifeagjhs hjtrh hjtrh hmprhsfs hspheafiazf`fs. If egjehjtrfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf hs muy fitf, hj ef`f efthdgríf nfy pgegs egmphta`grhs. If aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef sh efrfethrazf pgr cuhrths ajvhrsagjhs ajvhrsagj hs y eaeigs `h prg`ueeaõj hxehpeagjfimhjth hxehpeagjfimhjth ifrdgs. Hi cajfjeafmahjtg `hiquh prgehsg uj cfetgrsajg erítaeg pfrf hif áxatg `h ifs hmprhsfs, fchetf`hjg`hsfrrgiig sõig f ifshsphquhöfs, tfmoaáj ifs drfj`hs egjtrftastfs, egjtrf tastfs, fujquh ástfs tahjhj mæs pgsaoaia`f`hs pfrf egmpfrtar rahsdgs y egstgs. @hs`h sus ajaeags, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh nf egjsa`hrf`g hstrftádaef, egj ajthr`hphj`hjeaf hjtrh igs mhref`gs eavaihs y `h `hchjsf, hj if quh hi fpgyg hstftfi y if prgtheeaõj `hi mhref`g nfj cujeagjf`g egmg ajstrumhjtgs ajstrumhjtgs pfrf if grdfjazfeaõj y hi cajfjeafmahj cajfjeafmahjtg tg pfrf `aenf aj`ustraf. Fetufimhjth igs hscuhrzgs pfrf mfjthjhr hi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg y igs fitgs sfifrags egj`uehj f if digofiazfeaõj y f if fpfraeaõj `h juhvgs pfíshs hmhrdhjt hmhrdhjths hs ajthrhsf`gs hj `hsfrrgiifr if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. Igs mhref`gs hmhrdhjths sgsthja`gs pgr ifs hstrfthdafs duohrjfmhjtfihs ampiaefj cfetgrhs egmhreafihs (efia`f`, prheag y shrvaeag) y `h efræethr pgiítaeg hstrftádaeg. Hj hsh shjta`g, if fmpiafeaõj `h if prg`ueeaõj f mhref`gs hmhrdhjths (pfrtaeuifrmhjth hi enajg y hi orfsaihög), tfjtg pfrf prg`uetgs egmg pfrf shrvaeags fhrgjæutaegs, rhprhshjtf uj pgthjeafi pfrf hi erheamahjtg `hi shetgr, puhs ástgs hjtrfj hj hi mhref`g egj sus prgpags prg`uetgs y shrvaeags, fsí egmg egj uj cuhrth fpgyg duohrjfmhjtfi (Fhrgspfeh Ugureh Oggl, ?221).
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Ajtrg`ueeaõj
@achrhjeafs y samaiatu`hs hjtrh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y fhrghspfeafi Hj if mfygríf `h igs hstu`ags rhfiazf`gs ajthrjfeagjfimhjth, ajthrjfeagjfimhjth, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh `hjgmajf egmg uj tg`g (Jagsa y [nhdu, ?228< Ufmmfrrf y Oaddahrg, ?22>). F phsfr `h ifs `achrhjeafs hjtrh if aj`ustraf hspfeafi y if fhrgjæutaef, hxasthj tfmoaáj sadjacaeftavfs sadjacaeftavfs samaiatu`hs (Orghlhi y Ogsenmf, ?262)< ujf rf`aef hj quh crheuhjthm crheuhjthmhjth hjth ifs hmprhsfs (Oghajd y HF@U) ajeursagjfj hj igs `gs shetgrhs y egmpfrthj fetava`f`hs `h fitg rahsdg sukhtfs f ujf ajthjsf egmphthjeaf egmhreafi, hj hi efsg `h if fhrgjæutaef. Rfrf if aj`ustraf hspfeafi, if `achrhjeaf hstraof hj hi egjtrgi duohrjfmhjtfi y maiatfr. Hj fmofs, hi jûeihg thejgiõdaeg hstæ ehjtrf`g hj if fhrg`ajæmaef, if prgpuisaõj, if hihetrõjaef, if jfvhdfeaõj y igs mfthrafihs. Fsamasmg, ifs `gs aj`ustraf aj`ustrafs s sh uoaefj`h hjmûitapihs pgegs egjdigmhrf`gs (eiusthrspgr ) rhdagjfihs, ftrfhj if pfrtaeapfeaõj fdhjths ajthdrf`gs hi egjtr egjtrgi giquh `h mfjucfeturhr (GHM). If hstrueturf aj`ustrafi hj ifs gradajfi hquapmhjt mfjucfeturhr fmogs shetgrhs f`quahrh ujf egjcadurfeaõj `h nuo fj` spglhs (ruh`fs y rfygs) egj drfj`hs hmprhsfs ajthdrf`grfs hj hi ehjtrg (Orghlhi y Ogsenmf, ?262). Ifs vfrafeagjhs hjtrh hjtrh if fvafeaõj y if aj`ustraf hspfeafi sh prhshjtfj hj rhifeaõj egj ifs shrahs prg`uea`fs `h uj sgig prg`uetg, quh sgj mæs drfj`hs hj if fvafeaõj quh hj if aj`ustraf hspfeafi. If egmhreafiazfeaõj `h igs prg`uetgs hs mæs ræpa`f hj if fvafeaõj quh hj if aj`ustraf hspfeafi. Hj if grdfjazfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf hspfeafi hi phsg `h if `heasaõj duohrjfmhjtfi y maiatfr egjtajûf `hthrmajfj`g `hthrmajfj`g fi shetgr.. Hj tfjtg quh if fvafeaõj sh ajaeaf egmg uj shetgr pravf`g egj ujf shetgr eifrf a`hjtacaefeaõj egj ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h igs eiahjths, y mfref`g pgr ujf vasaõj egmhreafi ehjtrf`f hj hi áxatg pfrf rh`uear egstgs. Xjf `achrhjeaf sadjacaeftavf sadjacaeftavf hjtrh fmogs shetgrhs (Orghlhi y Ogsenmf, ?262) hs if hstrueturf `h ifs rh`hs `h egjgeamahjtg prhvfiheahjth prhvfiheahjth hj ef`f ujg; if aj`ustraf hspfeafi hstæ mæs iadf`f f egjgeamahjtgs ofsf`gs hj if eahjeaf< if fhrgjæutaef, sh grahjtf mæs nfeaf egjgeamahjtgs `h ajdhjahríf y juhvgs mfthrafihs, pgr if jhehsa`f` `h if prg`ueeaõj thejgiõdaef thejgiõdaef y if rh`ueeaõj `h egstgs, hj if quh if ajjgvfeaõj surdh pgr if fpiaefeaõj y rhegmoajfeaõj rhegmoajf eaõj `hi egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgg hxasthjth egj ujf eifrf ajthjeaõj `h rhsgivhr prgoihmfs (Tgich ht fi., ?228).
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Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Hj hsth trfofkg sh f`gptõ if `hjgmajfeaõj `hi shetgr she tgr egmg fhrghspfeafi `h feuhr`g egj if efrfethrazfeaõj hmpihf`f hmpihf`f hj `avhrsgs `afdjõstaegs hchetuf`gs pgr grdfjazfeagjhs pûoiaefs h ajthrmh`afs `hi pfís. Hj ifs ajthrrgdfjths quh mgtavfrgj hsth iaorg, sh `hstfef if jhehsa`f` `h rhujar ajcgrmfeaõj sgorh ifs efrfethrístaefs quh f`quahrh if ampifjtfeaõj `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj ifs `achrhjths rhdagjhs `h Máxaeg, fjfiazfj`g if hvgiueaõj `h ifs rh`hs ajthrajstatueagjfihs quh frtaeuifj hi cujeagjfmahjtgg `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs fhrghspfeafihs (Vuhcujeagjfmahjt rátfrg, Ofkf Efiacgrjaf y Ugjgrf). Hj hsth fjæiasas sh hjcftazf hi cgrtfiheamahjtg `h feuhr`gs egifogrftavgs hjtrh fdhjths nhthrgdájhgs pfrf grahjtfr if grdfjazfeaõj `hi trfofkg (rhifeagjhs `h prgvhh`grhs, dhstaõj `h efia`f`, `h mhkgrfmahjtg `h if efiacaefeaõj y egmphthjeaf `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg) y if ajthjsacaefeaõj `h rhifeagjhs `h vajeuifeaõj y hsifogjfmahjtgs quh `hjsacaefj ifs rh`hs hj hi sasthmf `h ajjgvfeaõj rhdagjfi (hj ifHsth ajvhstadfeaõj, ajcgrmfeaõj h ajcrfhstrueturf hspheafiazf`f). `hsfrrgiig egjtraouyh egjtraou yh f mhkgrfr if egmphta egmphtatava`f` tava`f` `h if rhdaõj y if ajshreaõj `h juhvgs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs igefihs f if ef`hjf `h vfigr, dhjhrfj`g dhjhrfj`g ujf juhvf dgohrjfjzf ehjtrf`f hj rh`hs muitacujeagjfihs. Hj hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h hstfs rhifeagjhs nfj `hshmphöf`g uj pfphi ampgrtfjthh ifs `heasagjhs f`gptf`fs hj ifs ampgrtfjt if s pgiítaefs pûoiaefs (f javhi jfeagjfi dhjhrf`fs pgr RrgM RrgMáxaeg, áxaeg, Uherhtfríf Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf, Egjfeyt y igs `achrhjths `achrhjt hs prgdrfmfs `h fpgyg surda`gs hj Vuhrátfrg, Ofkf Efiacgrjaf y Ugjgrf pfrf if erhfeaõj `h ujf ajcrfhstrueturf `h ajehjtavgs; pfrquhs pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs, frfjehihs `h ampgrtfeaõj, hstímuig f if ajthdrfeaõj `h pymhs), egj hi caj `h ftrfhr if ajstfifeaõj `h hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs trfetgrfs. Hi ajvgiuerfmahjajvgiuerfmahjtg fetavg `h ifs prgpafs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs nf prgpaeaf`g juhvfs vífs pfrf if egmujaefeaõj h ajthr a jthrefmoag efmoag ajthrhmprhsfrafi ajthrhmprhsfrafi hj igs rhdagjhs (hspheafimhjth hj Vuhrátfrg). Ifs vífs hmpihf`fs pfrf hstamuifr hi shetgr f javhi hstftfi nfj sa`g mûitapihs, y fofrefj `hs`h hi cajfjeafmahjtg `arhetg h aj`arhetg pfrf rhujar f drfj`hs hmprhsfs egj hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs igefihs, nfstf hi hstímuig pfrf erhfr g mhkgrfr if hstrueturf grdfjazfeagjfi pfrf eggr`ajfr if `astraoueaõj `h igs rheursgs egdjatavgs, khrfrquazfr khrfrquazfr igs prgoihmfs y cfvgrhehr if `acusaõj `h egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgs. gs. @h fní if ampgrtfjeaf fsadjf`f fi cgrtfiheamahjt cgrtfiheamahjtgg `h if efpfeatfeaõj táejaef y prgchsagjfi prgchsagjfi `hi phrsgjfi (yf shf víf v íf ajtrfhmprhsf, ajtrfhmprhsf, g rheurrahj`g f if gchrtf h`ueftavf igefi), pfrf if egjstrueeaõj `h juhvfs egmphthjeafs prgchsagjfihs, grdfjazftavfs y `h dhstaõj `h efia`f`. Hstg ampiaef ujf vfigrazfeaõj `hi prgehsg
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Ajtrg`ueeaõj
`h fprhj`azfkh hj if gothjeaõj `h vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs `h igs fdhjths< y hi surdamahjtg `h juhvfs mg`fia`f`hs grdfjazftavfs grahjtf`fs f hstrhenfr ifs rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj egj igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y ifs ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs y ifs hmprhsfs `hi shetgr, egj hi caj `h cfvgrhehr if mgvaia`f` `h rheursgs numfjgs, mhkgrfr if ajcrfhstrueturf y dhjhrfr prgyhetgs egjkujtgs. If erhfeaõj, eareuifeaõj y fprgpafeaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg hs eifvh hj ifs rhifeagjhs `h ifs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs, jûeihg `h ifs rh`hs, egj ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs prgvhh prgvhh`grfs. `grfs.
Hkhs frtaeuif`grhs `h hsth iaorg Hi `hsfrrgiig `h igs efpítuigs quh egmpgjhj hsth iaorg phrcaifj hkhs egmujhs quh frtaeuifj hi fjæiasas, hjtrh igs eufihs sh `hstfef if rhchrhjeaf f uj thrratgrag egj eahrtf ngmgdhjha`f`, `gj`h gphrfj rh`hs `h `gj`h fetgrhshiegj egmpgrtfmahjtgs a`hjtacaefoihs h aj`hphj`hjeaf aj`hphj`hjea f `h `heasaõj< hspfeag dhgdræcaeg cfvgrheh if ajthrfeeaõj y hi hstfoiheamahjt hstfoiheamahjtgg `h rhifeagjhs egjtajufs hjtrh igs `achrhjths fetgrhs sgeaghegjõmaegs ampiaef`gs egj hi shetgr y hi thrratg thrratgrag. rag. If prgxama`f` egmg `amhjsaõj dhgdræcaef egjcgrmf ujf `amhjsaõj egdjatavf, ajstatueagjfi y grdfjazftavf. grdfjaz ftavf. Hj hsth hspfeag dhgdræcaeg sh egmpfrth hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõ prg`ueeaõj, j, ifs goiadfeagjhs rhchra`fs f ifs rhduifeagjhs prg`uetavfs y `h ajcrfhstrueturf, igs egjciaetgs iadf`gs f if `astraoueaõj `hi trfofkg, egmg if ampgsaeaõj `h rhdifs y prhshrvfeaõj `h ajthrhshs `h igs fetgrhs eifvh `hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj. Hj hsth masmg hspfeag nfy ujf ajthdrfeaõj hegjõmaef-prg`uetavf quh jg fjuif ifs `achrhjeafs maerghegjõmaefs `h ifs hmprhsfs, y gtrf mæs dhjhrfi iadf`f f ifs rh`hs sgeafihs dhjhrf`fs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs y if hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi quh egjcgrmf hi hjtgrjg sgeafi (grdfjazfeagjhs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj, eaõj, cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f táejaef y prgchsagjfi, fsgeafeagjhs hmprhsfrafihs `hi shetgr), hi eufi egjstatuyh ujf egj`aeaõj cfvgrfoih pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h uj fmoahjt f moahjthh igefi, yf quh cfeaiatf igs fprhj`azfkhs (fetavgs tfjdaoihs h ajtfjdaoihs) `hravf`gs `h if phrthjhjeaf f ujf rh`, phrg tfmoaáj fehjtûf hi egjtrgi, hj hsth efsg `h ifs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs (Ihvy y Pfiogt, ?262). Hj if erhfeaõj `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs fhrghspfeafihs hj ifs `achrhj `achrhjths ths rhdagjhs hstu`af`fs (Mgj ( Mgjtrhfi, trhfi, Vuhrátfrg, Vuhrátfrg, Ofkf Efiacgrjaf y Ugjgrf), hi hspfeag dhgdræcaeg egmoajf if frtaeuifeaõj `h hmprhsfs,
66
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
prgvhh`grhs, ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `h cgrmfeaõj prgchsagjfi y táejaef, egjkujtfmhjth egjkujtfmhjth egj if feeaõj `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs. If ajthrfeeaõj ajthrfe eaõj sgsthja`f pgr ajthrhshs egmujhs egmujhs sh egjeaoh egmg uj efmpg `h ajciuhjeaf mutug (Ih Orhtgj, ?220). Hj hsth egjthxtg, sh hjcrhjtfj if jhehsa`f` `h ujgs pgr f`quarar juhvgs egjgeamahjtgs h ajegrpgrfrsh f uj sasthmf `h prg`ueeaõj egj fitf thejgigdíf, egj if `h gtrgs quh ousefj juhvfs gpgrtuja`f`hs egj egstgs mæs rh`uea`gs pfrf if mfjucfeturf y egj hi fiaeahjth `h egjtfr egj if ehrefjíf `hi mhref`g hstf`guja`hjsh. If ajeiusaõj `hi hstu`ag `h Iueah Mgrasshth, Rnaiapph Rnaiapph Ofrrá, Enrastafj Iávhsquh, Ifurhjeh Ugift-Rhiihtahr y Mfreaf Uaivharf sgorh if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Mgjtrhfi aiustrf fehref `hi drf`g `h mf`urhz thejgiõdaef, thejgiõdae f, ajstatueagjfi y rhifeagjfi fiefjzf`g pgr uj fdrupfmahjtg fjeif`g dhgdræcaefmhjth, dhgdræc aefmhjth, ofkg if ampgrtfjeaf hstrftádaef hstrftád aef `h hmprhsfs ajthrjfeagjfihs egmg Ogmofr`ahr, Ohii Nhiaegpthr, EFH y Rrftt & Tnatjhy, euyg prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj nf ajthdrf`g hj if (pymhs). ef`hjf `h prgvhh`grhs hspheafimhjth f phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs Hi `hsfrrgiig `hi mg`hig ajstatueagjfi `hi eiusthr fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi Mgjt rhfi (MAEFM) shöfif if `hjsa`f` `h igs víjeuigs hstfoihea`gs pgr ujf fmpiaf dfmf `h grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs, quh hjifzfj if ajvhstadfeaõj egj if prg`ueeaõj y if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f `h mfjg `h gorf. Pg`f hstf fetava`f` sh jutrh `h igs fpgygs `arhetgs h aj`arhetgs `hi dgoahrjg, fsí egmg `h if fetavf fetufeaõj `h igs saj`aeftgs, egjsgia`fj`g uj hegsasthmf pfrtaeuifr. @aenf satufeaõj egjtrfstf egj if egjcgrmfeaõj `hi shetgr `h if AF hj Máxae Máxaeg, g, `gj`h hi hjtrfmf`g ajstatueagjfi pûoiaegpravf`g hs ajeapahjth y hxasthj `achrhjeafs maerghegjõmaefs cuhrths hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs, fidujfs `h ifs eufihs jg euhjtfj egj umorfihs míjamgs `h egmphthjeafs pfrf fprgvhenfr ifs hxthrjfia`f`hs, y if feeaõj saj`aefi sh grahjtf hxeiusavfmhjth f if `hchjsf `hi hmpihg crhjth f ifs quahorfs hmprhsfrafihs `hi shetgr, shetgr, hs hi efsg `h Mhxaefjf, hj if fvafeaõj egmhreafi (Ohjsusæj y Efrraiig, E frraiig, ?26?). ?26?). Hj igs fdrupfmahjtgs sh mfjacahstfj mg`gs `h eggr`ajfeaõj ajstatueagjfi mæs g mhjgs cgrmfiazf`gs, `h eggphrfeaõj y `h ajthrefmoag hjtrh hjtrh hmprhsfs, quh egmoajfj f if vhz rhifeagjhs `h fsgeaftava`f` fs geaftava`f` y `h mhref`g. Hj if egjsgia`feaõj `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs fhrgjæutaegs fhrgjæutaegs hj `achrhjt `achrhjths hs rhdagjhs `h Máxaeg sh dhjhrfrg dhjhrfrgjj (crfdmhjtf`fmhjth (crfdmhjtf`fmhjth hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf y Ugjgrf y mæs egjsgia`f`fs hj Vuhrátfrg) `ajæmaefs prg`uetavfs prg`uetavfs y sgsg eafihs, quh, sumf`fs f igs hscuhrzgs `h igs dgoahrjgs hstftfihs, hstfoih-
6?
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
eahrgj fpgygs hegjõmaegs y `h cgrmfeaõj pfrf ajthdrfr ifs ef`hjfs `h prg`ueeaõj, egjtrgifr if efia`f`, ifs egmphthjeafs prgchsagjfihs y, egjsheuhjthmhjth, euhjthmhjt h, mhkgrfr mhkgrfr if efia`f` `h ifs ajjgvfeagjhs. Ifs rh`hs sgeafihs, fi cfvgrhehr if egjcafjzf hjtrh igs fetgrhs nhthrgdájhgs, egjstatuyhrgj ujf víf ajcgrmfi phrg egmpihmhjtfraf, pfrf fshdurfr if ajthdrfeaõj ehjtrf`f hj hi egjtrgi `h ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs egjtrftastfs. Hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj aj`ustraf-ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y cgrmfeaõj egjsgia`õ ujf frquatheturf ajstatueagjfi quh, egmpihmhjtfrafmhjth, `hsfrrgiiõ uj efpatfi sgeafi efpfz `h prgmgvhr egmpgrtfmahjtgs egmpgrtfmahjtgs hmprhj`h`grhs h ajthdrfr hj if eareuifeaõj `h if ajcgrmfeaõj f juhvgs drupgs `hi shetgr pûoiaeg y pravf`g. If feeaõj `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs mgvaiazõ juhvfs thj`hjeafs mfjacahstfs f javhi shetgrafi hj if erhfeaõj `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs. Igs ajstrumhjtgs erhf`gs y puhstgs hj feeaõj pgr if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (UH), hi Egjfeyt, Jfcaj, y grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrjfeagjfihs egmg hi OA@, if GE@H y hiRrgMáxaeg RJX@, egjtraouyhrgj f prgpaeafr uj efmoag hj if jgrmftava`f`, fpgyfj`g fpgyfj`g if `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj `h igs rheursgs cajfjeahrgs y `h cgrmfeaõj. F hiig sh föf`hj ifs ajaeaftavfs quh ampuisfrgj ujf rh` `h ajthrefmoags hjtrh hjtrh igs æmoatgs pûoiaegs y pravf`gs, if eufi sh grahjtf f if mg`hrjazfeaõj hmprhsfrafi, if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs, y fi cgmhjtgg `h ajvhstadfeag cgmhjt ajvhstadfeagjhs jhs egjkujtfs ujavhrsa`f`-shetg ujavhrsa`f`-shetgrhs rhs prg`uetavgs. @hoh tfmoaáj `hstfefrsh if ampgrtfjeaf `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs quh f javhi rhdagjfi y shetgrafi fetûfj egmg ujf hstrueturf `h jhdgeafeaõj y hjifeh pfrf vgivhr mæs hchetavf if vajeuifeaõj hjtrh ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, igs ehjtrgs thejgiõdaegs, igs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs y hi shetgr pûoiaeg. Hi efsg `h Mgjtrhfi hkhmpiacaef if egjsgia`feaõj `h hstfs grdfjazfeagjhs, hj tfjtg quh hj Máxaeg sgj ajeapahjths. Ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs eumpihj uj fetavg pfphi, rhcgrzfj`g igs fpgygs pfrf hi sasthmf prg`uetavg, hihvfj igs javhihs `h egmphthjeaf thejgiõdaef y feehsg f if ajcgrmfeaõj. Fi fetufr egmg ujf víf `h hjifeh egj if egmuja`f` eahjtícaef y egj ajstatueagj ajstatueagjhs hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs, `hshmphöfj `hshmphöfj fetava`f`hs rhifeagjfihs quh supihj if fushjeaf `h gcaeajfs `h trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs, hspheafimhjth hspheafimhjth hj fetava`f`hs rhiftavfs f if eggr`ajfeaõj y hjifeh pfrf fshdurfr if egifogrfeaõj hjtrh mûitapihs mûitapihs fdhjths y prgcuj`azfr hj ifs rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj. If ajthrmh`afeaõj forh ujf juhvf cgrmf `h dgohrjfjzf, ofsf`f hj if egifogrfeaõj pgr mh`ag `h if jhdgeafeaõj y igs feuhr`gs. Hi juhvg
65
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
mg`hig `h dgohrjfjzf sh rhcahrh f igs sasthmfs `h dgoahrjg, euyfs pgiítaefs hxatgsfs jg sgj sõig hi prg`uetg `h if feeaõj `hi dgoahrjg ehjtrfi, sajg if rhsuitfjth `h ujf muitapiaea`f` `h fetgrhs ajthr`hphj`ahjths, ajthr`hphj`ahjths, hj if quh eumpih e umpih uj pfphi `hthrmajfjth `hthrmajfjth if egjstrueeaõj `h rh`hs.
Hi egjthja`g `h igs efpítuigs Hi pramhr efpítuig, ’ Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphta egmphtatavfs tavfs ajstatueagjfihs; hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Mgjtrhfi”, prhshjtf`g pgr uj hquapg ajthr`aseapiajfrag h ajthrajstatueagjfi `h ajvhstadf`grhs (yf mhjeagjf`gs), fjfiazf if hvgiueaõj h vgiueaõj y if `ajæmaef hstrueturfi, rhifeagjfi h ajstatueagjfi `hi fdrupfmahjt fd rupfmahjtgg fhrghspfeafi hj Mgjt Mgjtrhfi, rhfi, euyf ampgrtfjeaf hs cuj`fmhjtfi hj if hegjgmíf quhohquhjsh egj mæs `h ?58 hmprhsfs y eufrhjtf 6mai hmpihgs, fsí egmg vhjtfs pgr mæs `h `geh mai maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Hsth hstu`ag `hstfef if ampgrtfjeaf `h igs feuhr`gs ajstatueagjfihs hj if hvgiueaõj y trfjscgrmfeaõj `hi fdrupfmahjtg fdrupfmahjtg fhrghspfeafi euygs efmoags dhjhrfj juhvfs hxthrjfia`f`hs pfrf hi fdrupfmahjtg fdrupfmahjtg.. Hj hsth trfofkg sh a`hjtacaef if egmpihka`f` `h ifs `ajæmaefs quh efrfethrazfj if hmhrdhjeaf `h juhvfs ajstatueagjhs, juhvfs a`hfs, jgrmfs y præetaefs quh tahjhj rhphreusagjhs egjerhtfs hj igs fetgrhs y hj hi fdrupfmahjtg, `gj`h kuhdf uj pfphi `hthrmajfjth if ajthdrfeaõj f if hegjgmíf ajthrjfeagjfi, fsí egmg ifs rhspuhstfs `h igs `achrhj `achrhjths ths fdhjths `hi fdrupfmahjtg pfrf rhspgj`hr f hstgs juhvgs rhtgs, yf shf prgcuj`azfj`g hj igs hsifogjfmahjtgs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs egj (hspheafimhjth ifs pymhs), ferhehjtfj`g ifshjtrh rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs pfrf ajaeafr prgyhetgs egjkujtgs g oahj dhjhrfj`g juhvfs egmphthjeafs hj hi pifjg `h if cgrmfeaõj prgchsagjfi pfrf hi shetgr. Igs efpítuigs shduj`g, threhrg y eufrtg egjcgrmfj uj egjkujtg hxpiaeftavg `h `achrhjths `amhjsagjhs, rhchra`fs f if hvgiueaõj `h ifs efpfea`f`hs y prgehsgs prg`uetavgs (grdfjazfeaõj y efia`f` hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs), quh sh egjstruyhrgj hj hi fdrupfmahjt fdrupfmahjtgg fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg. If feeaõj `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs jfeagjfihs y hstftfihs, egj kujtfmhj kujtf mhjth th egj if ajaeaf ajaeaftav tavff `h ifs hmp hmprhsfs rhsfs trfetgrfs, trfetgrfs, fsí egm egmgg `h igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `h cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f, hspheafiazf`f, cuhrgj egjstruyhj-
6
Hj hsth efsg y tg`gs igs saduahjths, sh utaiazf `õifrhs pfrf rhchrarsh f `õifrhs hstf`guja`hjshs.
60
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
`g uj thka`g sgeafi quh fumhjtõ if efpfea`f` `h fosgreaõj y egjhetava`f` hj ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs `h `aeng hstf`g. hstf`g. Pfi ajthrfeeaõj fmpiaõ tfmt fmoaáj if shjsaoaiazfeaõj shjsaoai azfeaõj y pfrtaeapfeaõj `h igs fetgrhs `arhetgs h aj`arhetgs, egjsgia`fj`g if efpfea`f` rhifeagjfi hj hi fdrupfmahjt fdrupfmahjtg, g, euyg rhsuitf`g cuh `asmajuar ifs if s ajehrta`umorhs hstrftádaefs hstrftádaefs `h igs fdhjths. If `avhrsa`f` y egmpihka`f` `h if hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi ihjtfmhjihjtfmhjth egjsgia`õ uj hspfeag pûoiaeg-pravf`g pûoiaeg-pravf`g ajthdrf`g pgr `avhrsgs fdhjths, `acaeuitfj`g fsí quh ujgs pgegs thjdfj hi tgtfi egjtrgi egjtrgi `h ifs `heasagjhs. Ifs jhdgeafeagjhs y if eggr`ajfeaõj `h ifs fetava`f`hs h ajehjtavgs ajehjtavgs surdhj egmg hihmhjtgs hihmhjtgs `hthrmajfjths `h if juhvf dgohrjfjzf `hi fdrupfmahjfd rupfmahjtg prg`uetavg fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg. @hs`h hstf phrsphetavf, phrsphetavf, if egmphtatava`f` hmhrdh egmg uj chjõmhjg quh ajegrpgrf fsphetgs `h jfturfihzf sastámaef, rhifeagjf`f egj hi egmpgrtfmahjtg `h igs fdhjths y hi drf`g `h `hsfrrgiig `hi hjtgrjg sgeafi quh sh erhf. Ifs If s pgiítaefs pûoiaefs eumpihj e umpihj uj pfphi ampgrtfjth ampgrtfjth pfrf sgsthjhr hi `hsfrrgiig `h ifs if s rh`hs muitacujeagjfihs (ajthdrfeaõj (ajthdrfeaõj f if ef`hjf, igdrfr egmphthjeafs egmphthj eafs táejaefs, grdfjazfeagjfihs y `h vajeuifeaõj) va jeuifeaõj) f trfvás `h igs ajehjtavgs, ajehjta vgs, igs eufihs ajciuyhj hj if egmphtatava`f` `h ifs if s hmprhsfs. F phsfr `h igs fvfjehs igdrf`gs hj igs javhihs mhsg y maerg, hi fdrupfmahjtg fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg `astf mueng `h igdrfr hi cujeagjfmahjtg `hi mhref`g y if ajthjsa`f` `h ifs vajeuifeagjhs `hi eiusthr fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi. Ifs egj`aeagjhs sgj `astajtfs tfjtg hj hi `ashög, hkheueaõj y egjtajua`f` egjtaj ua`f` `h ifs pgiítaefs, egmg hj hi egmprgmasg `h ifs ajstatueagjhs y igs fdhjths< egj`aeagjhs `achrhjeafihs quh `hravfj hj gpgrtuja`f`hs muy `astajtfs pfrf hithejgiõdaeg fprgvhenfmahjtg `h hxthrjfia`f`hs cfvgrfoihs fi prgehsg `h efmoag y grdfjazfeagjfi hstrhenfmhjth iadf`g egj ifs rh`hs `h vajeuifeagjhs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs, y hjtrh ástfs egj hi rhstg `h fetgrhs `hi sasthmf `h ajjgvfeaõj rhdagjfi. Ifs vajeuifeagjhs v ajeuifeagjhs `h ifs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs prgvhh`grfs egj ifs hmprhsfs egjtrftastfs, h ajstatueagjhs `h cgrmfeaõj, ajvhstadfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõj y `h shrvaeags thejgiõdaegs pgsaoaiatfj vífs pfrf rheaoar y trfjsmatar ajcgrmfeaõj, hxphrahjeafs hxphrahjeafs y egjgeamahjtgs. Hj hi javhi maerg, ujf ujf `h ifs if s efusfs quh ajea`hj hj if hxeiusaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs pfrf ajegrpgrfrsh f ifs rh`hs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj rf`aef hj ifs `acaeuitf`hs pfrf feeh`hr f if ehrtacaefeaõj. Ifs efrhjeafs hj if ajcrfhstruetur ajcrfhstrueturff prg`uetavf, `h ajcgrmfeaõj, egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgg y nfoaia`f`hs, iamatfj ifs efpfea`f`hs `h ifs phquhöfs phquhöf s y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs, pfrf
fprgpafrsh fprgpafr sh `h hxthrjfia`f`hs, rhihdæj`gsh rhihdæj`gsh fsí `h igs eareuatgs ea reuatgs `ajæmaegs. 68
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Hi shduj`g efpítuig,’Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg” Vuhrátfrg”,, f efrdg `h @fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Ku fjf Nh Nhrjæj` rjæj`hz hz y Ihgjf Ihgjfr`g r`g Uguzf, hjcft hjcftazf azf quh if egjs egjstrue trueeaõj eaõj `h ujf juhvf hj if prhvaf aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg sh ofsftrfyhetgraf hj if hxasthjeaf `h uj thka`g aj`ustrafi surda`g hj tgrjg f if mhtfimheæjaef, if hihetrõjaef, if químaef y, sgorh tg`g, ifs futgpfrths. Hstf nastgraf prg`uetavf prhhxasthjth sh egmpihmhjtf egj if egjsgia`feaõj `h uj egjkujtg `h ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr quh gchrtfj rheursgs numfjgs hj ærhfs `h ajdhjahríf, egjkujtfmhjth egj if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h uj drupg `h ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg euyfs efpfea`f`hs h ajcrfhstrueturf cuhrgj `h utaia`f` pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi prheh`hjth y fetufi. fe tufi. Hj `aeng trfofkg tfmoaáj sh fjfiazf eõmg sh egjkudf if efpfea`f` `h fosgreaõj y `h egjhetava`f` quh dhjhrfj egjhxagjhs y vajeuifeagjhs egj gtrgs fdhjths, fumhjtfj`g fumhjtfj`g ifs egmphthj egmphthjeafs eafs hj`õdhjfs. Hi hjcgquh shetgrafi y thrratg thrratgrafi rafi frtaeuif hi egjgeamahjtg y if thejgigdíf, igs fetgrhs, ifs rh`hs y ifs ajstatueagjhs, fsí egmg if a`hjtacaefeaõj `h ifs efpfea`f`hs eahjtícaefs y thejgiõdaefs fetufihs `h if hjta`f`, `hs`h if gchrtf `aspgjaoih. Ua oahj hxasthj hihmhjtgs pfrf egjsa`hrfr quh nfy uj hjtgrjg f`heuf`g pfrf `hsfrrgiifr ifs egmphthj egmphthjeafs eafs `h igs fdhjths, igs futgrhs futgrhs sh ajthrr ajthrrgdfj gdfj sgorh if vafoaia`f` `h ifs vhjtfkfs egjstrua`fs pfrf egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhhprgvhh`grhs `arhetgs y hspheafiazf`gs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, if ampgrtfjeaf `h `ashöfr ajehjtavgs pfrf hstamuifr ifs mg`fia`f`hs `h fprhj`azfkh rhquhra`fs, y, egjsheuhjthmhjth, hi pfphi quh `hohræ eumpiar if pgiítaef aj`ustrafi thejgiõdaef `hi hstf`g pfrf fegrtfr hi hsefifmahjtg thejgiõdaeg `h ifs ypymhs hj hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg. Hj hi threhr efpítuig, ’Fetgrhs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi; hi eiusthr `h Vuhrátfrg, ujf gpgrtuja`f` rhdagjfi”, `h Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf, sh `astajduhj ifs hspheacaea`f`hs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg (`ashög, prg`ueeaõj prg`ueeaõj y `astraoueaõj `h trfofkg hj pfrths y egmpgj egmpgjhjths, hjths, egmhreafiazfeaõj) egmhreafiazfeaõj) rhpfrta`fs hj `achrhjths hmprhsfs, pfíshs y rhdagjhs. Xj egjgeamahjtg jhehsfrag pfrf `hthrmajfr if ampgrtfjeaf `h igs gokhtavgs y fiefjehs `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs f`gptf`fs hj vfrags pfíshs g rhdagjhs prg`uetgrfs (Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Xjaõj Hurgphf y Orfsai), pfrtaeuifrmhjth hj Máxaeg y
hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, pfrf egjcgrmfr ujf hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi `h fpgyg f if ajjgvfeaõj, f if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f y f if egifogrf63
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
eaõj `h if ajvhstadfeaõj pûoiaeg-pravf`f. Hj if hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi quh rhcuhrzf if ajthrfeeaõj y if egjhetava`f`, sh `hstfef hi pfphi `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs euyf feeaõj egjtraouyh f if fpiaefeaõj `h ifs f mhkgrfr if ajthrfeeaõj y if`hdhstaõj grdfjazftavf `h ifpgiítaefs ef`hjf pûoiaefs, `h prgvhh`grhs, cgmhjtfj`g cgmhjtfj`g efjfihs v ajeuifeaõj vajeuifeaõj hchetavf hjtrh hi shetgr y igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Hi hkh `hi fjæiasas hstæ fjeif`g hj ifs i fs cuhjths hxthrjfs quh egmp egmpihmhjtfj ihmhjtfj hi `hsfrrgiig ajjgvf`gr `h ifs hmprhsfs, hj uj shetgr `h fitg `hshmphög thejgiõdaeg. F phsfr `hi hscuhrzg hscuhrzg rhfiazf`g, rhfiaz f`g, rhstf rhstf fûj mueng efmajg pgr rhegrrhr, hspheafimhjth hj if eggr`ajfeaõj `h ifs ajaeaftavfs `hspihdf`fs pgr hi shetgr pûoiaeg y pravf`g. Ifs iamatfeagjhs hj hi cajfjeafmahjtg egmphtatavg, egmg if muitapiaea`f` `h ajstrumhjtgs y mg`fia`f`hs, shöfifj if fushjeaf `h uj mg`hig `h rhchrhjeaf quh hstfoihzef quá sh quahrh `hsfrrgiifr, egj quá mh`ags y quá `amhjsagjhs `hohj pragrazfrsh hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr.. If eggr`ajfeaõj puh`h nfehr mæs hchetavf if shihetava`f` `h ifs feshetgr eagjhs hstrftádaefs pfrf hi erheamahjtg cuturg `hi shetgr shetgr.. Hi eufrtg eufrtg efpítuig, efpítuig,’· ’·P Pahjh if aj`ustraf a j`ustraf fhrgjæutaef fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf mhxaefjf ifs if s egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh f if ef`hjf `h vfigr ajthrjfeagjfi `h fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g7”, euyfs futgrfs sgj Cigr Orgwj Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz Saiifigogs, egjstatuyh egjstatuyh uj hscuhrzg pgr a`hjtacaefr hi prgehsg y igs gostæeuigs quh rhprhshjtfj pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi mhxaefjf ajthdrfrsh f ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h vfigr `hi shetgr. Hj hsth hstu`ag sh hjcftazfj ifs cgrmfs `h dgohrjfjzf, hi pfphi `h ifs `hphj`hjeafs duohrjfmhjtfihs y hi drf`g `h prhshjeaf `h igs jõ`uigs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g. Ua oahj if ef`hjf fhrgjæutaef `h nf ifs thja`g igdrgs hjhstæ hi pfís, hs ujf nastgraf `h áxatgs, if eg`acaefeaõj gphrfeagjhs ihkgs jg `h shr egmpihtf y igs jõ`uigs sh efrfethrazfj pgr uj hscuhrzg `h egifogrfeaõj hjtrh eiahjthsprgvhh`grhs. If cfitf `h hxphrahjeaf `h igs prgvhh`grhs iihvf f quh igs egmprf`grhs egmpr f`grhs sh ajvgiuerhj hj if hvfiufeaõj h vfiufeaõj `h if fptatu` `h igs pramhrgs pfrf trfjschrar thejgigdíf. If dgohrjfjzf (`hphj`ahj`g `hi egmpgjhjth egmpgjhjth g `hi prg`uetg) vfríf `h rhifeagjfi f efutavf. Rgr gtrf pfrth, if cfitf `h sucaeahjth phrsgjfi efiacaef`g egj`ueh f ifs hmprhsfs f ajvhrtar a jvhrtar hj egjstrueeaõj egjstrueeaõj `h efpfea`f`hs, hj if quh hi `ashög tahjh uj pfphi míjamg. Hi fjæiasas maerg aiustrf igs `achrhjt `achrhjths hs javhihs
`h if ef`hjf,`hhchetuf`g euftrg hmprhsfssuosa`afraf Ogmofr`ahr ajthdrf`grf sasthmfs,hjUfcrfj-Máxaeg, `hiegmg drupghmprhsf Ufcrfj, quh prg`ueh pfrths pfrf fvagjhs hj sus `achrhjt `achrhjths hs pifjtfs `h Enanufnuf, 64
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Pfmfuiapfs, Hstf`g `h Máxaeg, eau`f` `h Máxaeg y Vuhrátfrg< ifs `gs rhstfjths sgj hmprhsfs prgvhh prgvhh`grfs `grfs igefihs. igefihs . @h hsth hstu`ag sh `hsprhj`h if jhehsa`f` `h egjtfr egj prgdrfmfs hspheícaegs pfrf fthj`hr `h ifs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs f if ef-y `hjf ajthrjfeagjfi, puhs ifsgjajshreaõj pgefs hmprhsfs igefihs ifs quh pfrtaeapfj if mfygríf sh `hshmphöf egmg prgvhh`grfs efutavfs u geupf igs jaengs `h ofkg vfigr fdrhdf`g. Rfrf phrcaifrsh nfeaf prgyhetgs `h fitg ampfetg, sh rhquhraræ ajcrfhstrueturf císaef, mhkgrfs igdístaefs y egj`aeagjhs `h egmujaefeaõj y, cuj`fmhjtfimhjth, cgmhjtfr if ajjgvfeaõj y if efpfea`f` `h fprhj`azfkh. Hi quajtg quajtg efpítuig, `hjgmajf`g ’·Xjf mfquaif`grf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf EfE fiacgrjaf”, `h Kgrdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg, fjfiazf hi `hsfrrgiig hvgiutavg `hi shetgr hj hi pifjg ajthrjfeagjfi, fsí egmg if gpgrtuja`f` quh rhprhshjtfj ifs rhifeagjhs `h suoegjtrftfeaõj, yf quh hstæj mfref`fs pgr if egmpihka`f` erheahjth `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h egjehpeaõj y cforaefeaõj. Hi trfofkg frtaeuif`g hj rh`hs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg phrmath if eggphrfeaõj y hi `hsfrrgiig `h prgyhetgs hspheícaegs y if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h hmprhsfs quh sh `hshmphöfj hj gtrgs javhihs `h if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj. Hj hi efsg `h Máxaeg, sh rhcihkf if thj`hjeaf muj`afi, hj if quh ifs fetava`f`hs `h mhjgr vfigr fdrhdf`g sh `hsfrrgiifj hj igs pfíshs phracáraegs y if aj`ustraf `h pramhr javhi hj igs ehjtrgs `h gphrfeaõj `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs; Hstf`gs Xja`gs y Hurgpf. Efrraiig y Nufi`h prhshjtfj hi efsg `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, Efi acgrjaf, `gj`h hi `hsfrrgiig `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf sh ajaeaf thmprfjfmhjth (hj 6133), egj if ajstfifeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs _gelwhii Egprfjfmhjth iiajs y Uwaten Iuz. Hjtrh ifs efusfs `hi `hsphduh `h if aj`ustraf, ajea`h if ehrefjíf egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y hi fpgyg hstftfi pfrf egjsgia`fr uj egjdigmhrf`g fhrghspfeafi, fujquh saj prheasfr ujf pgiítaef aj`ustrafi pfrf grahjtfr if ftrfeeaõj `h juhvfs pifjtfs y ousefr hspheafiazfeagjhs hj ifs yf hxasthjths. Pakufjf y Mhxaefia egjehjtrfj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr, y hj mhjgr mh`a`f Hjshjf`f y Phefth. Hi `afdjõstaeg `h ifs efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs sh rhifeagjf tfmoaáj egj ifs egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs (táejaefs, grdfjazftavfs, `h f`majastrfeaõj `h jhdgeags, y fetatu`ajfihs), pujtufiazfj`g ifs hspheafia`f`hs prg`uetavfs `h igs táejaegs h ajdhjahrgs, fsí
egmg egmpihka`f` `hoa`g tapg `h pifjtf (hjsfmoif`grf, muitaprgmuitaprg`uetg if egj `ashög y ehjtrg `hfihxehihjeaf hj ajdhjahríf).
6>
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
Hi shxtg y ûitamg ûitamg efpítuig,’Efpfea`f`h ’Efpfea`f`hss `h mfjucfeturf digofi digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths; hmhrdhjths; if aj`ustra aj`ustraff fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfeafi hj hj Ugjgrf”, Ugjgrf”, `h Õsefr C. C. Egjtrhrfs y Æivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf, egmpihmhjtf egmpihmhjtf hi fjæiasas `hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf if rhdaõj jgrth `hi pfís. Hsth trfofkg ofsfshhjhjtrhvasujf hjeuhstf fpiaef`fhjf vhajtaeuftrg pifjtfs `h Ugjgrf, hj ifsshquh tõ f `arhetavgs y egjsuitgrhs hxphrtgs `hi shetgr. Hj Ugjgrf sh uoaefj 05 pifjtfs `hi shetgr she tgr,, egjehjtrf`fs hj `gs zgjfs; zgjfs; Dufymfs-Hmpfimh Dufymfs-Hmpfimh y JgJgdfihs< ifs ifs rhstfjths sh `astraouyhj hj Nhrmgsaiig, Eau`f` Gorhdõj, Eumpfs y Fduf Rrahtf, ig quh rhprhshj rhprhshjtf tf hi 64% `hi tgtfi `h hstfoiheamahjt hstfoiheamahjtgs gs hj hi pfís, sõig hi hstf`g `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf tahjh uj jûmhrg mfygr `h pifjtfs; 85. Egmg hj hi efsg `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf y Vuhrátfrg, sh rhpathj hj hsth hstf`g igs masmgs mgtavgs `h ajstfifeaõj `h hstfs hmprhsfs; egjtfr egj ujf nastgraf prg`uetavf prhvaf. Hj hi efsg ef sg `h Ugjgrf, U gjgrf, if aj`ustraf hihetrõjaef `hsfrrgiiõ egmphthjeafs hj if mfjucfeturf `h egjhetgrhs y frjhshs,, ajeiuyhj`g prg`uetgs hifogrf`gs frjhshs hifogrf`gs egj caorf õptaef, ig eufi supgjh uj umorfi f`heuf`g pfrf fsamaifr fsamaif r juhvf ajcgrmfeaõj y fpiaefrif, yf quh hxasthj egmphthjeafs egmphthjeafs prhvafs `hjtrg `hi shj`hrg hvgiutavg `h igs fdhjths. Hstf efpfea`f` `h fosgreaõj sh rhcihkf hj if grdfjazfeaõj `h trfofkg y if dhstaõj `h if efia`f`, if mfygríf `h ifs hmprhsfs fpiaefrgj prgdrfmfs Ihfj Mfjucfeturajd< gtrfs euhjtfj egj @arheeaõj `h Efia`f` y Uax Uadmf, Uuppiy Enfaj Mfjfdmhjt (UEM), jhehsfrags pfrf igs shrvaeags `h prgvhh`uríf quh prhstfj tfjtg hj Ugjgrf egmg hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs. If cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f `h igs ajdhjahrgs rhefh hj ifs hmprhsfs< if vajeuifeaõj egj fdhjths hxthrjgs hs ajeapahjth, ajeapahjth, fujquh sh phrcaif if feeaõj rhifeagjfi `h eahrtfs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs pfrf ajthdrfr ajthdrfr f ifs phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs hj mhref`gs digofihs y cgrtfihehr if ef`hjf `h vfigr `h ifs aj`ustrafs hj ærhfs `h `ashög, mfjucfeturf y shrvaeags.
61
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Cuhjths Fhrgspfeh Ugureh Oggl Og gl (?221). (?221). ’Ciyajd Fergss Fmhraef; Pnh Oggl”, Oggl”, F`vasgr F`vasgryy Egujeai cgr Fhrgjfutaes Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren _hshf ren aj Hurgph (FEF_H) (?262 (?262),),’Fhrgjfutaes fj` Far Prfjspgrt; Ohygj` Sasagj ?2?2 (tgwfr`s ?282)”, Hurgphfj Egmmassagj. Fvaftagj Thhl (?221), Fhrghspfeh Ugureh Oggl , `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www. fvaftagjwhhl.egm/fw/sgurehoggl/aj`hx.ksp:, fvaftagjwhhl.egm/fw/sgure hoggl/aj`hx.ksp:, egjsuitf`f hj kujag `h ?26?. Ohjsusæj, D. y K. Efrraiig (?26?). ’I ’Iff rhhstrueturfeaõj aj`ustrafi egj rhspgjsfoaia`f` oaia` f` sgeafi sgea fi y igs saj`aeft saj`aeftgs; gs; fidujfs fiduj fs hxphrahjea hxp hrahjeafs fs hj Máxaeg”, Máxaeg”, hj Kfihtth, R. R. y I. _guihfu (h`s.), Rhrsphetavhs muita`amhjsagjjhiihs sur ihs rhstrueturftagjs, Vuhohe, Rrhsshs `h i‑Xjavhrsatá Ifvfi (Egiihetagj Prfvfai ht Hmpiga â i‑îrh `h if Mgj`afiasftagj) (hj prhjsf). Orghlhi, P. y _. Ogsenmf (?262). Fvaftagj, gr Fhrghspfeh7 tnh , vgi. Hxpigrajd 28, jûm. 62, Ljgwih`dh Jhtwgrls gc Pwg Aj`ustrahs aj Upfeh tnh Jhtnhrifj`s Rnaiapps-Xjavhrsatàt Mfrourd. Nufi`h, F. y Efrraiig, K. (?224). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. Efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs y egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs y prgchsagjfihs prgchsagjfihs, Pakufjf Pakufjf,, Máxaeg, Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth, pp. 632. Ih Orhtgj, @. (?220). I‑Ajthrfetagjjasmh symogiaquh, Rrhsshs Xjavhrsatfarhs `h Crfjeh. Ihvy, _. y @. Pfiogt (?262). ’Ih egjtrgih pfr if prgxamatá; i‑fjfiysh `u ráshfu `u pgih `h egmpátatavatá egmpát atavatá Fhrgspfeh Sfiihy” Sfiihy”,, euf`hrjg `h trfofkg `h D_HPnF, jûm. ?262-2>, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//a`hfs.rhphe.grd.p/drt/wphdrt/?2622>:, egjsuitf`g hj kujag `h ?26?. Jagsa, K. y M. [hdu (?228). ’Fhrgspfeh eiusthr; igefi gr digofi ljgwih`dh spaiigvhrs7”, Aj`ustry fj` Ajjgvftagj, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp. 6-?8. Ufmmfrrf, F. y I. I . Oaddahrg (?22>).’ Nhthr Nhthrgdhjhaty gdhjhaty fj` Upheacaeaty gc Ajthr Ajthr-carm -carm Ljgwih`dh Cigws aj Ajjgvftagj Jhtwgrls”, K Kgurj gurjfi fi gc Mfjfdhmhjt Mfjfdhmhjt Utu`ahs Utu`ahs, vgi. 08, jûm. 0. Tgich, @.F., E. @fvas y M. Iuefs (?228). ’Digofi Jhtwgrls fj` Igefi Iajlfdhs; Fj Ajtrg`ueta Ajtrg`uetagj” gj”,, hj @.F. @. F. Tgich Tgich y M. Iuefs Iuefs (h`s. (h`s.),), Digofi Jhtwgrl Jhtwgrlss fj` Igefi Iajlfdhs; Pnh Rfrf`gx gc Eiusthr @hvhigpmhjt aj fj Gphj Hegjgmy, Mgjtrhfi, MeDaii-Vuhhjs, Xjavhrsaty Rrhss cgr Vuhhj‑s Uenggi gc Rgiaey
Utu`ahs.
?2
Efpítuig A Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs ajstatueagjfihs; hj Mgjtrhfi hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi Iueah Mgrasshtth,* Rnaiapph Ofrrá,** Enrastafj Iávhsquh,* Ifurhjeh Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,* Mfreaf Uaivharf***
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
H
sth efpítuig sh ajthrhsf hj if hvgiueaõj y hj if `ajæmaef hstrueturfi, rfeagjfi h ajstatueagjfi quh efrfethrazf fi egjdigmhrf`g `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj if rhdaõj `h Mgjtrhfi< Mgjtrhfi< ujf aj`ustraf quh q uh `hshmphöf uj pfphi ehjtrfi hj if hegjgmíf quhohquhjsh egj sus ?58 hmprhsfs, eufrhjtf mai hmpihgs y vhjtfs pgr `geh mai maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Hsth `hsfrrgiig jg hs fkhjg f ifs vhjtfkfs quh sh ftraouyhj f if egjstatueaõj `h igs egjdigmhrf`gs egjdigm hrf`gs aj`ustrafihs (eiusthrs). Igs eiusthrs sgj prhshjtf`gs f mhju`g egmg uj juhvg mg`hig `h grdfjazfeaõj aj`ustrafi cihxaoih quh sh fpgyf hj ujf egmoajfeaõj `h mhefjasmgs quh cfvgrhehj if eggphrfeaõj y ifs rhifeagjhs `h egjcafjzf hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs< y quh fpfrhehj egmg ujf fithrjftavf fi mg`hig `h if drfj carmf vhrtaefimhjth ajthdrf`f, ajthdrf`f, ofsf`f hj igs prajeapags `hi mg`hig prg`uetavg tfyigrastf-cgr`astf. tfyigrastf-cgr`astf. Ifs If s hmprhsfs ajthdrfjths `h hstgs egjkuj egjkujtgs tgs y quh sh nfiifj nfi ifj hj egmphthjeaf hjtrh sí, hspheícaefmhjth hspheícaefmhjth hj ig quh rhsphetf f if gothjeaõj `h mhref`gs, `hsfrrgiifj hstrfthdafs `h gphrfeaõj quh ihs fshdurfj, hj rhifeaõj egj sus egmphta`grfs ajthrjfeagjfihs, vhjtfkfs hj if egjeurrhjeaf, prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhjth hj hi pifjg `h if ajjgvfeaõj (Orfmwhii, Jhiihs y Tgich, ?22>< Daoiaj, ?266< Ragrh y Ufohi, 61>0).
* NHE Mgjtráfi. ** Xjavhrsatá `h Mgjtráfi. *** XVFM. ?6
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
Fidujgs trfofkgs rheahjths fehref `h igs egjdigm egjdigmhrf`gs hrf`gs aj`ustrafihs muhstrfj quh igs efmoags hj if hegjgmíf pgiítaef muj`afi mg`acaefj sustfjeafimhjth if egjcadurfeaõj hstrueturfi y rhifeagjfi ([hatiaj, ?22>) quh igs vuhivh ef`f vhz mæs `avhrsacaef`gs. Igs egjdigmhrf`gs sh egmpgjhj `h ujf fmfidfmf `h mh`afjfs y phquhöfs hmprhsfs (pymhs) y `h carmfs muitajfeagjfihs (Enrastgpnhrsgj y Eifrl, ?224< Jagsa y [nhdu, ?228). Hstf `achrhjeafeaõj ajthrjf sh egjkudf egj ujf mfygr ajthdrfeaõj ajthdrfeaõj f if hegjgmíf muj`afi. Igs hstfoiheamahjtgs hstfoiheamahjtgs quh egjcgrmfj uj egjdigmhrf`g sh ajshrtfj ajerhmhjtfimhjth hj ef`hjfs `h vfigr trfjscrgjthrazfs y sh fprgvasagjfj hxthrjfmhjth `h mfthrafihs y prg`uetgs, juhvfs thejgigdífs y præetaefs `h dhstaõj. @h @h hsth mg`g, igs egjdigmhrf`gs aj`ustrafihs fpfrhehj egmg ef`f vhz mhjgs futgsucaeahjths. F`hmæs, hj if drfj mfygríf `h igs hstu`ags, yf shf hxpiíeatf g ampiíeatfmhjth tfmhjth, , sh shöfif if ampgrtfjeaf ajstatueagjhs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, ujavhrsa`f`hs, ujavhr sa`f`hs, fsgeafeagjhs`h`hifsjhdgeags, egmat(ehjtrgs egmatás ás shetgrafihs) she tgrafihs) quh pfrtaeapfj hj hi `hsfrrgiig y hj hi áxatg `h igs egjdigmhrf`gs egjdigmhrf`gs aj`ustrafihs (Orfmwhii, Jhiihs y Tgich, Tgich, ?22>< Rhrhz-Fihmfj, Rhrhz-Fihmfj , ?228). Rgr gtrg if`g, if iathrfturf sh `htahjh muy pgeg hj `hseraoar ifs efrfethrístaefs y ifs cujeagjhs `h hstfs hstf s ajstatueagjhs, y mhjgs fuj hj fjfiazfr fjfiaz fr su hvgiueaõj hj igs egjkujtgs rhdagjfihs rhdagjfihs hj igs quh sh ajshrtfj (Rfrtg, ?22>). Uaj hmofrdg, igs egjdigmhrf`gs aj`ustrafihs hvgiueagjfj, sh trfjscgrmfj y f`fptfj, ajeiusg hj ig rhchr rhchrhjth hjth f igs feuhr`gs ajstatueagjfihs quh igs efrfethrazfj. Fi rhsphetg, Rfrlhr (?26?) suorfyf quh sgj pgegs igs hstu`ags egjsfdrf`gs fi hxfmhj `hi prgehsg quh iihvf f if erhfeaõj `h juhvfs ajstatueagjhs y rheursgs hj uj egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi. Hstg hj pfrth hs ftraouaoih f ujf vasaõj va saõj rída`f `h igs egjdigmhrf`gs, puhs puhs sh egj`hphj`hjey (’trfyhetgsa`hrf quh sh hjeuhjtrfj iamatf`gs pgr ujf pftn `hphj`hjey raf `h `hphj`hjeaf” `hphj`hjeaf”).). Rgr hi egjtrfrag, juhstrf pgsturf thõraef jgs iihvf f sgsthjhr quh igs egjdigmhrf`gs egjdig mhrf`gs aj`ustrafihs y ifs if s ajstatueagjhs ajthdrf`fs fní hvgiueagjfj trfjscgrmfj`g trfjscgrm fj`g ifs egjcadurfeagj egjcadurfeagjhs hs hstrueturfihs, egdjatavfs h ajstatueagjfihs, ig quh dhjhrf juhvfs hxthrjfia`f`hs pfrf hi egjdigmhrf`g. egjdigmhrf`g. Rfrf aiustrfr juhstrg gokhtavg, hsth efpítuig prhshjtf hi gradhj y if
hvgiueaõj `h ifs ajstatueagjhs satuf`fs hj hi egjdigmhrf`g `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi `h if drfj rhdaõj `h Mgjtrhfi, ofsæj`gsh hj ujf shrah `h hjtrhvastfs (j=?8) rhfiazf`fs hjtrh ?262 y ?266 f rhprhshjtfjths rhprhshjtfjths `hi dgoahrjg, `h fsgeafeagjhs, `h saj`aeftgs y `h drfj`hs y phquhöfs hmprhsfs. ??
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
Juhstrg fjæiasas muhstrf if egmpihka`f` `h ifs `ajæmaefs ajstatueagjfihs Juhstrg efrfethrazf`fs pgr hi surdamahjtg `h juhvfs a`hfs, jgrmfs y præetaefs, quh ajea`hj egjerhtfmhjth hj igs fetgrhs. Hj prajeapag, prhshjtfrhmgs ifs drfj`hs thj`hjeafs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi< `hspuás, if hvgiueaõj `h if mgrcgigdíf `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi quhohquhjsh, `hthrmajfj`g ifs `achrhjths ajstatueagjhs quh drfvatfj hj su hjtgrjg, fsí egmg uj fjæiasas `h ifs `ajæmaefs `ajæmaef s rhifeagjfihs y ifs fpuhstfs fetufihs fetufi hs `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi. If egjeiusaõj sh ajeiajf sgorh if iõdaef quh mg`hif hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs ajstatueagjfihs. ajstatueagjf ihs.
Hstrueturf y hvgiueaõj `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfeafi digofi If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh efrfethrazf pgrucfeturhrfs ujf hstrueturf parfma`fi `gmajf`f pgr fidujfs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs, mfjucfeturhrfs mfj `h hquapg gradajfi mfjucfeturhr, GHM), y pgr ujf drfj `hphj`hjeaf hj (gradajfi hquapmhjt mfjucfeturhr rhifeaõj egj if ajjgvfeaõj, if ajvhstadfeaõj y hi `hsfrrgiig (A+@) (Jagsa y [nhdu, ?228< Sfrdf y Fiihj, ?223< EFFN_F, ?22>). If efrthrf `h eiahjths y if efpfea`f` `h prg`ueeaõj hstæj `asphrsfs hj hi muj`g. Hstf aj`ustraf eíeiaef hjcrhjtf ujf cuhrth egmphthjeaf ajthrjfeagjfi y gcrheh fvagjhs y nhiaeõpthrgs pfrf igs mhref`gs eavai y maiatfr (Mgjtgrg y Madgj, ?221). Hi mhref`g pfrf hi fvaõj eavai sh `hsegmpgjh hj trhs shdmhjtgs; ifrdf `astfjeaf, fvagjhs rhdagjfihs y igs fvagjhs pfrf hkheutavgs. hkhe utavgs. F if efohzf `h if aj`ustraf, hjegjtrfmgs f ifs GHM, rhspgjsfoihs `hi hjsfmoifkh cajfi y `h if i f hjtrhdf `h igs prg`uetgs fefof`gs (cadurf 6). Hstfs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs g ajthdrf`grfs sh `ava`hj hj `gs efthdgrífs; ifs suphr pramh, hj hi shdmhjtg `h igs fvagjhs `h mæs `h 6?2 pifzfs y ifs jaenh pramh, hspheafiazf`fs hj igs fvagjhs rhdagjfihs `h tfmfög ajchragr f ifs 6?2 pifzfs pifz fs (Mgjtgrg y Madgj, ?221). _hsphetg _hsphetg `h if ifrdf `astfjeaf, hi mhref`g hs egjtrgif`g pgr if hurgphf h urgphf Farous (HF@U) y if hstf`guja`hjsh Oghajd. Fujquh Fujquh egj hi EUhrahs, EU hrahs, egj ujf efpfea`f` quh vf `h 662 f 652 pifzfs, Ogmofr`ahr Fárgjfutaquh Fárgjfutaquh hjtrf hj egmpht egmphthjeaf hjeaf egj igs mæs phquhögs mg`higs `h hstgs `gs ajthdrf`grhs. Rgr hkhmpig, Farous gcrh-
eh fvagjhs quh vfj `h 624 y 6>8 pifzfs hj su shrah F5?2. Oghajd, egj egj su shrah 454, gcrheh gcrheh fvagjhs quh vfj `h 662 f 6>2 pifzfs, mahjtrfs quh Hmorfhr suhöf egj hjtrfr hj hsth shdmhjtg.
?5
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
If egmphthjeaf saduh sahj`g adufimhjth cuhrth hj hi mhref`g `h igs fvagjhs rhdagjfihs, quh rhûjh f muengs mæs egmphta`grhs; egmphta`grhs; Ogmofr`ahr (Efjf`æ), Hmorfhr (Orfsai), FP_ (Crfjeaf-Atfiaf) y igs rheaáj iihdf`gs egmg Matsuoasna (Kfpõj), Uulnga (_usaf), Egmfe (Enajf) y pgsaoihmhjth tfmoaáj Aj`afj _hdagjfi Khts pfrf hi fög ?264. Fidujfs `h hstfs hmprhsfs, f ifs quh sh s h sumfj Ehssjf y Nfwlhr Ohhenerfct, Ohhenerfct, hstæj fetavfs hj if aj`ustraf `hi fvaõj `h jhdgeags. Ifs `achrhjths hmprhsfs ií`hrhs sgj shdua`fs pgr hi javhi ?, hi `h igs cforaefjths `h hquapgs, rhspgjsfoihs `h igs sasthmfs ajstfif`gs, `h igs sasthmfs `h prgpuisaõj y `h ifs hstrueturfs. Ifs egmpföífs sgj, hj su mfygmfygríf,, muitajfeagjfihs, ríf muitajfeagjfihs, egmg Rrftt & Tnatjhy Tnatjhy,, _giis-_gyeh, Fihjaf, EFH y Sgivg Fhrg. Q mfjtahjhj rhifeagjhs pravaihdaf`fs egj ifs carmfs `h javhi 6 (Daujtf, ?222). Hstgs prgvhh`grhs `h hquapgs egjvgefj f su vhz f jumhrgsgs prgvhh`grhs y suoegjtrftf`gs quhprajeapfimhjth sh satûfj hj hiegj javhiifs5.hmprhIfs hmprhsfs hmprhsf s `h hsth javhi ajthrfetûfj sfs `hi javhi ?, g hjtrh hmprhsfs hmprhsfs `hi masmg javhi 5, y fidujfs fidujf s vhehs `arhetfmhjth egj ifs hmprhsfs `hi javhi 6 (Daujtf, ?222< Mgjtgrg y Madgj, ?221). Hj hi ûitamg javhi, hi 0, sh hjeuhjtrfj ifs hmprhsfs quh prgvhhj ifs mfthrafs pramfs pfrf hi egjkujtg `h if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj. Egmg Egmg sh goshrvfræ, igs efmoags hj eursg hj if aj`ustraf mg`acaefj `h mfjhrf ampgrtfjth hstf egjehpeaõj ‐mæs oahj hstætaef y cakf‐ `h ifs rhifeagjhs ajthrhm ajthrhmprhsfrafihs. prhsfrafihs. If ajjgvfeaõj hs hshjeafi hj if i f aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Cuhrths Cuhrths ajvhrsagjhs hj A+@ sgj jhehsfrafs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hhmprhsfs prg`uetgshstæj thejgiõdaefmhjth egmpihkgs, hj uj egjthxtg hj hi quh ifs mæs hxpuhstfs quh fjths f ifs if s ihyhs `hi mhref`g. Hj hchetg, hchetg, if aj`ustraf f ifrdg pifzg dgzf `h suovhjeagjhs maiatfrhs mai atfrhs pfrf rhfiazfr rhfiazfr A+@. Uaj hmofrdg, egj egj hi caj `h if duhrrf críf, ifs hmprhsfs nfj vastg `hrrumofrsh hstfs suovhjeagjhs y nfj sa`g cgrzf`fs f grahjtfrsh nfeaf ujf hegjgmíf `h mhref`g (Pfiogt, ?222< Naelah, ?223< Efrrajefzhfux y Cradfjt, ?224). Hsth hchetg trfjscgrmõ, egjsheuhjthmhjth, if grdfjazfeaõj `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr `h hstf aj`ustraf. Nfstf hjtgjehs, `aenf ef`hjf hstfof egj-
trgif`f pgr if GHM, quh `hsfrrgiifof pgr sí masmf hi egjkujtg `h uj fvaõj, suoegjtrftfj`g if cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs eg sus prgvhh`grhs, quh hrfj jumhrgsgs pfrf iamatfr ujf pgsaoih `hphj`hjeaf rhsphetg `h fidujg `h hiigs (_gsh-Fj`hrsshj ht fi., ?22>). Hj igs fögs jgvhjtf, if aj`ustraf f`gptõ igs prajeapags `h if prg`ueeaõj `hidf`f (ihfj prg`uetagj), egj hi ?0
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
i 6 v h a J
i ? v h a J
i 5 h a v J
Cadurf 6. Ef`hjf `h vfigr `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Cuhjth; XU Ajthrjftagjfi Prf`h Egmmassagj (?226).
prgpõsatg `h `asmajuar prgpõsatg `a smajuar sus egstgs y rhspgj`hr fsí f ifs hxadhjeafs `hi mhref`g (Daujtf, (Daujtf , ?222< Pfiogt Pfiogt,, ?222< Ohfu`ry Ohfu`ry, ?226< Jagsa y [nhdu, [nhdu , ?228< ht fi., Umatn Prfjcahi`, Prfjcahi` , ?228< Adfihjs Adfihjs y Sajehjs, _gsh-Fj`h rsshj ?22>).yHj if pramhrf `áef`f `hi sadig ^^A, hi?223< shetgr_gsh-Fj`hrsshj egjgeaõ ujf ajthjsacaefeaõj `hi prgehsg `h `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj `h ifs fetava`f`hs f ig ifrdg `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr (Duhrrf ht fi., ?262). Ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs hxadahrgj jg sgifmhjth ujf mfygr pfrtaeapfeaõj `h igs prgvhh`grhs hj hi suohjsfmoifkh y hj hi `ashög `h prg`uetgs, sajg tfmoaáj ujf erheahjth pfrtaeapfeaõj hj igs rahsdgs y `hsvhjtfkfs quh q uh ampiaef if A+@ (_gsh-Fj`hrsshj ht fi., ?22>)< Duhrrf ht fi., ?262). F`hmæs, ajthjtfrgj rh`uear hi hi jûmhrg `h sus prgvhh`grhs pfrf egjshrvfr sõig f igs mhkgrhs. Rfrf igdrfrig, igs prg-
vhh`grhs cuhrgj puhstgs f egmphtar f javhi ajthrjfeagjfi. @h hsth mg`g, hj igs ûitamgs fögs, if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj sh nf digofiazf`g; hi egjtr egjtrfftg hs pfetf`g egj hi prgvhh`gr, prgvhh`gr, sftascfeahj`g ifs hxadhjeafs `hi eiahjth; if prgxama`f` prgx ama`f` dhgdræcaef yf jg hs mæs uj cfetgr `hthrmajfjth pgr sí masmg (Orgwj, ?222< Daujtf, ?222< Pfiogt, ?222). ?8
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
If ef`hjf `h vfigr `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh fpgyf fetufimhjth hj `gs paifrhs pramgr`afihs; 6) if `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj `h ifs fetava`f`hs prg`uetavfs y if A+@ f ig ifrdg `h tg`f if ef`hjf `h vfigr, vfigr, y ?) if ajthjsacaefeaõj `h fsgeafeagjhs fsg eafeagjhs pfrf egmpfrtar igs rahsdgs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs ajthdrf`grfs y sus prajeapfihs prgvhh`grhs. Rfrf Duhrrf ht fi. (?262), igs ajthdrf`grhs nfj egjehjtrf`g firh`h`gr `h eajeg fetava`f`hs eifvh (egrh egmphthjeahs); if mhref`gthejaf, hi `hsfrrgiig `h prg`uetgs, hi hjsfmoif kh cajfi, if egmhrea egmhreafiazfeaõ fiazfeaõj, j, y hi shrvaeag shrvaeag f eiahjths. eiahjths. Ifs gtrfs fetava` fetava`f`hs f`hs nfj sa`g trfjschra`fs f ig ifrdg `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr. Hstgs efmoags hva`hjeafj ifs fsamhtrífs `h pg`hr hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi< egjstatua`f, prajeapfimhjth, pgr uj sasthmf egmpihkg `h rhifeagjhs `h pg`hr (_gsh-Fj`hrsshj ht fi., ?22>). Uhdûj eahrtgs hstu`ags, ifs hmprhsfs hj if eamf e amf `h if ef`hjf ampgjhj sus `heasagjhs f sus prgvhh`grhs (Drfy ht fi., 6113< Daujtf, ?222< Pfiogt, ?222< Umatn h Aorfnam, ?223). Ifs carmfs ajthdrf`grfs y igs cforaefjths `h hquapgs `gmajfj f sus prgvhh`grhs, quahjhs jg tahjhj gtrf gpeaõj mæs quh rhsphtfr ifs hxadhjeafs `h sus eiahjths hj hi egstg, if efia`f` y if chenf `h hjtrhdf, sa hs quh `hshfj egjshduar igs egjtrftgs (Umatn y Prfjcahi`, ?228). Rgr hkhmpig, Fihjaf, ujf carmf `h javhi ? hj Atfiaf, rhhstrueturõ su ef`hjf `h vfigr pfrf shr egmphtatavf. Fi Fi cajfi `hi prgehsg `h rh`ueeaõj, `h igs 60?2 prgvhh`grhs ajaeafihs, jg quh`frgj mæs quh vhajth (Daujtf, ?222). Fujquh hj if fetufia`f` nfy ujf egjvhrdhjeaf hj ifs hstrfthdafs `h jhdgeags `h igs prajeapfihs cforaefjths `h fvagjhs, hsth mg`hig cuh f`gptf`g hiigs hjFarous, `astajtgs mgmhjtgs (Mgjtgrg y Madgj,nf?221< Duhfi., ?262). rrf ht pgr sahj`g uj egjsgreag `h hmprhsfs, cfvgrhea`g sahmprh ifs rhifeagjhs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs. Hi F5?2 cuh hjthrfmhjth egjehoa`g ofkg uj mg`hig `h fsgeafeaõj `h egpfrtaeapfeaõj `h rahsdg. Hj Hmorfhr,, hsth mg`hig sh ajaeaõ f cajfihs `h igs jgvhjtf pfrf if prg`ueeaõj Hmorfhr `h igs fvagjhs H_K608< fujquh jg cuh sajg mæs tfr`h, fi ajaeag `h if `áef`f `hi ?222, eufj`g if hmprhsf hxthj`aõ hxthj`aõ ifs fsgeafeagjhs `h egpfrtaeapfeaõj `h rahsdg, pfrf if prg`ueeaõj `h sus fvagjhs H642/612. Rgr su pfrth, Ogmofr`ahr jg utaiazõ hsth mg`hig `h jhdgeags sajg
nfstf nfeh pgeg tahmpg, egj if puhstf hj mfrenf `h su prgdrfmf EUhrahs. Cajfimhjth, Cajfimhjth, Oghajd f`gptõ hstf hstrfthdaf pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hi 4>4 @rhfmiajhr,, hi eufi hstæ hj su cfsh `h ehrtacaefeaõj ajthrjfeagjfi. @rhfmiajhr
?3
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
Hsgs efmoags jg geurrhj ge urrhj saj quh thjdfj rhphreusagjhs hj igs egjdigmhrf`gs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi muj`afi, egmg egmg eifrfmhjth ig muhstrf hi uoaef`g hj if prgvajeaf `h Vuhohe, Efjf`æ.
Hvgiueaõj `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Mgjtrhfi If egjehjtrfeaõj `h hmprhsfs hmprhsfs hj if zgjf dhgdræcaef `hi drfj Mgjtrhfi sh hxpiaef pgr `avhrsgs cfetgrhs nastõraegs. @h @h mfjhrf dhjhrfi, hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi nf thja`g trhs phrag`gs; hi surdamahjtg (61226108), hi erheamahjtg (6108-6148) y if egjsgia`feaõj (6143-?226). F pfrtar `hi fög ?222, if aj`ustraf mgjtrhfihjsh mgjtrhfihjsh sh nfiif hj ujf cfsh `h rhgr rhgr-dfjazfeaõj. @hs`h sus ajaeags, hstf aj`ustraf mgstrõ ujf cuhrth thj`hjeaf f if cgrmfeaõj `h fdrupfmahjtgs aj`ustrafihs ([nhdu, ?224). Hj Efjf`æ, hi phrag`g `h surdamahjtg sh efrfethrazf pgr uj ihjtg `hsphduh y pgr if `asphrsaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs. If fvafeaõj, fjths quh jf`f, hs uj jhdgeag `h fpfsagjf`gs. F phsfr `h uj `áoai ajthrás pgr pfrth `hi shdmhjtg maiatfr, maiatfr, if `hmfj`f eavai hs ampgrtfjth pfrf egmphjsfr `h hstf mfjhrf ifs ajcrfhstrueturfs pgeg `hsfrrgiif`fs hj uj pfís ajmhjsg. Fsí, thjhmgs quh igs prajeapfihs eiahjths sgj hi egrrhg fárhg, igs egjsgreags hmprhsfrafihs `h ehiuigsf y pfphi (quh vadaifj igs ajehj`ags `h igs ogsquhs) y igs dgoahrjgs quh nfehj if efrtgdrfcíf `h rhdagjhs fihkf`fs (Pnaccfuit, ?220). @urfjthgigs fögs vhajth, if mfygríf `h igs fvagjhs efjf`ahjshs hrfj f`quara`gs rhjtf`gs hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs. Hj 61?5, Efjf`afj Saelhrs, ujf caiafi oratæjaef, sh ifjzõ f if prg`ueeaõj `h fvagjhs fjcaoags egmg egmpihmhjtg `h sus fetava`f`hs hj if aj`ustraf jfvfi. If hmprhsf sh ajstfiõ hj Mgjtrhfi. Hj 61?8, if Rrftt & Tnatjhy Pggi Pggi egjstatuíf egjstatuíf if Rrftt & Tnatjhy Far Erfct Egmpfjy. Egmpfjy. Uu pramhr mgtgr, hi Tfsp, sh vgivaõ if hiheeaõj pravaihdaf`f `h ifs frmf`fs hstf`guja`hjsh y efjf`ahjsh. Hstf ûitamf hxadaõ, f efmoag `h prgmhsfs
`h egmprf, quh if hmprhsf forahrf forahrf uj tfiihr `h rhvasaõj `h mgtgrhs hj Ef jf`æ. Fsí cuh egmg Rrftt Rrftt & Tnatjhy Tnatjhy Efjf`f sh ajstfiõ hj if ravhrf sur `h Mgjtrhfi hj 61?>, satag quh fûj geupf ge upf hj juhstrgs `ífs. `íf s. Hj 61?>, if egmpföíf oratæjaef @h Nfvaiifj` cuj`õ @h Nfvaiifj` Efjf`f hj Pgrgjtg. @urfjth igs fögs trhajtf, hmprhsfs hmprhsfs `h gradhj oratæjaeg g hstf`guja`hjsh, hspheafiazf`fs hj ig fhrghspfeafi, amatfrgj f Saelhrs Saelhrs y f @h Nfva?4
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
iifj`, ajstfiæj`gsh hj if rhdaõj `h Gjtfrag y hj Vuhohe. If prhshjeaf `h aj`ustrafs futgmgtraehs, mheæjaefs, jfvfihs y `h trfjspgrths (chrrgefrraihs) muy prgjtg ftrfkg hmprhsfs f ifs ehrefjífs `h Pgrgjtg y Mgjtrhfi ([nhdu, ?224). Hj hchetg, igs pramhrgs fvaf`grhs hstfofj hj if oûsquh`f `h ujf vhtf `h mfjg `h gorf egmphthjth, fsí egmg `h if hxphrahjeaf thejgiõdaef egjehjtrf`f egjehjtrf`f hj hstfs rhdagjhs. If enaspf quh ampuisõ f if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi efjf`ahjsh cuh if shduj`f duhrrf muj`afi. Hi hscuhrzg `hmfj`f`g pgr if duhrrf ampiaeõ uj fumhjtg `hi vgiumhj `h prg`ueeaõj egj cajhs oáiaegs. oáiaegs. Hstg egjtraouyõ egjtraouyõ fi `hsfrrgiig `h ifs egmphthjeafs efjf`ahjshs hj if prg`ueeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs. Rrftt & Tnatjhy Efjf`f ferhehjtõ su mfhstríf hj hi `ashög y hj if egjstrueeaõj `h mgtgrhs. Uaj hmofrdg, hmofrdg, if egjehpeaõj y hi `ashög ` ashög `h igs fvagjhs sh egjehjtrfof hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y hj Ajdifthrrf; Ajdifthrrf; ifs hmprhsfs efjf`ahjshs cforaefofj ofkg iaehjeaf. Pfmoaáj `urfjth hsth phrag`g, hi dgoahrjg fsumaõ uj pfphi prhpgj`hrfjth hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hj 6100, Efjf`afj Saelhrs eh`aõ fi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh su rfmf fhrgjæutaef, quh cuj`õ if hmprhsf Efjf`far. Ástf cuh vhj`a`f ræpa`fmhjth, hj 6103, f Hihetrae Ogfts, quh sh egjvartaõ, pgr egjsaduahjth, hj Dhjhrfi @yjfmaes. If egmpföíf @h Nfvaiifj` tfmoaáj cuh egmprf`f pgr hi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh, mfjthjahj`g if prgpah`f` `urfjth efsa eufrhjtf fögs. Fvrg Fvrg saduaõ hi masmg `hstajg hj 6134. Egmg egjsheuhjeaf `h ifs pgiítaefs ch`hrfihs `h hstímuig y `h cajfjeafmahjtg `arhetg, if aj`ustraf sh egjehjtrõ firh`h`gr `h Efjf`far, @h Nfvaiifj` `hhstf Fvrg, Fvrg, ifs eufihs if mfygríf `h igs egjtrftgs efjf`ahjshs. y@h mfjhrf, ifs gotuvahrgj trhs hmprhsfs hrfj rhspgjsfoihs `hi >0% `h if prg`ueeaõj `h fvagjhs hj Efjf`æ ([nhdu, ([nhdu , ?224). Ifs egmprfs y ifs ajvhrsagjhs ajvhrsag jhs hchetuf`fs pgr hi dgoahrjg ajea`aræj hj cfvgr `h if erhfeaõj `h ujf aj`ustraf efjf`ahjsh `h if fvafeaõj. Hj Vuhohe, Efjf`far y Rrftt Rrftt & Tnatjhy hstfræj hjtrh ifs egmpföífs pravaihdaf`fs. Pfmoaáj cuh hi efsg `h EFH, ujf hmprhsf hspheafiazf`f hj mg`hiasmg, samuifeaõj samuifeaõj y cgrmfeaõj pfrf if fvafeaõj eavai y maiatfr maiatfr.. If hmprhsf, cuj`f`f hj Mgjtrhfi hj
6104 pgr uj gcaeafi `h if Fvaftagj _gyfih `u Efjf`f (F_E), gotuvg uj egjtrftg egjtr ftg `hi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh hj 618?. Hi ajaeag `hi phrag`g `h egjsgia`feaõj `h if aj`ustraf efjf`ahjsh sh efrfethrazõ pgr if egmpihka`f` thejgiõdaef `h igs prg`uetgs y pgr uj erheahjth (fujquh iuhdg `herheahjth) pfphi `hi Hstf`g. Rfrf Rfrf hjcrhjtfr if erasas erasas `h cajfihs `h igs shthjtf, hi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh ajthjsacaeõ ifs ajvhrsagjhs ?>
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
`arhetfs hj hi shetgr. F`quaraõ Efjf`far hj 6143. Uaj hmofrdg, hi fdgtfmahjtg `h hsth mg`hig, f prajeapags `h igs fögs genhjtf, foraõ if aj`ustraf fi cajfjeafmahjtg pravf`g. @h Nfvaiifj` pfsõ fhj mfjgs Oghajd. If hmprhsf Efjf`far cuh f`quara`f pgr Ogmofr`ahr 61>3.`h Hstf egmpföíf quhohquhjsh, cuj`f`f hj 610? pgr Kgshpn-Frmfj` Ogmofr`ahr, jg thjíf jajdujf hxphrahjeaf hj fhrgjæutaef; hj sus ajaeags, Ogmofr`ahr cforaefof mgtgs pfrf jahvh. j ahvh. @hspuás, hj 6140, sh `avhrsacaeõ fi hjtrfr fi shetgr `hi trfjspgrth chrrgvafrag, hj hi quh egjsgia`õ su pgsaeaõj f hsefif hsefif muj`afi. Egj if cajfia`f` `h f`quarar egjgeamahjtgs y mhref`gs egmpihegmpihmhjtfrags hj fhrgjæutaef, Ogmofr`ahr prgeh`aõ f muenfs gtrfs f`quasaeagjhs; Ungrt Orgtnhrs Orgtnhrs (61>1), Ihfrkht (6112) y @h Nfvaiifj` (611?) `h Oghajd. F phsfr `h su pfuiftajg rhtarg, hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi tuvg ujf cujeaõj mfygr hj if ajstfifeaõj `h gtrf hmprhsf eifvh pfrf hi egjdigmhrf`g `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Hj 61>5, pfrf `hsfrrgiifr ujf aj`ustraf igefi `h nhiaeõpt nhiaeõpthrgs, hrgs, hi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh ajehjtavõ f Ohii Nhiaegp Nhiaegpthr thr Phxtrgj pfrf quh sh ajstfifrf hj hi pfís; if hmprhsf gptõ pgr if rhdaõj `hi jgrth `h Mgjt Mgjtrhfi rhfi pfrf hstfoihehr su cæoraef `h nhiaeõpthr nhiaeõpthrgs gs eavaihs. @hs`h prajeapags `h if `áef`f `hi ?222, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhohe hjtrõ hj ujf cfsh `h rhgrdfjazfeaõj. If ef`hjf digofi `h vfigr hxphramhjtõõ prgcuj`gs efmoags, samaifrhs f igs sueh`a`gs f hsefif mujhxphramhjt `afi. Uhdûj if gpajaõj `h uj `arhetgr `h hmprhsf, igs ftfquhs `hi 66 `h shptahmorh `h ?226 hj hi Tgri` Prf`h Ehjthr `h Juhvf Qgrl cuhrgj hi `htgjfjth `h hstgs efmoags; ’Hj fquhi tahmpg, hj ?226, tuvg tuvg iudfr hi cfmgsg 66 `h shptahmor s hptahmorh ?226< jg sadjacaefj ig masmg tgrrhs dhmhifs pfrf jgsgtrgs< hs ujf hchenf… tg`g sh tfmofihõ, tg`gifsefmoaõ, hj tg`g efsg hj Vuhohe, hj Fmáraef `hi Jgrth, shdurfmhjth. Jg nf vuhitg f shr kfmæs if masmf egsf. Jg hs adufi adufi `hspuá `hspuáss `h fquhiif fquhiif che chenf nf””. Ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs egmg Ohii Nhiaegpthr y Ogmofr`ahr nfj rh`uea`g rf`aefimhjth hi jûmhrg `h sus prgv prgvhh`grhs hh`grhs y `h sus suoegjtrftf`gs (Kgiaeghur, ?221o). Nfj hxada`g tfmoaáj, `h fquhiigs quh phrmfjheahrgj, ujf mfygr pfrtaeapfeaõj hj if A+@, hj if tgmf `h rahsdg thejgiõda-
eg y cajfjeahrg, fsí egmg hj if prg`ueeaõj `hi suohjsfmoifkh egmpihtg `h fvagjhs. Hj eahrtgs efsgs, hi jûmhrg `h prgvhh`grhs sh rh`ukg f `ahz yögigstfmfög rhstfjths sh hjeuhjtrfj hj ujf satufeaõj prhefraf, pgrhj pgrquh quhA+@, su phquhy cfitf `h hspheafiazfeaõj ihs `acaeuitf ajvhrtar egmg ig hxadhj sus eiahjths ( Kgiae Kgiaeghur ghur,, ?221f). Ogmofr`ahr Fárgjfutaquh Fárgjfutaquh tfmoaáj sh ajstfiõ a jstfiõ hj pfíshs hmhrdhjt hmhrdhjths hs egmg Enajf y Máxaeg. If hmprhsf ?1
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
hsphrf fsí fprgvhenfr hi ofkg egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf, f`hmæs `h hstfr prhshjthh hj mhref`gs hj pihjf hxpfjsaõj. prhshjt
Mgrcgigdíf `hi egjdigmhrf`g `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi Kujtgg egj Pguigu Kujt Pguigush sh y Uhfttih, Uhfttih, Mgjt Mgjtrhfi rhfi egjstat egjstatuyh uyh ujf `h ifs trhs efpaefpatfihs muj`afihs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Egjehjt Egjehjtrf`g rf`g hj hi sur `h if prgvajeaf, hi shetgr fdrupf ?50 hmprhsfs y tahjh ujf eacrf `h jhdgeags `h mæs `h `geh mai maiigjhs `h `õifrhs (Fárg Mgjtráfi, ?266). Egj mæs `h eufrhjtf mai hmpihgs (EFMFV, ?262), if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfeafi quhohquhjsh geupf hi quajtg iudfr muj`afi y hi sáptamg hj hi javhi `h vhjtfs, `hspuás `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Crfjeaf, Fihmfjaf, _hajg Xja`g, Atfiaf y Kfpõj (E_AFV, ?266). Hj if prgvajeaf `h Vuhohe, hs if threhrf aj`ustraf mfjucfeturhrf y rhprhshjtf rhprhshjtf ehref `hi 60% `h ifs hxpgrtfeagjhs `h if prgvajeaf (M@HAH, ?262). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi quhohquhjsh sh hspheafiazf hj fhrgjæutaef. Hj hchetg, if prg`ueeaõj sh egjehjtrf hj if egjstrueeaõj `h fvagjhs `h jhdgeags y rhdagjfihs, `h nhiaeõpthrgs eavaihs, `h phquhöfs turoajfs y samuif`grhs (EFMFV, ?22>). Hj rhsumhj, hi 11% `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h mæs `h ?52 hmprhsfs sh rhcahrhj fi `hsfrrgiig y cforaefeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs, mgtgrhs, mfthrafihs y pahzfs pfrf fhrgjfvhs, g fi mfjthjamahjtg, y hjdigofj prg`uetgs egjhxgs egmg igs hquapfmahjtgs y igs sasthmfs `h samuifeaõj (M@HAH, ?223). @hs`h nfeh fidûj tahmpg, uj suoegjdigmhrf`g (suoeiusthr) `h trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh sh s h erhõ hj Mgjtrhfi firh`h`gr `h hmprhsfs egmg Nárgux-@hvthl y Mhssahr-@gwty. Hj Vuhohe, if hstrueturf `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi f`gptf if cgrmf típaef parfma`fi `hi shetgr (cadurf ?). Uh hjeuhjtrf grdfjazf`f hj tgrjg f euftrg drfj`hs d rfj`hs hmprhsfs, prhshjths prhshjths `hs`h nfeh muengs fögs; Ogmofr`ahr, Ohii Nhiaegpthr, EFH y Rrftt & Tnatjhy. Fujquh EFH y Rrftt &
Tnatjhy jg shfj, prgpafmhjth, `hi javhi 6 hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, ifs euftrg muitajfeagjfihs sh egjsa`hrfj hmprhsfs ií`hrhs hj hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi quhohquhjsh. Hj ?262, Ogmofr`ahr Fárgjfutaquh, euyf sh`h sh hjeuhjtrf hj Mgjtrhfi, hmpihfof f mæs `h ?1`h 222 phrsgjfs hj hi muj`g. If hmprhsf tuvg vhjtfs pgr > 322 maiigjhs `õifrhs y thjíf ujf fdhj`f `h ph`a`gs `h 63 322 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Rrftt & Tnatjhy Tnatjhy Efjf`f tahjh efsa eajeg mai hmpihf`gs hj Vuhohe. _hfiazf muenf `h if 52
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
Hmprhsfs ií`hrhs (0) Shjtfs; >.> D$
Rrg`uetgrhs `h hquapg (60) Shjtfs; ?.0 D$
Rrgvhh`grhs `h prg`uetgs y shrvaeags hspheafiazf`gs (6?>) Shjtfs; 422 M$
Ogmofr`ahr Ohii Rrftt Nhiaegpthr & Tnatjhy EFH
Mfjthjamahjtg y rhpfrfeaõj Uasthmfs hiáetraegs/hihetrõjaegs
I-5 MFU _giis-_gyeh Fvhgs Purogmhef
Pnfihs Efjf`f Igelnhh` Mfrtaj M@F Upfeh EME Áihetrgjaquh _nhajmhtfii Efjf`f
Prhjhs `h fthrrazfkh
Nárgux-@hvthl Mhssahr-@gwty
Feehsgrag y egmpgjhjths (mgtgrhs)
_heuoramahjtg `h fifs
DH Dgg`raen
Ugjfef Mgjtráfi
Uuoegjtrftastfs (>>) Shjtfs; 822 M$
Cadurf ?. Hstrueturf `hi egjdigmhrf`g fhrghspfeafi quhohquhjsh. Cuhjth; M@HAH (?262).
A+@ y sh nf egmprgmhta`g egmprgmhta`g egj ehref `h mai quajahjtgs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs hj eajeg fögs, pfrf rhfiazfr if ajvhstadfeaõj sgorh mgtgrhs mhjgs egjtfmajfjths. Rgr su pfrth, EFH tuvg ujfs dfjfjeafs `h mai quajahjtgs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs hj ?262 h ajvartaõ efsa hi 62% `h ifs vhjtfs hj A+@. @h sus 4822 hmpihf`gs, 5822 sh nfiifj hj Mgjtrhfi. Mgjtrhfi. Hj eufjtg f ifs dfjfjeafs `h Ohii Nhiaegpthr cuhrgj `h trhs mai maiigjhs `h `õifrhs y hmpihfof f 6>22 phrsgjfs. Uaduahj`g f hstfs`heuftrg hmprhsfs ií`hrhs,hjhjegjtrfmgs hj Vuhohe eftgreh prg`uetgrhs prg`uetgrhs hquapgs hspheafiazf`gs euftrg shetgrhs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi; fhrghspfeafi; hi mfjthjamahjtg y if rhpfrfeaõj, igs egmpgjhjths y feehsgrags pfrf mgtgrhs, igs trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh y igs sasthmfs hiáetraeg/ hihetrõjaegs. Egj if hxehpeaõj `h Nárgux-@hvthl, `h M@F Upfeh, `h EME Áihetrgjaquh y `h Fvhgs, hstfs carmfs sgj caiafihs `h muitajfeagjfihs hstf`guja`hjshs g hurgphfs quh iihdfrgj f if drfj rhdaõj `h Mgj-
trhfi pfrf fprgvhenfr if rhshrvf `h mfjg `h gorf fitfmhjth efiacaef`f y uj cajfjeafmahjtg vhjtfkgsg (M@HAH, ?223). Hstfs eftgreh hmprhsfs rhprhshjtfj pgr sí sgifs hi 12% `h ifs vhjtfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi quhohquhjsh y mæs `hi >2% `h igs hmpihgs. Hj hi javhi 5 sh hjeuhjtrfj 6?> prgvhh`grhs `h prg`uetgs prg`uetgs hspheafiazf hspheafiazf-`gs, rhpfrta`gs hj geng suoshetgrhs. Hjtrh igs prh`gmajfjths hstæj igs `h sasthmfs hiáetraeg/hihetrõjaegs hiáetraeg/hihetrõjaegs (?0 pymhs), igs `h utaihríf/nhrr utaihríf/nhrrfmahjtfs/ fmahjtfs/ 56
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
mfquajfraf (63 pymhs), ajcgrmætaef ajcgrmætaef y prgdrfmfeaõj (63 pymhs) y `ashög/eæieuigs/ehrtacaefeaõj (68 pymhs). Igs gtrgs suoshetgrhs sgj if cuj`aeaõj pymhs), hi hquapfmahjtg hquapfmahjt g `h tahrrf (0 pymhs) if sfetava`f`. ifs fhrgjfvhsHj (? pymhs)> prgvhh`grhs hspheafiazf`gs hj cforaefeaõj (03 pymhs)< hj trftfmahjtg `h pahzfs (64 pymhs)< hj mfjthjamahjtg y rhpfrfeaõj (65 pymhs)< hj egmoajf`gs, egmoajf`gs , thrmgpiæstaegs y prgtgtapgs (> pymhs) y hj pruhof/egjtrgi (0 pymhs) (M@HAH, ?262). Rgr sí sgifs tgtfiazfj ujf eacrf `h jhdgeags `h quajahjtgs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Ifs hmprhsfs `h javhi 5 y 0 sgj prajeapfimhjth phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs, y egjtfoaiazfj hj egjkujtg ehref `h `ahz mai hmpihgs. Egjtrfrafmhjth f ifs hmprhsfs prheh`hjths, ifs `h javhi 0 hstæj dhjhrfimhjth mæs `avhrsacaef`fs y ifogrfj hj shetgrhs `astajtgs fi fhrghspfeafi. Hstfs hmprhsfs quh q uh egmpgjhj hi egjdigmhrf`g mgjtrhfihjsh mgjtrhfihjsh `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hvgiueagjfj hj uj raeg thka`g ajstatueagjfi. JumhJumhrgsfs fsgeafeagjhs y hstfoiheamahjtgs `h cgrmfeaõj egjtraouyhj, `hs`h nfeh vfrags fögs, f if `ajæmaef `hi egjdigm egjdigmhrf`g hrf`g aj`ustrafi.
Hi mg`hig ajstatueagjfi `hi eiusthr aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi fhrghs pfeafi `h Mgjtr Mgjtrhfi hfi (MAEFM) ( MAEFM) Xjf `h ifs efrfethrístaefs `astajtavfs `hi egjdigmhrf`g mgjtrhfihjsh mgjtrhfihjsh `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi rhsa`h hj su frquatheturf ajstatueagjfi. Hj hchetg, ástf if egjcgrmfj euftrg fsgeafeagjhs quh prgvh prgvhhj hj rheursgs y efpfea`f`hs f ifs i fs hmprhsfs `hi egjdigmhrf`g pfrf fshdurfr su egmphtatava`f`. Ef`f eufi sh satûf hj uj jaeng y hj uj hspfeag pfrtaeuifr, y prgvhh rheursgs egmpihmhjtfrags f igs gcrhea`gs pgr ifs gtrfs ajstatueagjhs. Fsí,
if mfjg `h gorf hstæ rhprhshjtf`f pgr hi Egmatá Uhetgrafi `h Mfjg `h Gorf Fhrghsp Fhrghspfeafi feafi (Egmatá shetgrahi `h mfaj-`‑ghuvrh `h i‑fárgspftafih, EFMFV), ifs phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs pgr if Fsgeafeaõj Vuhohquhjs quhjsh h Fhrghspfea Fhrghspfeafi fi (Fssgeaftagj (Fssgea ftagj Vuáoáegash Vuáoáegas h `h i‑fárgspftafih, fárgspftafih, FVF), if FVF), A+@ hjtrh hmprhsfs y ujavhrsa`f`hs hstæ rhprhshjtf`f pgr hi Egjsgreag `h Ajvhstadfeaõj h Ajjgvfeaõj Fhrghspfeafi Fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhohe (Egjsgrtaum `h rhenhrenh ht i‑ajjgvftagj hj fárgspftafi fu Vuáohe, E_AFV), y hi egj5?
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs Euf`rg 6. Rrajeapfihs Rr ajeapfihs ajstatueagjhs `hi egjdigmhrf`g fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi
Ajstatueagjhs
F ög `h erhfeaõj
Gokhtavg
Fetgrhs y f`majastrfeaõj*
EFMFV
61>5
Cfvgrhehr ujf mhkgr egjehrtfeaõj hjtrh igs pftrgjhs y igs trfofkf`grhs, igs rhspgjsfoihs `h igs hstfoiheamahjt gs h`ueftavgs y igs ajthrvhjtgrhs duohrjfmhjtfihs, ampiaef`gs hj if pifjaefeaõj y if cgrmfeaõj `h if mfjg `h gorf `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi.
Rfratfraf 6. _hprhshjtfjths `h rheursgs numfjgs `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs ?. Uaj`aeftgs
FVF
6114
@hjar y hvfiufr ifs fpuhstfs jfeagjfihs h ajthrjfeagjfihs quh ajuyhj sgorh if egmphtatava`f` hj hi muj`g `hi fhrghspfeafi y fyu`fr f ifs pymhs `h Vuhohe f f`fptfrsh hj egjsheuhjeaf.
Egjehrtfeaõj cgefiazf`f 6. Rymhs
E_AFV
?222
_hujar hj tgrjg f igs prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj `h ifs muitajfeagjfihs f pymhs y ujavhrsa`f`hs, egj hi j `h cfvgrhehr if ajjgvfeaõj hj fhrghspfeafi.
Prapfrtatf 6. Hmprhsfs ?. Ajstatueagjhs `h hjshöfjzf 5. Ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj
Fárg Mgjtráfi
?223
_hujar f tg`gs igs fetgrhs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj tgrjg f gokhtavgs egmujhs y `h feeagjhs egjehrtf`fs hj vastf `h fumhjtfr if egnhsaõj y gptamazfr if egmphtatava`f`, hi erheamahjtg y hi hspihj`gr `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi mgjtrhfihjsh
Egjehrtfeaõj fmpiaf`f 6. Drfj`hs hmprhsfs ?. Rymhs 5. Ajstatueagjhs 0. Dgoahrjgs 8. Uaj`aeftgs
* Hxeiuyhj`g f igs mahmorgs saj `hrheng f vgtg y f igs goshrvf`grhs.
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
digmhrf`g mgjtrhfihjsh pgr Fárg Mgjtráfi. Hstfs fsgeafeagjhs hstæj prhshjths prhshjt hs hj hi euf`rg 6. Hstfs ajstatueagjhs, erhf`fs f ig ifrdg `h igs fögs pgr igs fetgrhs `h if aj`ustraf, dhjhrfrgj uj hegsasthmf pfrtaeuifr; hi mg`hig ajstatueagjfi a jstatueagjfi `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi (MAEFM), `hi
quh trfzfrhmgs pramhrg uj hsogzg hj drfj`hs iíjhfs, pfrf `hstfefr pgs thragrmhjth thragrmhj th sus rfsdgs `astajtavgs.
Hi MAEFM; ujf erhfeaõj hj hvgiueaõj h vgiueaõj If pramhrf fsgeafeaõj, hi EFMFV, sh cuj`õ hj 61>5 egj if fyu`f `hi dgoahrjg y ofkg if prhsaõj `h igs saj`aeftgs. Hj if ápgef, if aj`ustraf 55
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
sucríf `h ujf hsefshz `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f. Hj hchetg, f cajhs `h igs shthjtf, fjufimhjth hrfj rheiutf`fs hj hi hxtrfjkhrg mæs `h shtheahjtfs phrsgjfs pfrf geupfr igs puhstgs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhohe. Xj egmatá pfratfrag pftrgjfi-saj`aefi cuh ampifjtf`g hj if zgjf pfrf hjegjtrfr sgiueagjhs f igs prgoihmfs y fofsthehr f if aj`ustraf `h ifs egmphthjeafs jhehsfrafs pfrf prgsphrfr. @hspuás, hi EFMFV `hsfrrgiiõ `gs efpfea`f`hs quh phrmatahrgj fi MAEFM `hshjvgivhrsh. Rramhrg, cuh fshdurfrsh uj pfphi `h ajthrmh`afeaõj, fehrefj`g fehrefj`g ifs jhehsa`f`hs `hi shetgr fi mh`ag `h if i f h`uefeaõj. Ajaeaõ Ajaeaõ y pfrtaeapõ hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h jumhrgsgs prgdrfmfs `h cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f quh `hshmogefrgj hj if erhfeaõj `h ujf hseuhif `h gcaeags `h ig fhrghspfeafi (HMFM) (HMFM ) y `h uj ehjtrg `h cgrmfeaõj egjtajuf (hi Ajstatutg `h Cgrmfeaõj hj Fhrghspfeafi, ACF). ûitamg gcrhehEgjehptg prgdrfmfs `h cgrmfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig mfjg `h gorfHsth hj ifs hmprhsfs. ûjaeg hj Fmáraef `hi Jgrth,`h hi ACF AC F phrmath f ifs hmprhsfs `aradarsh f uj sgig iudfr pfrf trftfr tg`fs ifs if s euhstagjhs rhifeagjf`fs egj if efpfeatfeaõj hj ifs hmprhsfs< egmprhj`a`gs tg`gs igs javhihs `h hsegifra`f`. Hi EFMFV nf egjtajuf`g egj su ifogr hmprhsfrafi, ampiaeæj`gsh, hj egifogrfeaõj egj ifs hmprhsfs, hj if erhfeaõj `h juhvfs ajstatueagjhs quh cfvgrhehj if A+@ (E_AFV) y if erhfeaõj `h rh`hs (FVF). Hj ig quh rhsphetf fi E_AFV, su erhfeaõj sh `hoh f ujf `hmfj`f `h ifs euftrg hmprhsfs ií`hrhs rhifeagjf`fs egj ifs masmfs pymhs, quahjhs kuzdfrgj hjtgjehs ûtai rhujar f tg`gs igs pfrtaeapfjths; pymhs, ujavhrsa`f`hs, ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, pfrf cfvgrhehr if egifogrfeaõj hj prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj h ajjgvfeaõj hjcgef`gs hj ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h if aj`ustraf. Hsth mg`hig `h ajjgvfeaõj foahrtg, `h egifogrfeaõj, egifogrfeaõj, fpgyæj`gsh hj ujf fpgrtfeaõj cajfjeahrf `h if aj`ustraf, ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs y igs dgoahrjgs, sh pahjsf egmg uj mg`hig ûjaeg pfrf ferhehjtfr if egmphtatava`f` `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhohe.
Hj eufjtg f if FVF, sh erhõ pfrf `fr vgz f ifs pymhs, yf quh ifs fyu`f f mhkgrfr su egmphtatava`f` cfeaiatfj`g su rhifeaõj egj igs ií`hrhs `h if aj`ustraf, hstamuifj`g if ajjgvfeaõj, fshduræj`gihs hi erheamahjtg y if phjhtrfeaõj hj igs mhref`gs muj`afihs. Hj Hj uj egjthxtg hj hi quh ifs if s hmprhsfs ií`hrhs ousefj rh`uear sus prgvhh`grhs y egmpfrtar egj hiigs igs rahsdgs, ifs pymhs hstæj goiadf`fs f `hsfrrgiifrsh pfrf egjvhrtarsh hj ajthdrf`grfs y pfrf ferhehjtfr su pgsaeagjfmahjtg hj hi mhref`g muj`afi. Hi gokhtavg `h if FVF FVF hs fsastarifs f sastarifs hj hstf cfsh cfs h `h `hsfrrgiig. 50
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs Euf`rg ?. Efrfethrístaefs `hi mg`hig ajstatueagjfi `h egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi `h Mgjtrhfi
Efrfethrístaefs Gradhj
@hserapeaõj ― Hstrfthdaf hmhrdhjth
Egmpgsaeaõj
― @avhrsa`f` `h ajstatueagjhs y fetgrhs
Phmætaef
― Fmpiaf`f, shdûj ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h if aj`ustraf
F`majastrfeaõj F`majast rfeaõj
― @hsehjtrfiazfeaõj eggr`ajf`f
Cajfjeafmahjtg
― Dgoahrjgs y hmprhsfs
Hxthrjfia`f`hs
― Mfjg `h gorf efiaef`f ― Ajcrfhstrueturf pfrf if A+@ ― Rrgdrfmf `h mhkgrfmahjtg `h if egmphtatava`f` `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Rgr ûitamg, thjhmgs f Fárg Mgjtráfi, euyf cujeaõj hs if hstrueturf hstrueturf-eaõj `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi, rhujahj`g rhujahj`g hj ujf masmf mhsf f tg`gs igs fetgrhs `h if aj`ustraf (hmprhsfs, ajstatueagjhs `h cgrmfeaõj, saj`aeftgs, ajstatueagjhs `hi egjdigmhrf`g; EFMFV, FVF, E_AFV), egj if cajfia`f` `h cfvgrhehr if egjehrtfeaõj, rhprhshjtfr fi egjdigmhrf`g y fshdurfr su egmphtat egmphtatava`f`. ava`f`. Uus ajaeaftavfs mæs rheahjths sh hstrueturfj hj tgrjg f eajeg hkhs; 6) ef`hjf `h fprgvasagjfmahjtg< ?) amfdhj, vasaoaia`f` y prgyheeaõj< 5) ajjgvfeaõj< 0) mfjg `h gorf y 8) `hchjsf y shdura`f` jfeagjfi. Hsth cgrg sh erhõ drfeafs f if ajaeaftavf `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs, egj fpgyg duohrjfmhjtfi. If a`hf egjsastíf hj rhujar, hj if masmf mhsf, fi egjkujtg `h fetgrhs pfrf phrcaifr ujf vasaõj y prgy prgyhetgs hetgs egmujhs fi egjkujtg `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi. Fárg Mgjtráfi Mgjtráfi sh `astajduh ` astajduh pgr su efpfea`f` pfrf rhujar f igs fitgs `aradhjths `h ifs hmprhsfs mæs drfj`hs `hi egjdigmhrf`g (ií`hrhs `h if aj`ustraf y prg`uetgrhs `h hquapg) y `h shr uj fetgr ajciuyhjth ajciuyhj th hj if tgmf `h `heasagjhs.
Hi MAEFM; sus efrfethrístaefs `astajtavfs Hi mg`hig ajstatueagjfi `h eiusthr aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi egjiihvf eahrtfs efrfethrístaefs `astajtavfs, aj`aef`fs hj hi euf`rg e uf`rg ?. Hi MAEFM sh `achrhjeaf, hj prajeapag, pgr su gradhj y `avhrsa`f`. Egmg yf sh `hseraoaõ fjths, ifs ajstatueagjhs shöfif`fs rhspgj`hj f gokh58
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
tavgs muy egjerhtgs. Hsth mg`hig nf sa`g prhchra`g fi `h ujf suphrhstruesuphrhstrueturf hjefrdf`f `hi egjkujtg `h igs prgyhetgs `h `hsfrrgiig h ajjgvfeaõj a jjgvfeaõj `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi. Hi mg`hig `hsehjtrfiazf`g `h f`majastrfeaõj ajstatueagjfi sh hxpiaef pgr su egjstrueeaõj nastõraef; surdaõ `h ujf hstrfthdaf hmhrdhjth jg pifjacaef`f. Egjcrgjtf`gs pgr ujf prgoihmætaef `h mfjg `h gorf, igs fetgrhs mgvaiazfrgj sus rheursgs (hstætaegs hj ig pfrtaeuifr) pfrf hstrueturfr sus ajthrfeeagjhs y hjegjtrfr sgiueagjhs pfrf igs `hsfcígs. If erhfeaõj `hi EFMFV `ag iudfr pfrf hjeuhjtrgs h ajthrefmoags cgrmfiazf`gs. Hstf cuh if gefsaõj `h ihvfjtfr gtrfs fpuhstfs (A+@, egmphtatava`f` `h ifs pymhs) y pgjhr hi eamahjtg `h juhvgs grdfjasmgs hspheafiazf`gs (FV (FVF, F, E_AFV, E_AFV, HMFM…), pfrf quh fsí hi EFMFV sh mfjtuvahsh hj su efmpg `h ajthrvhjeaõj, g shf, if mfjg `h gorf. Cajfimhjth, sh erhõfeaõj pfrfjhehsatf, rhprhshjtfr egjkujtg `h if rfmf aj`ustrafi.Fárg Hsth Mgjtráfi tapg `h grdfjazfeaõj grdfjaz pgrfigtrg if`g, f`majastrfr igs egjciaetgs kuras`aeeagjfihs. Rgr hkhmpig, Fárg Mgjtráfi nf `hsfrrgiif`g uj hkh sgorh if mfjg `h gorf. Ajthrefmoag Ajthrefmoagss egj hi EFMFV nfj sa`g jhehsfrags pfrf fshdurfr uj hquaiaorag f`heuf`g `h igs mfj`ftgs hj ujf iõdaef `h egmpihmhjtfrah`f`, egmpihmhjtfrah`f`, mæs quh `h egmphtatava`f`. Hstf `avhrsa`f` ajstatueagjfi jg hs, pgr gtrf pfrth, hxtrföf f if ampiaefeaõj y f if mgvaiazfeaõj `h jumhrgsgs fetgrhs hj ifs `ajæmaefs `hi egjdigmhrf`g. Igs dgoahrjgs nfj ajaeaf`g g fpgyf`g prgyhetgs `h `hsfrrgiig. Ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs cajfjeafj y tahjhj rhprhshjtfjths hj `avhrsfs ajstatueagjhs. Ifs pymhs sh egmprgmhthj y pfrtaeapfj hj ifs fetava`f`hs ajstatueagjfihs. Igs saj`aeftgs tahjhj uj pfphi muy fetavg hj eahrtfs fsgeafeagjhs< jhtfmhjth hj hi EFMFV, quh hstæ grdfjazf`g ofkg hi mg`hig pfratfrag. Mahjtrfs tfjtg, efoh rhsfitfr quh if prhshjeaf saj`aefi sh `hsmgrgjf egj if erhfeaõj `h juhvgs grdfjasmgs quh iamatfj g hxeiuyhj if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h hsth fetgr. Rgr hkhmpig, Fárg Mgjtráfi jg
prhvá mæs quh uj iudfr hjtrh vhajtasáas pfrf if rhprhshj rhprhshjtfeaõj tfeaõj saj`aefi, y hj hi ACF jajdûj saj`aeftg hstæ rhprhshjtf`g hj if f`majastrfeaõj. Uaj hmofrdg, fjths if prhshjeaf saj`aefi hrf eufsa futgmætaef, hj pfrtaeuifr hj ifs fsgeafeagjhs fs geafeagjhs iadf`fs f if cgrmfeaõj `h if mfjg `h gorf. Rfrheh Rfrheh quh hsth fetgr pahr`h uj pgeg `h ajciuhjeaf hj hi MAEFM, f phsfr `h quh if prhshjeaf saj`aefi `hjtrg `hi shetgr she tgr sh mfjtahjh. Hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi hstæ sgsthja`g pgr ujf muitatu` `h ajstatueagjhs quh sh ajthrhsfj hj `avhrsfs prgoihmætaefs. Fsí, ifs hmprhsfs hjeuhjtrfj igs rheursgs jhehsfrags pfrf hjcrhjtfr igs juhvgs `hsfcígs `h su 53
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
shetgr. Ifs pramhrfs fsgeafeagjhs shetgr. f sgeafeagjhs sh ajthrhsfrgj hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f, efiacaef`f , ujf prhgeupfeaõj egjstfjth egjstfjth pfrf ujf aj`ustraf tfj eíeiaef y egmphtatavf. egmphtatavf . Rgr Rgr gtrg if`g, sgj rfrgs igs egjdigmhrf`gs aj`ustrafaj`ustrafihs quh `aspgjhj `a spgjhj `h ajstatueagjhs `h`aef`fs ûjaefmhjth f igs prgoihmfs `h if mfjg `h gorf, fujquh shfj erueafihs pfrf tfi shetgr. _hspgj`ahj`g f ifs juhvfs thj`hjeafs hj if aj`ustraf (váfsh hi fpfrtf`g prheh`hjth) hi thmf `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr nf egorf`g ujf ampgrtfjeaf egjsa`hrfoih. If FVF y Fárg Mgjtráfi nfj muitapiaef`g ifs ajaeaftavfs pfrf cfvgrhehr if egifogrfeaõj hjtrh hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y prgvhh`grhs, hj prg `hi `hsfrrgiig `h hmprhsfs ajthdrf`grfs. Hstf `avhrsa`f` quh efrfethrazf fi MAEFM gcrheh uj mg`hig `h f`majastrfeaõj `hsehjtrfiazf`f `hsehjtrfiazf`f y cihxaoih cihxaoih,, jg nfy ujf grdfjazfeaõj khrfrquazf`f. Ef`f ujfh ajthrhshs `h ifs if s ajstatueagjhs hs iaorh efmoafr egifogrfr shdûj igs prgyhetgs quh if fjamfj. @h`hhsth mg`g,y egifogrfr, if FVF ,puh`h, pgr hkhmpig, jhdgeafr jhdgeafr uj feuhr`g fe uhr`g egj hi E_AFV sgorh if euhstaõj `h if ajvhstadfeaõj hj ifs pymhs, saj `hmfj`fr if futgrazfeaõj fjth ujf ajstfjeaf suphragr. Fárg Mgjtráfi sh fshdurf, pgr gtrf pfrth, `h mfjthjhr if egjehrtfeaõj ajstatueagjfi y if egnhr egnhrhjeaf hjeaf hj ifs if s drfj`hs grahjtfeagjhs `hi egjdigmhrf`g. Hj ig egjehrjahjth fi cajfjeafmahjtg `hi MAEFM, tg`fs ifs ajstatueagjhs sh ohjhcaeafj `h if fpgrtfeaõj cajfjeahrf `h igs dgoahrjgs. Ifs hmprhsfs y gtrfs grdfjazfeagjhs egjtraouyhj egjtraouyhj adufimhjth prgvhyhj`g rheursgssahj`g cajfjeahrgs numfjgs. yUaj hmofrdg,sadjacaeftavfmhjth if fpgrtfeaõjhjth `hifiHstf`g saduh if mæsgampgrtfjth egjtraouyh sadjacaeftavfm sgsthjamahjtg `h ifs ajstatueagjhs. Hi rhtarg `hi cajfjeafmahjtg `hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi hj igs fögs fögs jgvhjtf egj`ukg præetaefmhjth præetaefmhjth fi eahrrh `hi EFMFV EFMFV.. Hs if ajyheea ajyheeaõj õj `h juhvgs cgj`gs pgr pfrth `hi dgoahrjg prgvajeafi ig quh phrmataõ sfivfr f hstf ajstatueaõj.
@hjtrg `hi MAEFM, drfeafs f if erhfeaõj `hi EFMFV, sh dhjhrõ ujf shrah `h hxthrjfia`f`hs pgsatavfs pfrf ifs hmprhsfs `h if aj`ustraf. If mæs ampgrtfjth hs, eahrtfmhjth, nfohr egjtraoua`g f if cgrmfeaõj `h ujf rhshrvf `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f, tfjtg pfrf igs hmpihgs hj gcaeags y javhihs táejaegs, egmg pfrf igs puhstgs quh hxadhj ujf cgrmfeaõj ujavhrsatfraf (ajdhjahrífs). Hsth mhref`g ifogrfi egjtraouyh `h mfjhrf sadjacaeftavf f if rhthjeaõj y f if ftrfeeaõj `h hmprhsfs hj hi thrratgrag `h Mgjtrhfi. If egjsgia`feaõj `hi MAEFM phrmataõ, adufimhjth, `hsfrrgiifr ajcrfhstrueturfs pfrf cajfjeafr h ajehjtavfr if A+@ hj hi ruorg 54
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
fhrghspfeafi. Hj pfrtaeuifr, hi E_AFE sh nfiif `htræs `h muengs prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, prajeapfimhjth hj ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, igs eufihs sh hjeuhjtrfj yf hj hstf`g `h ajeuofeaõj. Hj caj, muenfs ajaeaftavfs rheahjths tahjhj egmg gokhtavg shjsaoaiazfr f if aj`ustraf, hj pfrtaeuifr f ifs pymhs, hj if jhehsa`f` `h mhkgrfr if egmphtatava`f` `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr. Rrgdrfmfs `h mh`afeaõj hjtrh muitajfeagjfihs y pymhs nfj sa`g erhf`gs pfrf cfeaiatfr hi surdamahjtg `h ajthdrf`grhs `h efiaorh muj`afi.
@ajæmaefs rhifeagjfihs y fpuhstfs grdfjazfeagjfihs Hi prgehsg `h erhfeaõj `hi MAEFM ajaeafimhjth cfeaiatõ ujf iõdaef hj`õdhjf. If ajthdrfeaõj f if hegjgmíf muj`afi y if egmpht egmphthjeaf hjeaf hjtrh igs thrratgrags thrratgra gs y ifs rhdagjhs pfrf gothjhr juhvfs ajvhrsa ajvhrsagjhs gjhs hkhrehj prhsagjhs hxehpeagjfimhjth hxehpeagjfimhjth cuhrths sgorh igs fetgrhs y ifs ajstatueagjhs, fi masmg tahmpg quh egmpiaefj ifs `ajæmaefs rhifeagjfihs. Hj hsth fpfrtf`g pgj`hrfmgs if hvgiueaõj `h hstfs `ajæmaefs, `æj`gih ujf fthjeaõj pfrtaeuifr f ifs if s rhifeagjhs ajstatueagjfihs, f ifs quh sh `fj hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs y f ifs ajtrfhmprhsf. Hi eiusthr `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi Mgjtrhfi foradf ujf shrah `h ajstatueagjhs hspheafiazf`fs (A+@, mfjg mfjg `h gorf, hte.) rhiftavfmhjth rhiftavfmhjth futõjgmfs ujfs `h gtrfs. Uh trftf `h uj mg`hig `hsehjtrfiazf`g, hj euyg shjg igs fetgrhs `hsfrrgiifj susujgs prgyhetgs prgyh etgsgtrgs. aj`hphj`ahjthmhjt aj`hphj`ahjthmhjth, phrg egifogrfj`g ifogrfj` g `h mfjhrf ajthjsavf egj gtrgs . Rgr Rgr hkhmpig, igsh,rhprhshjtfjths `hi EFMFV, `hi E_AFV y `h if FVF tahjhj uj iudfr hj Fárg Mgjtráfi. F su vhz, igs fdhjths `hi E_AFV y `h if FVF pfrtaeapfj hj igs trfofkgs `hi EFMFV. If eggr`ajfeaõj sh igdrf ig drf pgr uj fkusth mutug
hj hi ajthragr `h ujf rh` `h fetgrhs rhiftavfmhjth rhstrajda`f, phrg egj ifzgs muy hstrhengs. If muitapiaefeaõj `h ifs ajstfjeafs `h f`majastrfeaõj y, sgorh tg`g, if hjtrf`f hj hsehjf `h Fárg Mgjtráfi Mgjtráfi `hoaiatf igs cuj`fmhjtgs `h hstf `ajæmaef. Ua pfrf fidujgs `h igs quh ajthrvahjhj hj hsth fehrefmahjtg `hsehjtrfiazf`g, quh `hkf mueng hspfeag f if ajaeaftavf aj`ava`ufi, sadjacaef ujf `h ifs cgrtfihzfs `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi aj`ustrafi `h Mgjtrhfi, pfrf pfrf gtrgs rhprhshjtf rhprhshjtf ujf `hoaia`f`; if fushjeaf `h ujf rhfi hstrueturf `h eggr`ajfeaõj `hravf hj egjciaetgs `h kuras`aeeaõj.
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Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
Rgr hkhmpig, Fárg Mgjtráfi `hsfrrgiiõ uj hkh `hjgmajf`g rhtarg y mfjg `h gorf, quh sh ajseraoh hj pfrth `hi mfj`ftg `hi EFMFV. F`hmæs `h shr mahmorg `h hsth masmg egmatá. Hstf amoraefeaõj jg sõig nf erhf`g thjsagjhs hjtrh igs rhprhshjtfjths `h fmofs ajstfjeafs rhdagjfihs, sajg quh mgtavõ vasagjhs muy egjtrfstfjths `h igs prgoihmfs y `h ifs sgiueagjhs f `hsfrrgiifr `hsfrrgiifr hj hsth shetgr shetgr.. Hj hsth shjta`g, if fushjeaf `h hstrueturf `h eggr`ajfeaõj ehjtrfiazf`f ehjtrfiazf`f iamatf if i f efpfea`f` `h ajthrvhjeaõj `h ifs ajstfjeafs `h ` h f`majastrfeaõj rhdagjfi, rhdagjfi, y hj pfrtaeuifr sus efpfea`f`hs pfrf grdfjazfr hj rh` f igs hstfoiheamahjtgs, pfrf pfrf `acuj`ar ifs if s ajjgvfeagjhs y sumajastrfr juhvgs euf`rgs `h rhchrhjeaf. If prhshjeaf `h ujf hstrueturf `h eggr`ajfeaõj egrrhríf hi rahsdg, pgr hi egjtrfrag, `h cfvgrhehr tg`fvíf mæs if rhprg`ueeaõj `h rhifeagjhs fsamátraefs, hjtrh hjtrh ifs carmfs muitajfeagjfihs y ifs pymhs, pgr uj if`g, y igs saj`aeftgs, pgr hi gtrg. Igs fetgrhs mhjgs pg`hrgsgs (egmg ifs pymhs y igs saj`aeftgs) thj`rífj mæs `acaeuitf` pfrf hxprhsfr jhehsa`f`hs y nfehr vfihr sus ajthrhshs. Uh trftf `h ujf fpuhstf mfygr, ousefj`g if ampiaefeaõj `h hstgs fetgrhs hj ifs ajstfjeafs rhdagjfihs, quh rhprhshjtf uj `hsfcíg ef`f vhz mæs ampgrtfjt ampgrtfjth, h, hj ifs vhjtfkfs egmpfr egmpfrftavfs ftavfs `h sus ’aj’ajvhrsagjhs” hj hstfs ajstfjeafs rhdagjfihs. Uaj hmofrdg, su áxatg `hphj`h kustfmhjth `h if vgiujtf` `h igs fetgrhs aj`ava`ufihs y egihetavgs, `h rhfprgpaærshigs y `hsfrrgiifrigs pfrf quh rhspgj`fj f sus jhehsa`f`hs pfrtaeuifrhs. Ifs rhifeagjhs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs tfmoaáj gokhtg `higs mûitapihs efmoags. Egj if cajfia`f` `h rh`uear sussgj egstgs `h prg`ueeaõj, hmprhhmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapgs tahj`hj ef`f vhz mæs f fiadhrfr ifs fetava`f`hs rhfiazf`fs ajthrjfm ajthrjfmhjth, hjth, pravaihdafj`g pravaihdafj`g uj jûmhr jûmhrgg rhstrajda`g `h suoegjt suoegjtrftf`gs rftf`gs pfrf rh`uear igs egstgs `h trfjsfeeaõj. OgmofrOgmofr-
`ahr nf shdua`g hstf grahjtfeaõj, rh`ueahj`g rf`aefimhjth rf`aefimhjth hi jûmhrg `h sus prgvhh`grhs, fumhjtfj`g hi vgiumhj `h ifs fetava`f`hs rhfiazf`fs pgr suoegjtrftfeaõj. Hstf ajthjsacaefeaõj `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h suorgdfeaõj, fujf`f f ujf rh`ueeaõj `hi jûmhrg `h prgvhh`grhs, mg`acaef sustfjeafimhjth ifs rhifeagjhs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prgvhh`grhs. @h hstf cgrmf, sh hvgiueagjf `h uj mg`hig ofsf`g hj if egmphthjeaf, `gj`h `gj`h if prhsaõj sgorh if rh`ueeaõj `h egstgs y if pujtufia`f` sgj `gmajfjths, f uj mg`hig quh darf mæs hj tgrjg f if eggphrfeaõj y fi ajthre ajthrefmoag fmoag `h ajcgrmfeaõj.
51
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
Hj if hjtrhvastf egj hi `aradhjth `h ujf caiafi, sh `hstfef hsth mgvamahjtg `h eggphrfeaõj egj sus egmphta`gr egmphta`grhs; hs; Ugj hmprhsfs quh nfehj ifs masmfs egsfs egsf s quh jgsgtrgs, egmphta`grhs egmphta`grhs quh sgj tfmoaáj juhstrgs sgeags. Rahjsg quh hstæ… cuelh cuelh`` up up quh nfyfmgs iihdf`g nfstf fní. Ngjhstfmhjth hs fidg quh vf f vhjar egjtrf if muj`afiazfeaõj, y tfi vhz egjtrf igs pfíshs quh ampuishj fsí if mfquajfraf, pgrquh thjhmgs rhfimhjth uj hspfeag fquí hj Vuhohe pfrf if fhrgjæutaef. Jg Jg `hohmgs phr`hrig. Enajf vahjh ef`f vhz mæs cuhrth, Máxaeg hs ujf egmphthjeaf, tg`g hi muj`g sh vf pfrf fiiæ< vahj`g hstg, jg ig sá, tfi vhz dufr`fr igs hmpihgs `h fquí, erhfr uj cuhrzf, cuhrzf , dufr`fr... dufr`fr...
Egjerhtfmhjth, igs `gs mg`higs eghxasthj; ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapgs ousefj samuitæjhfmhjth egjtrgifr igs egstgs y if efia`f`, efia`f` , hkhreahj`g if prhsaõj sgorh sus prgvhh`grhs, prgvhh`grhs, sgorh tg`g `hsfrrgiifj`g rhifeagjhs `h fsgeafeaõj, hj pfrtaeuifr hj ig rhchr rhchrhjth hjth f juhvgs prgehsgs g prg`uetgs. Hi ajvgiuerfmahjtg ajvgiuerfmahjtg `h igs prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs hj igs prgehsgs `h A+@, A +@, mæs quh ampiaefr ajvhrsagjhs ajvhrsagjhs f vhehs ampgrtfjt ampgrtfjths, hs, pgjh `h mfjacahstg if hspajgsf euhstaõj `h igs `hrhengs `h prgpah`f` ajthihetufi. Fujquh hstæj prgthda`gs prgthda`gs hj hi mfreg `h ifs ajaeaftavfs `h A+@ `arada`fs pgr hi E_AFV, igs prgvhh`grhs, hj hspheafi ifs pymhs, sh hjeuhjtrfj hj ujf pgsaeaõj `h fsamhtríf `h pg`hr, crhjth crhjth f ifs if s hmprhsfs muitajfeagjfihs, hj ig quh egjeahrjh fi egjtrgi `h ifs ajehrta`umorhs iadf`fs f hstgs `hrhengs. Hj hsth kuhdg `h fsgeafeaõj, if f`quasaeaõj y if rhthjeaõj `h if mfjg `h gorf rhprhshjtf adufimhjth ujf cuhjth pgthjeafi `h thjsagjhs. Ifs drfj`hs carmfs tahjhj uj pg`hr `h ftrfeeaõj hjgrmh y puh`hj surtarsh `h if rhshrvf `h mfjg `h gorf gcrheahj`g egj`aeagjhs egj`aeagjhs `h trfofkg hj
ifs quh ifs pymhs jg puh`hj ravfiazfr. Rgr gtrf pfrth, nfy uj `aseursg `ase ursg quh sh rhpath hjtrh ifs pymhs hjtrhvastf`fs. Xjf `arhetgrf `h rheursgs numfjgs `h ujf pymh aj`aefof; ’ Rgrquh hs shdurg, eufj`g egjtrftfj igs raegs Ogmofr`ahr y Rrftt, ig ûjaeg quh jgs quh`f nfehr, hs tgmfrig. Nfy quh fdufjtfrig \…]. Uh trftf `h uj eûmuig `h egsfs quh sgj `acíeaihs `h f`majastrfr f`majastrfr,, pgrquh tû `aehs, hj uj mgmhjtg `f`g, quh sí, quh tû puh`hs fumhjtfr igs sfifrags, phrg jg thjhmgs if efpfea`f` `h Ogmofr`ahr< jg dfjfmgs maihs `h maiigjhs”. Ifs juhvfs ajaeaftavfs sgj ajtrg`uea`fs, `h fjthmfjg, phjsfj`g hj rh`uear hstf cgrmf `h egmphthjeaf hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs. Ifs fiafjzfs, fi afjzfs, mu02
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
enfs vhehs ajcgrmfihs, ampa`hj f ifs hmprhsfs rheiutfr f igs hmpihf`gs `h gtrf Hj `h gtrgs efsgs, cfvgrhehj ifs hmpihf`gs trfjschrhjeafs rfihscarmf. `h mfjg gorf hjtrhifssí,pymhs pfrf fshdurfr pfrf fshd urfr f igs ujfthmpgmfygr hstfoaia`f` hj hi hmpihg hmpihg.. If rh`ueeaõj `hi jûmhrg `h prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs sh trf`ueh hj ujf egmphthjeaf tg`fvíf mæs cuhrth hjtrh hiigs. Ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapgs ferheahjtfj hsf egmphthj egmphthjeaf eaf egj hi gokhtavg hxpiíeatg `h rh`uear sadjacaeftavfmhjth su jûmhrg. Rfrf sgorhvavar, igs prgvhh`grhs `hohj f`quarar juhvfs nfoaia`f`hs y efpfoaiatahs (efpfea`f`hs) (efpfea`f`hs).. Jg Jg sh trftf sõig `h hspheafiazfrsh hspheafiaz frsh hj uj shdmhjtg prheasg, pgr hkhmpig, hj if cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs, nfy quh shduar hspheafiazæj`gsh hspheafiaz æj`gsh pfrf mfjthjhr if pgsaeaõj hj hsth kuhdg, ef`f vhz mæs mæs hxadhjth. Egmg ig suorfyf hi `aradhjth `h ujf pymh, ifs rhdifs sgj mæs `urfs quh fjths; ’ Nfeh fprgxamf`fmhjth fprgxamf`fmhjth `ahz g quajeh fögs, jg mæs quh hsg, eufj`g nfeífs ujf prgpuhstf, `heífs; nh fquí ma egstg, egj tfi mfrdhj. If hjvafofs hjvafofs f tu eiahjth, eiahjth, y hrf hi prheag. Rhrg fngrf, hiigs `aehj; nh fquí hi prheag, frrádifthifs egj tus egstgs”. Igs prgvhh`grhs `hohj ampifjtfr ampifjtfr sasthmfs `h dhstaõj mæs sgcastaef`gs. Jg Jg ofstf egj hstfr egjehjtrf`gs egjehjtrf`gs hj uj hspfeag dhgdræcaeg< fngrf hs jhehsfrag `hsfrrgiifr præetaefs `h dhstaõj, ajthdrfj`g táejaefs egmg if ihfj prg`uetagj, dhjhrfr egmpr egmprgmasgs gmasgs fsgeaftavgs egj ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapgs. Fujquh muy pgefs pymhs hstæj f if fiturf pfrf rhspgj`hr f hsth `hsfcíg. Xjf Xjf ouhjf pfrth `h ifs pymhs sh nfiif pgeg hstrueturf`f y sus fetava`f`hs drfvatfj hjjhehsfrafmhjth tgrjg f uj hmprhsfrag quh tahjh cuhrths efpfea`f`hs táejaefs, phrg jg nf sa`g iihvf`g f `hsfrrgiifr sus fptatu`hs `h dhstaõj. Jg gostfjth, ifs pymhs hjcrhjtfj hxadhjeafs y prhsagjhs ef`f vhz
mæs y mæs cuhrths pfrf fumhjtfr sus efpfea`f`hs. Hj pfrtaeuifr ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapgs ihs hxadhj ajshrtfrsh hj ifs ef`hjfs `h vfigr ajthrjfeagjfihs egj ajvhrsagjhs hj hi hxtrfjkhrg. Rfrf mfjthjhr sus rhifeagjhs `h pravaihdag, uj ouhj jûmhrg `h pymhs `hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi `h Mgjtrhfi Mgjtrhfi sgj ampuisf`fs f ajvhrtar hj Vuhrátfrg, Máxaeg, f `gj`h Ogmofr`ahr trfjscaraõ hi egjkujtg `h sus fetava`f`hs `h cushifkh hj ?228. Hstfs juhvfs hxadhjeafs rhprhshjtfj ujf gpgrtuja`f` `h jhdgeags hxehpeagjfihs hxehpeagjfihs pfrf ifs if s pymhs phrg, fi masmg tahmpg, ifs goiadf f tgmfr rahsdgs hj hi mfreg `h ujf rhifeaõj fsamátraef. Hi rhtg pfrf ifs pymhs egjsasth, `hs`h fngrf, hj `hsfrrgiifr rhifeagjhs `h prgxama`f` egj ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs, mfjthjahj`g sahmprh su futgjgmíf. 06
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
Jg sh euhstagjf hi nheng `h quh igs efmoags hj ifs rhifeagjhs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs prgvgquhj ujf shrahpgjhj `h fkusths ajthrjgs. Pfjtg ifs ydrfj`hs hmprhsfs egmg ifs phquhöfs hj mfrenf igs prajeapags táejaefs `h if ihfj prg`uetagj. Hi mhkgrfmahjtg egjtajug, hi Lfjofj y if prg`ueeaõj ’kustg f tahmpg” cgrmfj pfrth `h uj vgefouifrag `h tg`gs igs f`majastrf`grhs y hmpihf`gs. If ajtrg`ueeaõj `h hstfs táejaefs jg sh nfeh saj rgehs, sgorh tg`g eufj`g sh fegmp fegmpföf föf `h ujf ajthjsacaefeaõj `hi trfofkg, `h ujf rfeagjfiazfeaõj `h igs hchetavgs quh hxadh if ajthrvhjeaõj `h igs rhprhshj rhprhshjtfjths tfjths saj`aefihs crhjth f juhvgs `hsfcígs. Ef`f vhz mæs, igs rhprhshjtfjths rhprhshjtfjths `hohj pfrtaeapfr hj juhvgs hspfeags `h `heasaõj quh sgorhpfsfj hi mfreg `h ifs rhifeagjhs ifogrfihs trf`aeagtrf`aeagjfihs. Uh ihs pa`h, shdurfmhjth, mg`acaefr igs egjvhjags egihetavgs pfrf cfeaiatfr if ajtrg`ueeaõj `h juhvfs táejaefs< ajeiusg ifs hmprhsfs igs ajvatfj f egjv egjvhrtarsh hrtarsh hj sgeags hj if f`majastrfeaõj `h igs hstfoiheamahjtgs. Igs saj`aeftgs sgj egjvgef`gs f nfehr ujf hiheeaõj hjtrh igs ajthrhshs f egrtg pifzg `h sus mahmorgs (sfivfdufr`fr igs hmpihgs, sfifrags, hte.) hte.) y if phrmfjhjeaf `h if cuhjth `h trfofkg. Hj eahrtg jûmhrg `h efsgs, igs saj`aeftgs nfj egifogrf`g hj if rhhstrueturfeaõj `hi hstfoiheamahjtg, ig quh ampiaefof if suoegjtrftfeaõj `h fetava`f`hs g su trfsif`g fi hxtrfjkhrg, egj if mhtf `h fumhjtfr if egmphtatava`f`. egmphtatava`f`. If eatf saduahjth, hxtrfí`f `h ujf hjtrhvastf f uj rhprhshjtfjth saj`aefi, ajtrg`ueh muy oahj if juhvf rhfia`f` egj if quh igs saj`aeftgs `hohj ajthrfetufr; If egmpföíf vf f rhpfrtar igs jhdgeags, fiiæ \Máxaeg], `h mfjucfeturfs f ofkg egstg, quh vfj f nfehrif hegjgmazfr hj ujf mfygr hsefif, phrg tfmoaáj
nfy jhdgeags (hspheafiazf`gs) quh shræj efpfehs `h nfehr fquí. Qg, Qg, sa `adg< jg, jg, mh gpgjdg fi efmoag, yg puh`g nfehr hi eahj pgr eahjtg `hi fvaõj, vgy f nfehr hi eahj pgr eahjtg `h jf`f, g 82 pgr eahjtg `h ?822 egpafs quh sh vfj f vhj`hr hj Enajf y hj _usaf. @hohmgs thjhr ujf vasaõj quh, `hsdrfeaf`fmhjth, ifs phrsgjfs egmujhs, quh trfofkfj hj su puhstg, jg tahjhj. Hs jhehsfrag quh vhfs y hxpiaquhs nfeaf `õj`h vfmgs egj hsg.
Hj rhsumhj, if ajthdrfeaõj hj if hegjgmíf muj`afi mg`acaef if jfturfihzf `h ifs if s rhifeagjhs hjtrh hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs y hj su shjg `hoa`g f quh igs egjdigmhrf`gs aj`ustrafihs sgj muy nhthrgdájhgs, hj tármajgs `h igs fetgrhs quh igs egjcgrmfj (hmprhsfs h ajstatueagjhs), hstæj ftrfvhsf`gs pgr 0?
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
ujf muitatu` `h gokhtavgs y fpuhstfs, aj`ava`ufihs y egihetavgs, `h `avhrsf jfturfihzf. Egmg nhmgs vastg, hstgs gokhtavgs jg sgjhjjfturfimhjth egjvhrdhjths, y igsigprgehsgs `h eggphrfeaõj quh pgjhj mfrenf igs fetgrhs `h igs egjdig egjdigmhrf`gs mhrf`gs hstæj phrmfjhjthmhjth phrmfjhjthmhjth fsh`af`gs pgr `hshquaiaorags `h pg`hr y `h rhifeagjhs hj tgrjg f rheursgs fkhjgs.
Egjeiusaõj Igs rhsuitf`gs `h hstf ajvhstadfeaõj egjtraouyhj egjtraouyhj f aiustrfr hi prgehsg `h trfjscgrmfeaõj trfjscgrm feaõj `hi egjdigm egjdigmhrf`g hrf`g aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi, tfjtg `hs`h hi pujtg `h vastf hstrueturfi hstrueturfi y rhifeagjfi, egmg `hi ajstatueagjfi, hj rfzõj `h uj `goih mgvamahjtg; pgr uj if`g, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhohe nf egjgea`g ujf ajthdrfeaõj mfygr egj if hegjgmíf hegjgmíf muj`afi hj hi eursg e ursg `h igs ûitamgs fögs. Hsth chjõmhjg hs jhtfmhjth ftraouaoih fi erheamahjtg `h ifs i fs carmfs `hi egjdigmhrf`g (Ogmofr`ahr, (Ogmofr`ahr, hj pfrtaeuifr), quh nfj `hvhja`g hj vhr`f`hrfs muitajfeagjfihs. Hs mæs, hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs `hi masmg efiaorh sh nfj sumf`g f if rhdaõj pfrf dgzfr `h ifs vhjtfkfs `h ujf prgxama`f` egj ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs igefihs. Ástfs, prhshjths hj jumhrgsgs pfíshs, prgyhetfj prgyhetfj fi egjdigm egjdigmhrf`g hrf`g mgjtrhfihjsh nfeaf if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi muj`afi. @h hsth mg`g, ifs cuhjths `h if ajjgvfeaõj `hkfj `h shr ûjaefmhjth ajthrjfs fi egjdigmhrf`g. Uh uoaefj, hj ouhjf mh`a`f, hj if pfrth hxthrjf `hi eiusthr. Ifs trfjscgrmfeagjhs hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr aiustrfj oahj hsth chjõmhjg. Rgr gtrg if`g, sh goshrvf uj mgvamahjtg `h `avhrsacaefeaõj `h ig fhrghspfeafi hj hi shjg masmg `hi egjdigmhrf`g mgjtrhfihjsh. @hs`h sus grídhjhs, ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs
nfj sh`uea`g f jumhrg jumhrgsfs sfs pymhs, ifs eufihs e ufihs nfj sa`g ampuisf`fs rheahjthmhjth f hmprhj`hr su hxpfjsaõj y hjtrfr hj hi mhref`g muj`afi. @h adufi mg`g, nf sa`g pgsaoih goshrvfr hi surdamahjtg `h jumhrgsfs ajstatueagjhs quh tuvahrgj hi gokhtavg `h fegmpföfr f ifs carmfs hj hi pifjg `h if cgrmfeaõj, if ajvhstadfeaõj y if egmphtat egmphtatava`f`. ava`f`. Hsth `goih mgvamahjtg `h ajthdrfeaõj y `avhrsacaefeaõj nf mg`acaef`g rhifeagjhs Uheggphrfeaõj, erhfj ifzgs hjtrh if ifsjfturfihzf carmfs quh`hjgifsmuhstrfj yf hjtrh rfsdgsifsjahmprhsfs. `h if sampih ja `h ujf iõdaef `h egmphthjeaf trf`aeagjfi. trf`aeagjfi. Uh `aoukf, mæs oahj, uj hquaiaorag `hiaef`g hj ifs rhifeagjhs `h fsgeafeaõj hjtrh ifs carmfs ajthrjfeagjfihs y ifs pymhs (prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj hj hi shjg `hi E_AFV, E_AFV, `h 05
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
tuthifkh egj Fárg Mgjtráfi y juhvfs `ajæmaefs hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr) y ujf prhhmajhjeaf, sahmprh prhshjth, prhshjth, `h ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs sgorh hstfs ûitamfs. Ifs muitajfeagjfihs hxadhj f sus prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs igefihs `hsfrrgiifr sus efpfea`f`hs sa `hshfj prhshrvfr sus rhifeagjhs `h pravaihdag. Ifs hmprhsfs `hsfrrgiifj pfrfihifmhjth juhvfs rhifeagjhs egj igs saj`aeftgs y sgj mæs hxadhjths. Ástgs Ástgs `hohj shr efpfehs `h f`gptfr ujf vasaõj hstrftádaef sgorh hi cuturg `h if aj`ustraf, a`hjtacaefj`g ifs zgjfs `h egmprgmasg quh ihs phrmatfj marfr pgr if `hchjsf f ifrdg pifzg `h sus fdrhmaf`gs. If egifogrfeaõj egj if carmf sh ampgjh hj pgs `h sus fpuhstfs `h egmphtatava`f`, phrg sahmprh gpgjaáj`gsh eufj`g sh trftf `h if prgtheeaõj `h igs fsfifraf`gs. If ajthdrfeaõj mæs cuhrth hj if hegjgmíf muj`afi hkhreh tfmoaáj prhsagjhs hxehsavfmhjth cuhrths sgorh ifs ajstatueagjhs rhdagjfihs y sus mhefjasmgs `h f`majastrfeaõj. If muitapiaefeaõj `h ifs cuhjths `h ajjgvfeaõj hxõdhjfs fi egjdigmhrf`g supgjh ujf `urf pruhof pfrf su efpfea`f` `h fetufr, f títuig `h hmprhsfrag ajstatueagjfi, hs `hear, sus efpfea`f`hs pfrf pgjhr hj rh` igs hstfoiheamahjtgs, pfrf pfrf `acuj`ar ifs if s ajjgvfeagjhs y sumajastrfr juhvgs mfregs `h rhchr rhchrhjeaf. hjeaf. Hi egjdigmhrf`g fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi nf igdrf`g, hj pfrth, rhspgj`hr pgsatavfmhjth f hsth juhvg rhtg, drfeafs f if erhfeaõj `h jumhrgsfs ajstatueagjhs quh, f`hmæs `h cfvgrhehr if puhstf hj rhifeaõj `h igs fetgrhs, egjtraouyhj f sumajastrfrihs rheursgs y efpfea`f`hs jhehsfrags pfrf hjcrhjtfr igs juhvgs `hsfcígs ampuhstgs pgr if egmphthj egmphthjeaf. eaf. Hj hsth shjta`g, hi MAEFM nf `hmgstrf`g su efpfea`f` pfrf trfjscgrmfrsh y
`hphj`hjeyy, nf igf`fptfrsh. Ihkgs `h hjefkgjfrsh hj ujf iõdaef `h pftn `hphj`hje drf`g hvgiueagjfr pfrf rhspgj`hr f ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h igs fetgrhs `h if aj`ustraf. Hmphrg, sa hs pgsaoih egjstftfr hi áxatg `hi MAEFM, rhstf hxpiaefr fûj if ampiaefeaõj ampiaefeaõj `h eahrtfs `hoaia`f` `hoaia`f`hs. hs. Hj pramhr iudfr, iudfr, egmg ig nhmgs egjstftf`g, if `avhrsa`f` ajstatueagjfi phrmath gcrhehr ujf muitatu` `h rheursgs y `fr cihxaoaia`f` f igs fetgrhs `hi sasthmf. Rhrg Rhrg hstf `avhrsa`f`
ajstatueagjfi pg`ríf shrrhegrths if efusfhj `hifs eahrtfs thjsagjhsUasa igs dhjhrf `h pg`hr y sa goshrvfmgs ftraoueagjhs. ifzgskuhdgs `h egifogrfeaõj sh mfjtahjhj `hspuás `h uj eahrtg tahmpg, hjtgjehs hjtgjehs hi mg`hig sh `heifrf hcaeahjth. Igs efmoags hj if `ajæmaef rhifeagjfi puh`hj, egj tg`g, egj`uear f egjcrgjtfeagjhs ajstatueagjfihs. Hj shduj`g iudfr, ifs 00
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
ajstatueagjhs `hi MAEFM hstæj, hj drfj mh`a`f, cajfjeaf`fs pgr hi Hstf`g. Ua igsigs dgoahrjgs tgmfj juhvfs grahjtfeagjhs hstrftádaefs y `hea`hj `asmajuar cgj`gs ajyhetf`gs f hstfs ajstatueagjhs, su suphrvavhjeaf sh vuhivh prhefraf. @h fquí sh `hsprhj`hríf uj `hoaiatfmahjtg `hi MAEFM y `h ifs if s vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs quh dhjhrf. Cajfimhjth, igs rheursgs y efpfea`f`hs dhjhrf`gs pgr hi MAEFM, jhtfmhjth hj tármajgs `h cgrmfeaõj `h mfjg `h gorf, sh rhprg`uehj hj gtrgs thrratgrags; pgr hkhmpig, Máxaeg trfofkf pfrf ampifjtfr muengs ehjtrgs `h cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`gs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Uurdh hjtgjehs hjtgje hs if euhstaõj sgorh if rhprg`ueeaõj `hi hsquhmf `hi MAEFM hj gtrgs egjthxtgs egjthxtgs ajstatueagjfihs y euiturfihs `achrhjths, ajeiusg ajeiusg `h su masmf hspheacaea`f` ajstatueagjfi. Egj hi pfsg `h igs fögs, hi egjdigmhrf`g fhrghspfeafi `h Mgjtrhfi nf `hsfrrgiif`g ujf vhjtfkf egmphtatavf ajstatueagjfi quh ih nf phrmata`g fshdurfr fshd urfr su phrhjja`f`. Jg gostfjth, gostfjth, hstæ iifmf`g f hvgiueagjfr f if pfr `h if fphrturf ef`f vhz mfygr `hi muj`g, y hj ujf aj`ustraf ef`f vhz mæs egmphtatavf. If efpfea`f` `h f`fptfeaõj h ajjgvfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs, tfjtg hj hi pifjg táejaeg egmg hj hi grdfjazfeagjfi, grdfjaz feagjfi, `h igs saj`aeftgs h ajstatueagjhs, saduh sahj`g erueafi pfrf quh q uh hi egjdigmhrf`g aj`ustrafi prhshrvh su iudfr `h hxehihjeaf hj hi hsehjfrag muj`afi.
08
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
Cuhjths Oaoiagdrfcíf y nhmhrgdrfcíf Ohfu`ry, E. (?226). ’Hjtry, Drgwtn fj` Rfthjtajd aj Aj`ustrafi Eiusthrs; F Utu`y gc Pnh Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry aj tnh X.L.”, Ajthrjftagjfi Kgurjfi gc tnh Hegjgmaes gc Ousajhss, vgi. >, jûm. 5, pp. 028-053. Orfmwhii, F., F ., F. Jhiihs y K. Tgich Tgich (?22> (?22> ). Ljgwih`dh, Ajjgvftagj Ajjgvftagj fj` AjstatuAjst atutagjs; Digofi fj` Igefi @amhjsagjs gc tnh AEP Eiusthr aj Tfthrigg, Efjf`f”, _hdagjfi Utu`ahs, vgi. 0?, jûm. 6, pp. 626-663. Orgwj, _. (?222). ’Eiusthr, Uuppiy Enfajs fj` Igefi Hmoh``h`jhss aj Cyrstf`”, Hurgphfj urofj fj` rhdagjfi stu`ahs, vgi. 4, jûm. 0, pp. ?16-528. EFFN_F. (?22>). ’Utrftádah `h rhsgurehs numfajhs pgur i‑aj`ustrah efjf`ahjjh `h A‑fár A‑fárgspftafih” gspftafih”,, Efjf`æ, Dguvhrjfmhjt `u Efjf`f. EFMFV (?22>). ’Oaifj shetgrahi ?22>; ihs drfj`s cgrums `h i‑fárgspftafih, `hs `ácasa`á`as cfeh æ ujh ráfiatá jguvhiih hj rhssgurehs numfjahs”, Mgjtrhfi, EFMFV. EFMFV (?262). ’_hehjs ’_hehjshmhjt hmhjt `hs hmpigas fu 6hr kfjvahr ht ?221 ? 221 ht ?262 ht právasagjs fu 6hr kfjvahr ?266”, Mgjtrhfi, EFMFV. Efrrajefzhfux, E. y S. Cradfjt (?224). ’Pnh Ajthrjftagjfiazftagj gc tnh Crhjen Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry Aj`us try;; Pg Pg wnft Hxthjt H xthjt Thrh Thrh tnh 6112s 6112s f Orhfl watn watn tnh Rfst7” Rfst7 ”, Egmphtatagj fj` Enfjdh, vgi. 66, jûm. 5, pp. ?32-?>0. Enrastgpnhrsgj, U. y K. Eifrl (?224). ’ Rg Rgwhr whr aj Carm Jhtwgrls; Tnft at Mhfjs
cgr _hdagjfi _hdagjfi Ajjgvftagj Ajjgvf tagj Uysthms Uysthm s , _hdagjfi Utu`ahs, vgi. 06, jûm. 1, pp. 6??56?53. Daoiaj, M. (?266). ’Mfjfdajd tnh Digofi-Igefi @amhjsagjs gc Eiusthrs fj` tnh _gih gc „Ihf`‑ Grdfjazftagjs; Pnh Egjtrfstajd Efshs gc tnh Ugctwfrh fj` Mh`aefi Phenjgigdy Eiusthrs aj tnh Thts gc Arhifj`”, Hurgphfj Rifjajd Utu`ahs, vgi. 61, jûm. 6, pp. ?5-0?. Daujtf, F. (?222). ’ Ifrdh Carm fj` Uuoegjtrfetajd _hiftagjs aj tnh Egmmhreafi Farerfct Aj`ustry; F Efsh Utu`y gc Efmpfjaf, Ef mpfjaf, Ugutnhrj Atfiy” Atfiy”,, hj F. Dahrratgry; y; Pnh ujtf, F. Ifdhj-`akl y F. Ralh, h`s., _hstrueturajd Aj`ustry fj` Phrratgr Hxphrahjeh Hxphrah jeh gc Hurgph Hurgph‑‑s _hdagjs , Igj`rhs, Pnh Utftagjhry Gccaeh.
03
Hi `hsfrrgiig `h vhjtfkfs egmphtata egmphtatavfs vfs ajstatueagjfihs
Drfy, M., H. Dgigo y F. Mfrlushj (6113). ’Oad Carms, Igjd Frms, Ta`h Ungui`hrs; Pnh „Nuo fj` Upglh‑ Aj`ustrafi @astraet aj tnh Uhfttih _hdagj”, _hdagjfi Utu`ahs, vgi. 52, jûm. 4, pp. 386-333. Duhrrf, K. F. Fivhs Caing y I. I . Chrrharf Chrrharf (?262). (?262 ). ’Mg`higs `h ajthdrfäfg `h sasthsa sthmfs `h aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef h sufs egjsheuhjeafs”, Fjfas Uampga ?262, hj @. Naelah, h`. (?223),’ Ljgwih`dh fj` Egmphtatavhjhss aj tnh Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry; Pnh Efsh gc Pguigush, Uhfttih fj` Jgrtn-Thst Hjdifj`”, Hurgphfj Rifjjajd Utu`ahs, vgi. 60, jûm. 8, pp. 314-463. Adfihjs, K., y E. Sajehjs (?223). Ihs mutftagjs `fjs shethur fárgjfutaquh. Ih efs `‑Farous hj Ma`a-Ryrájáhs, Pguigush, Xjavhrsatá Hurgpáhjjh `u Prfvfai. Kgiaeghu Kg iaeghurr, M. (?221f). (?221f). Fhrgspftafi; ?22 RMH kudáhs ’vuijhrfoihs”, Efjf`æ, Ihs Fccfarhs. Kgiaeghur, Kgiaeghur , M. (?221o). I‑aj`ustrah fárg-spftafih ráeifmh A°fa`h `u dguvhrjhmhjt, Mgjtrhfi, Efjf`æ, Ihs Fccfarhs, p. 52. Ihs Fccfarhs (?266). Ih F5?Gjhg, ih enfmpagj `u Ogurdht, Mgjtrhfi, Efjf`æ, Ihs Fccfarhs, ?? `h kujag. Mfrsnfii., F. (61?2). Rrajeapihs gc Hegjgmaes, >f h`. Efmora`dh, MeMaiifj \6>12]. M@HAH. (?262). I‑aj`ustrah `h A‑fárg-spftafih A‑fárg-spftafih fu Vuáohe; cfats sfaiifjts ht enaccrhs `u shethur ?221, Vuhohe, Efjf`æ, Dguvhrjhmhjt `u Vuáohe. M@HAH (?223). Utrftádah `h `ávhigpphmhjt `h A‑aj`ustrah fárgjfutaquh quáoáegash, Vuhohe, Efjf`æ, Dguvhrjhmhjt `u Vuáohe. Mgjtgrg, Mgjtgr g, D. y J. Madgj (eggr`s.) (?221). ( ?221). Ef`haf prg`uetavf fhrgjûtaef orfsaiharf; gpgrtuja`f`hs h `hsfcígs, _íg `h Kfjharg, OJ@HU.
Jagsa, K. y M. [nhdu (?228). Fhrgspfeh Eiusthrs; Igefi gr Digofi Ljgwih`dh Upaiigvhrs7”, Aj`ustry fj` Ajjgvftagj, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp. 8-?1. Rfrlhr Rfr lhr,, _. _ . (?26?). ’ Hvgiu Hvgiutagj tagj fj` Enfjdh aj a j Aj`ustrafi Eiusthrs; Fj Fjfiysas gc Nsajenu fj` Ugpnaf Fjtapgias”, Hurgphfj Xrofj Xrofj fj` _hdagjfi Utu`ahs, vgi. 64, jûm. 5, pp. ?08-?32. Rfrtg,, U. (?22>). Rfrtg (?2 2>). ’ Ajjgvftagj fj` Hegjgmae Fetavaty; Fj Ajstatutagjfi Fjfiysas gc tnh _gih Eiusthrs aj Aj`ustrafiazajd Hegjgmaes”, K Kgurjf gurjfii gc Hegjg Hegjgmaes maes Assuh, vgi. 0?, jûm. 0, pp. 6228-6252. Rhrhz-Fihmfj, R. Rhrhz-Fihmfj, R. (?228). (?22 8). ’Eiusthrs Cgrmftagj, Ajstatutagjs fj` Ihfrjajd; Pnh Hmhrdhjeh gc Eiusthrs fj` @hvhigpmhjt aj Enaih” Enaih”,, Aj`ustrafi fj` Egrpgrfth Enfjdh, vgi. 60, jûm. 0, pp. 386-344. Ragrh, M. K., y E. C. Ufohi (61>0). Pnh Uhegj` Aj`ustrafi @ava`h; Rgssaoaiatahs cgr Rrgsphraty, Juhvf Qgrl, Ofsae Oggls. 04
Mgrasshtth, Ofrrá, Iávhsquh, Ugifr-Rhiihtahr Ugifr-Rhiihtahr,, Uaivharf
Rgrthr, M. H. (611>). ’Eiusthrs fj` tnh Jhw Hegjgmaes gc Egmphtatagj”, Nfrvfr` Ousajhss _hvahw (jgvahmorh-`aeahmorh), pp. 44-12. _gsh-Fj`hrsshj, E. ht fi. (?22>). Fhrgspfeh Uuppiy Enfaj fs Hvgiutagjfry Jhtwgrls gc Fetavatahs; Ajjgvftagj Saf _asl-Unfrajd Rfrtjhrsnap”, Erhftavaty fj` Ajjgvftagj Mfjfdhmhjt, vgi. 64, jûm. 0, pp. 520-56>. Umatn, @. y D. Aorfnam (?223). ’Eiusthr @yjfmaes; @ yjfmaes; Egrpgrfth Utrfthdy Utrfthdy,, Aj`ustry Hvgiutagj fj` Phenjg-igdah Phenjg-igdah Prfkhetgrahs-F Prfkhetgrahs-F Efsh Efs h Utu`y gc tnh Hfst Ma`ifj`s Fhrgspfeh Eiusthr”, Igefi Hegjgmy, vgi. ?6, jûm. 0, pp. 53?-544. Umatn, @. K. y Prfjcahi`, @. _. (?228). ’Pfihjth` Uuppiahrs; Utrfthdae Enfjdh Enfjdh aj tnh XL Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry fj` tnh Ampiaeftagjs cgr Ajjgvftagj”, _&@ _&@ 54-01 . Mfjfdhmhjt, vgi. 58, jûm. 6, pp. 54-01.
Pfiogt, fj` Igefiazh` Ajthr-Carm _hiftagjs; @. Pnh(?222). Efsh gc’Ajstatutagjfi Fhrgspftafih @yjfmaes fj` tnh Pguigusafj Uuoegjtrfetgrs’, Hurg phfj Xr Xrofj ofj fj` fj` _hdagjfi _hdagjfi Utu`ah Utu`ahss, vgi. 5, pp. ??5-?53. Pnaccfuit, R. (?220). Fu thmps `hs prhmaárhs faihs; phtath nastgarh fárahjjh `u Á` atagjs Pacgdrfpnh. Vuáohe, Ifvfi, Á`atagjs XU Ajthrjftagjfi Prf`h Prf`h Egmmassagj (?226). Egmphtatavh fsshssmhjt gc tnh XU Tfsnajdtgj, jdtgj, @.E. ifrdh eavai farerfct fhrgstrueturh aj`ustry, Tfsna Sfrdf, I., y R. M. Fiihj (?223). ’F Efsh-stu`y gc tnh Pnrhh Ifrdhst Fhrgspfeh Mfjucfeturajd Grdfjazftagjs; Fj Hxpigrftagj gc Grdfjazftagjfi Utrfthdy, Ajjgvftagjj fj` Ajjgvftag f j` Hvgiutagj” Hvgiutagj”,, H;EG, vgi. >, jûm. ?, pp. 0>-30. [hatiaj, K. (?22>). ’Aj`ustrafi @astraets fj` _hdagjfi Eiusthrs”, hj D. Kgjhs y K. [hatiaj (h`s.), (h`s.), Pnh Gxcgr` Nfj`oggl cgr Ousajhss Nastgry, Gxcgr`, Gxcgr` Xjavhrsaty Xjavhr saty Rrhss, pp. ?61-?05. ?61-?0 5.
[nhdu, M. (?224). If egávgiutagj `hs aj`ustrahs ht `hs systámhs systá mhs `‑ajjgvftagj; A‑aj`ustrah fárgjfutaquh, Mgjtrhfi, XVFM.
_heursgs hihetrõjaegs Fárg Mgjtráfi (?266), (? 266), 9nttp;//www 9 nttp;//www.fhrgmgjtrhfi.ef/:. .fhrgmgjtrhfi.ef/:. Ohii Nhiaegpthr (?26 (?266), 6), 9nttp;/ 9nttp;//www /www.ohiinhiae .ohiinhiaegpthr gpthr.egm/:. .egm/:. Ogmofr`ahr (?266), 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.ogmofr`ahr.eg .ogmofr`ahr.egm/:. m/:. EFH (?266), (?266 ), 9nttp;//www.efh.egm/hj/:. 9nttp;//www.efh.egm/hj/:. E_AFV (?266), 9nttp;//www 9 nttp;//www.erafq.fhrg/:. .erafq.fhrg/:. Rrftt fj` Tnatjhy Efjf`f (?266), 9 nttp;//www nttp;//www.pwe.ef/:. .pwe.ef/:.
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Efpítuig AA Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg @fjahi Saiifvaehjeag,* Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz** y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf*** Rhrg, f`aeagjfimhjth, nforhmgs `h `hsfrrgiifr egj hi fpgyg `hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi, f trfvás `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf y `h if Uherhtfríf `h H`uefeaõj, uj pfrquh `h prgvhh`grhs ajthrjfeagjfihs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi y uj ehjtrg `h h`uefeaõj hspheafiazf`f pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h mfjg gorf efiacaef`f hj hi h i thmf fhrgjæutaeg. @aseursg `hi dgohrjf`gr `h Vuhrátfrg, hj if ajfudurfeaõj `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrgspfeh hj Máxaeg.
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
H j uj egjthxtg digofi `gj`h ifs vhjtfkfs egmpfrftavfs ofsf`fs hj rheursgs jfturfihs y ofkgs sfifrags sh `hsvfjhehj fjth ujf `ajæmaef hegjõmaef mæs ajthjsavf hj egjgeamahjtg, nfy rhdagjhs hj hi muj`g quh
ousefj mhkgrfr su pgsaeaõj hegjõmaef mh`afjth mh`afjth if rhgrahj rhgrahjtfeaõj tfeaõj `h sus vgefeagjhs prg`uetavfs nfeaf hsquhmfs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g. Rhrg mahjtrfs fidujfs rhdagjhs euhjtfj e uhjtfj egj egj`aeagjhs sucaeahjths pfrf trfjsatfr nfeaf shetgrhs prg`uetavgs `h fitf thejgigdíf, gtrfs, hj egjtrfsth, egjtrfsth, `hohj ampihmhjtfr efmoags hstrueturfihs pfrf ftrfhr ajvhrsaõj hj shetgrhs prg`uetavgs euyf cuhjth cuhjth `h egmphtatava`f` sh fsgeah fi f i usg `h thejgigdíf `h vfjdufr`af. Ásth hs hi efsg `h rhdagjhs hspheafiazf`fs hj fetava`f`hs hxtrfetavfs g `h hxpigtfeaõj `h rheursgs jfturfihs, `gj`h if erhfeaõj `h *
Rrgchsgr ajvhstadf`gr hj if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf Mhtrgpgiatfjf, hj hi ærhf `h Fjæiasas y Dhstaõj Ugeaghegjõmaef `h ifs Grdfjazfeagjhs y hj hi pgsdrf`g Hegjgmíf y Dhstaõj `h if Ajjgvfeaõj. ** Hdrhsf`f `h if Mfhstríf hj Hegjgmíf y Dhstaõj `h if i f Ajjgvfeaõj, hstu`afjth `hi `getgrf`g hj Eahjeafs Ugeafihs, hj if Cifesg Máxaeg. *** Hdrhsf`g `h if Mfhstríf hj Hegjgmíf y Dhstaõj `h if Ajjgvfeaõj y egjsuitgr aj`hphj`ahjth.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
juhvfs aj`ustrafs rhsuitf shr uj prgehsg egstgsg pgr if cfitf `h ajcrfhstrueturf, rheursgs numfjgs, fdhjeafs `h cgmhjtg, ajstatueagjhs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, `h efpfeatfeaõj, hjtrh gtrgs fsphetgs. Rgr su pfrth, igs efmoags hj if `ajæmaef hegjõmaef `h ujf rhdaõj prhshjtfj `achrhjth gradhj y rhsuitf`gs< puh`hj thjhr uj egmpgjhjth hxõdhjg g nfohr ajaeaf`g hj hi shjg `h ifs if s rhifeagjhs ajnhrhjths ajnhrhjths f igs fetgrhs `h if rhdaõj< g tfmoaáj hs prgofoih quh egrrhspgj`fj egrrhspgj`fj f if egmoajfeaõj `h uj prgehsg hj`õdhjg hj`õdhjg egj uj egmpgjhjth hxõdhjg. Hj tg`g efsg, ig ajthrhsfjth ajthrhsfjth `h fjfiazfr sgj igs hihmhjtgs quh hstæj hj kuhdg y thjsaõj, igs fetgrhs quh prgtfdgjazfj hi efmoag, hi pfphi `h if pgiítaef pûoiaef, ifs juhvfs rhifeagjhs pûoiaeg-pravf`fs pûoiaeg-pravf`fs quh hmhrdhj, fsí egmg ifs juhvfs trfyhetgrafs `h ajjgvfeaõj quh sh phrcaifj. Hj hsth efpítuig jgs ajthrhsf fjfiazfr hj quá mh`a`f ujf rhdaõj, hj pfrtaeuifr hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg,, nf `hsfrrgiif`g efpfea`f`hs susehptaoihs `h ftrfhr hmprhsfs fsgeaf`fs f uj shetgr `h fitf thejgigdíf egmg if fhrgjæutaef.6 Fujquh hj Máxaeg hxasthj hmprhsfs cforaefjths `h egmpgjhjths y pahzfs pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef muj`afi, uoaef`fs hj `achrhjths hstf`gs `hi pfís (Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224), if iihdf`f `h if hmprhsf Ogmofr`ahr f Vuhrátfrg, f mh`af`gs `h if `áef`f pfsf`f nf `htgjf`g igs efmoags hj if `ajæmaef aj`ustrafi `hi hstf`g. Hj juhstrf gpajaõj, hiig sh rhcihkf tfjtg hj if erhfeaõj `h juhvfs efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs y thejgiõdaefs `h if rhdaõj, hj pûoiaegs hi æmoatgy`h ifs rhifeagjhs ajstatueagjfihs ajstatueagjfihs y if eggphrfeaõj hjtrhegmg fdhjths pravf`gs.
If aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef gphrf mh`afjth ef`hjfs `h vfigr hj hi æmoatg digofi, egj mhref`gs hj igs quh ig ampgrtfjth hs if prheasaõj, if efia`f`, hspheacaefeagjhs y mfthrafihs hj if prg`ueeaõ prg`ueeaõj, j, y jg hi vgiumhj `h prg`uetgs. Uh trftf `h ujf aj`ustraf sukhtf f hstraetfs jgrmfs `h egjtrgi 6
Hi mfthrafi quh fquí prhshjtfmgs cgrmf pfrth `h ujf ajvhstadfeaõj cajfjeaf`f pgr hi Ofjeg Ajthrfmhraefjg `h @hsfrrgiig hj ?221-?262, ?2 21-?262, hj hi mfreg `h ` h if egjvgeftgraf ’Xj`hrstfj`ajd ’Xj`hrstfj`ajd tnh @yjfmaes gc _hdagjfi Ajjgvftagj Uysthms fj` tnhar Ampfet gj Ajjgvftagj gj tnh Rrg`uetavh Uhetgr, A@O, _D-L 62?2”. Igs rheursgs `hi prgyhetg egf`yuvfrgj f if rhfiazfeaõj `h ujf@urfjth thsas `h if mfhstríf hj Hegjgmíf y Dhstaõj `hi Efmoag Phejgiõdaeg, XFM, ^genamaieg. ajvhstadfeaõj sh rhfiazfrgj eajeuhjtf hjtrhvastfs hjtrh hmprhsfs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg, fh rgjæutaeg, futgpfrtastf futgpfrtastf y mhtfimheæjaeg, mhtfimheæ jaeg, hj ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj pûoiaegs y pravf`gs quhrhtfjgs ‐prajeapfimhjth egj igs rhspgjsfoihs `h if vajeuifeaõj egj hi shetgr prg`uetavg‐, y f cujeagjfrags `h dgoahrjg hj ajstatueagjhs rhifeagjf`fs egj ifs hstrfthdafs aj`ustrafihs `hi hstf`g. Fdrf`hehmgs pûoiaefmhjth if ajcgrmfeaõj prgpgreagjf`f pgr ifs `achrhjths phrsgjfs hjtrhvastf`fs.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
`h efia`f` `h tg`gs igs ajsumgs utaiazf`gs, ig eufi egjiihvf prgehsgs egjstfjths `h fprhj`azfkh, hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi y cgrmfs `h eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs quh ajthdrfj if ef`hjf `h vfigr vfigr.. Xjf `h ifs ajthrrgdfjths quh duífj juhstrg fjæiasas sh rhcahrh f igs hihmhjtgs quh `fj if pfutf pfrf if i f egjstrueeaõj `h ujf juhvf trfyhetgraf thejgiõdaef hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, rhifeagjf`f egj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. Ua oahj ifs ajvhrsagjhs `h if hmprhsf Ogmofr`ahr sh egjsa`hrfj uj hihmhjtg hxõdhjg, ástfs cuhrgj pgsaoihs drfeafs f if hxasthjeaf `h eahrtfs egj`aeagjhs jhehsfrafs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, rhchrhjths rhchrhjths prajeapfimhjth f `gs fsphetgs; 6) uj ampgrtfjth thka`g aj`ustrafi quh cforaef pahzfs y egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths hj shdmhjtgs ûtaihs pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrgjæut fhrgjæutaef, aef, egmg ifs aj`ustrafs mhtfimheæjaef, hihetrõjaef, químaeff y, químae y, sgorh tg`g, if `h futgpfrths< futgpfrths< ?) uj egjkujt egjkujtgg `h ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr quh gchrtfj rheursgs numfjgs hj ærhfs ajdhjahraihs, fsí egmg uj drupg `h ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg euyfs efpfea`f`hs h ajcrfhstrueturf sgj `h drfj utaia`f` pfrf igs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs mhjeagjf`gs, egj egj if phrsphetavf `h egf`yuvfr fi fshjtfmahjtg `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, f trfvás `h shrvaeags thejgiõdaegs y prgyhetgs prgyh etgs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj y `hsfrrgiig (A+@). Hj uj pramhr fpfrtf`g `aseutarhmgs hi thmf `h if ajjgvfeaõj `hs`h if phrsphetavf `h shetgrhs y rhdagjhs, a`hjtacaefj`g igs hihmhjtgs phrtajhjths, pfrfnfj `hspuás hj hiujf shduj`g, efrfethrístaefs y egj`aeagjhs quh nheng fjfiazfr, `h Vuhrátfrg rhdaõjifs ftrfetavf pfrf if ajvhrsaõj
hxtrfjkhrf hj hi shetgr `h if fhrgjæutaef. Hj hi threhrg sh prhshjtfj rfsdgs dhjhrfihs `h if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef, hjcftazfj`g hj ifs efpfea`f`hs aj`ustrafihs hxasthjths egmg egj`aeaõj jhehsfraf pfrf trfjsatfr nfeaf ujf aj`ustraf digofiazf`f y `h fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g. Hj hi eufrtg fpfrtf`g prhshjtfrhmgs ifs efrfethrístaefs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg hj Vuhrátfrg y if `ajæmaef `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg h ajstatueagjfi quh sh fprheaf f pfrtar `hi frraog `h Ogmofr`ahr. Hj hi quajtg, gcrhehmgs fidujfs rhcihxagjhs cajfihs sgorh ifs gpgrtuja`f`hs quh sh vasiumorfj v asiumorfj pfrf hi shetgr y if rhdaõj.
If ajjgvfea ajjgvfeaõj õj `hs`h uj hjcgquh shetgrafi y thrratgraf thrratgrafii F cajfihs `h if `áef`f `h 61>2, surdaõ hi egjehptg egjehptg `h sasthmf jfeagjfi `h ajjgvfeaõj (UJA) pfrf `fr euhjtf `hi efræethr sastámaeg y muita`amhj86
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
sagjfi `hi prgehsg `h ajjgvfeaõj quh geurríf hj hsh mgmhjt mgmhjtgg hj `avhrsgs pfíshs. Pfi egjehptg tuvg uj hchetg jgrmftavg y mhtg`giõdaeg jg sõig hj hi `hofth fef`ámaeg, sajg tfmoaáj hj hi rhpifjthfmahjtg `h ifs pgiítaefs `h igs pfíshs mæs aj`ustrafiazf`gs, f pfrtar `h ifs rhegmhj`feagjhs ampuisf`fs pgr if GE@H (611>). Uaj hmofrdg, `hs`h if phrsphetavf `h ujf `amhjsaõj gjtgi gjtgiõdaef, õdaef, hi UJA prhshjtf prgoihmfs `h ajthrpr ajthrprhtfeaõj htfeaõj y `h goshrvfeaõj hmpíraef. Hj pramhr iudfr, pgrquh hj jajdujg `h igs pfíshs hstu`af`gs hj hsgs fögs sh ajeiuyhr ajeiuyhrgj gj tg`fs ifs aj`ustrafs, shetgrhs shetgrhs g tg`g hi æmoatg `h ifs ajstatueagjhs hxasthjths hxasthjths hj uj pfís. Hsgs hstu`ags sh iamatfrgj f fjfiazfr fjfi azfr igs prajeapfihs shetgrhs y fdhjths hegjõmaegs hegjõmaegs quh rhcihkfofj efpfea`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj. Fsí puhs, if ampgsaoaia`f` `h ajeiuar tg`fs ifs `amhjsagjhs hegjõmaefs, ajstatueagjfihs, pgiítaefs y sgeafsge afihs quh egmprhj`hj ujf jfeaõj, egj`ueh f rhtgmfr hi egjehptg `h UJA egmg ujf nhrrfmahjtf fjfiítaef pfrf ajthrprhtfr ajthrprhtfr if rhfia`f` `h uj pfís y pfrf grahjtfr if `hcajaeaõj `h pgiítaefs pûoiaefs y hstrfthdafs hmprhsfrafhmprhsfrafihs `h ajjgvfeaõj. F pfrtar `h if `aseusaõj `h ifs i fs `amhjsagjhs quh ajthrvahjhj hj hi prgehsg `h ajjgvfeaõj, quh jg sh rhstrajdh ûjaefmhjth f if fetava`f` `h igs ifogrftgrags `h A+@ `h ifs hmprhsfs, sajg quh fofref rhifeagjhs `h prgvhh`uríf, `h eggr`ajfeaõj y eggphrfeaõj egj gtrgs fdhjths, fpfrheahrgj ifs jgeagjhs `h sasthmfs shetgrafihs y rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj. If pramhrf `f euhjtf `h ifs hspheacaea`f`hs egdjatavfs, thejgiõdaefs thejgiõdaefs y grdfjazfeagjf-
ihs quh sgj egmujhs f ifs hmprhsfs `h uj masmg shetgr aj`ustrafi, pgr hi nheng `h cforaefr prg`uetgs quh rhquahrhj ajsumgs, táejaefs `h prg`ueeaõj y efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs shmhkfjths. If shduj`f hjcftazf ifs rhifeagjhs hjtrh fetgrhs y igs ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg quh geurrhj hj uj æmoatg dhgdræcaeg `hcaja`g, y `gj`h if prgxama prgxama`f` `f` sgeageuiturfi, sgeage uiturfi, grdfjazfeagjfi y egdjatavf hjtrh igs fdhjths `hi thrratgrag dfrfjtazf dfrfjtazf igs prgehsgs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg h ajstatueagjfi. aj statueagjfi.
Hi hjcgquh shetgrafi If `astajeaõj `a stajeaõj `h ifs cuhjths `h egjgeamahjtg egjgeamahjtg quh `hsfrrgiiõ Rfvatt Rfvatt (61>0) nf sa`g if ofsh pfrf hjthj`hr ifs `achrhjeafs shetgrafihs hj tármajgs `h igs prgehsgs `h ajjgvfeaõj. C. Mfihrof (?228) rhtgmõ hj drfj mh`a`f if tfxgjgmíf `h fquhi futgr y prgpusg uj hjcgquh sgorh igs sasthmfs 8?
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
shetgrafihs `h ajjgvfeaõj, rhtgmfj`g rhtgmfj`g a`hf `h quh hj yujif shetgr sh egmpfrthj hihmhjtgs hj trhs oigquhs; 6) hiif egjgeamahjtg thejgigdíf< ?) igs fetgrhs y sus rh`hs< 5) ifs ajstatueagjhs. Fujf`g f hstgs oigquhs, ifs egj`aeagjhs `h feehsg, fprhj`azfkh y fprgpafeaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg y if thejgigdíf `acahrhj shdûj igs shetgrhs `h if hegjgmíf. Hj hchetg, igs shetgrhs mæs ajthjsavgs hj if hxpigtfeaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg eahjtícaeg (oagthejgigdíf, pgr hkhmpig) rhcihkfj cgrmfs `h eggphrfeaõj hjtrh fdhjths (hstg hs, ujavhrsa`f`-hmprhsf) mæs ajthjsfs y crheuhjths quh igs shetgrhs quh hxpigtfj egjgeamahjtg egjgeamahjtg `acuj`a`g y dhjáraeg g igs quh utaiazfj thejgigdífs mf`urfs (efizf`g). If prgpuhstf `hi futgr rhofsf hi fjæiasas trf`aeagjfi `hs`h if grdfjazfeaõj aj`ustrafi, `gj`h sh hstu`af if egjehjtrfeaõj, if ajthdrfeaõj vhrtaefi, if `avhrsacaefeaõj `avhrsacaefeaõj y khrfrquíf, if grdfjazfeaõj `h ` h ef`hjfs `h prg`ueeaõj y prgvhh`uríf, phrg quh gmath hi fjæiasas `h ifs ajthrfe ajthrfeeagjhs eagjhs jg mhrefjtaihs y if prhshjeaf `h gtrgs fdhjths quh jg shfj ifs hmprhsfs. Hi shetgr egmpfrth ujf ofsh `h egjgeamahjtg, thejgigdífs, ajsumgs y `hmfj`f, fsí egmg cgrmfs `h egmpht egmphthjeaf hjeaf y eggphrfeaõj hspheícaefs. Hstg sh puh`h vasufiazfr hj trhs `amhjsagjhs; a) If ofsh of sh `h egjgeamahjtg y if thejgigdíf rhmathj f vfrafs egsfs, hj pramhrf ajstfjeaf, nfy quh a`hjtacaefr quaájhs sgj igs prg`uetgrhs `hi egjg-
eamahjtg ehjtrfi (egrh quá tapgeuæihs `h egmphthjeafs y nfoaia`f`hs táejaefs y grdfjazfeagjfihs sh ),rhquahrh, sgj igs egjgeamahjtgs phracáraegs, euæi hs if jfturfihzf y ratmg `h igs ciukgs egdjatavgs. Fsamasmg, hi egjgeamahjtg y if thejgigdíf egjstatuyhj hi mfreg pfrf if grdfjazfeaõj `hi prgehsg prg`uetavg prg`uetavg y `hiamatfj ifs efrfethrístaefs `hi prg`uetg, ifs pfutfs y egj`aeagjhs `h fprhj`azfkh pfrf if mhkgrf ajerhmhjtfi `hi prgehsg prg`uetavg g `h igs prg`uetgs, if ajvhrsaõj hj rheursgs cajfjeahrgs, numfjgs h ajcrfhstrueturf pfrf if A+@ y ifs gpgrtuja`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj. Uumf`g f ig fjthragr (`aspgjaoaia`f` `hi egjgeamahjtg), ifs ofrrhrfs `h feehsg y igs mhefjasmgs pfrf su prgtheeaõj sgj fsphetgs quh egj`aeagjfj ifs cgrmfs `h grdfjazfeaõj `h ifs if s hmprhsfs, su egmpgrtfmahjtg, egmpgrtfmahjtg, hi mg`g hj quh prgehsf y trfjscgrmf hi egjgeamahjtg, y if cgrmf hj quh ig ousef, f`quahrh y frtaeuif egj hi quh pgshh. aa) _h`hs. If jfturfihzf y egmpihka`f` `hi prg`uetg y `h su prgehsg `h aa) cforaefeaõj egjiihvf `achrhjeafs hj tármajgs `h igs ajsumgs rhquhra`gs 85
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
ypfrtar `hi drf`g ajthdrfeaõj g ajthrjfiazfeaõj `h `h pfrths `hi rftfeaõj prg`uetg.y `h F `h hsgs`hhihmhjtg hihmhjtgs s sh `hthrmajfj ifs rh`hs suoegjtrftfeaõj suoegjt prgvhh`uríf, prgvhh` uríf, fsí egmg igs mhefjasmgs `h eggr`ajfeaõj (ehrtacaefeagjhs, (ehrtacaefeagjhs, egjtrftgs, trfjschrhjeaf thejgiõdaef) hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs. Fsgeaf`g fi thmf `h ifs cuhjths `h egjgeamahjtg, egjgeamahjtg, thjhmgs thjhmgs if hxasthjeaf `h fdhjths quh jg sgj hmprhsfs, phrg quh prgvhhj `h rheursgs numfjgs y egjgeamahjtg, egmg ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Pfmoaáj thjhmgs fdhjeafs fdhjeafs `h cajfjeafmahjtg, cajfjeafmahjtg, `h efpfeatfeaõj táejaef, táejaef , `h mhtrgigdíf y ehrtacaefeaõj, `h pruhofs, y gtrgs fdhjths iifmf`gs ajthrmh`afrags (Ngwhiis, ?223) quh eumpihj ujf cujeaõj `h trf`ueeaõj hjtrh hmprhsfs y gtrg tapg `h ajstatueagjhs. aaa) If threhr threhrff `amhjsaõj hs if `h ifs ajstatueagjhs hjthj`a`fs hjthj`a`fs egmg rhdifs, hstæj`frhs, jgrmfs y næoatgs g egmpgrtfmahjtgs egmujhs y egmpfrta`gs pgr ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs `h uj shetgr (ajeiuyh pftrgjhs pftrgjhs y hstæj`frhs grdfjazfeagjfihs). Nfy mhtfrrhdifs eg`acaef`fs y egmujhs f muengs shetgrhs, egmg ifs ihyhs `h prgpah`f` ajthihetufi, ifs jgrmfs AUG g if rhdifmhjtfeaõj hj mfthraf `h prgtheeaõj `hi mh`ag fmoahjth quh ampfetfj `h mfjhrf `achrhjth `achrhjth hj igs shetgrhs. Fsamasmg, nfy nfy rhdifs hspheícaefs `h uj shetgr,, egmg ehrtacaefeagjhs shetgr ehrtacaefeagjhs `h efia`f`, `h shdura`f` sh dura`f` g `h ajgeua`f` a jgeua`f` quh sh trf`uehj hj cgrmfs `achrhjeaf`fs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg hj ujg
u gtrg shetgr. Ifs hmprhsfs `h uj shetgr puh`hj uoaefrsh hj `achrhjths hsifogjhs `h ujf ef`hjf `h vfigr, hj ástf fidujfs cforaefj igs egmpgjhjths mæs shjeaiigs (pgr ig dhjhrfi sgj phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs), gtrfs cforaefj hquapgs mæs sgcastaef`gs, mõ`uigs egmpihtgs pfrf hi suohjsfmoih y hjsfmoih cajfi, y uj threhr drupg `h hmprhsfs sh `h`aef fi `ashög `h juhvgs egmpgj egmpgjhjths hjths g prg`uetgs. Hj hsth shjta`g, pg`hmgs nfoifr `h ujf eahrtf ajthdrfeaõj y khrfrquíf `h ifs hmprhsfs hj hi shjg `hi shetgr, egmg hj hi efsg `h ifs aj`ustrafs futgmgtraz y fhrgjæutaef. Hi egjgeamahjtg, ifs ypræetaefs grdfjazfeagjfihs, ifs táejaefs `h prg`ueeaõj, sh `acuj`hj egmpfrthj hjtrh ifs `achrhjths hmprhsfs quh q uh egjcgrmfj if ef`hjf `h ` h vfigr. Uaj hmofrdg, nfy gtrgs shetgrhs hj igs quh jg hxasth jhehsfrafmhjth jhehsfra fmhjth ujf ef`hjf ajthdrf`f, `gj`h ifs hmprhsfs gphrfj egmg uja`f`hs aj`hphj`ahjths quh `gmajfj hi eaeig `h prg`ueeaõj y if ef`hjf `h vfigr, hjtgjehs ástfs 80
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
egmpathj hjtrh saj f`g. egmpfrtar egjgeamahjtg g thejgigdíf, egmg hi shetgr thxtai g `hisí,efizf`g. efiz F phsfr `h quh q uh jg nfy eggphrfeaõj hjtrhj hjtrh h ifs hmprhsfs `h hsgs shetgrhs, she tgrhs, hxasthj rfsdgs egmujhs hj hi egmpgrtfmahjtg y jfturfihzf `h ifs i fs hmprhsfs, egmg egmg ifs táejaefs `h cforaefeaõj, hi tapg `h ajsumgs pfrf sus prg`uetgs, igs prgvhh`grhs, ifs efrfethrístaefs `hi mhref`g fi eufi `hstajfj su prg`ue prg`ueeaõj, eaõj, y ifs rhdifs ajstatueagj ajstatueagjfihs fihs f ifs if s quh rhspgj`hj (ehrtacaefeaõj, rhdifs frfjehifrafs, frfjehifrafs , prgpah`f` ajthihetufi). ajthihetufi) . Hi hjcgquh `h igs sasthmfs shetgrafihs `h ajjgvfeaõj jgs pfrheh ûtai pfrf egmprhj`hr egmprhj`hr ifs cgrmfs `h grdfjazfeaõj grdfjaz feaõj y eggphrfeaõj hjtrh hmprhsfs `h uj shetgr quh trf`ueh fi masmg tahmpg ujf ef`hjf `h vfigr y `h prg`ueeaõj, egmg hs hi efsg `h if fhrgjæutaef. Hi `hshmphög `hi shetgr `hphj`h `h ifs if s cgrmfs `h eggr`ajfeaõj egdjatavf, if trfjschrhjeaf thejgiõdaef y ifs pfutfs `h fprhj`azfkh y eghvgiueaõj hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs. Hj hsth shetgr, hi prgehsg prg`uetavg sh grdfjazf hj uja`f`hs rhiftavfmhjth aj`hphj`ahjths quh puh`hj hstfr `asphrsfs hj `achrhjths pujtgs dhgdræcaegs `hi pifjhtf g hj ujf masmf zgjf dhgdræcaef, phrg frtaeuif`fs hj tgrjg f if fpiaefeaõj `h ifs hspheacaea`f`hs táejaefs (`amhjsaõj, efia`f`, shdura`f`, hte.) `h ifs `achrhjt `achrhjths hs pahzfs quh sh ajthdrfj hj egmpgjhjths, egmpgjhjths, mõ`uigs y suohjsfmoihs `hi prg`uetg cajfi. Hstg masmg geurrh hj if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, hj if quh sh fprheaf eifrfmhjthh if egjcgrm eifrfmhjt egjcgrmfeaõj feaõj `h ujf grdfjazfeaõj parfma`fi, hj euyf ofsh
sh hjeuhjtrfj igs prgvhh`grhs `h ifs pahzfs mæs shjeaiifs y hj if pujtf ifs hjsfmoif`grfs `hi futg. Hj igs hstrftgs ajthrmh`ags `h if paræma`h thjhmgs hmprhsfs quh cforaefj hj rhdagjhs `h pfíshs `astajtgs ifs maihs `h pahzfs, pfrths, egmpgjhjths, mõ`uigs y hquapgs quh sh vfj hjsfmoifj`g suehsavfmhjth nfstf hi cajfi. Muengs hstu`ags nfj `f`g euhjtf `h if hvgiueaõj h vgiueaõj `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz hj Máxaeg, Máxaeg, ifs efpfea`f`hs dhjhrf`fs pgr igs prgvhh`grhs jfeagjfihs, ifs cgrmfs `h eggphrfeaõj, g ifs `ajæmaefs ajstatueagjfihs surda`fs f rfíz `h ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f y igs hstæj`frhs `h efia`f`.? Egjsa`hrfmgs Egjsa`hrfm gs quh ifs aj`ustrafs futgmgtraz y fhrgjæutaef sgj shmh kfjt kfjths hs rhifeagjhs hj eufjt eufjtgg `h f sus pftrgjhs `h pftrgjhs grdfjazfeaõjfsí grdfjazfeaõj aj`ust aj`ustrafi rafihjy ifs thrratgr thrr atgrafi, afi, hj ifs eggphrfeaõj y prgvhh`uríf, egmg cgrmfs `h eggr`ajfeaõj y fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg. @h nheng, igs hjsfmoif`grhs cajfihs `h futgmõvaihs y fvagjhs sh fofsthehj `h fidujgs mfthrafihs, ?
Sáfsh, pgr hkhmpig, Maenhia (6110), Kuærhz, Ifrf y Ouhjg (?228).
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
pahzfs y egmpgjhj egmpgjhjths ths eareuatgs cforaef`gshiáetraegs pgr ifs if s masmfs hmprhsfspahzfs prgvhmhtæiaprgvhh`grfs, h`grfs, pgr hkhmpig, frjhshs, y hihetrõjaegs, efs, ehræmaefs, piæstaefs, `aspgsatavgs hihetrõjaegs `h egjtrgi y egmfj`g. Fujquh ifs hspheacaefeagjhs táejaefs vfrífj trftæj`gsh `h uj futg g uj fvaõj, ifs efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs y grdfjazfeagjfihs pfrf if cforaefeaõj `h tg`gs hsgs egmpgj egmpgjhjths hjths sgj ifs masmfs. @hs`h hstf phrsphetavf, jgs prhdujtfmgs, ·hj quá mh`a`f ifs hmprhsfs `h ifs aj`ustrafs mhtfimheæjaef y `h pahzfs futgmgtraehs fshjtf`fs hj Vuhrátfrg pg`ræj fpiaefr prgehsgs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg thejgiõdaeg quh ihs phrmatfj trfjsatfr `h ifs if s futgpfrths f ifs ’fhrgpfrths”, hs `hear, hj quá mh`a`f if ofsh aj`ustrafi fetufi `h Vuhrátfrg, `gj`h prh`gmajfj prh`gmajfj ifs phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs (pymhs) `h if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef egjcgrmfræ egjcgrmfræ hj hi egrtg y mh`afjg pifzg ifs ef`hjfs `h prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs `arhetgs `h igs egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths egmpihkgs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef7 fhrgjæutaef7 Hjcftazfmgs hj if vfrafoih thmpgrfi thmpgrfi pgrquh hj hi shetgr she tgr futgmgtraz futgmgtraz `h Máxaeg hi prgehsg `h hsefifmahjtg prg`uetavg prg`uetavg y thejgiõdaeg nfeaf if prgvhh`uríf `arhetf tfr`õ efsa `gs `áef`fs.
Hi hjcgquh rhdagjfi If euhstaõj `h ifs rhdagjhs ajjgvf`grfs y egmphtatavfs sh nf hstu`af`g
`hs`h igs fögs genhjtf, f pfrtar `h igs hkhmpigs `h if iifmf`f Phrehrf Atfiaf g `hi Sfiih `hi Uaiaeag, quh sh efrfethrazfrgj pgr mgstrfr rhifeagjhs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs `ajæmaefs, ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg, efpfea`f` `h fprhj`azfkh `h igs `avhrsgs fetgrhs, y eghvgiueaõj `h ajstatueagjhs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs, hj frfs `h egjstruar uj hjtgrjg g maiahu prgpaeag fi efmoag.5 Fsí, `hs`h igs `astratgs aj`ustrafihs g igs sasthmfs prg`uetavgs igefihs `h igs fögs genhjtf, nfstf igs sasthmfs rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj pifjthf`gs f cajfihs `h igs jgvhjtf, hi thmf `h if egmphtatava`f` `h ifs rhdagjhs y su efpfea`f` `h ajjgvfeaõj sh nf hjraquhea`g pgr ifs ajthrprhtfeagjhs `h jumhrgsgs futgrhs egj hjcgquhs, prgpuhstfs egjehptufihs y mhtg`giõdaefs `avhrsfs, fsí egmg pgr eufjtagsgs hstu`ags hmpíraegs. 5
Ugorh Uaiaegj Sfiihy, váfjsh igs trfofkgs `h Ufxhjafj (6116) y Efstaiif ht fi. (?222). If `aseusaõj sgorh ifs rh`hs `h eggphrfeaõj y hi thrratgrag sh fprheafj hj Ofdjfseg y Ufohi (6110).
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
Hi hstu`ag `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj, `hs`h if`hphrsphetavf thrratgrafi, nf fumhjtf`g, pfrtaeuifrmhjth hj aj`ustrafs fitf thejgigdíf. Igs hstu`agsgs `hi thmf egjeuhr`fj hj shöfifr quh; f) hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y grdfjazfeagjfi hj uj thrratgrag rhsuitf cfvgrhea`g pgr if prhshjeaf `h rh`hs y egjdigm egjdigmhrf`gs hrf`gs `h hmprhsfs, y quh o) ifs cgrmfs hj quh ifs carmfs ajthrfetûfj hj `aengs egjdigmhrf`gs egjdigmhrf`gs g eiusthrs egmprhj`hj rhifeagjhs prgvhh`gr-usufrag, egifogrfeagjhs cgrmfihs h ajcgrmfihs, y fitf mgvaia`f` ajthrcarmf `h rheursgs numfjgs, f`hmæs `h if erhfeaõj `h fsgeafeagjhs prgchsagjfihs y vajeuifeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs egj ajstatueagjhs fef`ámaefs y ehjtr ehjtrgs gs `h A+@. Hi fjæiasas `h if `amhjsaõj thrratgrafi `h ifs fetava`f`hs prg`uetavfs rhtgmf igs cfetgrhs sgeageuiturfihs quh `hcajhj hi egmpgrtfmahjtg hmprhsfrafi y igs cfetgrhs `h gchrtf y `hmfj`f quh egj`aeagjfj ifs `heasagjhs `h ajvhrsagjhs y `h igefiazfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs, pgr pgr hkhmpig, if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h rheursgs numfjgs, `h egj`aeagjhs urofjfs, ajcrfhstrueturf pfrf if prg`ueeaõj y hi egmhreag, if hxasthjeaf `h prgvhh`grhs, grdfjasmgs cajfjeahrgs y uj egjkujtg `h grdfjasmgs `h fpgyg fi cujeagjfmahjtg `h ifs rhifeagjhs prg`uetavfs prg`uetavfs y mhrefjt mhrefjtaihs. aihs. Xjf rhdaõj oraj`f `avhrsfs cgrmfs `h ’p ’prgxama`f`” rgxama`f`” ûtai pfrf hi `hshmphög prg`uetavg y thejgiõdaeg `h ifs hmprhsfs, egmg if císaef g dhg-
dræcaef, if sgeageuiturfi, if grdfjazfeagjfi y if egdjatavf (@h if Mgtnh, ?228). Hstfs cgrmfs `h prgxama`f` eghxasthj, sgj egmpihmhjtfrafs y egjstatuyhj if ofsh `h vhjtfkfs tfjdaoihs (ajcrfhstrueturf) h ajtfjdaoihs (egjgeamahjtgg y egjcafjzf) quh sgj pgsaoihs `h (egjgeamahjt ` h hxpigtfeaõj hj prgehsgs egihetavgs `h fprhj`azfkh h ajjgvfeaõj. @hs`h if phrsphetavf `h ifs vhjtfkfs ajtfjdaoihs, igs fetgrhs `h ujf rhdaõj puh`hj egjstruar, f ig ifrdg `hi tahmpg, ifzgs `h eggphrfeaõj, efpatfi sgeafi quh cfvgrhzef fiafjzfs y hmpg`hrfmahjtg `h igs fetgrhs, fsí egmg ajthjsgs ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg. @hs`h hsth pifjg surdaõ hi hjcgquh `h ’sasthmfs rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj”, egj prgpuhstfs egjehptufihs y mhtg`giõdaefs pfrf fjfiazfr igs prgehsgs egihetavgs `h ajjgvfeaõj hj hi mfreg `h ujf eareujserapeaõj thrratgrafi. Futgrhs egmg Egglh, Nha`hjrhaen y Orfezyl (611>) fjfiazfrgj vfrags hkhmpigs `h sasthmfs rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj, igs eufihs nfj rhsuitf`g hj cgrmfs `achrhjeaf`fs `h `hshmphög egmphtatavg egmphtatavg y `h dgohrjfjzf, dgohrjfjzf , `hs`h hi æmoatg `h if pgiítaef pûoiaef y hi ia`hrfzdg `h igs fetgrhs pûoiaegs g pravf`gs. Hiigs fpujtfj quh ifs cgrmfs `h `h eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh igs fetgrhs 84
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
y if `hjsa`f` `h ifs if s ajthrrhifeagjhs ajthrrhifeagjhs hs uj cfetgr erueafi pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h ifs efpfea`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj f javhi rhdagjfi (Nárf ( Nárfu`, u`, ?225< Egglh, ?228< @gigrhux y Rfrtg, ?228). If jgeaõj `hi fmoahjt fmoahjthh ajjgvf`gr cuh `hsfrrgiif`g pgr hi Drguph `h _henhrenhh Hurgpáhj pgur ihs Maiahux Ajjgvf _henhren Ajjgvfthurs thurs (D_HMA), pfrtahj`g `h uj hjcgquh quh fsadjf fi thrratgrag uj pfphi hj hi prgehsg `h ajjgvfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig hj`õdhjg (Fy`figt, 61>3). Igs trfofkgs hmpíraegs `h hsth drupg egjsadjfrgj if ampgrtfjeaf `h ifs ajstatueagjhs egmg egj`aeagjfjths g eftfiazf`grfs `h if `ajæmaef hegjõmaef hj zgjfs dhgdræcaefs hspheícaefs (Egiihtas ht fi., 6112). @hs`h hstf phrsphetavf, if ajjgvfeaõj sh egjeaoh `h f pfrtar `hi egmpgrtfmahjtg igsigs fdhjths hegjõmaegs hj if hi thrratgrag, ifs ajstatueagjhs prhshjths`h y `h shetgrhs pukfjths `h hegjgmíf.0 Nfy hjtgrjgs euyf `ajæmaef prgpaeaf eíreuigs vartugsgs `h `hsfrrgiig, egj egj ofsh hj ajjgvfeagjhs grdfjazfeagjfihs, thejgiõdaefs h ajstatueagjfihs, eareujseratgs eareujseratgs f rhdagjhs hspheícaefs quh sh egjvahrthj hj sasthmfs rhdagjfihs g thrratgrafihs `h ajjgvfeaõj (Egglh, ?228). If vhigea`f` h ajthjsa`f` `h if eareuifeaõj e areuifeaõj `h egjgeamahjtgs egf`yuvf f rh`uear ifs orhenfs egdjatavfs hjtrh igs fdhjths, fsí egmg f if erhfeaõj `h phrehpeagjhs h ajthrprhtfeagjhs egmujhs sgorh igs prgoihmfs, rhtgs y gpgrtuja`f`hs `h if rhdaõj. Hj Hj hi mh`afjg pifzg, if vasaõj egmpfrta`f
sahjtf ifs ofshs pfrf hihdar ajstrumhjtgs, `ashöfr hstrfthdafs y `hcajar pgiítaefs pfrf ampuisfr if ajjgvfeaõj y hi `hsfrrgiig.8 @hs`h ujf phrsphetavf egjehptufi y jgrmftavf, igs sasthmfs `h ajjgvfeaõj, oahj shfj jfeagjfihs, rhdagjfihs g shetgrafihs, egmprhj`hj egmprhj`hj uj egjkujtg `h fdhjths prg`uetavgs y `h ajstatueagjhs quh dhjhrfj ujf `ajæmaef vartugsf `h fprhj`azfkh h ajjgvfeaõj. Uaj hmofrdg, hj su hxprhsaõj hmpíraef, hsgs sasthmfs egjiihvfj ujf `ajæmaef sukhtf f igs frrhdigs 0
8
@urfjth igs fögs jgvhjtf, hj Hurgpf sh `hoftaõ hj tgrjg f if jfturfihzf y `ajæmaef `h igs sasthmfs prg`uetavgs igefihs y igs `astratgs aj`ustrafihs< jgeagjhs quh `ahrgj euhjtf `hi frrfadg `h ifs hmprhsfs fi thrratgrag y `h if efpfea`f` `h igs fetgrhs igefihs pfrf egjstruar prgyhetgs ?222). `h `hsfrrgiig sgorh if ofsh `h egjshjsgs pgiítaegs y hegjõmaegs (Daiiy y Pgrrá, Hj hi mfreg `h ujf ajvhstadfeaõj sgorh ifs `ajæmaefs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi, cuh pgsaoih fjfiazfr ifs `achrhjths ajthrfeeagjhs hjtrh ujavhrsa`f`, hmprhsfs, fsgeafeagjhs, fdhjeafs `h ` h dgoahrjg, hjtrg hjtrg gtrgs, quh geurrahrgj hj fmogs if`gs `h if crgjthrf hjtrh Máxaeg y Hstf`gs Xja`gs `hs`h cajfihs `h igs jgvhjtf, y quh `ahrgj if pfutf f if egjstrueeaõj `h prgyhetgs ajstatueagjfihs `h ifrdg pifzg pfrf `ajfmazfr if hegjgmíf `h if rhdaõj (Saiifvaehjeag, ?223).
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
ajstatueagjfihs quh sh egjstruy egjstruyhj hj y rhegjstr rhegjstruyhj uyhj hj cujeaõj `h hstímuigs hxõdhjgs y `h thjsagjhs hj`õdhjfs. If hxasthjeaf `h hmprhsfs y sus efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs prg`uetavfs y thejgiõdaefs, if hxasthjeaf `h ajstatueagjhs y ifs if s cujeagjhs quh `hshmphöfj (cajfjeafmahjtg, jgrmfs, jgrmfs, mhtrgigdíf, efpfeatfeaõj), ifs efpfea`f`hs eahjtícaefs feumuif`fs, ifs cgrmfs egjtrfetufihs y tæeatfs `h ajthrefmoag y eggphrfeaõj hjtrh igs fdhjths, fsí egmg igs mhefjasmgs pfrf `acuj`ar igs egjgeamahjtgs sgj hihmhjtgs egjstatutavgs `h if `ajæmaef `hi thrratgrag quh egf`yuvfj f if grahjtfeaõj `h su trfyhetgraf trfyhetgraf hj hi tahmpg. Hi rhsuitf`g `h ifs `heasagjhs egihetavfs y ifs hstrfthdafs `hcaja`fs egj`ueh f ujf satufeaõj `hphrmfjhjth. hstfjefmahjtg, `h `hsfrrgiig g `h ajjgvfeaõj Hstfs a`hfs sarvhjpfuiftajg `h mfregy zadzfduhfjth, `h rhchrhjeaf pfrf fjfiazfr,, hj hi efsg `h Vuhrátfrg, f if iuz `h if ajcgrmfeaõ fjfiazfr ajcgrmfeaõjj hstf`ístaef `aspgjaoih, ujf shrah `h hjtrhvastfs rhfiazf`fs hj ujavhrsa`f`hs, ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y hj hmprhsfs phrthjheahjths fi shetgr `h if fhrgjæutaef, `h ifs pfrths futgmgtraehs futgmgtraehs y if mhtfimheæjaef hj `aenf ` aenf rhdaõj.
Efpfea`f`hs aj`ustrafihs aj`ustrafihs y `h EP+A hj Vuhrátfr Vuhrátfrgg
Vuhrátfrg hs uj hstf`g `h rheahjth aj`ustrafiazfeaõj, `gj`h eghxasthj shetgrhs trf`aeagjfihs (egmg if cforaefeaõj `h pfrths y pahzfs mhtæiaefs), egj shetgrhs `h mfygr ajthjsa`f` thejgiõdaef (egmg if cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs futgmgtraehs, hihetrõjaefs, hihetrõjaefs, aj`ustraf químaef `h hspheafia`f`hs, g oagthejgigdíf `h fiamhjtgs, hjtrh gtrgs). Hj if ûitamf `áef`f, hi hstf`g sh nf efrfethrazf`g pgr mgstrfr tfsfs `h erheamahjtg `hi RAO pgr frraof `hi prgmh`ag jfeagjfi (5%), ig quh `f euhjtf `h su `ajæmaef hegjõmaef h aj`ustrafi. Uaj hmofrdg, hmofrdg, jg tg`gs igs shetgrhs prg`uetavgs `hi hstfhstf `g hstæj ajvgiuerf`gs egj if masmf cuhrzf hj if `ajæmaef hegjõmaef. Igs shetgrhs vajeuif`gs f mhref`gs y f ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj, egmg if futgmgtraz, sh vhj ohjhcaeaf`gs tfjtg pgr if `hmfj`f jfeagjfi egmg ajthrjfeagjfi, ajthrjfeagjfi, f if vhz quh q uh sh sgmhthj f if egmphthj egmphthjeaf eaf hj fmogs javhihs, pgr hiig sgj shetgrhs hj igs quh hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y if ajjgvfeaõj a jjgvfeaõj rhprhshjtfj rhprhshjtfj fsphetgs egta`afjgs pfrf ifs hmprhsfs. Hj if fetufia`f`, hj Vuhrátfrg sh goshrvf if hxasthjeaf `h ajthrrhifeagjhs ajthrrhifeagjhs y rh`hs `h egjgeamahjtg h ajjgvfeaõj, rhsuitfjths `h uj prgehsg `h `hsfrrgiig
81
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
ajstatueagjfi y feumuifeaõj `h efpfea`f`hs eahjtícaefs y thejgiõdaefs hxphramhjtf`g `urfjth `urfjth ifs ûitamfs `gs `áef`fs. `áef`fs . Hj hsth fpfrtf`g prhshjtfmgs prhshjtfmgs ifs efrfethrístaefs dhjhrfihs `h ifs efpfea`f`hs eahjtícaefs y thejgiõdaefs fetufihs `h hstf hjta`f`, `hs`h if phrsphetavf `h if gchrtf `aspgjaoih ` aspgjaoih egmg ujf ampgrtfjth vfrafoih hstrueturfi quh egjstatuyh uj rheursg ftrfetavg pfrf if ajvhrsaõ ajvhrsaõjj prg`uetavf hj shetgrhs `h fitf thejgigdíf.3 Fjfiazfrhmgs orhvhmhjth hi pfphi `h fidujgs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstad a jvhstadfeaõj feaõj hj if egjstrueeaõj `h ujf `ajæmaef thejgiõdaef quh nf cfvgrhea`g hi træjsatg `h if cforaefeaõj mhtfimheæjaef oæsaef nfeaf ujf aj`ustraf `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g, susehptaoih susehptaoih `h shjtfr ifs ofshs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg hj if rhdaõj.
Fetgrhs y efpfea`f`hs `h eahjeaf y thejgigdíf hj Vuhrátfrg Fi adufi quh q uh hj tg`fs ifs hjta`f`hs `h Máxaeg, Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg euhjtf egj su Egjshkg Hstftfi `h Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf Phejgigdíf (Egjeythq), euyf cujeaõj prajeapfi hs eggr`ajfr pgiítaefs y feeagjhs hjefmajf`fs f cgrtfihehr if eahjeaf, if thejgigdíf y if ajjgvfeaõj hj hi hstf`g. Cuj`f`g hj 61>3, hs hi egj-
shkg hstftfi `h mfygr fjtadùh`f` hj hi pfís. Uaj hmofrdg, hj sus mæs `h vhajth fögs `h hxasthjeaf, hstf ajstatueaõj jg nf `hsfrrgiif`g prgdrfmfs pfrf ampuisfr fetava`f`hs `h eahjeaf, thejgigdíf h ajjgvfeaõj (EP+A) `h mfjhrf hspheícaef, puhs rhfiazf, rhfiazf , cuj`fmhjtfimhjth, cuj`fmhjtfimhjth, fetava`f`hs `h `avuidfeaõj eahjtícaef, gtgrdf fidujfs ohefs f igs kõvhjhs, y fpgyf prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj eahjtícaef y chrafs `h eahjeaf pfrf jaögs (9www.egjeythq. dgo.mx:). If prajeapfi fetava`f` hj mfthraf `h ajehjtavgs f if EP+A pgr pfrth `hi Egjeythq hs if dhstaõj `hi Cgj`g Maxtg (Cgmax), uj prgdrfmf ch`hrfi egj egcajfjeafmahjtg hjtrh hjtrh hi Egjfeyt y hi dgoahrjg `h ef`f hstf`g. Hi Cgmax fpgyf prgyhetgs hj shas ærhfs thmætaefs y, hjtrh ?22? y ?221, cajfjeaõ 668 prgyhetgs, uj threag `h igs eufihs egrrhspgj`hj fi ærhf `h ’`hsfrrgi ’`hsfrrgiig ig aj`ustraf aj`ustrafi”i”.. Xjf `h ifs egj`aeagjhs jhehsfrafs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h fetava`f`hs prg`uetavfs egj egjthja`g thejgiõdaeg h ajjgvfeaõj, fsí egmg pfrf if 3
Rfrth `h if ajcgrmfeaõj rhefof`f sgorh if eahjeaf y if thejgigdíf hj Vuhrátfrg sh gotuvg f pfrtar `h igs ’mfphgs hstftfihs `h EP+A”, hifogrf`gs hj hi mfreg `hi pifj `h trfofkg `h if rh` thmætaef ’Egmpihka`f`, eahjeaf y sgeah`f`” quh cajfjeaf hi Egjfeyt.
32
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
ftrfeeaõj `h ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf hj shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs egj fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g, hs if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h rheursgs numfjgs fitfmhjth efiacaef`gs h ajcrfhstrueturf eahjtícaef y thejgiõdaef. Hj hsth shjta`g, hj Vuhrátfrg, if ajcrfhstrueturf h`ueftavf, fsí egmg if mftríeuif ujavhrsatfraf (hj `achrhjths javhihs) nf erhea`g. Hj ?221, Vuhrátfrg egjtfof egj 38 ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj h`uefeaõj suphragr (AHU) (9www (9www.fjuahs.mx:) .fjuahs.mx:) y egj 0? ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõj (euf`rg 6 `hi fjhxg). Pfi satufeaõj ig egjvahrth hj uj hstf`g rhiftavfmhjth mæs `gtf`g `h ajcrfhstrueturf quh gtrgs egj mfygr hxthjsaõj thrratgrafi y pgoifeaõj. Fsamasmg, `h igs 0> ehjtrgs, ajstatutgs y suosh`hs `h ajvhstadfeaõj hxasthjths hj Vuhrátfrg, vhajtaj `h`aefj fi `hsfrrgiig the-j jgiõdaeg y fetava`f`hs `h A+@, mahjtrfs mvhajtajuhvh ahjtrfsuhvh quh sh hi rhstg rhfiazf ajvhstadfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõ eahjtícaef oæsaef prajeapfimhjth (euf`rg 6 `hi fjhxg). Fidujgs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg tahjhj mæs `h trhs `áef`fs `h hxasthjeaf, y sa oahj sh trftf `h grdfjasmgs pûoiaegs, prajeapfimhjth, tfmoaáj hjegjtrfmgs ehjtrgs `h A+@ phrthjheahjths f fidujfs drfj`hs hmprhsfs. Ifs fetava`f`hs `h `aengs ehjtrgs sh rhifeagjfj egj ifs ærhfs `h mheftrõjaef y mfthrafihs, mfjucfeturf mfjucfeturf h ajdhjahríf, oagthejgigdíf `h fiamhjtgs y mh`ag fmoahjth. F`hmæs `h ifs fetava`f-
`hs `h ajvhstadfeaõ ajvhstadfeaõjj fpiaef`f g `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg, thejgiõdaeg, fidujgs nfj puhstg hj mfrenf prgdrfmfs `h pgsdrf`g hj egjvhjag egj ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs `hi hstf`g. Rfrf a`hjtacaefr f igs fdhjths pfrtaeapfjths hj fetava`f`hs `h EP+A hj hi hstf`g, rheurramgs rheurramgs fi _hdastrg Jfeagjfi `h Ajstatueagjhs y Hmprhsfs Eahjtícaefs y Phejgiõdaefs Phejgiõdaefs `hi Egjfeyt (_hjaheyt). Uh trftf `h uj rhdastrg (rhjgvfoih ef`f trhs fögs) `h ajstatueagjhs, ehjtrgs, grdfjasmgs, hmprhsfs y phrsgjfs císaefs g mgrfihs `h igs shetgrhs pûoiaeg, sgeafi y pravf`g quh rhfiazfj fetava`f`hs rhifeagjf`fs egj if ajvhstadfeaõj y hi `hsfrrgiig `h if eahjeaf y if thejgigdíf hj Máxae Máxaeg. g. F`hmæs, F`hmæs, hsth rhdastrg hs uj rhquasatg pfrf egjeursfr hj ifs egjvgeftgrafs `h igs prgdrfmfs `h cajfjeafmahjtg `hi Egjfeyt, pgr ig quh aj`aef if prgpgreaõj `h fdhjths egj quh euhjtf ef`f hstf`g hj uj mgmhjtg hspheícaeg. Hj hi efsg `h Vuhrátfrg, hxasthj 66? rhdastrgs fi egrth `h prajeapags `h ?221, quh sgj prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhj th hmprhsfs. Hiig `hjgtf hi `ajfmasmg `hi shetgr aj`ustrafi hj tármajgs `h sus fetava`f`hs `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg h ajjgvfeaõj,
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf Euf`rg 6. Ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfe ajvhstadfeaõj aõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg `h Vuhrátfrg y ærhfs `h hspheafiazfeaõj
Fög `h erhfeaõj
Ehjtrgs
Fárhfs `h hspheafiazfeaõj
Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf y @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi (EA@HUA)
Gptamazfeaõj `h prgehsgs aj`ustrafihs mhtfimheæjaegs y rfmfs fjhs, `hsfrrgiig y cforaefeaõj `h mæquajfs mæquajfs y hquapg
61>0
Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj hj Eahjeaf Fpiaef`f y Phejgigdíf Phejgigdíf Fvfjzf`f (Eaeftf-Vrg)
Oagthejgigdíf hj fiamhjtgs, mheftrõjaef y mfthrafihs
6113
Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y Hstu`ags
Mfthrafihs, shmaegj`uetgrhs, táejaefs `h
6118
Fvfjzf`gs `hi ARJ (Eajvhstfv-Vrg) Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y @hsfrrgiig Phejgiõdaeg hj Hihetrgquímaef (Ea`hthe)
efrfethrazfeaõj Hihetrgquímaef, thejgigdíf fmoahjtfi, maergsegpíf hihetrõjaef, thejgigdíf fmoahjtfi, fjæiasas químaeg
6116
Ehjtrg `h ` h Phejgigdíf Phejgigdíf Fvfjzf`f (Eafthq)
Mfjhkg, shef`g y egmoustaõj `h prg`uetgs f drfjhi, sasthmf `h mfjucfeturf hxaoih y mæquajfs hspheafihs, `hsfrrgiig `h mfthrafihs fvfjzf`gs hj ajdhjahríf
614>
Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Vuhrátfrg (APV)
Ajdhjahríf aj`ustrafi, hiáetraef y hihetrõjaef, eahjeafs `h if tahrrf, ajdhjahríf mheæjaef
6134
Ehjtrg `h Císaef Fpiaef`f y Phejgigdíf Fvfjzf`f (ECFPF-
Ajdhjahríf mgiheuifr `h mfthrafihs, císaef oagmá`aef, samuifeaõj y sasthmfs, jfjgthejgigdíf
6116
XJFM) Jutraeaõj, sagigdíf fjamfi y mhkgrfmahjtg dhjátaeg
61>8
Ehjtrg Jfeagjfi `h Mhtrgigdíf (Ehjfm)
Mhtrgigdíf `h mfthrafihs, hiáetraef, císaef y mheæjaef
611?
Ajstatutg `h Jhurgoagigdíf (AJOXJFM)
Jhurghj`gerajgigdíf, jhurgoagigdíf `hi `hsfrrgiig y jhurgsagigdíf
6110
Ehjtrg `h Dhgeahjeafs (EDXJFM)
Dhg`ajæmaef, vgiefjasmg y thetõjaef, rahsdg vgieæjaeg, efmoag eiamætaeg y dhgigdíf fmoahjtfi
6111
Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Ufj Kufj `hi _íg (APUK_)
Xsg `h suhig y fduf, sasthmf `h trfjspgrth
6112
Ajstatutg Mhxaefjg `hi Prfjspgrth (AMP)
Igdístaef `hi trfjspgrth, hstu`ag sgorh hquapfmahjtg h ajcrfhstrueturf `hi trfjspgrth
611?
Ajstatutg Jfeagjfi `h Ajvhstadfeagjhs Cgrhstfihs, Fdríegifs y Rheufrafs (AJACFR-Vrg)
Uasthmfs `h prg`ueeaõj y sasthmfs `h ajcgrmfeaõj
61>4
Ehjtrg Vuhrhtfjg `h _heursgs Jfturfihs (EV_J)
Shdhtfeaõj y hi usg `hi suhig, hi eiamf y hi fduf, sasthmfs `h trfjspgrth urofjg y efrrhthrg
6112
Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y @hsfrrgiig, U.F. `h E.S. (Egj`umhx)
@hsfrrgiig `h mfthrafihs, ajdhjahríf `h mfjucfeturf, hihetrõjaef pfrf egmujaefeagjhs
61>3
Ehjtrg Jfeagjfi `h Ajvhstadfeaõj hj Casagigdíf y Mhkgrfmahjtg Fjamfi (Ehja`cf)
3?
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg Euf`rg 6 (Egjtajufeaõj). Ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg `h Vuhrátfrg y ærhfs `h hspheafiazfea hspheafiazfeaõj õj
Ehjtrgs
Fárhfs `h hspheafiazfeaõj
Fög `h erhfeaõj
Ehjtrg `h Phejgigdíf y @hsfrrgiig `h Mfoh, U.F. (EP@ Mfoh )
Riæstaegs, hjvfshs y hmofifkhs, mfthrafihs
6112
Ehjtrg `h Phejgigdíf y @hsfrrgiig `h Prfsmasagjhs y Hquapgs Mheæjaegs, U.F. (P_HMHE )
Fjæiasas mg`fi hxphramhjtfi, fjæiasas `h hscuhrzgs y thihmhtríf, fjæiasas y mh`aeaõj `h rua`g `h trfsmasagjhs
6116
Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf Fvfjzf`f hj Purogmfquajf urogmfquajfraf raf (EAFP)
@hsfrrgiig `h sasthmfs `h prgpuisaõj y dhjhrfeaõj `h pgthjeaf
6111
Cfeuitf` `h Ajdhjahríf `h if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (CAjd-XFV)
Ajstrumhjtfeaõj y egjtrgi, na`ræuiaef
6186
Cfeuitf` `h Ajcgrmætaef `h if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (CAjc-XFV)
Rrgehsfmahjtg pfrfihig y `astraoua`g y mg`higs egmoajftgrags `h rh`hs `h egmputf`grfs, prgtheeaõj `h `ftgs y eraptgdrfcíf
Cfeuitf` `h Ajcgrmætaef `h if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (CMh`-XFM)
Oagprõthsas, hvfiufeaõj `h trftfmahjtgs, prhvhjeaõj `h ajcheeagjhs
614>
Cfeuitf` `h Eahjeafs Jfturfihs `h if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h
Dhjátaef y hpa`hmagigdíf, jutraeaõj, oagquímaef eiíjaef, usg y hvfiufeaõj `h prg`uetgs
6118
Vuhrátfrg (CEJ-XFV)
fdrgaj`ustrafihs, supihmhjtgs vatfmíjaegs
Cfeuitf` `h Ajcgrmætaef `h if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h
Egjshrvfeaõj h ajgeua`f` `h fiamhjtgs, oagthejgigdíf `h igs fiamhjtgs, egjtfmajfeaõj
Vuhrátfrg (CV-XFV)
fmoahjtfi
Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef Phejgiõdaef `h Vuhrátfrg (XPHV
Ajstrumhjtfeaõj fpiaef`f, hstrfthdafs `h mfjthjamahjtg, prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf, `hsfrrgiig susthjtfoih, egmoustaoihs pfrf futgmõvaihs
6110
Xjavhrsa`f` Rgiatáejaef `h Vuhrátfrg (XRV)
Rrgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf, mheftrõjaef, sasthmfs ajcgrmætaegs
?228
Ifogrftgrag `h Ajvhstadfeaõj hj Rrgehsgs Fvfjzf`gs hj Prftfmahjtg `h Fdufs `hi Ajstatutg `h Ajdhjahríf (IARF (IARFPF-XJFM) PF-XJFM)
Prftfmahjtg `h fdufs rhsa`ufihs, mg`hif`g y egjtrgi `h oagrrhfetgrhs, thgríf `h egjtrgi pfrf oagprgehsgs, maergoagigdíf `h igs oagprgehsgs, vfigrazfeaõj `h rhsa`ugs
?224
Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg y `h Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs `h Mgjthrrhy, efmpus Vuhrátfrg (APHUM-EV)
Oagthejgigdíf fdrgfiamhjtfraf, fdõjaef (rgoõtaef fpiaef`f fi fdrg), ajjgvfeaõj hj `ashög y mfjucfeturf
6148
618?
Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Ufj Kufj Hihetrõjaef y futgmftazfeaõj, prgehsgs `h prg`ueeaõj, 611> `hi _íg
químaef aj`ustrafi
* @ftgs `h ?22>. Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj egj ajcgrmfeaõj `hi Egjeythq (?221) y pædajfs who `h igs ehjtrgs `h ajaj vhstadfeaõj.
35
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
f `achrhjeaf `h gtrgs hstf`gs, `gj`h igs rhdastrgs sgj hj su mfygríf `hi shetgr fef`ámaeg.4
_heursgs numfjgs If prhshjeaf `h muenfs ujavhrsa`f`hs hj Vuhrátfrg nf phrmata`g gcrhehr prgdrfmfs h`ueftavgs hj `achrhjths ærhfs, phrg sgorh tg`g hj ifs ajdhjahrífs. Uhdûj `ftgs `h if FJXAHU y `hi AJHDA, if prgpgreaõj `h hstu`afjths pgr ef`f eahj mai nfoatfjths suphrf if mh`af jfeagjfi, y hj hi efsg `h if cgrmfeaõj `h táejaegs, hi prgmh`ag hs mueng mfygr quh hi jfeagjfi. Ifs hstf`ístaefs `hi AJHDA y `h if FJXAHU hj mfthraf `h pgoifeaõj ujavhrsatfraf hj igs drf`gs `h mfhstríf y `getgrf`g phrmathj goshrvfr quh if tfsf `h erheamahjtg `h if mftríeuif `h Vuhrátfrg hs `h ifs mfygrhs hj tg`g hi pfís. Hj rhifeaõj egj igs pgsdrf`gs phrthjheahjths hj hi Rf`rõj Jfeagjfi `h Rgsdrf`gs `h Efia`f` (RJRE), Vuhrátfrg egjtfof egj vhajth pgsdrf`gs hj ?221, hs `hear, uj threag `hi tgtfi `h pgsdrf`gs hxasthjths hj if
hjta`f`< ig quh f`hmæs rhprhshjtf hi 52% `hi tgtfi `h pgsdrf`gs ajseratgs hj hsth pf`rõj hj tg`g hi pfís.> If matf` `h hsgs prgdrfmfs sgj `h javhi mfhstríf, pfrth `hphrthjhehj `getgrf`g fy if if gtrf `h hspheafia`f`hs. If mfygr pfrthujf `h eufrtf igs pgsdrf`gs Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg y f igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj `hi hstf`g. Efoh fdrhdfr quh hxasthj `gs prgdrfmfs `h pgsdrf`g ajthrajstatueagjfi, ajthrajstatueagjfi, hj igs quh pfrtaeapfj vfrags ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj `h Vuhrátfrg y `hi rhstg `hi pfís (euf`rg ?). Egj ofsh hj `ftgs `hi RJRE, sh goshrvf quh igs pgsdrf`gs sh egjehjtrfj hj ajdhjahríf y thejgigdíf (mæs `h `gs threags). Hsth `ftg hs ajthrhsfjth ajthrhsfj th pgrquh phrmath vhr if efpfea`f` `h ifs i fs AHU pfrf gcrhehr prgdrfmfs `h cgrmfeaõj eahjtícaef y thejgiõdaef hstrhenfmhjth hstrhenfmhjth rhifeagjf`gs egj if `hmfj`f `h ifs prajeapfihs fetava`f`hs prg`uetavfs `h if rhdaõj, 4 >
If ajcgrmfeaõj sgorh hi _hjaheyt y sgorh gtrgs thmfs `h EyP sh hjeuhjtrf `aspgjaoih hj hi satag who `hi UAAEyP `hi Egjfeyt. Hi hstf`g jg euhjtf egj if threhrf pfrth `h if pgoifeaõj `hi pfís hj h`f` `h hstu`ags ujavhrsatfrags, ja fpgrtf hi 52% `h RAO fi pfís, `h mfjhrf quh tahjh ujf ajcrfhstrueturf pfrf if h`uefeaõj, quh hs suphragr hj prgpgreaõj f if `h muenfs gtrfs hjta`f`hs ch`hrftavfs `h Máxaeg.
30
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg Euf`rg ?. Rgsdrf`gs `hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg ajseratgs hj hi RJRE, Egjfeyt, ?221 Ajstatueaõj
Rrgdrfmf
Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg
Mfhstríf hj mfthmætaefs fpiaef`fs, iíjhf thrmajfi ajdhjahríf mfthmætaef Mfhstríf hj eahjeafs, iíjhf thrmajfi ajdhjahríf `h oagsasthmfs Hspheafia`f` hj ajdhjahríf `h ajvhrjf`hrgs Rgsdrf`g hj rheursgs oaõtaegs, mfhstríf Mfhstríf hj eahjeaf y thejgigdíf `h igs fiamhjtgs @getgrf`g hj eahjeaf `h igs fiamhjtgs Hspheafia`f` hj `gehjeaf `h ifs mfthmætaefs @getgrf`g hj ajdhjahríf Mfhstríf hj eahjeafs hj ajdhjahríf Mfhstríf hj dhstaõj ajthdrf`f `h euhjefs
Ea`hsa
Mfhstríf dhrmfjg mhxaefjf hj Mheftrõjaef Hspheafia`f` `h thejõigdg hj Mheftrõjaef
Ea`hsa, Ea`hthq, Eaqf, Eafthk, Eafthe, EAG, Egmamsf, Eafthq
Rgsdrf`g ajthrajstatueagjfi hj eahjeaf y thejgigdíf Mfhstríf ajthrajstatueagjfi hj eahjeaf y thejgigdíf
Mfhstríf ajthrajstatueagjfi hj eahjeaf y thejgigdíf Eajvhstfv-ARJ
Mfhstríf hj eahjeafs hj if hspheafia`f` `h mfthrafihs @getgrf`g hj eahjeafs hj if hspheafia`f` `h mfthrafihs
Ea`hthq
@getgrf`g hj hihetrgquímaef Mfhstríf hj hihetrgquímaef
Eaeftf-ARJ
@getgrf`g hj thejgigdíf fvfjzf`f Mfhstríf hj thejgigdíf fvfjzf`f
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf, egj `ftgs `hi Egjfeyt.
quh sgj if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef, mfquajfraf y hquapg, futgmgtraz y if aj`ustraf `h fiamhjtgs, químaef y piæstaegs. Fsamasmg, Fsamasmg, ujf eufrtf pfrth `h igs pgsdrf`gs `h Vuhrátfrg rhdastrf`gs hj hi RJRE egrrhspgj`h f prgdrfmfs iifmf`gs ii fmf`gs prgchsagjfiazfjths, prgchsagjfiazfjths, pfrtaeuifrmhjth pfrtaeuifrmhjth hj hi ærhf rhifeagjf`f egj hi `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi `hi hstf`g, y hi rhstg f prgdrfmfs egj grahjtfeaõj `h ajvhstadfeaõj eahjtícaef y thejgiõdaef. Fsí puhs, if ajcrfhstrueturf y igs prgdrfmfs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr `h efia`f` hj Vuhrátfrg sh trf`uehj hj ujf gchrtf `h prgchsagjfihs, ajdhjahrgs y táejaegs quh egjstatuyh uj ftrfetavg pfrf aj`ustrafs ajthjsavfs hj egjgeamahjtg hj if rhdaõj. 38
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
F ig fjthragr sh sumf uj `ftg rhifeagjf`g egj if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h rheursgs numfjgs egjsa`hrf`gs `h fitg javhi pfrf if ajvhstadfeaõj eahjtícaef y thejgiõdaef. Fsí, `h feuhr`g egj ajcgrmfeaõj prgpgreagjf`f pgr hi Egjeythq, Vuhrátfrg nf hxphramhjtf`g uj ajerhmhjtg sustfjeafi hj hi jûmhrg `h ajvhstadf`grhs quh ifogrfj hj if hjta`f`. @h 813 ajvhstadf`grhs rhdastrf`gs hj 61>1, sh pfsõ f 64>2 hj ?22>. Hi erheamahjtg erheamahjtg hxpgjhjeafi `hi phrsgjfi `h`aef`g f if ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj eahjtícaef nf geurra`g hj tg`fs ifs ærhfs y 6>.?% `h igs ajvhstadf`grhs `hi hstf`g sgj mahmorgs `hi Uasthmf Jfeagjfi `h Ajvhstadf`grhs Ajvhstadf`grhs (UJA). _hsphetg `h if `astraoueaõj `h igs ajvhstadf`grhs `hi UJA pgr ærhfs, sh goshrvf ujf drfj pfrtaeapfeaõj `h if ajdhjahríf (?1%), shdua`fs `h ifs eahjeafs císaeg-mfthmætaefs y `h if tahrrf (61%), oagigdíf y químaef (64%), oagthejgigdíf y eahjeafs fdrgpheufrafs (65%). Hstf `astraoueaõj tahjh ujf hstrhenf rhifeaõj egj ifs vgefeagjhs prg`uetavfs `hi hstf`g y egj if vgefeaõj `h ifs ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr (AHU) y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj `hi hstf`g. Hstf rhifeaõj hjtrh vgefeagjhs prg`uetavfs y gchrtf `h rheursgs numfjgs jg geuge urrh `h adufi mfjhrf hj gtrgs hstf`gs, `h feuhr`g egj uj hstu`ag rhfiazf`g
sgorh ifs efpfea`f`hs `h EyP hj vfrags hstf`gs `hi pfís (GE@H, ?221).
Ifs efpfea`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj @hs`h if phrsphetavf `hi hjcgquh `h igs sasthmfs rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj, pfrf a`hjtacaefr if `ajæmaef thejgiõdaef y `h ajjgvfeaõj hj uj thrratgrag hs jhehsfrag egjtfr egj ajcgrmfeaõj a jcgrmfeaõj rhifeagjf`f rhifeagjf`f egj if ajvhrsaõ ajvhrsaõjj hj thejgigdíf, igs ciukgs `h egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtg, g, if gchrtf `h shrvaeags thejgiõdaegs, hi hscuhrzg y igs rhsuitf`gs `h ifs hmprhsfs pgr mhkgrfr prgehsgs y prg`uetgs, ifs ajthrfe ajthrfeeagjhs eagjhs hjtrh fdhjths prg`uetavgs quh dhjhrfj fprhj`azfkhs, hi egjgeamahjtg `aspgjaoih, y igs ajehjtavgs f if ajjgvfeaõj. Hstgs Hstgs hihmhjtgs sh egmoajfj egj ifs efpfea`f`hs hstrueturfihs y `h ajcrfhstrueturf dfrfjtazfr hi fprhj`azfkh y if erhfeaõj egjgeamahjtgpfrf juhvg y ûtai pfrf if ajjgvfeaõjthejgiõdaeg y egmphtatava`f` `h igs`h shetgrhs prg`uetavgs fjeif`gs hj ujf rhdaõj. Hj Máxaeg jg hxasth ajcgrmfeaõj quh phrmatf a`hjtacaefr if `ajæmaef thejgiõdaef g ifs efpfea`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj, y mhjgs mhjgs f javhi `h ifs if s hjta`f`hs ch`hrftavfs. Ifmhjtfoihmhjth, Ifmhjtfoihmhjth, sõig sõig sh `aspgjh `h fidujgs `ftgs fdrhdf`gs sgorh ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf `arhetf, hmpihg efiacaef`g g pfthj33
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
ths rhdastrf`fs pfrf rhsa`hjths hj Máxaeg, yf shf hj hi Ajstatutg Mhxaefjg `h if Rrgpah`f` Aj`ustrafi (AMRA) g hj if Xjath` Utfths Rfthjt fj` Prf`hmfrl Gccaeh※s (XURPG). Hi fjæiasas `h ifs vfrafoihs mhjeagjf`fs rhprhshjtf rhprhshj tf uj rhtg mhtg`giõdaeg quh rhquahrh `h ajvhstadfeag ajvhstadfeagjhs jhs fmpiafs y `h ifrdg pifzg, quh egmoajhj hstu`ags mgjgdræcaegs y if hxpigtfeaõj `h if pgef ajcgrmfeaõj hstf`ístaef `aspgjaoih.1 Hjshdua`f prhshjtfmgs fidujfs fprgxamfeagjhs fi egmpgrtfmahjtg egmpgrtfmahjtg thejgiõdaeg `h ifs if s hmprhsfs hj Vuhrátfrg, pfrf trftfr `h a`hjtacaefr hihmhjtgs rhifeagjf`gs egj hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y if ajjgvfeaõj. Hj pramhrf ajstfjeaf, thjhmgs `ftgs `hi Cgj`g pfrf if Ajjgvfeaõj UH-Egjfeyt (CAP) quh nf `astraoua`g rheursgs `h ?224 f if chenf. Hjtrh ?224 y ?221, hsth cgj`g fpgyõ ûjaefmhjth eajeg prgyhetgs prgpuhstgs pgr hmprhsfs `h Vuhrátfrg hj shetgrhs egmg oagthejgigdíf `h fiamtgs, fhrgjæutaef y mfquajfraf y hquapg, `h uj tgtfi `h 58 sgiaeatu`hs. 62 Fsamasmg, hjtrh ?22? y ?223, hi prgdrfmf quh quh fjtheh`aõ fi CAP CAP,, `hjgmajf`g Cgj`g Uhetgrafi pfrf hi @hsfrrgiig Hegjõmaeg, fpgyõ ?8 prgyhetgs f hmprhsfs uoaef`fs hj Vuhrátfrg. @urfjth @urfjth hi masmg phrag`g, hi prgdrf-
mf Fvfjeh Fvfjeh `h Egjfeyt Egjfey t fpgyõ gjeh prgyhetgs y hi Cgj`g Maxtg `h Vuhrátfrg gtrgs ?0 hj hi ærhf `h `hsfrrgiig `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi aj`ustrafi y, y, cajfimhjth, hi prgdrfmf `h Hstímuigs Casefihs fpgyõ >4 prgyhetgs hjtrh ?226 y ?223. Igs `ftgs fjthragrhs muhstrfj mæs `h 682 prgyhetgs hjefmajf`gs fi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg y if ajjgvfeaõj. Jg Jg rhprhshjtfj samaifr jûmhrg `h hmprhsfs, yf quh muenfs `h ástfs tahjhj efpfea`f` `h gothjhr vfrags prgyhetgs prgyh etgs hj uj masmg prgdrfmf, hj uj masmg fög, egmg hj hi `h Hstímuigs Casefihs, g hj fögs suosheuhjths. Jg gostfjth, igs `ftgs rhvhifj if hxasthjeaf `h ujf eahrtf `ajæmaef thejgiõdaef iihvf`f f efog pgr uj egj kujtgg `h hmpr kujt hmprhsfs hsfs hstfoih hstfoihea`fs ea`fs hj hi hstf`g hstf`g.. Hj shduj`f ajstfjeaf, ajstfjeaf , thjhmgs thjhmgs ifs pfthjt pfthjths hs quh sh gotahjhj pfrf prgthdhr if prgpah prgpah`f` `f` ajthihetufi, egmg gtrf vfrafoih pfrf a`hjtacaefr ifs feta1
62
Rfíshs egmg quh Egigmoaf Shjhzuhif egjajcgrmfeaõj uj Goshrvftgrag Jfeagjfi `h Eahjeaf Phejgigdíf, f`hmæsg `h rhefofr yeuhjtfj prgehsfr hstf`ístaef, rhfiazfj mgjatg-y rhg phrmfjhjth sgorh hi egmpgrtfmahjtg `h `astajtfs vfrafoihs. Fsamasmg, pfíshs egmg Egigmoaf y Enaih fpiaefj ujf hjeuhstf jfeagjfi `h ajjgvfeaõj ef`f `gs fögs, mahjtrfs quh hj Máxaeg `aenf hjeuhstf nf sa`g fpiaef`f nfstf hi mgmhjtg ef`f eajeg fögs ûjaefmhjth. Muenfs `h ifs prgpuhstfs jg sgj fpgyf`fs pgrquh jg egrrhspgj`hj f igs erathrags `hi prgdrfmf hj tármajgs `h efia`f` y `h ajjgvfeaõj, fsí egmg pgr cfitf `h rheursgs `hi prgpag cgj`g. @h mfjhrf digofi, hi CAP nf fpgyf`g 6.8 prgyhetgs pgr ef`f `ahz sgiaeatu`hs (Saiifvaehjeag, ?266).
34
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
va`f`hs thejgiõdaefs `h ifs hmpr hmprhsfs. hsfs. Uh trftf, dhjhrfimhjth, dhjhrfimhjth, `h ajvhjtgs ajvhjtgs g `h mhkgrfs f prgehsgs thejgiõdaegs quh `fj euhjtf `hi hscuhrzg pfrf mhkgrfr igs prgehsgs g igs prg`uetgs, y quh egjstatuyhj egjstatuyhj hj Máxaeg hi ûjaeg `ftg hstf`ístaeg pfrf a`hjtacaefr vfrafoihs thejgiõdaefs.66 Ifs pfthjths rhdastrf`fs pgr rhsa`hjths hj Vuhrátfrg hj hi AMRA cuhrgj ?30 hjtrh 611? y ?221. @hstfef if hmprhsf Egj`umhx, egj 44 pfthjths (?1%), igs ajvhjtgrhs aj`ava`ufihs egj 68> (??%)< hjshdua`f thjhmgs f MFOH egj ?3 (62%) y hi Eafthq egj 64 pfthjths (3%). Gtrgs `ftgs sgorh pfthjths sh gotahjhj `h if Ofsh `h Rfthjths `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs (XURPG), hj if quh sh goshrvf uj pftrõj samaifr `h rhdastrgs; rhdastrgs; prh`gmajf Egj`umhx egj 61 pfthjths nfstf hi ?221 (?>%), igs ajvhjtgrhs pfrtaeuifrhs egj 66 (63%), Eafthq egj sahth (62%) y MFOH egj eajeg (4.8%). Uaj hmofrdg, tfmoaáj thjhmgs f trhs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs egj rhdastrg `h pfthjths hj XURPG y egj rhsa`hjeaf hj Vuhrátfrg; Dhjhrfi Hihetrae egj shas pfthjths (1%), if hmprhsf crfjehsf `h va`rag Ufajt Dgofaj egj trhs pfthjths (0%) y if hmprhsf hstf`guja`hjsh Fppiaef Egj-
sumhr Rrg`uets, tfmoaáj egj trhs pfthjths (0%) (www.ampa.dgo.mx: y 9www.usptg.dgv:). Igs `ftgs sgorh pfthjths rhprhshjtfj ujf fprgxamfeaõj f if fetava`f` `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg h ajjgvfeaõj quh sh rhfiazf hj hi hstf`g, f trfvás `h uj `ftg quh ma`h hi egjgeamahjtg eg`acaef`g. Uaj Uaj hmofrdg, jg rhcihkf hi hscuhrzg digofi rhfiazf`g pgr ifs if s hmprhsfs hj mfthraf `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y prg`ueeaõj `h egjgeamahjtg, puhs muenfs `h ifs mhkgrfs ajerhmhjtfihs jg sgj susehptaoihs sus ehptaoihs `h pfthjtfrsh, y muenfs gtrfs sh mfjtahjhj ofkg if cadurf `h ` h sherhtgs aj`ustrafihs. Rgr gtrg if`g, hj Egjfeyt hxasth uj prgdrfmf `hjgmajf`g Fiafjzfs Hstrftádaefs y _h`hs `h Ajjgvfeaõj (FH_AU), quh nf gcrhea`g if gpgrtuja`f` `h egjcgrmfr 04 prgyhetgs `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg hjtrh hmprhsfs, ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y ujavhrsa`f`hs `h `astajtgs hstf`gs `hi pfís, ofkg if cadurf `h rh`hs `h egifogrfeaõj. Hj if egjvgeftgraf ?224 `h hsth prgdrfmf, fprgofrgj egjpfrf pfrtaeapfeaõj `h fdhjthsujg hj Vuhrátfrg;shujg hj hi ærhftrhs `h prgyhetgs mfjucfeturf hihetrg`gmástaegs, hj fhrgjæutaef, y ujg hj futgmgtraz< mahjtrfs quh hj ?22> hjegjtrf66
Ifs pfthjths rhprhshjtfj ujf fprgxamfeaõj pfrf mh`ar fetava`f`hs `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg h ajjgvfeaõj, phrg jg jg rhcihkfj hi hscuhrzg digofi `h ifs hmprhsfs hj mfthraf `h fprhj`azffprhj`azf kh thejgiõdaeg thejgiõdaeg y prg`ue prg`ueeaõj eaõj `h egjgeama egjgeamahjtg hjtg,, yf yf quh muenfs `h ifs ifs mhkgrfs ajerhmhj ajerhmhjtfihs tfihs jg sgj susehptaoihs `h pfthjtfrsh y gtrfs sh prgthdhj egmg sherhtgs aj`ustrafihs.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
mgs `gs FH_AU hj químaef y mfthrafihs, ujf hj futgmgtraz y ujf mæs hj fhrgjæutaef, egj pfrtaeapfeaõj `h hmprhsfs y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj `h Vuhrátfrg. Fujquh jg sh euhjtf egj ajcgrmfeaõj `h igs rhsuitf`gs `h igs prgyhetgs shöfif`gs (puhs sgj `h ifrdg pifzg y fi mgmhjtg `h juhstrf ajvhstadfeaõj sh hjegjtrfofj hj cfshs ajaeafihs), sh trftf `h prgyhetgs pfrf `hsfrrgiifr thejgigdíf egifogrftavfmhjth, ig quh rhcihkf ifs ajthrrhifeagjhs hxasthjths hjtrh fdhjths pûoiaegs y pravf`gs, fef`hmaf h aj`ustraf. Igs prgyhetgs fprgof`gs, egj sh`h hj Vuhrátfrg, sh rhifeagjfj egj ifs ærhfs aj`ustrafihs quh fquí fjfiazfmgs, ig quh muhstrf if efpfea`f` `h fidujgs fdhjths `h ajvgiuerfrsh hj fetava`f`hs egihetavfs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg, A+@ h ajjgvfeaõj, fsphetgs egjegmatfjths `h if `amhjsaõj shetgrafi y rhdagjfi `h if ajjgvfeaõj quh hvgefmgs hj hi pramhr fpfrtf`g `h hsth efpítuig. Hi fjæiasas `h ifs if s efpfea`f`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj `h if rhdaõj ajeiuyh ajeiuyh f igs ehjtrgss pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõ ehjtrg ajvhstadfeaõjj hxasthjths hj Vuhrátfrg, quh f`hmæs `h
egf`yuvfr f if cgrmfeaõj `h rheursgs numfjgs hj ærhfs `h ajdhjahríf y thejgigdíf, tfmoaáj egjtraouyhj fi fprhj`azfkh y hsefifmahjtg thejgiõdaeg `h pymhs y drfj`hs hmprhsfs f trfvás `h igs shrvaeags `h fsasthjeaf táejaef, pruhofs y prgy prgyhetgs hetgs `h eg`hsfrrgiig quh gcrhehj. Vuhrátfrg hs hi ûjaeg hstf`g quh, `hs`h nfeh mæs `h vhajtaeaje vhajtaeajegg fögs, euhjtf egj if prhshjeaf `h trhs ehjtrgs egj phrcai thejgiõdaeg. F ástgs sh sumf hi Ehjfm, quh nf eumpia`g uj ampgrtfjth pfphi hj if `hcajaeaõj `h jgrmfs y mh`a`fs f javhi jfeagjfi, y quh `urfjth if ûitamf `áef`f nf `hsfrrgiif`g fetava`f`hs `h vajeuifeaõj egj if aj`ustraf y egj igs gtrgs trhs ehjtrgs. ehjtrgs. Hj ifs hjtrhvastfs rhfiazf`fs hj hstgs ehjtrgs, ehjtrgs, `hstfef if hkhhkh eueaõj `h vfrags prgyhetgs `h A+@ hj hi mfreg `h igs prgdrfmfs `hi Egjfeyt, hj fsgeafeaõj egj hmprhsfs `h if rhdaõj. Hjshdua`f mgstrfmgs fidujgs hihmhjtgs quh efrfethrazfj f hsgs ehjtrgs, rhifeagjf`gs egj igs shrvaeags thejgiõdaegs jhehsfrags pfrf hi hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi `h ifs hmprhsfs `h if rhdaõj; Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf y @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi Aj`ustrafi (Ea`hsa). Hs uj ehjtrg grahjtf`g f prgvhhr `h rhspuhstfs thejgiõdaefs f if aj`ustraf hj ærhfs `h futgmftazfeaõj, mfjucfeturf fvfjzf`f y hihetrõjaef fpiaef`f. Uus efpfea`f`hs rhsuitfj ûtaihs pfrf eufiquahr eufiquahr tapg `h aj`ustraf `h trfjscgrmfeaõj, phrg sgorh tg`g pfrf if mhtfimheæjaef, yf quh `hsfrrgiif sgiueagjhs thejgiõdaefs 31
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
hj sasthmfs futgmætaegs `h tfif`rf`g, rhetacaef`g, hstfmpf`g y mgjturfs `h pahzfs mhtæiaefs. Hi Ea`hsa prgvhh `h shrvaeags `h efiaorfeaõj y `h pruhofs `h ifogrftgrag< euhjtf egj if ferh`atfeaõj `h if Hjta`f` Mhxaefjf `h Ferh`atfeagjhs Ferh`atfeagjhs (HMF) pfrf rhfiazfr tg`f eifsh `h pruhofs císaefs y químaefs pfrf egmpg egmpgjhjths jhjths y prg`uetgs, fsí egmg pruhofs `h mhtrgigdíf hj hquapgs aj`ustrafihs. Hstgs shrvaeags fyu`fj f ifs hmprhsfs f mfjthjhr if efia`f` `h sus prgehsgs y prg`uetgs fi egjgehr hstrueturfimhjth if rhsasthjeaf, egj`uetava`f`, egj`uetava`f`, y gtrfs prgpah`f`hs císaefs. Drfj pfrth `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h shrvaeag y fsasthjeaf thejgiõdaef `hi Ea`hsa sh rhifeagjfj egj ifs shetgr pymhsfutgmgtraz, `h Vuhrátfrg, phrg tfmoaáj euhjtf egj hmprhsfs drfj`hs `hi hjhrdátaeg g fhrgjæutaeg. Hjtrh su efrthrf `h eiahjths sh nfiifj Sfiág, Rhmhx, Ogmofr`ahr, Fhrjgvf-Fhrgspfeh, DM, Mhtfisf, MFOH, FUF, y if ECH< pfrf fetava`f`hs quh hi prgpag ehjtrg `hcajh egmg vhjtf `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg. thejgiõdaeg. Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y Fsasthjeaf Páejaef `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, F.E.
(Eafthq). Gcrheh efpfeatfeaõj táejaef f ifs hmprhsfs, shrvaeags `h fsasthjeaf táejaef rhifeagjf`gs egj hi egjtrgi ajthdrfi `h if efia`f` ef ia`f` `h mfthrafihs y prg`uetgs mfjucfeturf`gs, fshsgríf hj `ashög `h mfjucfeturf, erhfeaõj `h mfquajfraf, y `h cgrmf dhjhrfi rhfiazf ajvhstadfeaõj fpiaef`f, ajjgvfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg. Uus prajeapfihs eiahjths sgj hmprhsfs `h `astajtfs aj`ustrafs, hjtrh ifs quh `hstfefj if futgmgtraz, if fiamhjtaeaf, if mfquajfraf y hquapg pfrf `astajtgs shetgrhs, y, rheahjthmhjth,, if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. Hi Eafthq gcrheh f if hmprhsfs sgiueagjhs mhjth sgorh fsphetgs pfrtaeuifrhs, egmg if erhfeaõj `h sasthmfs `h mgjatgrhg y egjtrgi, futgmftazfeaõj, ajdhjahríf `h prgehsgs, `ashög `h mfquajfraf y `aspgsatavgs hspheícaegs. F`hmæs, gcrheh gcrheh shrvaeags `h ifogrftgrag hj mhtrgigdíf y efiaorfeaõj `h mfquajfraf, `afdjõstaegs gphrftavgs sgorh hi cujeagjfmahjtgg hcaeahjth `h if pifjtf aj`ustrafi y su `astraoueaõj õptamf. cujeagjfmahjt Hj rhifeaõj egj ifs fetava`f`hs `h shrvaeag shr vaeag f if aj`ustraf, hi Eafthq ftahj`h if `hmfj`f hj sasthmfs `h mh`aeaõj, `ashög mfquajfraf y hquapg, sasthmfs `h mgjatgrhg y egjtrgi, ajdhjahríf `h `h prgehsgs y mfjucfeturf fvfjzf`f, egmoajf`g egj efpfea`f`hs hj `hsfrrgiig `h sgctwfrh, ajdhjahajdhjahríf `h mfthrafihs, hihetrõjaef hihetrõjaef y `ashög mheæjaeg. Uus eiahjths phrthjhehj fi shetgr phtrgihrg, `h ifs egmujaefeagjhs y if mfjucfeturf, hj ifs quh ftahj`h hmprhsfs `h futgpfrths y futgmgtraz, mhtfimheæjaef, piæstaeg, mfquajfraf hiáetraef, mfquajfraf pfrf fiamhjtgs, y fhrgjæutaef. fhrgjæutaef. 42
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y @hsfrrgiig @hsfrrgiig Phejgiõd Phejgiõdaeg aeg hj Hihetrgquímaef Hihetrgquímaef (Ea`hthq). Hstf ajstatueaõj gcrheh shrvaeags ferh`atf`gs f if aj`ustraf hj fsphetgs `h fjæiasas químaegs, fjæiasas `h mfthrafihs y thejgigdífs fmoahjtfihs< f`hmæs `h ujf shrah `h prgdrfmfs `h cgrmfeaõj `h rheursgs numfjgs f javhi pgsdrf`g hj if hihetrgquímaef h ajdhjahríf fmoahjtfi. @h feuhr`g egj juhstrfs hjtrhvastfs, hi Ea`hthq rhfiazf shrvaeags y fshsgríf thejgiõdaef f ifs hmprhsfs `h Vuhrátfrg, prajeapfimhjth f hmprhsfs drfj`hs y mh`afjfs. Hjtrh Hjtrh igs prajeapfihs shetgrhs quh ftahj`h hi Ea`hthq thjhmgs if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, if mhtfimheæjaef, if cfrmfeáutaef, if hiáetraef, y
if hihetrõjaef, prajeapfimhjth. prajeapfimhjth. Ehjtrg Jfeagjfi `h Mhtrgigdíf (Ehjfm). Hs hi ifogrftgrag mæs ampgrtfjth hj mfthraf `h mh`aeagjhs `h prheasaõj y hstfoiheh ifs uja`f`hs `h mh`aeaõj `h fitf eufia`f` y efia`f` mhtrgiõdaefs pfrf egjstruar igs pftrgjhs `h rhchrhjeaf hj mh`aeaõj f javhi jfeagjfi. Gcrheh shrvaeags `h efiaorf-
eaõj `h ajstrumhjt ajstrumhjtgs gs y pftrgj pftrgjhs, hs, ehrtacaefeaõj y `hsfrrgiig `h mfthrafihs `h rhchrhjeaf, eursgs hspheafiazf`gs hj mhtrgigdíf, fshsgrífs y vhjtf `h puoiaefeagjhs. Ifs ærhfs `h hspheafiazfeaõj `hi Ehjfm sgj mhtrgigdíf hiáetraef, císaef, mheæjaef y mhtrgigdíf `h mfthrafihs. @hjtrg `h hstfs ærhfs, igs shrvaeags f if aj`ustraf mæs ampgrtfjths sgj if efiaorfeaõj `h phsgs y mh`a`fs, mfthrafihs, ciukgs, feûstaef y thmphrfturf< shrvaeags `h fitf egjcafoaia`f` pfrf if sgiueaõj `h prgoihmfs thejgiõdaegs sgorh prgpah`f`hs `h mfthrafihs y mh`aeagjhs químaefs. Ifs fetava`f`hs `h efpfeatfeaõj y shrvaeags `h mhtrgigdíf `hi Ehjfm f hmprhsfs `h Vuhrátfrg nfj sa`g ûtaihs pfrf `fr rhspuhstf f igs rhquhramahjtgs y hstæj`frhs `h efia`f` hj pahzfs y pfrths, phrmatahj`g quh muenfs pymhs f`quahrfj ehrtacaefeagjhs y sh egjvahrtfj hj prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs `h hmprhsfs mæs drfj`hs `h `avhrsgs shetgrhs.6? If `ajæmaef `h ajjgvfeaõj `h Vuhrátfrg sh fprheaf pgr igs hihmhjtgs yf mhjeagjf`gs, egmg igs prgyhetgs gothja`gs pgr ifs hmprhsfs hj vfrags prgdrfmfs `hi Egjfeyt, ifs pfthjths g ifs FH_AU hj ifs quh pfrtaeapfj igs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Efoh föf`ar quh, egj hxehpeaõj `hi @astratg Ch`hrfi, Ch`hrfi, Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg hs hi hstf`g `gj`h sh nf gothja`g mæs vhehs 6?
Rfrf uj fjæiasas `h if ampgrtfjeaf `hi Ehjfm hj hi hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi `hi shetgr futgmgtraz, váfsh Mgrhjg y Ifrf (?221).
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
hi Rrhmag Jfeagjfi `h Phejgigdí Phejgigdíff nfstf hi fög ?221. Hj hchetg, nf nfoa`g juhvh prhmags gothja`gs pgr hmprhsfs y ehjtr ehjtrgs gs Egjfeyt `h Vuhrátfrg, ig quh rhprhshjtf hi 64% `hi tgtfi. tgtfi. F`aeagjfi F`aeagjfimhjth, mhjth, trhs `h igs 08 prhmags f if ajjgvfeaõj ajjgvfeaõj quh nfoíf gtgrdf`g gtgrdf`g F@AFP F@AFP hj hi ?262, cuhrgj gothja`gs pgr hmprhsfs `h Vuhrátfrg. Igs rheursgs numfjgs efiacaef`gs hj ærhfs ajdhjahraihs, ifs efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs a`hjtacaef`fs, if prhshjeaf `h ampgrtfjths ehjtrgs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h shrvaeag thejgiõdaeg f ifs hmprhsf y if rhfiazfeaõj `h prgyhetgs egifogrftavgs `h A+@, sgj hihmhjtgs hihmhjtgs quh `fj euhjtf `hi `ajfmasmg thejgiõdaeg `h 65 if `h igs fprhj`azfkhs y sajhrdafs igs `avhrsgs fdhjths.rhdaõj, Ugj rhsuitf`g cfetgrhs quh, hj juhstrf gpajaõj, ftrfhj ifhjtrh ftrfhj ajvhrsaõj hj aj`ustrafs `h fitf thejgigdíf hj if rhdaõj, sumf`gs f if ampgrtfjth ofsh aj`ustrafi quh nf erhea`g hj Vuhrátfrg, hj shetgrhs y shdmhjtgs prg`uetavgs fcajhs f if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef (egmg vhrhmgs hj hi saduahjth fpfrtf`g).
Hvgiueaõj `h if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef If aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef hj Vuhrátfrg tahjh mæs `h trhs `áef`fs `h frrfadg y trf`aeaõj. Uu `hsfrrgiig ajaeaõ `urfjth hi prgehsg `h aj`ustrafiazfeaõj sustatutavg `h ampgrtfeagjhs `h igs fögs eajeuhjtf y shshjtf, f pfrtar `h if ajstfifeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs hjsfmoif`grfs futgmgtraehs fi jgrth `h if efpatfi `hi pfís. Hsth prgehsg egjtajuõ `urfjth ifs `áef`fs saduahjths, fprgvhenfj`g if egjsgia`feaõj `h igs egmpihkgs futgmgtgrhs `hi ehjtrg, fsí egmg if iihdf`f `h if aj`ustraf hiáetraeg-hihetrõjaef y hi `hsfrrgiig `h mfquajfraf y hquapg pfrf muengs gtrgs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs (fiamhjtgs, químaef, muhoihs, hte.). @urfjth igs fögs shthjtf, sh ajstfiõ hj Vuhrátfrg ujf hmprhsf `h`aef`f fi mfjthjamahjtg `h pfrths y cforaefeaõj `h fidujfs pahzfs `h fvagjhs `h ifs prajeapfihs egmpföífs jfeagjfihs (Mhxaefjf y Fhrgmáxaeg), Fhrgmáxaeg), hmprhsf hmprhsf quh vhajth fögs mæs tfr`h cuh f`quara`f pgr efpatfi hspfögi y quh ngy cforaef pahzfs mæs egmpihkfs pfrf fvagjhs `h eiahjths digofihs.
65
Hj gtrg efpítuig `h hsth vgiumhj, sh fogr`fj `htfiif`fmhjth ifs efrfethrístaefs `h if vajeuv ajeuifeaõj y hi `hsfrrgiig `h fdrupfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs hj Vuhrátfrg, pgr hiig jg prgcuj`azfmgs hj hsh thmf hj hsth efpítuig.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
@hs`h igs fögs shshjtf y shthjtf, if eau`f` `h Vuhrátfrg sh egjvartaõ hj uj pujtg jg`fi pfrf if aj`ustraf y hi egmhreag hjtrh if zgjf aj`ustrafi `hi Sfiih `h Máxaeg y Mgjthrrhy, g Duf`fifkfrf y Mgjthrrhy. @urfjth eufrhjtf fögs, jfeahrgj y prgiachrfrgj igs tfiihrhs `h rhpfrfeaõj futgmgfutgmgtraz y `h efmagjhs, iuhdg iuhdg surdahrgj igs mfquajf`gs y tfiihrhs `h mgi`hs, trgquhif`gg y prhjsf`g `h pfrths mhtæiaefs< pgsthragrmhjth, if cforaefeaõj trgquhif` `h pfrths y pahzfs pfrf mfquajfraf y hquapg. Fsí sh egjcgrmõ egjcgrmõ if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef, quh egj hi tahmpg ajerhmhjtõ su `hjsa`f` y efmoaõ su egmpgsaeaõj nfeaf fetava`f`hs thejgiõdaefmhj thejgiõdaefmhjth th mæs egmp egmpihkfs. ihkfs. Hj igs `h pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs `h Vuhrátfrg, drf`ufimhjth rgj caiafihs hmprhsfs muitajfeagjfihs y `h efpatfi mhxaefjgshhjajstfifigs `achrhjths shdmhjtgs `h ig quh sh egjsa`hrf if aj`ustraf `h mfquajfraf y hquapg, prajeapfimhjth hj igs mfquajf`gs y if cforaefeaõj `h futgpfrths, if aj`ustraf `h piæstaegs, químaef y gtrgs suoshetgrhs fsgeaf`gs f igs mhtfihs.60 Hj ifs ûitamfs `áef`fs, if ajvhrsaõj `h hmprhsfs jfeagjfihs y
hxtrfjkhrfs rhifeagjf`fs egj if prg`ueeaõj `h futgpfrths, hihetrg`gmáshihetrg`gmástaegs y rheahjthmhjth `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, nf egjtraoua`g f ajerhmhjtfr hi `ajfmasmg `hi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg hj if hjta`f`. Uhdûj `ftgs `hi AJHDA, `urfjth hi phrag`g ?228-?22>, Vuhrátfrg geupõ if eufrtf pgsaeaõj f javhi jfeagjfi hj cforaefeaõj `h prg`uetgs mhtæiaegs, mfquajfraf y hquapg, sahj`g suphrf`g pgr hstf`gs egmg Juhvg Ihõj, Egfnuaif y Hstf`g `h Máxaeg. Hi shetgr `h if mhtfimheæjaef hs ampgrtfjth pgr su egjtraoueaõj fi hmpihg y if erhfeaõj `h raquhzf hj hi hstf`g. Hj ?221, hstf fetava`f` aj`ustrafi rhprhshjtfof rhprhshjtfof `hi ?>% `hi ` hi vfigr `h if prg`ueeaõ prg`ueeaõjj y hi 08% `h igs hmpihgs mfjucfeturhrgs hj Vuhrátfrg. _hsuitf ajthrhsfjth f`vhrtar quh, `hi tgtfi `hi phrsgjfi geupf`g hj hi shetgr shetgr,, hi 4?% egrrhspgj`h f puhstgs `h efræethr táejaeg, ig quh muhstrf if ampgrtfjeaf `hi trfofkg ofsf`g hj nfoaia`f`hs y egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgs gs quh fdrhdfj vfigr. If aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef sh egmpgjh pgr fetava`f`hs `h egrth, trgquhif`g, pfaihríf y mgi`hf`g `h pahzfs mhtæiaefs pfrf if hifogrfeaõj `h prg`uetgs, nhrrfmahjtfs y mfquajfraf mheæjaef `h `avhrsf íj`gih, egj if ajegrpgrfeaõj `h egmpgjhjths hiáetraegs y hihetrõjaegs. Hi shetgr hs muy nhthrgdájhg, tfjtg tfjtg pgr hi tfmfög `h ifs if s hmprhsfs, egmg pgr hi tapg `h prgehsgs prg`uetavgs quh ástfs `hshmphöfj; `hs`h tfiihrhs `h 60
Rfrf ujf `hserapeaõj mæs fmpiaf `h if nastgraf `h Vuhrátfrg, váfsh Dfreíf (6111).
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
rhpfrfeaõj, nfstf drfj`hs hmprhsfs quh cforaefj mfquajfraf hspheafiazfhspheafia zf`f y sgorh ph`a`g, pfsfj`g pgr ujf rh` `h prgvhh`gr prgvhh`grhs hs `h pahzfs, pahzf s, pfrths, egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjt hs y suohjsfmoihs pfrf fofsthehr fof sthehr egmpihkgs futgmgtgrhs futgmgtgrhs `hi Hstf`g `h ` h Máxaeg, Dufjfkuftg, Fdufsefiahjths, Ufj Iuas Rgtgsí, y gtrgs hquapgs `h trfjspgrth egmg efrrgs `h chrrgefrrai hj Na`fidg, g pfrths pfrf fvagjhs hj hi masmg hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, g hj gtrgs pfíshs. 68 Hj igs ûitamgs vhajth fögs nf nfoa`g ujf suhrth `h hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi, f rfíz `hi ajerhmhjtg hj if `hmfj`f `h prg`uetgs thejgiõdaefmhjth mæs egmpihkgs pfrf fofsthehr ef`hjfs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj. Hstf hvgiueaõj sh goshrvf mh`afjth if ajegrpgrfeaõj `h juhvgs egjgeamahjtgs hj ærhfs egmg ifs thejgigdífs `h if ajcgrmfeaõj y if egmujaefeaõj (PAE), if prgdrfmfeaõj hihetrõjaef y, mæs rheahjthmhjth, `hi usg `h sgctwfrh. Hi erheamahjtg `hi thka`g prg`uetavg hj if zgjf y hi ajerhmhjtg `h if `hmfj`f nf cfvgrhea`g, fsamasmg, hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h
rhifeagjhs `h prgvhh`uríf hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs `hi shetgr y fidujfs fidujf s cgrmfs `h eggphrfeaõj táejaef y grdfjazfeagjfi.63 If igefiazfeaõj igefiaz feaõj aj`ustrafi `h drfj`hs hmprhsfs y igs hjef`hjfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs quh ngy sh goshrvfj hj Vuhrátfrg sh egmpihmhjtfj egmpihmhjtfj egj if prhshjeaf `h gtrgs fetgrhs, egmg ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, j, fdhjeafs `h prgmgeaõ prgmgeaõjj hmprhsfrafi, ehjtrgs `h mhtrgigdíf yajvhstadfeaõ ehrtacaefeaõj, hjtrh gtrgs. Egmg sh goshrvõ hj pærrfcgs fjthragrhs, ifs ajstatueagjhs fef`ámaefs hjcgef`fs f if cgrmfeaõj `h rheursgs numfjgs hj ajdhjahrífs y gtrfs `aseapiajfs rhifeagjf`fs egj hi thka`g prg`uetavg egf`yuvfj f if egjcgrmfeaõj `h uj hspfeag `h rheursgs, fprhj`azfkh y trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtg egj frrfadg thrratgrafi.
Efrfethrazfeaõj `hi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg hj Vuhrátfrg Hj juhstrf gpajaõj, if prhshjeaf `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg nf sa`g pgsaoih drfeafs f if hxasthjeaf `h efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs, thejgiõdaefs y hmprhsfrafihs dhjhrf`fs `urfjth vfrafs `áef`fs, prajea68 63
Rgr cfitf `h hspfeag, jg ajeiuamgs hstf`ístaefs sgorh if egmpgsaeaõj `hi shetgr hj tármajgs `hi jûmhrg y `amhjsagjhs `h igs hstfoiheamahjtgs, hi hmpihg, hte. (Saiifvaehjeag, ?262). @h Cuhjths (?224) fjfiazf `htfiif`fmhjth fidujgs fsphetgs `hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg `h uj egjkujtg `h hmprhsfs `h mfquajf`g `h if rhdaõj.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
pfimhjth hj hi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg y shetgrhs rhifeagjf`gs< hiig nf cfvgrhea`g if ajvhrsaõj `h hmprhsfs hspfögifs, hstf`guja`hjshs, crfjehsfs crfjehsfs y efjf`ahjshs, quh nfj ajstfif`g pifjtfs pfrf fofsthehr if `hmfj`f igefi prgvhjahjth `h Ogmofr`ahr, phrg tfmoaáj igs ph`a`gs `h gtrfs rhdagjhs `hi jgrth `h Máxaeg y `hi muj`g (egmg sh f`vahrth hj gtrgs trfofkgs `h hsth vgiumhj). Uaj hmofrdg, fquí surdhj ifs saduahjths ajthrrgdfjths; ·hj quá mh`a`f ifs if s efpfea`f`hs aj`ustrafihs, hmprhsfrafihs hmprhsfrafihs y thejgiõdaefs ngy hxasthjths hxasthjt hs phrmataræj f ifs if s hmprhsfs `h if rhdaõj egjvhrtarsh egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs y hspheafiazf`gs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj hi egrtg pifzg7 Ua `aenfs efpfea`f`hs jg sgj sucaeahjths, ·quá ajehjtavgs ajehjtavgs y mg`fia`f`hs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg sh rhquhraræj, y quá pfphi `hohræ `hshmphöfr if pgiítaef aj`ustrafi y thejgiõdaef `hi hstf`g7 Efrfethrazfr fi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg, y `h mfjhrf mæs hspheícaef hi quh sh rhifeagjf egj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, jg hs tfrhf cæeai pgr if cfitf
`h `ftgs hstf`ístaegs, y pgr hiig sh rhquahrh `h uj hkhreaeag fjfiítaeg `h ifs efthdgrífs quh utaiazf hi AJHDA pfrf ifs euhjtfs jfeagjfihs, hj egmoajfeaõj egj gtrfs cuhjths. Hi egjkujtg egjkujtg `h suoshetgrhs fsgeaf`gs f ifs if s fetava`f`hs aj`ustrafihs `h if mhtfimheæjaef sgj shas (euf`rg ? `hi fjhxg). f jhxg).64 Efoh mhjeagjfr quh, `h feuhr`g egj if eifsacaefeaõj `hi AJHDA, ifs hmprhsfs `h if`haj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef phrthjhehj fi suoshetgr cforaefeaõj `h hquapg trfjspgrth, y jg fpfrhehj egmg uj suoshetgr `h hspheícaeg. @h juhstrg trfofkg `h `hpurfeaõj y eifsacaefeaõj `h ifs `achrhjths ofshs `h `ftgs y `arhetgrags egjsuitf`gs, gotuvamgs uj ujavhrsg `h 068 hmprhsfs phrthjheahjths fi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg, uoaef`fs prajeapfimhjth hj igs pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs firh`h`gr `h ifs eau`f`hs `h Vuhrátfrg y Ufj Kufj `hi _íg. Hstfs hmprhsfs hifogrfj pfrths y pahzfs pfrf `achrhjths aj`ustrafs, cforaefj mfquajfraf y hquapg quh sh utaiazf hj shetgrhs egmg hi futgmgtraz y `h trfjspgrth, fiamhjtgs, químaef, cfrmfeáutaef, `h if 64
Rfrf a`hjtacaefr f ifs hmprhsfs hj Vuhrátfrg, utaiazfmgs @arhetgrag Mfhstrg Hmprhsfrafi (@amh) `h if Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih `hihiHstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, quh euhjtf egj uj jûmhrg fprgxamf`g `h 6522 hmprhsfs rhdastrf`fs hj tg`gs igs shetgrhs, egj fögs `h fetufiazfeaõj `h if ajcgrmfeaõj quh vfj fi ?224 hj fidujgs efsgs, y nfstf hi ?221 hj if mfygríf. Gtrf cuhjth `h ajcgrmfeaõj quh utaiazfmgs cuh hi Uasthmf `h Ajcgrmfeaõj Hmprhsfrafi Mhxaefjg (UAHM), `h `gj`h sh gotuvahrgj uj tgtfi `h 624 hmprhsfs phrthjheahjths fi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg `hi hstf`g. Xjf threhrf cuhjth `h ajcgrmfeaõj cuh hi @arhetgrag `h Gchrtf Hxpgrtfoih `h Vuhrátfrg `hi Dgoahrjg `hi Hstf`g. Cuh jhehsfrag `hpurfr if ofsh `h `ftgs hiamajfj`g hmprhsfs quh egmhreafiazfj g `h shrvaeags fi shetgr, fsí egmg pfrf rhsgivhr prgoihmfs `h jgmhjeifturf y nhthrgdhjha`f` `h if ajcgrmfeaõj.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
egjstrueeaõj, phtrgquímaef, hiáetraef y hihetrõjaef, hjtrh muengs gtrgs shetgrhs. Hj prajeapag, prajeapag, tg`fs hstfs hmprhsfs tahjhj if efpfea`f` prg`uetavf y thejgiõdaef pfrf egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs h aj`arhetgs `h ifs hmprhsfs, eifsacaef`fs `h mfjhrf hspheícaef hj if hifogrfeaõj `h pfrths y pahzfs pfrf fvagjhs. Igs shetgrhs mhjeagjf`gs dufr`fj dufr`fj ujf rhifeaõj `h prgvhh`uríf hjtrh sí, ig quh hxpiaef hj drfj mh`a`f su ampgrtfjeaf hj hi hstf`g< rhifeaõj quh sh nf rhcgrzf`g egj hi pfsg pf sg `hi tahmpg y nf hvgiueagjf`g hj tármajgs `h if efia`f` y sgcastaefeaõj `h prg`uetgs, f pfrtar `h if iihdf`f i ihdf`f `h hmprhsfs quh cforaefj prg`uetgs pfrf hi mhref`g cajfi, egmg hihetrg`gmástaegs g mgtgrhs pfrf vhníeuigs y mfquajfraf hspheafiazf`f. Hj hi ujavhrsg `h hmprhsfs jg a`hjtacaef`fs, nfy prgvhh`grhs `h ajsumgs mhtæiaegs dhjhrfihs, `hs`h igs mæs sampihs (iæmajf, vfraiif y tuogs, hte.), nfstf
gtrgs mæs egmpihkgs (frjhshs). Nfy hmprhsfs quh rhfiazfj hi mgjtfkh y frmf`g `h pfrths, ifs quh cforaefj egmpgjhjths quh ajeiuyhj pfrths mhtæiaefs,, piæstaefs y hiáetraefs, mhtæiaefs hiáetraefs , nfstf hi `ashög y cforaefeaõj `h mæquajfs-nhrrfmahjtf. 6> @hi ujavhrsg a`hjtacaef`g, efsa if matf` `h hmprhsfs (611) sh `h`aefj f if cforaefeaõj `h prg`uetgs mhtæiaegs y efsa ujf eufrtf pfrth sh `h`aef f if cforaefeaõj `h hquapg `h trfjspgrth. Xjifs `ftg ampgrtfj ampgrtfjth quh egmpruhof if hcaeahjeaf prg`uetavf fiefjzf`f pgr hmprhsfs `hithshetgr mhtfimheæjaeg y sus pgsaoaia`f`hs `h hsefifr nfeaf jaengs `h mhref`g egj prg`uetgs mæs egmpihkgs, hs hi drf`g `h ehrtacaefeaõj ajthrjfeagjfi gothja`g. gothja`g. If ehrtacaefeaõj `f euhjtf `h ifs efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs y grdfjazfeagjfihs f`quara`fs hj uj mgmhjtg `f`g, f pfrtar `h hstæj`frhs hstfoihea`gs quh rhspgj`hj f erathrags `h efia`f`, hcaeahjeaf y egjcafoaia`f`. Hj tármajgs dhjhrfihs, y egj ajcgrmfeaõj `h ?262, `h ifs 068 hmprhsfs quh egmpgjhj hi shetgr s hetgr mhtfimheæjaeg hj Vuhrátfrg, 601 thjífj fidûj tapg `h ehrtacaefeaõj g ferh`atfeaõj `h prg`uetg, prgehsgs prgehsgs prg`uetavgs, `h efia`f` g `h phrsgjfi, ig quh rhprhshjtf hi 50% `hi ujavhrsg. Xj pgeg mhjgs `h if matf` `h hmprhsfs egjtfofj egj fidujf ehrtacaefeaõj AUG y ujf eufrtf pfrth `h ifs hmprhsfs egjtfofj egj ujf ehrta-
6>
Pg`f if ajcgrmfeaõj hstf`ístaef rhefof`f y fjfiazf`f sgorh ifs efrfethrístaefs `h if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef hj Vuhrátfrg sh hjeuhjtrf hj if ajvhstadfeaõj rhfiazf`f pfrf hi OA@. Sáfsh Saiifvaehjeag ht fi. (?262).
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
caefeaõj AUG y fidujf fid ujf gtrf egmg if PU.61 Fsamasmg, Fsamasmg, 8% `h ifs hmprh hmprhsfs sfs egjtfofj egj ujf ehrtacaefeaõj rhifeagjf`f egj if aj`ustraf a j`ustraf futgmgtraz. futgmgtraz. Hi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg `h Vuhrátfrg quh nhmgs `hseratg orhvhmhjth egjstatuyh ujf ofsh aj`ustrafi y prg`uetavf `h prgvhh`uríf pfrf shetgrhs egmg hi futgmgtraz, hihetrg`gmástaegs, prgehsf`g `h fiamhjtgs, y quh ifs if s hmprhsfs sgj prgvhh`grfs hjtrh hjtrh sí. F`hmæs F`hmæs `h ifs efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs, thejgiõdaefs thejgiõdaefs y grdfjazfeagjfihs `hsfrrgiif`fs, erhhmgs quh hxasthj rhifeagjhs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs ajthrhmprhsfrafihs quh nfj cgmhjtf`g hi surdamahjtg `h ujf suhrth `h ’euiturf” thejgiõdaef quh, sa oahj suhih shr ujf vfrafoih pgeg fjfiazf`f, fjfiazf`f , egjstatuyh egjstatuyh ujf `amhjsaõj ajstatueagjfi ampgrtfjth ampgrtfjth quh egf`yuvf f if dhjhrfeaõj `h efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs y `h ajjgvfeaõj hj ujf rhdaõj. Hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef fhrgjæutaef hj hi hstf`g rhprhshjtf pfrf
fidujfs hmprhsfs `hi shetgr mhtfimheæjaeg y `h cforaefeaõj `h hquapg if gpgrtuja`f` `h ajdrhsfr f juhvfs rh`hs `h prgvhh`uríf, egj hspheacaefeagjhs thejgiõdaefs suphragrhs, ig quh sadjacaefríf ajerhmhjtfr sus efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs y cforaefr prg`uetgs egj mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g. F efmoag `h hsg, ifs hmprhsfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef (cuj`fmhjtfimhjth hxtrfjkhrfs hxtrfjkhrfs hj hi mgmhjtg `h hstf ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj), eaõj), `aspgjhj `h uj ujavhrsg `h hmprhsfs pgthjeafimhjth prgvhh`grfs pfrths, pahzfs y egmpgjhjths egj sucaeahjths efpfea`f`hs prg`uetavfs`hquh, mh`afjth prgehsgs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg thejgiõdaeg,, arífj dhjhrfj`g efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs fegr`hs f ifs pfutfs y erathrags `h if fhrgjæutaef.
Uhetgr `h if fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg @urfjth igs ûitamgs eajeg fögs, Máxaeg nf rhprhshjtf`g uj thrratgrag ftrfetavg pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, `f`f if hxasthjeaf `h ujf egjsgia`f`f aj`ustraf `h futgpfrths, hihetrõjaef, hihetrõjaef, `h cforaefeaõj y mfjthjamahjtg mfjthjamahj tg `h mfquajfraf. Fsamasmg, if hxasthjeaf `h ehjtr ehjtrgs gs pûoiaegs y pravf`gs `h ajvhstadfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig, hj ærhfs egmg mfthrafihs, mfthrafihs, ajdhjahríf futgmgtraz futgmgtraz y ujf mfjg `h gorf efpfeatf`f hj ærhfs thejgiõdaefs 61
Hstf jgrmf ehrtacaef uj sasthmf f`majastrftavg `h efia`f`, fpiaefoih hj ifs cfshs `h `ashög g `hsfrrgiig `h uj juhvg prg`uetg, g if ajstfifeaõj g shrvaeag `h prg`uetgs rhifeagjf`gs egj hi prgehsg futgmætaeg `h prg`ueeaõj.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
hspheícaefs, nfj sa`g hihmhjtgs hstrftádaegs f egjsa`hrfr pgr `avhrsfs hmprhsfs hurgphfs, hstf`guja`hjshs y efjf`ahjshs rhifeagjf`fs egj if prg`ueeaõj `h egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths pfrf fvagjhs quh nfj hstfoihea`g uja`f`hs `h prg`ueeaõj hj `avhrsfs rhdagjhs `hi pfís. Xj hihmhjtg `h efræethr mfergajstatueagjfi ergajstatueagj fi quh egoakõ pfrth `h ifs ajvhrsag ajvhrsagjhs jhs hxtrfjkhrfs `hi shetgr hj hi pfís, cuh uj feuhr`g hjtrh igs dgoahrjgs `h Máxaeg y Hstf`gs Hstf`gs Xja`gs pfrf if ehrtacaefeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs.?2 Hstf satufeaõj egajea`h egj uj prgehsg `h trfjscgrmfeaõj trfjscgrmfeaõj `h ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj hj ujf aj`ustraf hj erheamahjtg. Hj hchetg, if `hmfj`f `h fvagjhs f javhi muj`afi nf fumhjtf`g fumhjtf`g,, fi tahmpg quh sus efrfethrístaefs thejgiõdaefs nfj hxphramhjtf`g efmoags rhifeagjf`gs rhifeagjf`gs egj hi fngrrg `h egmoustaoih, if shdura`f` y hi egjcgrt, fsí egmg if rh`ueeaõj `h if egjtfmajfeaõj. Hj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, fhrgjæutaef, ifs ajjgvfeag-
jhs sh hjcgefj f vfrags fsphetgs `h mfjhrf samuitæjhf; fi `ashög `h igs hquapgs, fi `hshmphög `h igs ajstrumhjtgs `h jfvhdfeaõj y shdura`f`, fi egjcgrt `h if efoajf, fi fngrrg hjhrdátaeg y if prgtheeaõj `hi mh`ag fmoahjth, f igs mfthrafihs y f if ajdhjahríf `h cforaefeaõj `h igs egmpgjhjths y mõ`uigs quh egmprhj`h hi fvaõj. Hs uj shetgr she tgr quh egmoajf hi egjgeamahjtgg eahjtícaeg y if ajdhjahríf, igs juhvgs mfthrafihs, jfjgegmegjgeamahjt pgjhjths y sgctwfrh, f`hmæs `h quh rhquahrh hquapgs `h samuifeaõj y pruhofs muy sgcastaef`gs. Nufi`h y Efrraiig (?224) gcrhehj `ftgs hstf`ístaegs sgorh if egmpgsaeaõj `hi shetgr hj hi pfís hj vfrags ruorgs, egmg hmpihg, jûmhrg `h hmprhsfs y sus fetava`f`hs. Hstfs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs sh igefiazfj igefiaz fj hj quajeh hstf`gs `h if rhpûoiaef mhxaefjf, phrg Ugjgrf y Ofkf Efiacgrjaf sgj igs quh euhjtfj egj mfygr jûmhrg `h hmprhsfs, prajeapfimhjth `h mfjucfeturf `h egmpgjhjths y hquapgs. Gtrf `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h hstfs hmprhsfs hs if rhpfrfeaõj g mg`acaefeaõj `h hquapg. Rhrg Rhrg hj ?223 sõig nfoíf `aheasahth hj hi pfís, prajeapfimhjth hj if zgjf mhtrgpgiatfjf `hi Sfiih `h Máxaeg y hi Hstf`g `h Máxaeg. If fetava`f` `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g hj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, f`hmæs `hi hjsfmoih egmpihtg `h fvagjhs, hs if `h ajdhjahríf y `ashög. Hj ?223 hxastífj hj hi pfís ûjaefmhjth eftgreh hmprhsfs hj hsth ruorg, trhs ?2
Jgs rhchramgs f if ehrtacaefeaõj `hi Oaifthrfi Fvaftagj Ufchty Fdrhhmhjt (OFUF) `h if X.U. Ch`hrfi Fvaftagj Fdhjey. Sáfsh, 9www.ejjhxpfjsagj.egm/mfjucfeturf/frtaeuigs`h-ajthrhs/aj`ustraf-fhrgjfutaef-hj-pihjg-fsehjsg:.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
hj Vuhrátfrg, `gj`h f`hmæs hjegjtrfmgs if efjf`ahjsh Ogmofr`ahr, quh cforaef cushifkhs y frjhshs `h efoihf`g hiáetraeg.?6 Hstf hmprhsf rhprhshjtf if ajvhrsaõj mæs ampgrtfjth hj if mfjucfeturf `hi shetgr hj hi pfís y, egmg vhrhmgs, nf rhprhshjtf`g uj eftfiazf`gr pfrf gtrfs ajvhrsagjhs y pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg. Vuhrátfrg tahjh uj eiusthr fhrghspfeafi shmhkfjth f mg`higs egmg hi `h Pguigus Pguigush, h, Taenatf aenatf,, Mgjtrhfi y Uhfttih. Euhjtf egj vfrafs vfrafs hmprhsfs, ujf ujavhrsa`f` fhrgjæutaef y uj pfrquh aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi `hjtrg `hi fhrgpuhrtg ajthrjfeagjfi ajthrjfeagjfi `hi hstf`g. Ifs hmprhsfs quh egjcgrmfofj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfe afi hj Vuhrátfrg, fi mgmhjtg mgmhjtg `h juhstrf ajvhstadfeaõj, ?? sh muhstrfj hj hi euf`rg 5. F`aeagjfimhjth, hjegjtrfmgs hj Vuhrátfrg `gs ehjtrgs `h ajdhjah-
ríf y `hsfrrgiig quh nfj egmhjzf`g f rhfiazfr prgyhetgs `h `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg pfrf if aj`ustraf hj hi hstf`g y hj gtrfs zgjfs `hi pfís; hi Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf `h Purog Mfquajfraf DH-AV, quh rhfiazf ajdhjahríf y shrvaeag shrv aeag thejgiõdaeg pfrf turogmfquajfraf turogmfquajfraf `hi shetgr she tgr fhrghspfeafi y `h hjhrdíf< y hi ehjtr ehjtrgg `h A+@ `h AP_, A P_, quh rhfiazf ajdhjahríf a jdhjahríf pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h ifs turoajfs `h ofkf prhsaõj.
Ogmofr`ahr Fhrgspfeh hj Vuhrátfrg Ogmofr`ahr hs ujf egrpgrfeaõj digofi egj sh`h hj Efjf`æ, Efjf`æ , quh f`quaraõ Ulykht hj ?222 y egmhjzõ f cforaefr fvagjhs egmhreafihs, f`hmæs `h igs rhfetgrhs `h hquapfmahjtg pfrf hi trfjspgrth chrrgvafrag, sasthmfs sasthmfs y shrvaeags quh yf cforaefof. If rfmf fhrghspfeafi `h if hmprhsf euhjtf egj mæs `h ?> 222 hmpihf`gs y sh uoaef egmg if threhr threhrff mfygr cforaefjth `h fvagjhs eavaihs hj hi muj`g. Uu dfmf `h prg`uetgs ajeiuyh; ― Fhrgjfvhs `h jhdgeags (Ihfrkh (Ihfrkht,t, Enfiihjdhr y Digofi cfmaiaf cfmaiafss `h ― fvagjhs). Fvagjhs egmhreafihs (EUhrahs juhvg prgdrfmf prgdrfmf,, fetufi fetufimhjth mhjth hj hstu`ag< if shrah E_K y V-Uhrahs cfmaiafs `h fvagjhs). ― Fvaõj fjcaoag (Ogmofr`ahr 068 y DR 068). ?6 ??
If hmprhsf tfmoaáj euhjtf egj ujf pifjtf hj Enanufnuf. Xj fjæiasas mæs prgcuj`g `h ifs efrfethrístaefs `hi eiusthr sh prhshjtf hj hi efpítuig `h Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf hj hsth masmg vgiumhj.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf Euf`rg 5. Hmprhsfs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg hj Vuhrátfrg (?262) Hmprhsf
Fetava`f` Dhjhrfi
Fetava`f`hs hj Vuhrátfrg
Ogmofr`ahr
Mfygr prg`uetgr `h khts rhdagjfihs y threhr prg`uetgr mæs drfj`h `h fvagjhs eavaihs
― Egmpgjhjths pfrf hstrueturfs ― Cushifkh EI>82 ― Hihvf`grhs V022 ― Hstfoaiazf`gr ngrazgjtfi V022 ― DH^ _hfr cushifkh ― Egmpgjhjths hiáetraegs ― Uuohjsfmoihs hiáetraegs ― Frjhshs (E_K422/122, EI522, Digofi Hxprhss)
F.H. Rhtsenh Eg.
@astraoueaõj y prgvhh`uríf `h prg`uetgs fhrghspfeafihs
@astraoueaõj y lats `h egmpgjhjths pfrf hstrueturfs `h frjhshs pfrf Ogmofr`ahr
AP_ AP _ (d (dru rupg pg hs hspf pfög ögi) i)
Mfjthj Mfjt hjam amah ahjt jtg g y rh rhpf pfrrfe feaõ aõj j `h turoajfs, shrvaeags `h ajdhjahríf y prg`ueeaõj `h egmpgjhjths y mgtgrhs
― Puroajfs `h ofkf prhsaõj ― Puogs ― Rfrths mfquajf`fs ― Hstrueturfs IRP ― Rrgehsgs hspheafihs fprgof`gs pgr
JF@EFR Fhrjjgvf
@ashög y mfjucfeturf `h hstrueturfs y egmpgjhjths pfrf ifs prajeapfihs GHM
Hjsfmoih `h hstrueturfs ifrdfs y suohjsfmoihs ― Unhht mhtfi, phquhögs y mh`afjgs mfquajf`gs ― Prftfmahjtgs Prftfmahjtgs tármaegs ― Egmpgsaths
Hiameg
Rrg`ueeaõj y hjsfmoih `h egmpgjhjths hiáetraegs y hihetrõjaegs
― Cforaefeaõj `h efoihf`g ― Cforaefeaõj `h uja`f`hs `h egjtrgi ― Cforaefeaõj `h ofys ― Hquapgs hiáetraegs y hihetrõjaegs ― Ajdhjahríf `h sasthmfs ― Uhrvaeags `h M_G ― _htrgt/Xp`fths h Ajthdrfeaõj `h hquapgs hmofref`gs hj fhrgjfvhs (CIA_, _f`fr)
Mhddatt Farerfct Orflajd Uysthms
Rrg`uetgr `h iifjtfs y crhjgs pfrf fhrgjfvhs egmhreafihs y maiatfrhs.
Egmpgjhjths hstrueturfihs pfrf iifjtfs y crhjgs
Mhssahr @gwty `hi drupg crfjeás Ufcrfj
Cforaefeaõj `h sasthmfs `h fthrrazfkh
Prhjhs `h fthrrazfkh
Ujhemf Rrgpuisagj `hi drupg crfjeás Ufcrfj
Cforaefeaõj `h mgtgrhs pfrf fhrgjfvhs
Egmpgjhjths pfrf turoajfs
Jfvfar
Rrg`ueeaõj `h hquapgs hiáetraegs
Frjhshs y hquapgs hiáetraegs
@asngj
Rrg`ueeaõj `h egmpgjhjths
Egmpgjhjths `h `achrhjths mfthrafihs
Lug Fhrgspfeh (hmprhsf mhxaefjf)
egmpihkgs Cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths egmpihkgs
Mfquajf`gs y cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths egmpihkgs
E_AG (hmprhsf mhxaefjf)
Prftfm fmaahj hjttgs tár tárm maeg egss
Prftfm fmaahj hjtg tgss tár tármae aegs gs pf pfrf egmp egmpgj gjhhjt jthhs `h sasthmfs `h crhjg
Mhssahr Uhrvaehs `hi drupg Ufcrfj
Mfjthjamahjtg y rhpfrfeaõj pfrf trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh
M_G pfrf trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh egj mfquajf`gs y trftfmahjtgs tármaegs
Ufmhs
Hs uj kgajt-vhj kgajt-vhjturh turh hjtrh AP_ y Ujhemf `h Ufcrfj
Mfjthjamahjtg `h egmpgjhjths pfrf Farous 5?2 y hi Oghajd 454
Cuhjth; Nhrjæj`hz (?262).
>2
Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
― Kht Prfvhi Ugiutagjs (Cihxkh (Cihxkht). t). ― Ugiueagjhs hspheafiazf`fs `h fhrgjfvhs y fvagjhs mg`acaef`gs pfrf masagjhs hspheafihs. ― Uhrv Uhrvaeags aeags `h fhrgjfvhs; cgrmfeaõj `h paigtgs, pahzfs `h fvagjhs y mfjthjamahjtg, mfjthjamahj tg, fsasthjeaf táejaef y shrvaeags hj iíjhf (9www.fhrg.ogmofr`ahr.egm:). If hmprhsf iihdõ f Máxae Máxaegg hj 611?, egj if f`quasaeaõj `hi cforaefjth `h mfthrafi rg`fjth chrrgvafrag Egjstruetgrf Jfeagjfi `h Efrrgs `h Chrrgefrrai, phrg if pifjtf `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrghspfeh Fhrghspfeh hj Vuhrátfrg egmhjzõ f gphrfr hj ?228, egj ujf ajvhrsaõj `h `gseahjtgs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs pfrf uj prgyhetg `h sahth fögs, egj hi caj `h cforaefr egmpgjhjths `h fhrgjf-
vhs y if erhfeaõj `h mai hmpihgs. If hmprhsf hmphzõ cforaefj`g frjhshs `h efoih y `hspuás egjtajuõ egj if prg`ueeaõj `h egmpgjhjths hstrueturfihs, egj hi prgyhetg `h rhfiazfr hi hjsfmoifkh cajfi `h fhrgjfvhs hj pgegs fögs. If hmprhsf hsphrf prg`uear hi cushifkh y ifs fifs `h su juhvg mg`hig Ihfrkht >8, quh shræ hi pramhr kht hkheutavg nheng egj mfthrafihs mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs y jg mhtæiaegs. If `heasaõj `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrghspfeh `h hstfoihehrsh hj Máxaeg pfrheh shr ujf rhspuhstf f if erheahjt erheahjthh egmphthjeaf `h if carmf fhrghspfeafi orfsaihöf Hmorfhr Hmorfhr.. Gtrg `h igs cfetgrhs cfe tgrhs quh ftrfkhrgj f hstf hmprhsf fhrghspfeafi hs if fmpiaf rh` `h feuhr`gs `h iaorh egmhreag `h Máxaeg egj pfíshs y oigquhs `h egmhreag quh ajeiuyhj f Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Efjf`æ, Kfpõj Kf põj y if Xjaõj Hur Hurgphf. gphf. Hi fpgy fpgygg quh quh oraj`õ oraj`õ hi dgoah dgoahrjg rjg `h Vuhr Vuhrátfátfrg, mh`afjth if egjehsaõj `hi thrrhjg, cuh erueafi pfrf hi hstfoiheamahjtg y gphrfeaõj `h `gs pifjtfs `h Ogmofr`ahr, satuf`fs hj hi Rfrquh Fhrghspfeafi, f uj egstf`g `hi fhrgpuhrtg `h if eau`f`. Rhrg, sgorh tg`g, if hxasthjeaf `h prgvhh`grhs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef yf ajstfif`gs hj hi hstf`g, egmg Ngjhywhii y @hipna, @hipna, y,y, egmg vamgs, if hxasthjeaf hxasthjeaf `h hmprhsfs `h pfrthspfrf y pahzfs mhtæiaefs`hhiáetraefs y hihetrõjaefs cuhrgjcforaefjths cfetgrhs rhihvfjths if ajstfifeaõj ifs pifjtfs `h Ogmofr`ahr hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg.. If hmprhsf Ogmofr`ahr ajaeaõ egj if cforaefeaõj `h frjhshs y sasthmfs hiáetraegs `h igs fvagjhs fv agjhs pfrf hjvíg f Efjf`æ, egrrhspgj`ahjths egrrhspgj`ahjths f vfrags mg`higs `h `h sus fvagjhs (Enfiihjdhr (Enfi ihjdhr 522, 328, >82, >42 y >12, Digofi 8222, Digofi Hxprhss ^_U, E_K g kht rhdagjfi ?22, 422 y 122) y gtrgs egmpgjhjths egmpgjhj ths pfrf hi cushifkh ehjtr ehjtrfi fi `hi Enfiihjdhr E nfiihjdhr >82 y `hi egjtrgi `h >6
@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
vuhig (tamgjhs y hstfoaiazf`grhs) `hi turognáiaeh V022.?5 Hj ?224, sh trfjscaraõ if prg`ueeaõj `h pfjhihs pfrf cushifkh `h fvagjhs `h su cæoraef hj Ohicfst f Vuhrátfrg, pgr hi mhjgr egstg egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f efi acaef`f quh hiig hi ig rhprhshjtõ.?0 If ajstfifeaõj `h if pifjtf thjíf adufimhjth hi go khtavgg `h rh`u khtav rh`uear ear egst egstgs gs digo digofihs fihs `h prg prg`ueea `ueeaõj, õj, puhs puhstg tg quh sh prg prgyhetf yhetfof of trfjschrar iíjhfs `h prg`ueeaõj `h Pgrgjtg y Kfpõj f Vuhrátfrg.
Ifs gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi thrratgra thrratgragg Hj hi pramhr fpfrtf`g pifjthfmgs if ampgrtfjeaf quh tahjh pfrf ujf rh-
daõj if egjstrueeaõj `h frrhdigs ajstatueagjfihs, `avhrsfs `avhrsfs cgrmfs `h eggphrfeaõj y hjef`hjfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs egj hstrfthdafs `h fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg h ajjgvfeaõj. If iihdf`f `h Ogmofr`ahr f Vuhrátfrg pfrheh oraj`fr gpgrtuja`f`hs hj hsh shjta`g, s hjta`g, hj if mh`a`f hj quh nf dhjhrf`g fidujfs `hrrfmfs pgsatavfs hj if `ajæmaef prg`uetavf h ajstatueagjfi `hi hstf`g, tfjtg pgr ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h prgvhh`uríf, egmg pgr if `hmfj`f `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f. Fsphetgs quh sõig rhtgmfm rhtgmfmgs gs sgmhrfmhjth f egjtajufeaõj. Igs prgvhh`grhs
Ogmofr`ahr `h Máxaeg euhjtf egj `astajtgs tapgs `h prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs h aj`arhetgs. Igs shduj`gs hifogrfj tg`g ig quh jg vf hj hi fvaõj, egmg nhrrfmahjtfs `h trfofkg quh sh usfj hj hi sasthmf prg`uetavg. Pfmoaáj tahjh prgvhh`grhs `h tg`g hi hquapg y mfthrafi `h ifs gcaeajfs y fsphetgs phracáraegs `h if pifjtf. Hj tfjtg quh igs prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs hifogrfj ifs pfrths `hi fvaõj, egmg igs sasthmfs y pfrths `h if hstrueturf. @hjtrg `h ástfgtrgs. sh tahjhj egmpgjhjths hi fif,ifhipfrth cushifkh, efoajf `hi hiigs paigtg, hjtrh Hj igs sasthmfs, sh egmg tahjh tg`f ajthrjf, hjtrh hi mgtgr, hi sasthmf na`ræuiaeg, if tuohríf ajthrjf, igs eareuatgs hiáetraegs, hi farh fegj`aeagjf`g, if aiumajfeaõj, hte. Efoh rhsfitfr quh hj gefsagjhs
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Hstu`ag `hi shetgr `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (?224). Hjtrhvastf egj hi dhrhjth `h if hmprhsf hj Vuhrátfrg, K. Ogu`rhfuit.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
sh f`quahrhj egmpgjhjths ajthdrf`gs, iastgs pfrf usfrsh, egmg hi mgtgr, quh egmprhj`h maihs `h pfrths hjsfmoif`fs. If efrthrf `h prgvhh`grhs aj`arhetgs mhxaefjgs `h Ogmofr`ahr hs fprgxamf`fmhjth `h quajahjtgs.?8 Egmg hmprhsf prgvhh`grf `arhetf mhxaefjf, sõig a`hjtacaefmgs ujf quh sh fprgoõ `hs`h nfeh trhs fögs, uoaef`f hj Pgiuef Pgiuef,, Aj`umht. Aj`umht. Hstf hmprhsf cforaef cforaef `aspgsatavgs `aspgsatavgs egmpihkgs pfrf rhpfrfr hrrgrhs `h mg`higs egmg hi Digofi Hxprhss. Hj egjtrfsth, hxasthj gtrgs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs quh sgj caiafihs `h hmprhsfs efjf`ahjshs g `h gtrgs pfíshs quh yf yshegmpgjhjths nfiifj hj Máxaeg nfeh tahmpgtfoihy quh prgvhhj `h ajsumgs, pahzfs pfrf `hs`h turoajfs, turoajf s, cushifkhs, rgs `h egjtrgi y prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf. mfjucfe turf. Rgr hkhmpig Fhrjjgvf, hmprh-
sf `h gradhj hspfögi ajstfif`f hj Vuhrátfrg, g Hftgj uoaef`f hj Pakufjf Pakufjf y quh hs prgvhh`grf `h sasthmfs na`ræuiaegs. Gtrg Gtrg hkhmpig hs Ifjaofi, I fjaofi, egj pifjtfs hj Enanufnuf E nanufnuf y Mhxaefia, y MPA Rgiycfo, uoaef`f hj Hjshjf`f, quh hifogrf hi fasifmahjtg fa sifmahjtg tármaeg tármaeg y feûstaeg `hi fvaõj. Hi prgehsg `h ehrtacaefeaõj pfrf prgvhh`uríf `arhetf hs egmpihkg y ifrdg, y if mfygríf `h ifs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs `h Vuhrátfrg jg egjtfof egj igs rhquhramahjtgs jhehsfrags pfrf if ehrtacaefeaõj eufj`g iihdõ Ogmofr`ahr f if rhdaõj. Uaj hmofrdg, if hmprhsf nf ajaeaf`g uj prgehsg `h egjehrtfeaõj egj igs dgoahrjgs hstftfi y ch`hrfi pfrf prgmgvhr prgdrfmfs quh fpgyhj f igs pgthjeafihs prgvhh`grhs `hi shetgr, hj mfthraf `h ehrtacaefeagjhs y hstímuigs casefihs. casefihs . Hj hsth egjthxtg, if Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih Uusthjtfoih `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg nf prgpuhstg uj feuhr`g pfrf erhfr ujf rh` `h prgvhh` prgvhh`uuríf, shrvaeags y `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg hjtrh `avhrsgs fetgrhs. Hi prgpõsatg prgpõsatg hs egjcgrmfr uj drupg ajthrajstatueagjfi egj efpfea`f` pfrf a`hjtacaefr prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj phrtajhjths pfrf hstf aj`ustraf, fsí egmg fpgyfr hi `hsfrrgiig `h pgsaoihs prgvhh`grhs igefihs hj ærhfs `h mfquajf`gs, hjsfmoihs, trftfmahjtgs tármaegs, mhtrgigdíf, `ashög, sgctwfrh, futgmftazfeaõj, hihetrõjaef,hj`afdjõstaegs, mh`aeaõj, mfjucfeturf `h egmpgjhjths, egmpgjhj ths, y prgvhh`uríf mhtfimheæjaef egj `achrhjths drf`gs `h egmpihka`f`. ?8
Efoh mhjeagjfr quh Ogmofr`ahr puh`h egmhjzfr f trfofkfr egj uj prgvhh`gr f if pfr quh ig fyu`f f fehihrfr if ehrtacaefeaõj hj efsg `h quh jg if thjdf, pfrf hiig Ogmofr`ahr ih `f ujf fprgofeaõj thmpgrfi egj`aeagjfi hj ig quh gotahjh if gcaeafi. If ehrtacaefeaõj tfr`f firh`h`gr `h shas mhshs sahmprh y eufj`g hi prgvhh`gr euhjth egj ifs efpfea`f`hs rhquhra`fs.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
Igs prajeapfihs fetgrhs `h if rh` quh sh nf egjcgrmf`g, f`hmæs `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrgspfeh, sgj igs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj quh shöfifmgs hj hi shduj`g fpfrtf`g, fidujfs ujavhrsa`f`hs, hi Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf hj Purogmæquajfs, hi Egjshkg `h Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf `h Vuhrátfrg y if hmprhsf Purogrrhfetgrhs Purogrrhfetgrhs AP_ (Nhrjæj`hz, ?262). If cgrmfeaõj y efpfeatfeaõj `h rheursgs numfjgs
Hj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef sh rhquahrh phrsgjfi táejaeg muy hspheafiazfhspheafiazf `g hj fidujfs fidujf s ærhfs `h prgehsgs y mfjthjamahjtg mfjthjamahjtg `h hquapg, ajeiusg nfy
jgrmfs quh hstapuifj igs rhquhramahjtgs y hspheacaefeagjhs pfrf hi cujeagjfmahjtg `h igs ehjtrgs `h cgrmfeaõj, efpfeatfeaõj y f`ahstrfmahjtg `h trfofkf`grhs `h hstf iíjhf fhrghspfeafi (Nhrjæj`hz, ?262). Fjth if erheahjth `hmfj`f `h prg`uetgs fhrgjæutaegs dhjhrf`gs hj hi pfís, sh erhõ if Xjavhrsa`f` Jfeagjfi Fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg (XJFV) hj ?221, euyg pifjthi egiaj`f egj if pifjtf `h Ogmofr`ahr Vuhrátfrg. @hs`h ?228, sh ajaeaõ if cgrmfeaõj `h ifs pramhrfs dhjhrfeagjhs `h táejaegs hspheafiazf`gs pfrf if mfjucfeturf, hj `gs ærhfs hj ifs quh Ogmofr`ahr thjíf pfrtaeuifr ajthrás; hjsfmoihs hstrueturfihs (sheeagjhs mhtæiaefs quh iuhdg egjcgrmfj hi cushifkh `hi fvaõj) y hjsfmoihs hiáetraegs (frjhshs g sasthmfs jhrvagsgs `h ifs fhrgjfvhs). Egj hi caj `h quh if hmprhsf ajaeafrf if mfjucfeturf hj mfyg `h ?223, sh cgrmõ ujf pramhrf dhjhrfeaõj `h 662 phrsgjfs hj euftrg mhshs. If mfygríf `h igs hmpihf`gs mhxaefjgs quh ngy trfofkfj hj ifs pifjtfs `h Ogmofr`ahr nfj sa`g cgrmf`gs hj `aenf ajstatueaõj.?3 Hjtrh ?223 y ?262, hdrhsfrgj 6363 hstu`afjths `h if XJFV, `h igs eufihs eufihs 60?0 cuhrgj egjtrftf`gs pgr Ogmofr`ahr, gtrgs 60? egjtrftf`gs pgr Fhrjjgvf y eajeuhjtf pgr AP_. Gtrfs hmprhsfs quh gphrfj hj `astajtfs rhdagjhs `hi pfís sh nfj vastg ftrfí`fs pgr igs prgehsgs cgrmftavgs cgrmftavgs `h if ajstatueaõj, y f cajfihs `hi ?221 egmhjzfrgj f carmfrsh egjvhjags egjvhjags pfrf if efpfeatfeaõj hj ærhfs hspheícaefs, egmg mfquajf`gs pfrf pfrths `h mgtgr y pfrths `hi trhj `h fthrrazfkh. @h tfi suhrth quh if hxasthjeaf `h if i f XJFV sh sumf f ?3
Rrgdrfmf `h Hjtrhjfmahjtg Ajthjsavg hj Hjsfmoihs Hiáetraegs y Hstrueturfihs pfrf if Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi, hj if Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Vuhrátfrg. Rfrf mæs `htfiihs `h ifs efrfethrístaefs `h if XJFV y `h su mg`hig h`ueftavg, váfsh Nhrjæj`hz (?262). Hi fjtheh`hjth cuh hi
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
igs cfetgrhs ftrfetavgs `hi thrratgrag pfrf if ajvhrsaõj y erheamahjtg `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef.
_hcihxagjhs cajfihs If efpfea`f` pfrf mhkgrfr igs prgehsgs prg`uetavgs prg`uetavgs y gchrtfr prg`uetgs juhvgs fi mhref`g sh rhifeagjf egj if hstrueturf y egmpgsaeaõj `h if aj`ustraf hj ujf rhdaõj, egjef`hjfs igs mhref`gs `h `hstajg `h ifsfsíhmprhsfs egj su pfrtaeapfeaõj g jg hj prg`uetavfs digofihs, egmg hi yiudfr
quh geupfj hj ástfs. Pfihs fsphetgs egf`yuvfj, f su vhz, hj if egjstrueeaõj `h trfyhetgrafs thejgiõdaefs, thejgiõdaefs, tfjtg f javhi pfrtaeuifr `h ef`f hmprhsf, egmg hj hi egjkujtg `h shetgrhs y suoshetgrhs `h if aj`ustraf. Eufj`g ifs hmprhsfs geupfj hsifogjhs ofkgs g ajthrmh`ags hj ifs ef`hjfs `h vfigr vfigr,, if gpgrtuja`f` pfrf prg`uear egjgeamahjtg juhvg hs mhjgr quh eufj`g geupfj hsifogjhs `h mfygr egmpihka`f` egmpihka`f` y vfigr fdrhdf`g. Hj hsth shjta`g, igs rhtgs quh hjcrhjtfj ifs hmprhsfs y igs tgmf`grhs `h `heasaõj hj mfthraf `h pgiítaef aj`ustrafi y `h ajjgvfeaõj, fiu`hj, pgr uj if`g, fi fprgvhenfmahjtg `h ifs gpgrtuja`f`hs quh gcrhehj igs shetgrhs hmhrdhjths ajthjsavgs hj egjgeamahjtg egmg if oagthejgigdíf, if jfjgthejgigdíf g if fhrgjæutaef y, pgr hi gtrg, fi hstfoiheamahjtg `h mhefjasmgs quh fehihrhj hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y hi hsefifmahjtg aj`ustrafi, ajthjsacaefj`g ajthjsacaefj`g hi usg `h thejgigdífs ef`f vhz mæs sgcastaef`fs s gcastaef`fs pfrf cforaefr prg`uetgs adufimhjth adufi mhjth mæs egmpihkgs. Ig fjthragr ampiaef mg`acaefr hi pftrõj `h hspheafiazfeaõj prg`uetavf y if puhstf hj mfrenf `h prgdrfmfs quh ajerhmhjthj if fsamaifeaõj y trfjschrhjeaf `h thejgigdíf, y igs ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg< fofj`gjfj`g egj hiig hsquhmfs `h fetava`f` aj`ustrafi ofsf`gs hj if prgvhh`uríf `h ajsumgs `h ofkg egstg y pgeg vfigr fdrhdf`g.?4 Prfs shas fögs `h gphrfeagjhs hj Vuhrátfrg, Ogmofr`ahr nf egjsgia`f`g sus pifjhs ajaeafihs `h prg`ueeaõj y nf ajerhmhjtf`g su efpfea`f` ?4
Ásh cuh hi hsquhmf `h aj`ustrafiazfeaõj shdua`g hj if crgjthrf `hi jgrth `hi pfís hjtrh igs fögs shshjtf y jgvhjtf, y quh sh rhprg`ukg hj gtrfs rhdagjhs. Uaj hmofrdg, hj if `áef`f `hi ?222, goshrvfmgs `avhrsgs efmoags hj if `ajæmaef aj`ustrafi, thejgiõdaef h ajstatueagjfi `h if zgjf crgjthrazf hj shetgrhs she tgrhs prg`uetavgs hj igs quh prh`gmajfj ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj, egmg hi futgmgtraz y if hihetrõjaef `h egjsumg (Saiifvaehjeag, ?223< Efrraiig y Ofrfkfs, ?224).
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
prg`uetavf, cfvgrheahj`g egj hiig hi erheamahjtg `h if `hmfj`f `h pfrths, pahzfs y gtrgs prg`uetgs mhtæiaegs, hiáetraegs, hihetrõjaegs, hihetrõjaegs, piæstaegs y químaegs prgvhjahjths `hi hstf`g, fsí egmg `h gtrfs rhdagjhs `hi pfís. Hstf hmprhsf efjf`ahjsh egjstatuyh uj eftfiazf`gr pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr y `h if rhdaõj. Uumf`g f ifs ajvhrsagjhs y hi hmpihg, hi rhsuitf`g nf sa`g if fpfraeaõj `h uj hjeifvh prg`uetavg prg`uetavg y thrratg thrratgrafi, rafi, egj hmprhsfs hmprhsfs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg, ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj egmg if XJFV, ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj uj egjkujtg prgvhh`grhs, `h Vuhrátfrgyegmg `h gtrfs`h pfrths `hi pfís. sgorh tg`g aj`arhetgs tfjtg
Hsth prgehsg nf sa`g pgsaoih hj drfj mh`a`f pgr if hxasthjeaf prhvaf `h egj`aeagjhs prg`uetavfs, ajstatueagjfihs ajstatueagjfihs y `h efræethr ajtfjdaoih hj if rhdaõj. Egmg Egmg nhmgs vastg hj hsth efpítuig, hj Vuhrátfrg nf geurra`g uj prgehsg egjtajug egjtajug `h hsefifmahjtg prg`uetavg y thejgiõdaeg `h hmprhsfs phrthjheahjths phrthjheahjt hs f shetgrhs quh ngy fiamhjtfj y egmpihmhjtfj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef, fhrgjæuta ef, phrg quh sh egjstruyhrgj drf`ufimhjth drf`ufimhjth `hs`h `áef`fs prheh`hjths. Uaj hmofrdg, fpujtfmgs fi ajaeag quh ifs rhdagjhs `ajæmaefs y egj prhshjeaf `h shetgrhs `h fitf thejgigdíf rhquahrhj `h gtrfs egj`aeagjhs f`aeagjfihs, pgr hkhmpig, hstrfthdafs h ajstrumhjtgs `h pgiítaef y mhefjasmgs `h rh`ueeaõj `h orhenfs egdjatavfs, quh fetufimhjth jg hs pgsaoih `hthetfr hj hi efsg ef sg `h Vuhrátfrg. Hj hi cuturg ajmh`aftg ifs gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf if rhdaõj sgj jumhrgsfs, phrg sh rhquahrh hkheutfr feeagjhs hspheícaefs pfrf fehihrfr hi fprhj`azfkh thejgiõdaeg y if ehrtacaefeaõj `h ifs pymhs `h if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef `h Vuhrátfrg, `h tfi mfjhrf quh puh`fj egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs hj hi mhjgr tahmpg pgsaoih. Hj hi shetgr `h ifs if s futgpfrths hj Máxaeg Máxaeg geurrahrgj `gs prgehsgs pfrfihigs; ujg cuh if ajvhrsaõ ajvhrsaõjj `h hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs egj sucaeahjth efpfea`f` thejgiõdaef pfrf cforaefr mõ`uigs y suohjsfmoihs, y fofsthehr ifs hjsfmoif`grfs futgmgtraehs< futgmgtraehs< hi gtrg sh s h rhcahrh fi hsefifmahjtg thejgiõdaeg quh rhfiazfrgj ifs pymhs mhxaefjfs pfrf ajshrtfrsh hj hsifogjhs mæs egmpihkgs `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr y egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grfs hspheafiazf`fs `h futgpfrths. Hsh prgehsg tfr`õ fprgxamf`fmhjth `gs `áef`fs, phrg, dufr`fj`g ifs prgpgreagjhs `hi efsg, hs `hshfoih quh hi ifpsg shf mhjgr pfrf quh geurrf uj prgehsg samaifr hj hi shetgr `h ifs if s fhrgpfrths.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
Cuhjths Oaoiagdrfcíf y nhmhrgdrfcíf Fy`figt, Rn. (61>3). Maihux ajjgvfthurs hj Hurgph, Rfrís, D_HMA. Ofdjfseg, F. y E. Ufohi (h`s.) (6110). RMH ht `ávhigpphmhjt áegjgmaquh hj Hurgph, Rfrís, If @áeguvhrth. Efrraiig, K.K. y _. _ . Ofrfkfs (h`s.) (?224). Mfquaif`grfs crgjthrazfs, hvgiueaõj y nh-
thrgdhjha`f` hj igs shetgrhs hihetrõjaeg hihetrõjaeg y futgmgtraz, Máxaeg, Egihc/Rgrrûf. Efstaiif, H. ht fi. (?222), ’Ugeafi Jhtwgrls aj Uaiaegj Sfiihy”, hj Engjd-Mggj Ihh ht fi. (h`s.), Pnh Uaiaegj Sfiihy H`dh. F Nfoatft cgr Ajjgvftagj fj` Hjtrh prhjhursnap prhjhur snap, Utrftcgr`, Utrftcgr` Xjavhrsaty Rrhss. Egiihtas, D., E. Eguriht y O. Rhequhur Rhequhur (6112). (6112 ). ’ Ihs systîmhs aj`ustrahis aj`ustrahi s igefiasás hj Hurgph” Hurgph”,, Drhjgoih, A_HR-@. Egjfeyt (?262). (?262) . ’H ’Hstf`g stf`g `hi frth `h igs sasthmfs hstftfihs `h eahjeaf y thejgigdíf”, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.egjfeyt.mx:. Egjfeyt (?221). (?221 ).’ Ajcgrmh dhjhrfi `hi hstf`g `h if eahjeaf ea hjeaf y if thejgigdíf thejgigdí f hj Má-
xaeg”,, Rn. xaeg” Egjfeyt. Egjfe yt. iy Fsymmhtrae Ljgwih`dh Efpfoaiatahs fj` Gphj Egglh, RMáxaeg, n. (?228). ’_hdagjfi _hdagjfiiy G phj Ajjgvftagj. Hxpigrajd „Digofiasftagj ?‑―F Jhw Mg`hi gc Aj`ustrafi Grdfjazftagj”, _hshfren Rgiaey, vgi. 50, pp. 66?>-6601. Egglh, Rnaiap J., Mfrtaj Nha`hjrhaen y Nfjs-Kgfenam Orfezyl (611>). _h dagjfi Ajjgvftag jjgvftagjj Uys Uysthms; thms; Pnh _gih gc Dgvhrjfje Dgvhrjfjehh aj f Digofi Digofiazh` azh` Tgri`, Igj`rhs, XEI Rrhss. @gigrhux, @. y U. Rfrtg (?228). ’_hdagjfi Ajjgvftagj Uysthms; Eurrhjt @asegursh fj` Xjrhsgivh` Assuhs”, Phenjgigdy aj Ugeahty, vgi. ?4, pp. 655-688. Cuhjths, E. `h (?224). ’@hrrfmfs `h egjgeamahjtg y efpfea`f`hs `h fosgreaõj; hi efsg `h ifs pymhs `h mfquajf`gs aj`ustrafihs hj Vuhrátfrg”., Máxaeg, XFM-^ (thsas `h `getgrf`g hj Eahjeafs Ugeafihs, egj Hspheafia`f` hj @hsfrrgiig Phejgiõdaeg) hejgiõdaeg).. Dfreíf, M. (6111). ’Orhvh nastgraf `h Vuhrátfrg”, Máxaeg, Cgj`g `h Euiturf Hegjõmaef/Egihdag `h Máxaeg. Dhrtihr,, M. (?224). Dhrtihr (?224 ). ’ Pfeat Ljgwih`dh aj Rrg`uetagj Uysthms; Ngw Ampgrtfjt As Dhgdrfpny7 Dhg drfpny7””, hj Pnh Hegjgmae Dhgdrfpny gc Aj Ajjgvftagj jgvftagj, Efmora`dh, Efmora`dh Xjavhrsaty Rrhss, pp. >4-666.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
Daiiy, K. R. y F. Pgrrá (h`s.) (?222). ’@yjfmaquhs `h prgxamatá”, Rfrís, I‑Nfrmfttfj. Nf`kamfjgias, F. (?225). ( ?225). ’ Pnh Ofrrahrs Fpprgfen tg Ajjgvftagj Ajjgvftagj””, hj I. UnfvUnfv ajajf (h`.), Pnh Ajthrjftagjfi Nfj`oggl gj Ajjgvftagj, Gxcgr`, Gxcgr`, Hishvahr UeaUea hjeh, pp. 841-845. Nárfu`, K. F. (?225). ’_îdagjs ht ajjgvftagj”, hj R. Mustfr y N. Rhjfj (h`s.), Hjeyeigpî`ah `h i‑ajjgvftagj, Rfrís, Hegjgmaef. Nhrjæj`hz, K. (?262). ’Mhefjasmgs `h fprhj`azfkh hj if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtg `h igs egmpgjhjths hstrueturfihs `hi mg`hig V022 y Digofi
Hxprhss; hi efsg `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrghspfeag, Vuhrátfrg”, Máxaeg, @EUNXFM-^ (thsas `h mfhstríf hj Hegjgmíf y Dhstaõj `h if Ajjgvfeaõj). Ngwhiis, K.K. (?223), ’ Ajthrmh`aftagj fj` tnh _gih gc Ajthrmh`afrahs aj Ajjgvftagj”, _hshfren Rgiaey, vgi. 58, pp. 468-4?>. Nufi`h, F. y K. Efrraiig (?224). ’If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf”, Máxaeg, Egihc. Kuærhz Ku ærhz N., F. Ifrf, y E. Ouhj Ouhjgg (h`s.) (?228), Hi futg digofi. @hsfrrgiig, egm phthjeaf y eggphrfeaõj hj if aj`ustraf `hi futgmõvai, Máxaeg, OXFR/XFM/ XAF/Egjfeyt. Mfihrof, C. (h`.) (?220). ora`dh Xjavhrsaty Rrhss.’Uhetgrfi Uysthms gc Ajjgvftagj”, Efmora`dh, EfmMaenhia, K. (6110). Juhvf mfjucfeturf, digofiazfeaõj y prg`ueeaõj `h futgmõvaihs hj Máxaeg, Máxaeg, Cfeuitf` `h Hegjgmíf-XJFM. Mgrhjg,, F. y F. Ifrf (?221), ’ Ajstatueagjhs `h mhtrgigdíf hj hi shetgr futgmgMgrhjg traz;; hi efsg traz efs g EHJFM y Sgilswf Sgilswfdhj” dhj”,, hj @. Saiifv Saiifvaehjea aehjeagg ht fi. (h`s.), Uasthmfs Máxaeg, Egjeythd/ Egjeythd / `h ajjgvfeaõj hj Máxaeg; rhdagjhs, shetgrhs, rh`hs y pgiítaefs, Máxaeg, Rifzf y Sfi`ás, pp. 636-6>3. Mgtnh, K. `h if (?228). Ajjgvftagj Utrfthdahs aj Ajthr`hphj`hjt Utfths, Enhithjnfm, H`wfr` Hidfr. Jhisgj, _. y J. _gshjohrd (6115). ’Phenjaefi Ajjgvftagj fj` Jftagjfi UysJftagjfi tagjfi Ajjgvftagj Uysthms; f Egmpfrf Egmpfrftavh tavh thms”, hj _aenfr` Jhisgj (h`.), Jf Utu`y, Juhvf Qgrl, Gxcgr` Xjavhrsaty Rrhss, pp. 5-?6. GE@H (?221). ’GE@H _hvahws _h vahws gj _hdagjfi _hd agjfi Ajjgvftagj, 68 Mhxaefj Utfths”, Utfths”, Rfrís, GE@H. G E@H. GE@H (611>). ’Rgiaeahs cgr Rrgmgtajd Hjthrprash _hstrueturajd aj Jftagjfi Uysthms gc Ajjgvftagj; Praddhrajd Eumuiftavh Ihfrjajd fj` Dhjhrftajd Uysthm Hcchets”, UPA _hvahw, vgi. ??, pp. 654-642.
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
Rfvatt, L. (61>0). ’Uhetgrafi Rftthrjs gc Phenjaefi Enfjdh; Pgwfr`s f Pfxgjgmy fj` f Pnhgry”, _hshfren Rgiaey, jûm. 65, pp. 505-545. Ufxhjafj, F. (6116). ’Pnh Gradajs fj` @yjfmaes gc Rrg`uetagj Jhtwgrls aj Uaiaegj Sfiihy”, _hshfren Rgiaey, vgi. ?2, jûm. 8 (getuorh), pp. 0?5-05>. 0?5-05> . Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (?224). ’Hstu`ag `hi shetgr `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf y Egjshkg Mhxaefjg `h H`uefeaõj Fhrghspfeafi”, Máxaeg, Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf. Saiifvaehjeag, @. (eggr`.) (?266). ’Fjæiasas `hi ampfetg `hi Cgj`g Uhetgrafi
`h Ajjgvfeaõj Phejgiõdaef , Máxaeg, Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf EGJEQP, Egjvgeftgrafs Egjvge ftgrafs ?224-?221. ?224-? 221. Saiifvaehjeag, @. (eggr`.) (eggr`.) (?262). (? 262). ’ Nfeaf if egjstrueeaõj `h sasthmfs rhdagjfihs rhd agjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj hj máxaeg; igs efgs `h Dufjfkuftg y Vuhrátfrg”, Tfsnajdtgj, @.E., Ajcgrmh pfrf hi OA@, prgyhetg _D-L62?2. Saiifvaehjea aiifvaehjeag, g, @. @. (h`.) (?223). (?2 23). If hmhrdhjeaf `h `ajæmaefs ajstatueagjfihs `h fpgXFM/Rgrrûf.. yg f if aj`ustraf mfquaif`gr mfquaif`grff `h Máxaeg Máxaeg, Máxaeg, XFM/Rgrrûf Sagta, H. (?22?). ’Jftagjfi Ihfrjajd Uysthms; F Jhw Fpprgfen tg Phenjgigdaefi Enfjdh aj Ifth Aj`ustrafiazajd Egujtrahs fj` Hva`hjeh crgm tnh Efshs gc Orfzai fj` f j` Lgrhf”, Lgrhf”, Phenjgigdaefi Cgrhefstajd fj` Ugeafi Enfjdh, vgi. 31, jûm. 4, pp. 385-3>2.
_heursgs hihetrõjaegs 9nttp;//cgx.prhsa`hjeaf.dgo.mx/fetava`f`hs/7egjthja`g=?6804:. 9www.f`aft.grd:. 9www.fhrg.ogmofr`ahr.egm:. 9www.fjuahs.egm.mx:. 9www.ejjhxpfjsagj.egm:. 9www.egjfeyt.mx:. 9www.egjeythq.dgo.mx:. 9www.egjeythq.dgo.mx:. 9www.ampa.dgo.mx:. 9www.pjt.grd.mx:. 9www.usptg.dgv:.
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@fjahi Saiifvaehjeag, Kufjf Nhrjæj`hz y Ihgjfr`g Uguzf
Fjhxg Euf`rg 6. Ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj hj Vuhrátfrg Ehjtrg `h Hstu`ags G`gjtgiõdaegs `h Vuhrátfrg Ehjtrg `h Hstu`ags Xjavhrsatfrags Shrferuz (Xjavhr), Rifjthi Vuhrátfrg Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf y @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi (Ea`hsa) Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y `h Hstu`ags Fvfjzf`gs `hi ARJ (Eajvhstfv), Xja`f` Vuhrátfrg
Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y @hsfrrgiig Phejgiõdaeg hj Hihetrgquímaef (Ea`hthq) Ehjtrg `h Phejgigdíf Fvfjzf`f, Fvfjzf`f, Eafthq Eafth q Ehjtrg Ajthr`aseapiajfrag `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y @gehjeaf hj H`uefeaõj Páejaef Ehjtrg Xjavhrsatfrag Fj`fmfxha Ehjtrg Xjavhrsatfrag `h H`uefeaõj Egjthmpgræjhf Ehjtrg Xjavhrsatfrag Máxaeg, F.E., Efmpus Vuhrátfrg Egihdag `h Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs `h Ufj Kufj `hi _íg Egihdag Jfeagjfi `h @fjzf Egjthmpgræjhf Hseuhif Ofjefraf y Egmhreafi Cuj`feaõj Xjavhrsatfraf `h @hrheng, F`majastrfeaõj y Rgiítaef Ajstatutg `h F`majastrfeaõj Rûoiaef `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg Ajstatutg Numfjastf `h Rsaegthrfpaf Dhstfit Ajstatutg Jfeagjfi `h Ohiifs Frths y Iathrfturf Ajstatutg Jfeagjfi `h Ajvhstadfeagjhs Cgrhstfihs, Fdríegifs y Rheufrafs (AJACFR), Xja`f` Fkuenatiæj, Vuhrátfrg Ehjtrg `h Ajvhstadfeaõj hj Eahjeaf Fpiaef`f y Phejgigdíf Fvfjzf`f (Eaeftf-ARJ), Xja`f` Vuhrátfrg Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h if Egjstrueeaõj, @hihdfeaõj Vuhrátfrg Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Vuhrátfrg (APV) Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Ufj Kufj `hi _íg Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg y `h Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs `h Mgjthrrhy (APHUM), Efmpus Vuhrátfrg Iaehg Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs Xjavhrsa`f` Ficrh` Jgohi `h Máxaeg Xjavhrsa`f` Fjænufe `h Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV) Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV), Efmpus Fmhfieg Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV), Efmpus Ef`hrhytf Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV), Efmpus Kfipfj
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Efpfea`f`hs y gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg
Euf`rg 6 (egjtajufea (egjtajufeaõj). õj). Ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr h ajvhsta ajvhstadfeaõj dfeaõj hj Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV), Efmpus Ufj Kufj `hi _íg Xjavhrsa`f` Egjthmpgræjhf Xjavhrsa`f` Eufuntámge, Rifjthi Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` `hi @hsfrrgiig Rrgchsagjfi, Efmpus Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` `hi Dgicg `h Máxaeg, Efmpus Vuhrátfrg
Xjavhrsa`f` `hi Sfiih `h Fthmfkfe (XJASF), Rifjthi Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` `hi Sfiih `h Máxaeg (XSM), Efmpus Vuhrátfrg (Kuraquaiif) Xjavhrsa`f` Ajthrfmhraefjf `hi Jgrth, Efmpus Vuhrátfrg Xjavhrsa`f` Mhsgfmhraefjf, Rifjthi Ufj Kufj `hi _íg Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Vuhrátfrg (XPHV) Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Ufj Kufj `hi _íg
Cuhjth; FJXAHU (?221).
Euf`rg ?. Aj`ustrafs quh egmpgjhj hi shetgr (fmpiaf`g) `h if mhtfimheæjaef Uuoshetgr
Jgmorh
556
Aj`ustrafs mhtæiaefs oæsaefs
55?
Cforaefeaõj `h prg`uetgs mhtæiaegs
555
Cforaefeaõj `h mfquajfraf y hquapg
550 55 0
Cfor oraaef efea eaõ õj `h `h hq hqu uapg `h eg egmpu puttfea eaõj õj,, eg egm muj ujaaef efea eaõj õj,, mh mh`a `aeeaõj y `h gtrgs hq hqu uapg pgss, egmpgjhjths y feehsgrags hihetrõjaegs
558 55 8
Cfor oraaef efea eaõ õj `h `h hq hqu uapg `h dh dhjh jhrrfe feaaõj hiá hiáet etrraef y fp fpffrft ftgs gs y fee feehs hsgr graags hi hiáe áettra raeegs
553
Cforaefeaõj `h hquapg `h trfjspgrth
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf, egj `ftgs `hi AJHDA, Uasthmf `h Euhjtfs Jfeagjfihs.
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Efpítuig AAA Fetgrhs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi; hi eiusthr `h Vuhrátfrg, ujf gpgrtuja`f` rhdagjfi
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf*
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
H i ajthrás `h hsth trfofkg hs a`hjtacaefr ifs efrfethrístaefs quh fsumhj ifs rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj h ajthr a jthrefmoag efmoag hjtrh igs `achrhjths fdhjths quh egjstruyhj hi fdrupfmahjt fdrupfmahjtgg prg`uetavg fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhrátfrg. Hi erheamahjtg `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi jfeagjfi, y hj hi efsg pfrtaeuifr `hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, nf mfjachstf`g uj fumhjtg egjsa`hrfoih. Hi erheamahjtg h ajshreaõj `h juhvfs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs `hmfj`fjths `h prg`uetgs y prgehsgs nf muitapiaef`g ifs rh`hs hjtrh fetgrhs nhthrgdájhgs nhthrgdájhgs pfrf cgmhjtfr juhvfs egifogrfeagjhs egifogrfeagjhs ofsf`fs hj fpgygs cajfjeahrgs y hj if egjstrueeaõj `h ujf piftfcgrmf ajstatueagjfi pfrf `hsfrrgiifr if ajvhstadfeaõ ajvhstadfeaõjj y if prg`ueeaõj. Hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi sh efrfethrazf pgr hi fitg egjthja`g thejgiõdaeg hj hi `ashög y mfjucfeturf, fsí egmg pgr if egmpihka`f` `h if cforaefeaõj sukhtf f mûitapihs ehrtacaefeagjhs ehrtacaefeagjhs quh `hthrmajfj hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj prg`ueeaõj.. Hj hi prgehsg `h cgrmfeaõj `hi fdrupfmahjtg shetgrafi y rhdagjfi hj hi hstf`g Vuhrátfrg sh nfj pifsmf`g efræethr muitacujeagjfi, euygs`h prgpõsatgs hstæj `hcaja`gs egj rh`hs mfygr`hajehrta`umorh, puhs sh rhifeagjfj egj vfrags cfetgrhs, egmg egmg vafoaia`f` táejaef h ajtrg`ue a jtrg`ueeaõj eaõj `h juhvgs mátg`gs `h mfjucfeturf y egmhreafiazfeaõj. Hj hstfs rh`hs muitacujeagjfihs, igs fetgrhs fvfjzfj hj uj prgehsg `h hjsfyg y hrrgr, hj hi quh f mhju`g igs prgyhetgs efmoafj `h grahjtfeaõj. Rgr hsg rhsui*
Rrgchsgrf ajvhstadf`grf `h if Cfeuitf` Iftajgfmhraefjf `h Eahjeafs Ugeafihs, Uh`h Máxaeg (Cifesg Máxaeg).
15
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
tf erueafi pfrf igs pfrtaeapfjths egjtfr egj sgeags y víjeuigs `h egjcafjzf pfrf hkheutfr hsgs prgyhetgs. Hj hstgs efsgs, ifs rh`hs erhf`fs fetûfj egmg ujf hstrueturf `h jhdgeafeaõj, pgsaoaiatfj`g f igs pfrtaeapfjths hi `ashög `h juhvgs prgyhetgs. prgyhetgs. If egjstrueeaõj `h rh`hs muitacujeagjfihs erhf uj hjtgrjg cfvgrfoih cfvgrfoih fi erheamahjtg, yf quh cfeaiatf hi egjgeamahjtg mutug, if egifogrfeaõj y hi ajthrefmoag `h ajcgrmfeaõj, gcrheahj`g gcrheahj`g gpgrtuja`f`hs pfrf egmpfrt egmpfrtar ar
igs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs, ifs ajstatueagjhs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hegjgeamahjtgs shrvaeags hspheafiazf`gs. If eareuifeaõj `h if ajcgrmfeaõj prhshrvf if cgrmfeaõj `h egmpgrtfmahjtgs egmpgrtfmahjtgs gpgrtujastfs y `acaeuitf if `h egfiaeagjhs rhdrhsavfs.
Hstrueturf `hi efpítuig Hsth efpítuig rhdastrf ifs juhvfs vhjtfkfs quh dhjhrf if ajstfifeaõj `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef (AF) hj Máxaeg, pfrtaeuifrmhjth hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, egjcadurfeaõj quh rhquahrh uj trfofkg egjkujtg hjtrh `avhrsgs fdhjths hegjõmaegs, ajstatueagjfihs, ajstatueagjfihs, y dgoahrjgs ch`hrfi y hstftfi, hstftfi, ef`f ujg egj `achrhjths fpgrths `h egjgeamahjtg, `h thejgigdíf, cajfjeahrgs y jgrmftavgs. jgrmftav gs. Hstf eggr`ajfeaõj `h feeagjhs y pgiítaefs egjstruyh ujf frtaeuifeaõj prg`uetavf ajthrhmprhsfrafi ajthrhmprhsfrafi h ajthrajstat ajthrajstatueagjfi ueagjfi quh sgstahjh ifs vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs egj mûitapihs ampfetgs hegjõmaegs, prg`uetavgs, grdfjazftavgs, sgeafihs, `h hmpihg y cgrmfeaõj. Hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h hsth trfofkg sh `astajduhj ifs hspheacaea`f`hs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg pfrf egmprhj`hr if iõdaef ajthrjf `h if cforaefeaõj (`ashög, prg`ueeaõj, egmhreafiazfeaõj), fsí egmg if `ajæmaef `h `astraoueaõj `h trfofkg hj pfrths y egmpgjhjths rhpfrta`fs hjtrh `achrhjths hmprhsfs, pshetgr físhs yhsrhdagjhs. If a`hjtacaefeaõj a`hjtacaefeaõ j `hhj`hr hstf iõdaef `h cujeagjfmahjtg `hipfíshs a j`asphjsfoih aj`asphjsfoih pfrf egmprhj`hr egmpr hi efræethr ajthrjfeagjfi `h hstf aj`ustraf y if cfeaia`f` `h trfsif`g `h sus igefeagjhs pfrf mfjthjhr egstgs egstgs u gpgrtuja`f`h gpgrtuja`f`hss quh fshdurhj hi `hshmphög `h ifs prajmfjucfeturhrs (GHM). eapfihs gradajfi hquapmhjt mfjucfeturhrs Hsth egjgeamahjtg hs cuj`fmhjtfi pfrf `hthrmajfr if ampgrtfjeaf `h igs gokhtavgs y fiefjehs `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs f`gptf`fs f javhi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi pfrf egjcgrmfr ujf hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi `h fpgyg f if ajjgvfeaõj y f if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f, y if egifogrfeaõj egj if 10
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
ajvhstadfeaõj, egj hi caj `h fshdurfr ajvhstadfeaõj, fsh durfr if egmphtat egmphtatava`f` ava`f` `hi shetgr shetgr.. Hi fitg javhi thejgiõdaeg hj hi `ashög y mfjucfeturf `h if AF ‐egmg if egmpih ka`f` `h su cfora cforaefeaõ efeaõjj y if muitapia muitapiaea`f` ea`f` `h `aseapi `aseapiajfs ajfs y ehrtacaef ehrtacaefeagj eagjhs hs quh fegmpföfj hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj‐ hstfoiheh ujf dhstaõj ehjtrfiazf`f pgr pfrth `h ifs GHM, quh f`hmæs hxadhj egjtrgihs egjtrgihs jgrmftavgs jgrmftavgs ajthrjfeagjfihs y jfeagjfihs quh cujdhj egmg ofrrhrf pfrf if ajjgvfeaõj. @hs`h sus ajaeags, sh nf egjsa`hrf`g f hstf aj`ustraf egmg hstrftáda-
@hs`h sus ajaeags, sh nf egjsa`hrf`g f hstf aj`ustraf egmg hstrftáda ef, y hi shetgr nf hstf`g prhshjth,hjefmajf`f `arhetf g aj`arhetfmhjth, `hsfrrgiifr ujfpûoiaeg hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi f `hjsacaefr ifspfrf egmujaefeagjhss `hjtrg `hi shetgr, f`hmæs `h mujaefeagjh `h su pgsaeagjfmahjtg pgsaeagjfmahjtg hj hi mhref`g. Rgr Rgr hiig, hsth efpítuig sh rhmath f if erhfeaõj hj igs `achrhjths `achrhjths pfíshs prg`uetgrhs prg`uetgr hs `h ujf hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi cfvgrfoih fi erheamahjt erheamahjtgg `hi shetgr, grahjtf`f f mhkgrfr if prg`uetava`f` `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg, y f cgmhjtfr if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f y if egifogrfeaõj egj if ajvhstadfeaõj, yf shf f javhi fef`ámaeg g hj fiafjzfs egj gtrfs hmprhsfs, pfrf pfrf hihvfr hi javhi `h egmphtat egmphtatava`f` ava`f` y shdura`f` shd ura`f` `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. fhrgjæutaef. @h feuhr`g egj if hspheacaea`f` `h prg`ueeaõj `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, ifs ajthrrgdfjths thrrgdfjt hs quh sh nf trftf`g `h `aiuea`fr sh rhcahrhj f; ― Eõmg ifs pgiítaefs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs f javhi jfeagjfi y hstftfi hjefrfj if ajshreaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs jfeagjfihs hj hstf ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj prg`ueeaõj.. ― Vuá ajstrumhjt ajstrumhjtgs gs sh nfj `ashöf`g pfrf egjsgia`fr ujf vasaõj mæs ajthdrfi y eggr`ajf`f pûoiaef-pravf`f. ― Vuá pgsaoaia`f`hs tahjhj ifs hmprhsfs prgvhh`g prgvhh`grfs rfs igefihs `h fprhj`azfkh, `h ajjgvfeaõj y, cuj`fmhjtfimhjth, `h vajeuifeaõj egj hi mhref`g ajthrjfeagjfi ajthrjfeagjfi fi ajthdrfrsh f uj hjef`hjfmahjt hjef`hjfmahjtgg fhrghspfeafi, egj ujf grdfjazfeaõj `h if prg`ueeaõj eufsa khrfrquazf`f. ― Vuá fvfjehs sh mfjacahstfj hj igs ajstrumhjt ajstrumhjtgs gs `ashöf`gs f javhi jfeagjfi hstftfi, y quá hcaefeaf rhdagjfi mfjacahstfj pfrf gothjhr rhsuitf`gs hj if yajthdrfeaõj `hi sasthmf `h ajjgvfeaõj, hj if egjstrueeaõj `h rh`hs `h ajthrefmoags hjtrh igs `achrhjths fdhjths, hj if dhjhrfeaõj `h ajehjtavgs f if igefiazfeaõj `h ehjtrgs hspheafiazf`gs, ifogrftgrags y ehjtrgs `h A+@ `h hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs quh egjtraouyfj f cfvgrhehr cfvgrhehr if efpfeatfeaõj `hi phrsgjfi `h A+@ quh trfofkf hj hi shetgr shetgr.. F`hmæs F`hmæs `h cfvgrhe cfvgrhehr hr if mgvaia`f` hjtrh hi shetgr pûoiaeg ajvhstadf`grr nfeaf hi shetgr hmprhsfrafi. ajvhstadf`g
18
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
― Vuá tapg `h ajaeaftavfs dhrmajfj f javhi javhi pravf`g pfrf cfeaiatfr if cgr cgr-mfeaõj `h rh`hs y ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtgs hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, quh `hj egjcafjzf f ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs pfrf ajegrpgrfr f ifs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs igefihs hj juhvgs javhihs `h mfygr egmpihka`f` thejgiõdaef.
Rrajeapfihs `h `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi fhrghs pfeafiehjtrgs hj hi æmoatg ajthrjfeagjfi Igs ehjtrgs mæs ampgrtfjths `h `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi (AF) sgj Hstf`gs Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Hurgpf y Efjf`æ. Hj Hurgpf `hstfefj Crfjeaf, Crfjeaf, Fihmfjaf y _hajg Xja`g Xja`g.. Mahjtrfs Mahjtrfs quh igs pfíshs hmhrdhjt hmhrdhjths hs egmg Enajf, Enajf , Aj`af, Egrhf, Egrhf, Orfsai y _usaf f`quahrhj f`q uahrhj ef`f vhz mfygr eugtf `h mhref`g (euf`rg 6). Hj if hvgiueaõj `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi f javhi ajthrjfeagjfi, `hstfefj `achrhjths cfshs; hj igs fögs eajeuhjtf, eajeuhjtf , hi phrag`g `h suprhmfeíf `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs, if thejgigdíf hstfof `gmajf`f pgr igs mgtgrhs `h pastõj, hj if prg`ueeaõj jg hxastíf egifogrfeaõj hjtrh hmprhsfs, y hi fvaõj ig prg`ueíf ujf sgif egmpföíf. Hj igs shshjtf, egj if ajtrg`ueeaõj `h igs mgtgrhs f rhfeeaõj, fpfrheaõ if egifogrfeaõj ajthrhmprhsf. _giis-_gyeh (__) cuh if pramhrf quh ajaeaõ feuhr`gs `h prg`ueeaõj egj egmpföífs hstf`guja`hjshs y hurgphfs. Hj igs shthjtf, ajaeafrgj igs prgdrfmfs hurgphgs y if erhfeaõj erhfeaõj `h egjsgreags. Hj hstf htfpf, Hurgpf fiefjzõ f Hstf`gs Xja`gs, y surdaõ Farous, quh cuh hi rhsuitf`g `h if fiafjzf hjtrh Fhrgspftafih, @FUF, OFH y EFUF. @hs`h sus ajaeags, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh efrfethrazõ pgr if vhrtaefia`f` `h if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj, `gmajf`f pgr igs GHM, euyf shiheeaõj `h igs prgvhh`grhs hstfof ehjtrf`f hj if nfoaia`f` táejaef. Hj igs fögs genhjtf, sh mfjacahstf ujf erheahjth ajthrjfeagjfiazfeaõj `hi eaeig `h if prg`ueeaõj, prg`ueeaõj, pgr if jhehsa`f` `h `hsfrrgiifr juhvgs juhvgs mgtgrhs, egj mhjgr egjsumg `h egmoustaoih y egj efpfea`f` `h ampuisfr fhrgjfvhs `h drfj tfmfög. @urfjth @urfjth hstf cfsh, ifs rhifeagjhs egj igs prgvhh`grhs f`gptfj ujf cgrmf parfma`fi, egj pgegs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs hj igs pramhrgs javhihs `hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj. Hj if `áef`f `h igs jgvhjtf, if prgcuj`f prgcuj`f erasas `h if aj`ustraf y if efí`f `h if `hmfj`f prgvgefrgj prgvgefrgj ujf rh`ueeaõj `hi vgiumhj `h igs jhdgeags 13
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr Euf`rg 6. Ehjtrgs mæs ampgrtfjths `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi
@ftgs prgpgreagjf`gs
pgr cuhjths geafihs
@ftgs prgpgreagjf`gs pgr fsgeafeagjhs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi
i j a f j f e f i f a a f f ` æ f s h f a ` g s u s õ j ` n a c r a r f a p p r g j t A f j _ f O K r E ` æ u s E H u s X U u F j ` g õ a t f X j H s
Cuhjth; Hurgstfi, FU@, FAF, Fssgeaftagjs gc tnh aj`ustry aj`ustry,, Jftagjfi stftastaefi ourhfus.
y ujf ofkf ampgrtfjth `hi hmpihg. Hjtgjehs, Hjtgjehs, if thj`hjeaf f if i f cgrmfeaõj `h fiafjzfs fiafjzf s ajthrjfeagjfihs sh egjsgia`f egmg ujf cgrmf `h prg`ueeaõj, ig quh cuh cfvgrhea`g pgr hi ajerhmhjtg `h igs egstgs. Xj hkhmpig `h hstfs fiafjzfs y cusagjhs quh sh mfjacahstfj hj hi shetgr pfrf dfjfr juhvfs pgsaeagjhss hj igs mhref`gs digofihs pgsaeagjh digofihs hs hi surdamahjtg `h Hurgegpthr, prg`uetgrf `h nhiaeõpthrgs y rhsuitf`g `h if cusaõj `h if hmprhsf fihmfjf MOO y Fhrgspftafih crfjehsf. F pfrtar `h 6118, hi shetgr sfih `h if erasas, if rheuphrfeaõj ajaeaf juhvgs prgdrfmfs (F5>2), y sh mfjacahstf uj rhjgvf`g ampuisg hj if ajvhsta ajvhsta-dfeaõj nfeaf ifs juhvfs thejgigdífs, mfthrafihs mæs iadhrgs y if oûsquh`f oûsq uh`f pgr if rh`ueeaõj `h dfstgs `h egmoustao egmoustaoih. ih. Hj Hurgpf Hurgpf hmhrdaõ hi drupg HF@U, y hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Oghajd, fujquh fetufimhjth hi mhref`g `h if fvafeaõj eavai sh efrfethrazf pgr if ravfia`f` hjtrh Oghajd y Farous (Hspgsatg, ?220< Jagsa y [nhdu, ?228< Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224< _ust, ?221). If hmhrdhjeaf `h juhvgs prg`uetgrhs, quh ajaeafimhjth hrfj prgvhh`grhs `h ofkg egstg egj ouhj javhi táejaeg (Enajf y _usaf), nf ampuisf`g uj rhpifjthfmahjtg grdfjazftavg hj if hstrueturf ajthrjfeagjfi `h prgvhh`grhs y prg`uetgr prg`uetgrhs. hs. 14
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Rgiítaefs, ajstatueagjhs y feuhr`gs `h egifogrfeaõj ajthrjfeagjfi pfrf fshdurfr if egmphtatava`f` `hi shetgr @hs`h sus ajaeags, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh nf egjsa`hrf`g egmg egmg hstrftádaef,, hj if quh hi fpgyg hstftfi y if prgtheeaõj `hi mhref`g nfj cujeagjftádaef
`g egmg ajstrumhjtgs ajstrumhjtgs eifvh pfrf if grdfjazfeaõj y hi cajfjeafmahjtg cajfjeafmahjtg `h if masmf. Igs hscuhrzgs pfrf mfjthjhr hi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg y mfjhkfr igs fitgsajthrhsf`gs sfifrags egj`uehj f if digofiazfeaõj y f if fpfraeaõj `hths, juhvgs pfíshs hj pfrtaeapfr hj if AF. Igs mhref`gs hmhrdhj hmhrdhjths, iadf`gs egj egmpihkfs hstrfthdafs `h erheamahjtg duohrjfmhjtfihs, hjifzfj cfetgrhs jg sõig egmhreafihs (efia`f`, prheag y shrvaeag), shr vaeag), sajg tfmoaáj `h efræethr pgiítaeg y `h ajthdrfeaõj hj mhref`gs fitfmhjth egmphtatavgs. egmphtatavgs. If fmpiafeaõj `hi mhref`g fsaætaeg (pfrtaeuifrmhjth hi enajg) y iftajgfmhraefjg (Orfsai) hj prg`uetgs y shrvaeags fhrgjæutaegs, rhprhshjtf rhprhshjtf uj pgthjeafi pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr, puhs hjtrfj hj hi mhref`g ajthrjfeagjfi egj sus prgpags prg`uetgs y shrvaeags, fsí egmg egj uj fpgyg duohrjfmhjtfi cuhrth (Fvaftagj Thhl, ?221). Igs fitfmhjth feuhr`gs `hhspheafiazf`f, egifogrfeaõj ypfrf ajehjtavfr if ajvhstadfeaõj, if cgrmfeaõj if ehrtacaefeaõj `h prgehsgs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs ræpa`fmhjth egjdrhdõ if feeaõj `h mûitapihs ajstatueagjhs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs quh erhfrgj ujf `hjsf rh` `h rhifeagjhs `h fpgygs pfrf fshdurfr if egmphta egmphtatava`f` tava`f` `h igs pfíshs prg`uetgr prg`uetgrhs. hs.
Rrajeapfihs fdhjths fdhjths `hi shetgr hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs Hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, hxpiíeatfmhjth hxpiíeatfmhjth jg sh nf `hsfrrgiif`g ujf pgiítaef ajthdrfi pfrf if AF, phrg sí sh nf egjsgia`f`g ujf hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi (majasthrags y fdhjeafs), egj fmpiags prgdrfmfs `h ajvhrsaõj egj rhspgjsfoaia`f` hj if grahjtfeaõj `h hstrfthdafs y if erhfeaõj `h ujf jgrmftava`f` pfrf hi shetgr. Uaj hmofrdg, if A+@ egjstatuyh hi hspfeag hj hi quh if pgiítaef ch`hrfi sh ujacaef. @hspuás `h jumhrgsgs efoai`hgs y hstu`ags hjcgef`gs f shöfifr hstf fushjeaf `h pgiítaef jfeagjfi pfrf hi shetgr, shetgr, surdaõ hj ?223 hi Jftagjfi Fhrgjfutaes Ueahjeh fj` Phenjgigdy Uuoegmmatthh (XU @hpfrtmhjt gc Egmmhreh‑s, ?22>< Mfssfenushtts Gccaeh gc Ajthrjftagjfi Prf`h fj Ajvhstmhjt, ?224).
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Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
Hjtrh ifs ajstatueagjhs mæs ampgrtfjths pfrf if AF hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs `hstfefj; ― Ch`hrfi Ch`hrfi Fvaftagj F`majastrf F`majastrftagj tagj (C (CFF); FF); quh rhduif if fvafeaõj fvafeaõj eavai egj hi caj `h fshdurfr if hcaeahjeaf y shdura`f` hj hi sasthmf `h træ-
caeg fárhg y egjtrgi `h if jfvhdfeaõj pfrf igs usgs maiatfr y eavai. If CFF `ashöf y suphrvasf prgdrfmfs pfrf hi egjtrgi `h rua`g y hchetgs sgorh hi fmoahjth. Pfmoaáj nf kudf`gfujtrfvás pfphi`hampgrtfjth if trfjscgrmfeaõj `hi sasthmf fhrghspfeafi, if erhfeaõjhj`hi Jhxt Dhjhrftagj Far Prfjspgrt Prfjspgrt Uysthm (JDFPU g JhxtDhj), quh rhprhshjtf rhprhshj tf ujf hvgiueaõj hj hi egjtr egjtrgi gi `h træcaeg fárhg, ofsf`g hj hi sasthmf sfthiatfi< y hi eufi nf thja`g hchetgs pgsatavgs hj hi mhkgrfmahjtg `h if shdura`f`, hj if rh`ueeaõj `h `hmgrfs y nf mhkgrf`g sustfjeafimhjth ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf hi mh`ag fmoahjth. If CFF mfjhkf mûitapihs cgj`gs pfrf hmprhj`hr prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfea ajvhstadfeaõj õj hj hi shetgr, hjtrh igs quh sh `hstfefj igs grahjtf`gs fi `hsfrrgiig `h hquapgs pfrf prhvhr egiasagjhs, pfrf jfvhdfeaõj jgeturjf y pfrf ― egmujaefeaõj. Jfeagjfi Fhrgjfutaes fj` Upfeh F`majastrftagj (JFUF); grdfjazfeaõj rhspgjsfoih `h if hxpigrfeaõj hspfeafi, `hspiahdf mûitapihs prgdrfmfs `h A+@ pfrf erhfr juhvfs thejgigdífs hj if aj`ustraf. If JFUF egjehjtrf sus ajvhstadfeagjhs sgorh if AF hj hi Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren Massagj @arhetgrfth (Rgrthr, ?224). ― @hpfrtfmhjt @hpfrtfmhjtgg `h @hchjsf (@g@); `hsfrrgiif y mfjtahjh if suphrvasaõj `hi hspfeag maiatfr, if ajcrfhstrueturf y hquapgs, tahjh uj pfphi cuj`fmhjtfi hj hi cajfjeafmahjtg `h ajvhstadfeaõj oæsaef. @hspuás `hi 66 `h shptahmorh (66U) f`quahrh pragra`f` y rhihvfjeaf if shdura`f` fárhf. ― Jfeagjfi Ueahjeh Cguj`ftagj (JUC); fdhjeaf ch`hrfi quh egjtraouyh fi `hsfrrgiig `h if ajvhstadfeaõj hj eahjeafs oæsaefs h ajdhjahríf, egj ajvhstadfeagjhs ajvhstadfeag jhs hspheícaefs sgorh hi hspfeag fárhg (Ciadnt Rifj ?22>). ― Pnh Jftagjfi Ueahjeh fj` Phenjgigd henjgigdyy Egujeai (JUPE). Hstfoihe Hstfoiheaa`g hj 6115, eggr`ajf if pgiítaef `h EPA y igs `hsfrrgiigs hspheícaegs pfrf hi shetgr. Hjtrh ifs prajeapfihs `arhetraehs `hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi `hstfef hi ajthrás pgr Hjtrh fpgyfr if ajvhstadfeaõj hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, pfrf jg hstfr suph`atf`g 11
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
f igs fcfjhs y prhsaõj `h ifs egmpföífs. Hj if `hcajaeaõj `h pgiítaefs hstrftádaefs, hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi ajthrvahjh hj trhs fsphetgs oæsaegs; 6) ajvartahj`g hj if ajvhstadfeaõj oæsaef y hi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if `hchjsf y shdura`f` `hi pfís< ?) hj sgsthjhr if ajvhsta ajvhstadfeaõj dfeaõj cuj`fmhjtfi y `h ifrdg pifzg pfrf erhfr juhvgs pfrf`admfs< 5) cgmhj-
tfj`g if ajvhstadfeaõj hj thmfs hspheícaegs vajeuif`gs egj if shdura`f` pûoiaef, ifs mhkgrfs pfrf prgthd prgthdhr hr hi mh`ag fmoahjth, fmoahjth, y pgsaoaiatfr ajvhstadfeagjhs ajjgvf`grfs ajjgvf`grfs quh forfj juhvfs ærhfs `h jhdgeags. Hi ia`hrfzdg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hstf`guja`hjsh hj drfj pfrth sh ofsf hj su efpfea`f` pfrf hjcrhjtfr juhvgs `hsfcígs f caj `h rhsgivhr if egmpihka`f` `h if prg`ueeaõ prg`ueeaõj, j, egmg hj if hspheafiazfeaõj `h igs rheursgs cajfjeahrgs y numfjgs quh tahjh egmg prgpõsatg prgpõsatg cfeaiatfr ujf aj`ustraf ajthdrf`f hjtrh igs `achrhjths javhihs, hjcftazfj`g if ajeiusaõj `h ifs pymhs jfeagjfihs (Fpgdhh fj` Rhradhh, ?22>). F phsfr `h igs hscuhrzgs rhfiazf`gs hj ig ajstatueagjfi y ig cajfjeahrg, if Egmmassagj gj tnh Cuturh gc tnh Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry `afdjgstaeõ egmg uj prgoihmf drfvh `hi shetgr if satufeaõj `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg, hspheaf hspheafimhjth if rh`ueeaõj jûmhrg `h trfofkf`grhs, ig quh?)tahjh egm`hg egmg efusfs;imhjth 6) ifs thj`hjeafs f if`hisuoegjt suoegjtrftfeaõj rftfeaõj cuhrf `hi pfís< if cfitf kõvhjhs kõvh jhs trfofkf`g trfofkf`grhs rhs ftrfí`gs ftrfí`gs pgr if AF< 5) if jhehsa`f` `h ajerhmhjtfr hi fprhj`azfkh hj eahjeafs, hspheafimhjth hj mfthmætaefs, císaef h ajdhjahrífs vatfihs hj hstf aj`ustraf< 0) hi hjvhkheamahjtg `h if cuhrzf `hi trfofkg hj hi shetgr. Hi prgmh`ag `h h`f` `h igs trfofkf`grhs hs firh`h`gr `h igs 00 fögs hj if fvafeaõj eavai, y mæs fitg fûj hj if JFUF. Hj su `afdjõstaeg, if fdhjeaf Fhrgspfeh Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry Fssgeaftagj (FAF) egjcarmõ if thj`hjeaf f if ofkf `hi hmpihg, prg`uetg prg`uetg `h ifs i fs cusagjhs, igs rhegrths `hi phrsgjfi y if igefiazfeaõj `h fetava`f`hs cuhrf `hi pfís, f`hmæs `h igs fitgs egstgs sfifrafihs.
_h`hs jfeagjfihs y suprfjf suprfjfeagjfihs eagjfihs hurgphfs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr Hj igs ûitamgs `ahz fögs, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hurgphf, f trfvás `h ujf pgiítaef `h fiafjzfs, fi afjzfs, cusagjhs y f`quasaeagjhs, sh nf rhhstrueturf`g tgtfimhjth. F su vhz, vhz , sh nfj ajerhmhj a jerhmhjtf`g tf`g igs cajfjeafmahjtgs pfrf hi shetgr, tfjtg pgr pfrth `h if Xjaõj Hurgphf (XH), egmg `h igs rhsphetavgs 622
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
Hstf`gs pfrf hjcrhjtfr igs `hsfcígs `h if egmphtatava`f` digofi (Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224). If fiafjzf fiaf jzf rhihvfjth cuh if erhfeaõj `hi egjsgreag HF@U (?222), quh geupf if shduj`f shd uj`f pgsaeaõj hj prg`ueeaõj y vhjtfs f hsefif muj`afi, y quh,
fsamasmg, fdrupf f ifs prajeapfihs sgeah`f`hs fhrghspfeafihs `h Cr Crfjeaf, fjeaf, Fihmfjaf, Drfj Orhtföf y Hspföf. If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi eumpih uj pfphi ampgrtfjth hj ef`f ujg `h igs Hstf`gs ajthdrf`gs fi prgy prgyhetg, hetg, egj fpgygs hspheícaegs `h igs dgoahrjgs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h fdrupfmahjtgs quh egjehjtrfj ifs vhjtfkfs pfrf if mfjucfeturf y if ajvhrsaõj hj A+@, ig quh dhjhrf sajhrdafs hjtrh hmprhsfs drfj`hs, pymhs y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Igs pfíshs mahmorgs `h if XH nfj egjkujtf`g hscuhrzgs prg`uetavgs, cajfjeahrgs, `h ajvhstadfeaõj y cgrmfeaõj pfrf `hsfrrgiifr ujf hstrfthdaf egmphtatavf egmphtatavf hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hjtrh Hjtrh ifs mhtfs phrshdua`fs `hstfefj if gothjeaõj `h prg`uetgs `h fitf thejgigdíf, euyfs sajhrdafs shrífj fprgvhenf`fs pgr gtrfs aj`ustrafs. Igs pgigs `h erheamahjtg egjstatuyhj, pgr gtrf pfrth, ujf rhspuhstf quh egjehjtrf prgdrfmfs `h hjifeh `h prgvhh`grhs, fpgygs pfrf if ajeuofeaõj h ajehjtavgs thrratgrafihs. F phsfr `hprg`uetgrhs igs hscuhrzgs`hi pgrshetgr fehjtufr if eggr`ajfeaõj ajthrpfísifs ajthrpfís hjtrh igs `achrhjths fhrghspfeafi, fûj phrsasthj hstrfthdafs jfeagjfihs prgpafs. Hj ifs ajaeaftavfs f`gptf`fs pgr if Xja Xjaõj õj Hurgphf pfrf egjsgia`fr fi shetgr cadurfj hi Hurgphfj Fhrgspfeh Eiusthr Rftjhrsnaps (HFER), ujf piftfcgrmf pfrf hstrhenfr ifs egmujaefeagjhs, ajaeaftavfs, dhjhrfr rh`hs, rhfiazfr prgyheeagjhs y `afdjõstaegs sgorh ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h ajdhjahrg a jdhjahrgss y hspheafiastfs pfrf if aj`ustraf hjtrh igs Hstf`gs mahmorgs. Hsth egjthxtg `h egifogrfeaõj sh egmpihmhjtf egj if feeaõj `h H_F-JHP, hj if quh pfrtaeapfj hmprhsfs h ajvhstadf`grhs. F su vhz, sh nfj ajyhetf`g mûitapihs cgj`gs pfrf if ajvhstadfeaõ ajvhstadfeaõjj y mhkgrf `hi egmoustao egmoustaoih, ih, egmg Fipnf Fipnf Oar` y UTFCHF, `h`aef`gs f gothjhr ifs mhkgrhs gpeagjhs fithrjftavfs pfrf igs egmoustaoihs, ajeiuyhj`g ajeiuyhj`g igs oagegmoustaoihs y if susthjtfoaia`f` fmoahjtfi. Hj hstf fithrjftavf sh trfofkf egjkujtfmhjth egj if XU Egmmhreafi Fithrjftavh Fvaftagj Cuhi Ajataftavh (EFFCA) pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h juhvgs egmoustaoihs pfrf fvagjhs. F phsfr `h if hxasthjeaf `h pgiítaefs suprfjfeagjfihs pfrf hi shetgr `arada`fs f if eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh igs `achrhjths `achrhjths pfíshs prg`uetgrhs, ifs `achrhjeafs sh mfjtahjhj pgr hi phsg pgiítaeg `h ifs hstrfthdafs jfeagjfihs quh rhspgj`hj f ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h egjshrvfr egjshrvfr hi hmpihg y if egmphtatava`f` egmphtatava`f` 626
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
`h igs eiusthrs rhdagjfihs. Hstf satufeaõj nf prgvgef`g if `upiaefeaõj `h hscuhrzgs hj fetava`f`hs `h A+@ A+ @ pgr if hxasthjeaf `h prgdrfmfs jfeagjfihs, rhdagjfihs y suprfjfeagjfihs, euyf `hseggr`ajfeaõj sh phreaoh egmg ajhcaeahjth (Hurgphfj Hegjgmae fj` Ugeafi Uge afi Egmmatthh, ?221). ?221).
F phsfr `h ifs pgiítaefs `h hstímuigs, if mgvaia`f` `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg hj Hurgpf hs mæs ofkf quh hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, hj ig quh tfmoaáj ajea`hj ifs ofrrhrfs `h ihjdufkh y `h h`uefeaõj. Rgr Rgr hiig, if ampgrtfjeaf `hi HFER pfrf `hsfrrgiifr prgdrfmfs h`ueftavgs y cgrmfeaõj trfjsjfeagjfi. trfjsjfeagjfi. Hj hi fög f ög ?222, surdaõ if Ajaeaftavf Nfmourd Vufiacaeftagj pfrf rhgrahjtfr hi rheiutfmahjtg `h if mfjg `h gorf, y if eggphrfeaõj hj ajcrfhstrueturf pfrf hi fprhj`azfkh y efiacaefeaõj `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg `h if AF. Hi prgpõsatg `h hstf ajaeaftavf cuh phjsfr hj hi cuturg y prgvhhr f if aj`ustraf hj hi egrtg, mh`ag y ifrdg pifzgs `h mfjg `h gorf fitfmhjth efiacaef`f, egjtæj`gsh hjtrh ifs fetava`f`hs rhfiazf`fs; if dhjhrfeaõj `h eursgs ujavhrsatfrags hj eggphrfeaõj egj ifs hmprhsfs `h if AF< if erhfeaõj `h juhvgs eursgs pfrf if cgrmfeaõj táejaef y prgchsagjfi hj hi shetgr< if rhvasaõj y mg`aca mg`acaefeaõj efeaõj `h ifs hstrueturfs grdfjazftavfs `h ifs hseuhifs táejaefs vgefeagjfihs fetufiazfr `h sus eursgs eursgs ujavhrsatfrags y hxadar javhihspfrf `h efia`f` hj ysus rhsuitf`gs
6
?
86
Enanufnuf
?4
2
2
?4
Egfnuaif
8
6
2
3
Kfiaseg Kfiase g
5
2
5
3
Eau`f` `h Máxaeg
2
8
?
4
Juhvg Ihõj
65
4
0
?0
Ruhoif
5
2
2
5
Vuhrátfrg
62
5
5
63
Ufj Iuas Rgtgsí
8
2
2
8
Ugjgrf
5?
2
2
5?
Hstf`g `h Máxaeg
2
8
2
8
Queftæj
5
2
2
5
Pfmfuiapfs
62
6
2
66
Duhrrhrg
2
6
2
6
[fefthefs
6
Pgtfi
63?
6 ?0
60
?22
Cuhjth; rhtgmf`g `h UEP (?262).
egmg uj egrrh`gr hspheafiazf`g hj hi sasthmf hiáetraeg-hihetrõjaeg, quh phrmataræ gptamazfr if ef`hjf `h sumajastrg fsgeaf`f fi egrrh`g egrrh`grr Efiacgrjaf-Uhfttih (váfsh Nufi`h y Efrraiig hj hsth masmg vgiumhj). Hi shduj`g hs hi Egrrh`gr Ehjtrg-Jgr Ehjtrg-Jgrth th quh egjthmpif if eau`f` `h Máxaeg, euyg phrcai sh grahjtf fi fi mfjthjamahjtg y if rhpfrfeaõj< VuhrátfVuhrátfrg, ujf rhdaõj hspheafiazf`f hj egmpgjhj egmpgjhjths ths y suohjsfmoihs `h mgtgr y trftfmahjtgs tármaegs y suphrcaeafihs suphrcaeafihs,, y Juhvg Juhvg Ihõj, ehjtrf`g hj rhpfrfeaõj y mfjthjamahjtg. mfjthjamahjtg. Hsth egrrh`gr (`h feuhr`g feuhr`g egj Rrg Máxaeg) sh hjeuhjtrf fsgeaf`g f igs egrrh`grhs `h Phxfs-Juhvf Ajdifthrrf-Mgjtrhfi, rhdaõj `h `gj`h prgvahjhj fidujfs `h ifs prajeapfihs GHM ajstfif`fs hj Vuhrátfrg (Rrg Máxaeg, ?262).
624
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Egjsgia`feaõj `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg drfeafs f fdhjths pûoiaegs y pravf`gs
If ajthrfeeaõj hjtrh `achrhjths ajstatueagjhs ajstatueagjhs prgvhjahjths `hi æmoatg pûoiaeg y pravf`g ajthrjfeagjfi ajthrjfeagjfi nf igdrf`g egjcgrmfr feuhr`gs, prgyhetgs prgyhetgs h ajehjtavgs ajehjta vgs pfrf hstamuifr if egifogrf egifogrfeaõj eaõj ajthrajstatueagjfi ajthrajstatueagjfi quh q uh egjsgia`f if `h juhvfs`hi egmphthjeafs, `hsfrrgiif efpfea`f`hs thejgiõda-j efscgrmfeaõj hj igs igs prgvhh`grhs shetgr, y, hspheafimhjth, ampuisf if if ajthdrfeaõj ajthdrfeaõ `h ifs pymhs f ifs ef`hjfs prg`uetavfs, egmg if egifogrfeaõj hj prgyheprgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj quh ajvgiuerf f hmprhsfs, hmprhsfs, prgvhh`grhs h ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr y ehjtr ehjtrgs gs `h ajvhstadfea ajvhstadfeaõj. õj. Hi euf`rg 5 shöfif if `heasaõj ajstatueagjfi pfrf hstfoihehr prgdrfmfs quh `hshjef`hjhj rh`hs `h egifogrfeaõj, `h ajvhstadfeaõj, cgrmfeaõj h ajvhrsaõj, cuj`fmhjtfihs pfrf egjsgia`fr if AF. Rgr uj if`g, if feeaõj `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs mgvaiazõ juhvfs thj`hjeafs grahjtf`fs f if erhfeaõj `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs pfrf hi shetgr, hj igs quh hi hkh `h fthjeaõj sh `hspifzf nfeaf hstrfthdafs egihetavfs `h ajthrvhjeaõj, quh a`hjtacaefj vhjtfkfs euyf fpiaefeaõj sh sgstahjh egj rheursgs pûoiaegs. If fthjeaõj `h ifs jhehsa`f`hs hj uj fdrupfmahjtg prg`uetavg prg`uetavg prgvhh uj mhkgr mfreg pfrf `ashöfr y grdfjazfr if prgvasaõj `h shrvaeags y efjfiazfr ajstrumhjtgs `h fpgyg, `f`g quh sh `aradhj f `hmfj`fs egihetavfs y sh cgefiazfj cgefiaz fj sgorh rhquhramahjtgs ajthr`hphj`ahjths. ajthr`hphj`ahjths. Rgr gtrf pfrth, if frtaeuifeaõj prg`uetavf aj`arhetfmhjth gphrf `h mfjhrf trfjsvhrsfi sgorh vhjtfkfs igefihs y thrratgrafihs, yf quh fmofs `amhjsagjhs (shetgr y thrratgrag) fetûfj sastámaef h ajthrrh ajthrrhifeagjf`fmhjt ifeagjf`fmhjth. h. Gtrg fsphetg quh aj`aef hi euf`rg 5 hs if feeaõj `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs g `h prgdrfmfs quh fetûfj egmg tfihs (hspheafimhjth ifs FH_AU y ifs rh`hs thmætaefs ampihmhjtf`fs ampihmhjtf`fs pgr hi Egjfeyt y if Fdhjeaf Mhxaefjf Fhrghspfeafi). Fhrghspfeafi). If ampgrtfjeaf `hshmphöf`f pgr ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs f javhi rhdagjfi y shetgrafi sh ferheahjtf egmg ujf hstrueturf `h jhdgeafeaõj y hjifeh pfrf vgivhr hchetavf hchetavf if vajeuifeaõj hjtrh ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, igs ehjtrgs thejgiõdaegs, igs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs y hi shetgr pûoiaeg. Igs juhvgs pfrf`admfs `hi egjgeamahjtg y igs prgehsgs `h egmphthjeaf hj if prg`ueeaõj fumhjtfj fumhjtfj jg sõig if egmpihka`f` mferg, mhsg mhsg y maerg, sajg if jhehsa`f` `h mfygrhs egmpihmhjtfrah`f`hs. egmpihmhjtfrah`f`hs . Hsgs fsphetgs fsphetgs rhquahrhj hi ampuisg `h pgiítaefs pûoiaefs jfeagjfihs y hstftfihs, egmg, 62>
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr Euf`rg 5. Hjtrfmf`g ajstatueagjfi pfrf hi cgrtfiheamahjtg `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi jfeagjfi
Fdhjths pûoiaegs
Rrgdrfmf
Rrajeapfihss feeagjhs Rrajeapfih
Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf
Rrgdrfmf shetgrafi ?224-?26?
Cgrmfeaõj `h hjef`hjfmah hjef`hjfmahjtgs jtgs prg`uetavgs. Fsgeafeaõj `h hmprhsfs. Erhfeaõj `h gchrtf. Hxpgrtfeaõj y rhegjvhrsaõj thejgiõdaef `h shetgrhs. Ampuisg `h hmprhsfs. Cfetgrhs. Cajfjeafmahjtg. Dhstaõj hmprhsfrafi. Ajjgvfeaõj thejgiõdaef. Efpfeatfeaõj. Egmhreafiazfeaõj. Cgrtfihehr ifs ef`hjfs `h vfigr hj Máxaeg. Sajeuif f prgvhh`grhs egj sumajastrgs hj ef`hjfs digofihs. Fumhjtfr prgvhh`uríf jfeagjfi y hxpgrtfeagjhs.
Cgj`g pymh.
Rrg Má Máxaeg.
Rrgdrfmf hj hjef`hjfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs. Rrgdrfmf Jfeagjfi `h Hmprhsfs Prfetgrfs. Mg`hig `h fiafjzf egj egmpföífs trfjsjfeagjfihs.
Fpiaef`g hj mûitapihs hmprhsfs futgmgtraz y fhrgjæutaef. Ajaeaftavfs pfrf dhjhrfr hstu`ags prgsphetavgs `h igs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs.
@arheeaõj Dhjhrfi `h Fvafeaõj Eavai (@DFE), f`seratf f if Uherhtfríf `h Egmujaefeagjhs y Prfjspgrths.
Futgra`f` fhrgjæutaef. 6182 pramhrgs rhdifmhjtgs `h fhrgjfvhs eavaihs, _hdifmhjtg `h Phihegmujaefeagjhs Fhrgjæutaefs y _f`ag Fyu`fs, _hdifmhjtg pfrf if oûsquh`f y Ufivfmhjtg. 618? Máxaeg rmõ hi feuhr`g egj if GFEA. Uuphrvasf hi cujeagjfmahjtg egta`afjg `hi shetgr.
Shraefr mh`a`fs `h shdura`f` fhrgjæutaef y fhrgpgrtufraf (Ufchty y Uheuraty). Sadaifr fhrgpuhrtgs, hmatar phrmasgs, futgrazfeagjhs, iaehjeafs y ehrtaef`gs f hmprhsfs `h fhrgtrfjspgrth. _hegpaif ajcgrmfeaõj y hstf`ístaefs sgorh hi trfjspgrth fárhg.
Egjfeyt.
Rrgdrfmfs Ajjgvf pymh. Rrg Ajjgvf. Ajjgvfthe.
Rrgdrfmfs `h fpgyg jfjeahrg f drfj`hs hmprhsfs, pymhs y E.R.A. pfrf dhjhrfr hmpihgs vajeuif`gs egj if ajjgvfeaõj. Fpgyg f igs shetgrhs fhrghspfeafi y fhrgjæutaeg.
Fiafjzfs hstrftádaefs `h rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj pfrf if egmphtatava`f` (FH_AU).
Frtaeuifeaõj ajthrajstatueagjfi pfrf hstamuifr rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj. Hstu`ags `h prgsphetavf y mhref`g.
_h`hs thmætaefs.
Riftfcgrmf `h ajthrefmoag hjtrh ajvhstadf`grhs, hmprhsfrags y shetgr pûoiaeg.
_h` Phmætaef `h Egjgeamahjtgs Phejgiõdaegs Hspfeafihs (_PEPH).
Egmphtatava`f` `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi mhxaefjf XJFM, ARJ, Eafthq, Eaehsh, XFOE, AJFGH, Digofi Utfr Máxaeg, Uftmhx, FME, Eajvhstfv (Duf`fifkfrf).
Erhf`f hj ?221.
_hfiazfeaõj `h cgrgs y egjstrueeaõj `h ujf fdhj`f `h trfofkg pfrf hi shetgr egj fetgrhs pûoiaegs, pravf`gs, fef`ámaegs egj hi j `h hifogrfr ujf pgiítaef `h hstf`g hj mfthraf hspfeafi.
Fdhjeaf Mhxaefjf Fhrghspfeafi.
621
Euf`rg 5 (egjtajufeaõj). Hjtrfmf`g ajstatueagjfi pfrf hi cgrtfiheamahjtg `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi jfeagjfi Fdhjths pûoiaegs
Rrgdrfmf
Rrajeapfihss feeagjhs Rrajeapfih
Egjshkg Mhxaefjg `h H`uefeaõj Fhrghspfeafi (Egmhf), grdfjasmg futõjgmg `h efræethr fef`ámaeg, erhf`g hj ?224.
6ª. _h` jfeagjfi `h ajvhstadfeagjhs fef`ámaefs vajeuif`fs egj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi.
@afdjõstaeg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. @hthrmajfeaõj `h egmphthjeafs prgchsagjfihs. Rrgdrfmf `h cgrmfeaõj, fetufiazfeaõj egjkujtf y efpfeatfeaõj (Egmhf y Chmaf).
Grdfjasmgs ajthrjfeagjfihs (RJX@ Máxaeg).
Rrgdrfmf `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs.
Mhtg`gigdíf rh`uear if eurvf `h hj if fprhj`azfkh ypfrf dhjhrfr mfygr ampfetg cgrmfeaõj `h rheursgs numfjgs.
Rrgdrfmf ehrtaefeaõj `h prgehsgs hspheafihs.
Ajthdrfeaõj `h pymhs fi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, futgmgtraz, hiáetraeg y hihetrõjaeg.
Egjvhjag `h egifogrfeaõj egj hi Rrgdrfmf Ajthdrfi `h Fpgyg f ifs pymhs (Rafpymh) Máxaeg-Xjaõj Hurgphf.
Egifogrfeaõj pymhs mhxaefjfs y ifs hmprhsfs hurgphfs, shetgr fhrghspfeafi egjkujtfmhjth egj Chmaf. Ehrtaefeaõj `h prgehsgs hspfeafihs pfrf pymhs. Hstæj`frhs Jf`efp, UFH, FU1622.
Grdfjasmgs hmprhsfrafihs egj feeaõj pûoiaef/ pravf`f.
Hstfoihehr uj pifj hstrftádaeg jfeagjfi fhrghspfeafi.
Egjkujtfmhjth egj Egmhf. @hsfrrgiig `h prgdrfmfs `h efpfeatfeaõj.
Ch`hrfeaõj Mhxaefjf `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi (Chmaf), fsgeafeaõj eavai saj jhs `h iuerg (?224).
Fpgyf if ajthdrfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf jfeagjfi fhrghspfeafi. Gothjhr ajehjtavgs y tfracfs frfjehifrafs pfrf prg`uetgs fhrghspfeafihs. Hvhjtgs y shmajfrags.
Rrg`uetgs pfrf mfjthjamahjtg y mfjucfeturf. Fjæiasas `h ifs thj`hjeafs ihdasiftavfs hj if mfthraf. @afdjõstaeg `hi shetgr f javhi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi. Efoai`hg pfrf grdfjazfr ujf fdhjeaf duohrjfmhjtfii ûjaef hjefrdf`f `h duohrjfmhjtf f`quasaeagjhs hj hi shetgr.
Grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs egj feeaõj jfeagjfi y hstftfi
Rrgdrfmfs
Rrajeapfihs feeagjhs
Cuj`feaõj MáxaegHstf`gs Xja`gs pfrf if Eahjeaf (Cumhe).
Rrgdrfmfs hj jaengs hmhrdhjths `h fitg pgthjeafi.
Fpgyg fi shetgr fhrghspfeafi; ― @afdjõstaeg `h cgrtfihzfs y gpgrtuja`f`hs. ― Fshsgríf pfrf vajeuifr f ifs hmprhsfsjfjeahrf egj ajvhrsagjhs. ― Egjsuitgríf oæsaef pfrf fshsgrfr uj egmhreag ajthrjfeagjfi ― PAE, pifjhs jfjeahrgs y mfjucfeturajd . ― Sajeuifeaõj Sajeuifeaõj egj PhenOF PhenOF pfrf uja`f`hs uja` f`hs `h jhdgeags hj Uhftih y Mgjtrhfi.
Fdhjths pûoiaegs
PhenOF ― Rrgdrfmf fehihrf`grf `h hmprhsfs (UH).
PhenOF sh ajstfif hj hjtgrjgs hstrftádaegs fitfmhjth egmphtatavgs; Uaiiaegj Uaiiae gj Sfiihy, Sfiihy, Fustraf, Mgjtrhfi, Mf`ra`, Maenadfj, Sfjeguvhr,, Uhftih. Sfjeguvhr Uhf tih.
Rrgdrfmf
Rrajeapfihss feeagjhs Rrajeapfih
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf, egj ofsh hj hjtrhvastfs y fjæiasas `h `geumhjtgs `h ifs ajstatueagjhs eatf`fs.
Fetgr Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi
pgr hkhmpig, trfjscgrmfeagjhs trfjscgrmfeagjhs hj if hstrueturf `h dhstaõj `h ifs ujavhr ujavhr--
sa`f`hs pfrf f`heufrsh f igs rhtgs `h if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs. Ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs eumpihj uj fetavg pfphi, yf quh rhcuhrzfj cuhrz fj igs fpgygs pfrf hi sasthmf prg`uetavg, y hihvfj igs javhihs `h egmphthjeaf thejgiõdaef y feehsg f if ajcgrmf a jcgrmfeaõj. eaõj. Fi Fi fetufr egmg ujf víf v íf `h hjifeh egj if egmuja`f` eahjtícaef y egj gtrfs ajstatueagjhs, `hshmphöfj fetava`f`hs rhifeagjfihs, quh if fetava`f`hs fushjeaf `hrhchra`fs gcaeajfs rhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs, sgorhsupihj sgorh tg`g hj fe tava`f`hs rhchra `fs f`hiftrfjscheggr`ajfeaõj y hjifeh pfrf fshdurfr f shdurfr if egifogrfeaõj hjtrh mûitapihs mûitapihs fdhjths y if prgcuj`azfeaõj `h ifs rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj (Efsfiht (Efsfiht ht fi., ?266). If ajthrmh`afeaõj forh ujf juhvf cgrmf `h dgohrjfjzf ofsf`f hj if jhdgeafeaõj y igs feuhr`gs `h egifogrfeaõj egifogrfeaõj.. Hstf juhvf mg`fia`f` supgjh quh ifs pgiítaefs hxatgsfs jg sgj sõig hi prg`uetg `h if feeaõj `hi dgoahrjg ehjtrfi, sajg if rhsuitfjth `h ujf muitapiaea`f` `h fetgrhs ajthr`hphj`ahjths, hj if quh `hshmphöf uj pfphi `hthrmajfjth if egjstrueeaõj `h rh`hs (Efsfiht ht fi., ?266).
@ajæmaefs y fdhjths `hi fdrupfmahjtg fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhrátfrg If egjsgia`feaõj `h fdrupfmahjtgs shetgrafihs (hi hihetrõjaeg, hi futgmgtraz, ifs PAE, if oagthejgigdíf, igs fiamhjtgs, rheahjthmhjth hi fhrghspfeafi, fsí egmg igs pfrquhs eahjtícaegs g `h ajjgvfeaõj) igefiazf`gs hj hi javhi hstftfi muitapiaefrgj ifs rh`hs `h ` h ajcgrmfeaõj, egjsuitgríf egjsuitgríf y egifogrfeagjhs hjtrh hi shetgr pûoiaeg, ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs y ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, igs ehjtrgs h ajstatutgs thejgiõdaegs, y if h`uefeaõj táejaef. Igs fdrupfmahjt fdrupfmahjtgs gs cujeagjfj egmg ujf ajcrfhstrueturf sgeagprg`uetavf hj if quh q uh if prgx prgxaama`f` dhgdræcaef prgpgreagjf mfygr cihxaoaia`f` pfrf igs ajthrefmoags hjtrh igs `astajtgs fdhjths hegjõmaegs. Ifs ajaeaftavfs `h frtaeuifeaõj prg`uetavf hstæj egjehptufimhjth grahjtf`fs f cfeaiatfr if egjstrueeaõj `h vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs quh surdhj `urfjth ifs ajthrrhifeagjhs `hsfrrgiif`fs hjtrh hmprhsfs h ajstatueagjhs (Chrrfrg, ?262). Ifs rh`hs quh sh egjstruyhj hj igs fdrupfmahjtgs shetgrafihs rhdagjfihs hstamuifj igs prgehsgs `h fprhj`azfkh egihetavgs y `h trfjschrhjeaf trfjschr hjeaf `h egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgg tæeatg, yf quh ifs rhifeagjhs `h ajthre ajthrefmoag fmoag tahjhj uj efræethr ajcgrmfi, egj egjtfetgs crheuhjths crheuhjths quh forhj gpgrtu666
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
ja`f`hs `h hjraquheamahjtg rheíprgeg, hspheafimhjth pfrf if mgvaia`f` `hi mhref`g ifogrfi. If prgxama`f` egjtraouyh f cfeaiatfr if efpfea`f` `h fosgreaõj, y if `h ajthrefmoag y cgrmfeaõj, yf quh fcafjzfj rhifeagjhs mæs g mhjgs phrmfjhjths egj ujavhrsa`f`hs, ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, hmprhsfs jfeagjfihs y trfjsjfeagjfihs, ajstatutgs ajstatutgs thejgiõdaegs, grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs, y shetgrhs s hetgrhs pûoiaegs. Hj hstf egmpihka`f` ajstatueagjfi nfj surda`g grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh ajthrmh`afs `afs quh, q uh, f javhi rhdagjfi, shetgrafi y jfeagjfi, fetûfj egmg ujf hstrueturf `h jhdgeafeaõj y hjifeh pfrf nfehr hchetavf if vajeuifeaõj vajeu ifeaõj hjtrh ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, igs ehjtrgs thejgiõdaegs, y igs shetgrhs aj`ustrafihs y pûoiaeg. If egjstrueeaõj `h rh`hs hs uj hkh hkh cuj`fmhjtfi hj hi prgehsg `h trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs pfrf cfeaiatfr if egmujaefeaõj h ajthrefmoags hjtrh igs fdhjths prg`uetavgs, fef`ámaegs y pûoiaegs, euyf ajthrrhifeaõj ajerhmhjtf hi efpatfi sgeafi `h if rhdaõj. Ifs ajstatueagjhs ajthrmh`afs puh`hj shr tfjtg ifs ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs y igs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj, ajvhstadfeaõj , egmg ifs fsgeafeagjhs hmprhsfrafihs g cujeagjhs quh sh eumpihj `hjtrg `h gphrfr hj hsefifs mhsg y maergujf quhgrdfjazfeaõj egjtraouyhj fpfrf if erhfeaõj `h`achrhjths egj`aeagjhs pfrf mferg, fpgyfr fi shetgr hj ifs `hmfj`fs `h cgrmfeaõj rhquhra`fs pgr ifs hmprhsfs. Hj if iathrfturf sgorh if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs, hi pfphi `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs ajthrmh`afs hs uj thmf hmhrdhjth< fjths cuh fmpiafmhjth egjsa`hrf`g hj if iathrfturf hxpiaeftavf `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs rhifeagjf`fs egj hi cgmhjtg prg`uetavg y hmprhsfrafi (Efsfiht, 6118< Efsfiht ht fi., ?266). Ifs rh`hs erhf`fs phrmathj hstfoaiazfr egjtfetgs, erhfr juhvgs feuhr`gs, gcrhehr rheursgs pfrf mhkgrfr ifs efpfea`f`hs, g ftrfhr hi tfihjtg f ifs rhdagjhs (Cigra`f, ?22?). Hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hs uj mg`hig `h grdfjazfeaõj aj`ustrafi `h prg`ueeaõj egmpihkg hj hi quh if rh` `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs hstæ iadf`f f uj hjsfmoif`gr hjsf moif`gr quh gphrf egmg hmprhsf ií`hr. ií`hr. Ifs rhifeagjhs egj hstfs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs sgj ampgrtfjths, puhs eumpihj uj pfphi ehjtrfi pfrf cgmhjtfr hi prgdrhsg egmphtatavg egmphtatavg `h ifs hmprhsfs igefihs mh`afjth trfjschrhjeafs `h egmphthjeafs y thejgigdífs. Igs prg`uetgs `h hstf aj`ustraf sgj cforaef`gs hj uj prgehsg mg`uifr, hj tfjtg quh if `hsegmpgsaeaõj `hi `ashög sh hchetûf, adufimhjth, hj vfrags mõ`uigs egjhetf`gs pgr ajthrcfehs hstfj`frazf`fs quh, ujf vhz hjsfmoif`fs, cgrmfj uj sasthmf egmpihkg.
66?
Fetgr Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi
If hmprhsf fjeif egjtr egjtrgif gif hi `ashög `a shög `hi prg`uetg egmpihkg, mahjtrfs mahjtrfs quh sh `hkf quh igs mõ`uigs hvgiueagjhj, mhkgrhj y efmoahj shdûj ifs feeagjhs `h igs prgvhh`grhs (Fvaftagj Thhl, Thhl, ?221). F trfvás `hi `hi tahmpg, hj tg`gs igs pfíshs, if prg`ueeaõj ujacgrmazf`f cuh pgsaoih drfeafs fi usg `h piftfcgrmfs y mg`higs egmujhs. Hj egjsheuhjeaf, igs hjsfmoif`grhs hxadhj f sus prgvhh`grhs uj shrvaeag digofimhjth egmphtatavg, egmphtatavg, fegr`h f if jgrmftava`f` ajthrjfeagjfi ajthrjfeagjfi y jfeagjfi. If prhshjeaf `h hmprhsfs trfetgrfs f javhi `h igs fdrupfmahjtgs rhdagjfihs (Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, Enanufnuf, Vuhrátfrg) erhf hspfeags pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig egmphtatavg egmphtatavg `h hmprhsfs igefihs hj jaengs hspheícaegs, f phsfr `h if grdfjazfeaõj eufsa e ufsa khrærquaef `h if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõ prg`ueeaõj. j. Ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs trfetgrfs quh fetûfj hj hi eiusthr nfj egjerhtf`g egjvhjags y fpgygs pfrf if cgrmfeaõj `h mfjg `h gorf y hi mhkgrfmahjtg `h ifs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs, hscuhrzgs quh aj`aefrífj quh hi gokhtavg jg egjsasth ûjaefmhjth hj fprgvhenfr fprgvhenfr egstgs ifogrfihs mæs ofkgs, sajg tfmoaáj hj egmoajfr ifs efpfea`f`hs `h egjgeamahjtg `h su æmoatg egj ifs `hi pfís `gj`hh ajerhmhjtfr sh hjeuhjtrfj pfrf cgrmfr juhvgsajthrjfeagjfihs ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg suajstfif`fs prg`uetava`f`. If s hmprhsfs Ifs GHM igefiazf`fs hj Máxaeg prhshjtfj ujf mfygr prg`uetava`f` y mæs hcaeahjth grdfjazfeaõj `h trfofkg, puhs pgshhj hi sfohr nfehr, prgof`g hj mûitapihs erasas ajthrjfeagjfihs y hj `astajtgs pfíshs. Rhrg hxasth ujf nhthrgdhjha`f` hj hi egmpgrtfmahjtg, jg tg`fs ifs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs trfjsmathj thejgigdífs thejgigdífs h aj`uehj f erhfr uj hchetg ohjácaeg, o hjácaeg, egmg egmg tfmpgeg jg tg`gs igs pfíshs y ifs rhdagjhs tahjhj hi umorfi sucaeahjth pfrf fosgrohr igs prgehsgs y thejgigdífs quh sh `hmfj`fj. Igs dgoahrjgs ch`hrfi y hstftfi nfj `hshmphöf`g uj pfphi ampgrtfjth hj hi `ashög y fpiaefeaõj `h prgdrfmfs pfrf cgmhjtfr hi fdrupfmahjtg fhrghspfeafi, hj pfrtaeuifr pfrf pfrf ftrfhr f ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs. ií`hrhs. Hjtrh Hjtrh igs mh`ags utaiazf`gs utaiazf`gs sh nfj geupf`g hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h tfracfs prhchrhjeafihs `h ampgrtfeaõj y hxpgrtfeaõj hxpgrtfeaõj `h igs oahjhs pfrf ifs ifs fhrgjfvhs, egmpgjhjths, mfquajfraf y hquapg `hi shetgr< y if erhfeaõj `h ujf ajcrfhstrueturf `h ajehjtavgs pfrf if igefiazfeaõj `h hmprhsfs fjeifs (pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs, frfjehihs `h ampgrtfeaõj, f`heufeaõj `h ifs pastfs pastfs `hi fhrgpuhrtg pfrf rheaoar fvagjhs `h drfj tgjhifkh, if egjstrueeaõj `h if thrmajfi `h efrdf y `h pfsfkhrgs, if f`ufjf ajthragr y igs rheajtgs casefihs). Rgr gtrf pfrth, sh egjthmpif hi hstímuig f if ajshreaõj `h ifs pymhs hj egj`aeagjhs `h sgivhjeaf thejgiõdaef y `h ehrtacaefeaõj. Hi Rrgdrfmf 665
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Euf`rg 0. Hmprhsfs trfetgrfs quh fetûfj hj hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg Hmprhsfs trfetgrfs
Rrajeapfihs prg`uetgs
Mgtavgs `h ajstfifeaõj hj Máxaeg
Gpgrtuja`f` egmphtatavf `h Vuhrátfrg
Fhrjgvf
Hstrueturfs fhrgjæutaefs; `ashög, `hsfrrgiig, hjsfyg ehrtaefeaõj,
Ajthrás pgr hi mhref`g fhrghspfeafi fmhraefjf. Cfeaia`f` `h Máxaeg
Fjtheh`hjths `h rhifeagjhs egmhreafihs `hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg egj if Egmuja`f` Futõjgmf `hi ` hi Rfís Sfseg, `h
prgtgtapgs y sgpgrth fetavg. Cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs egmpuhstfs y mhtæiaefs. Rifjtf `h mgjtfkh. Rifjtf `h egmpgjhjths mhtæiaegs.
ajthdrf`g PIE.uj max Ajthrás `h fi erhfr mgjhtfrag `õifr, hurg, phsg.
`gj`h prgeh`h hmprhsf. Efpfeatfeaõj `hiftrfofkf`grhs, fidujgs sh igs hjvaõ f Hspföf. Fetavg ajthrefmoag egj Chmaf. Xtaiazf igs ifogrftgrags `h pruhof `hi Ehjfm hj Vuhrátfrg. Fpgyf igs prgdrfmfs `h cgrmfeaõj `h if XJFV.
Aj`ustrafs Purogrrhetgrhs (AP_)
Prfjspgrth fárhg, ajdhjahríf, cforaefeaõj cforaefea õj y mfjthjamahjtg `h turoajfs `h dfs.
Ehrefjíf `h Máxaeg egj hi mhref`g `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs, pfrtaeapfeaõj `h Máxaeg hj hi PIEFJ, cfeaia`f` pfrf hi fngrrg `h frfjehihs.
Cforaefeaõj hj Máxaeg `hi pramhr shiig hstætaeg pfrf hi mgtgr P122.
Ogmofr`ahr
Cfofhrgjfvhs raefeaõj `h rhdagjfihs, kht hkheutavgs.
_h`ueeaõj `h egstgs `h prg`ueeaõj. Ampgrtfjeaf `h if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h Máxaeg hj hi feuhr`g `h ajthdrfeaõj PIE, egj Kfpõj y if XH.
Uh `hspifzõ trfofkg `h Máxaeg, cforaefeaõj `hPgrgjtg frjhshs f y sasthmf hiáetraeg pfrf mg`higs Enfiihjdhr 522, 328, >82, >42, >12. Fetavf rhifeaõj egj if XJFV. Ajthdrõ pgegs prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs mhxaefjgs pgr prgoihmfs `h ehrtaefeaõj.
Drupg Ufcrfj; geng pifjtfs `h prg`ueeaõj y fjthjamahjtg hj Máxaeg. Mhssahr Uhrvaehs Mhssahr @gwty Ujehmf Ufmhs hj Vuhrátfrg
Rrgpuisaõj y hquapfmahjtg fhrgjæutaeg, `hchjsf y shdura`f`. M_G trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh egj mfquajf`gs y trftfmahjtg. Dhjhrfeaõj Dhjhrfeaõ j `h oagegmoustaoihs
Ajthrás pgr if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h Máxaeg hj hi PIEFJ.
Hjefohzf hi efmpus `h fvafeaõj crfjeg-mhxaefjg. Fetavf pfrtaeapfeaõj hj if XJFV. Rrgoihmfs.
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf, f pfrtar `h hjtrhvastfs rhfiazf`fs f ifs hmprhsfs eatf`fs (hxtrfí`g `h Efsfiht ht fi., ?266) y Ogmofr`ahr (?221).
660
Fetgrhs Fetgr hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi
`h Ugiueagjhs Cajfjeahrfs `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg cuh erhf`g hj ?221 pfrf fpgyfr f hsth tapg `h hmprhsfs, egmpihmhjtf`g egj hi Rrgdrfmf Frtaeuifeaõj Rrg`uetavf Rrg`uetavf y @hsfrrgiig `h Rrgvhh`grhs Rrgvhh`grhs Igefihs y hi Cgj`g Rymh ch`hrfi pfrf cgrtfihehr hi Cgj`g Rymh `h if hjta`f`. Rfrf hstamuifr if mg`hrjazfeaõj hmprhsfrafi sh erhõ hi Cgj`g `h Egmphtatava`f` `h ifs Rymhs (Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih, ?221f), ásth, fi adufi quh igs prgdrfmfs frraof eatf`gs, ousefj cgmhjtfr hi `hsfrrgiig `h ifs i fs pymhs, sgorh tg`g hj if ehrtacaefeaõj AUG 1222, y gtgrdfr egjsuitgrífs egjsuitgrífs hspheafiazf`fs y egfenajd `h `h jhdgeags. Rfrf igdrfr ig pramhrg, hi dgoahrjg hstftfi euorh hi 55% `hi egstg cajfjeahrg, if f`majastrfeaõj ch`hrfi fpgrtf gtrg 55%, y hi rhstg ig pfdf if hmprhsf quh `hshf gothjhr if i f ehrtacaefeaõj (Egjshkg `h Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf Phejgigdíf `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, ?262). Hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi sh egjsa`hrf hstrftádaeg pfrf hi erheamahjtg `h if rhdaõj. Uu ampgrtfjeaf `hstfef tfjtg hj hi Rifj `h @hsfrrgiig Hstftfi egmg hj hi Rrgdrfmf `h EyP `h Vuhrátfrg. Rgr hiig, mhkgrfr y cgrmfr ujf cuhrzf `h trfofkg hspheafiazf`f uj gokhtavgy `h hi dgoahrjg hstftfi y ifs ajstatueagjhshsh`ueftavfs `hegifogrfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõj.hjtrh Ifs rhifeagjhs egj ifs ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj sgj hshjeafihs hj if egjsgia`feaõj `hi eiusthr fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg,, yf quh `fj egmg rhsuitf`g ujf ouhjf y mhjgs efrf `gtfeaõj `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f (táejaegs, ajdhjahrgs, ajcgrmætaegs), ajcgrmætaegs), aj`asphjsfoih aj`asphjsfoih pfrf ifs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs, if eufihs ajaeafimhjth rheurrahrgj fi egfenajd , g f if cgrmfeaõj `h táejaegs hj hi hxthragr (Nhrjæj`hz, ?262). Hj if ajthdrfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs igefihs f igs prgdrfmfs `h `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs sh mfjacahstf eahrtf `avhrsa`f`, jg tg`fs ifs hmprhsfs igefihs euhjtfj egj ajvhrsaõj, ouhjf ajcrfhstrueturf, mfsf erítaef pfrfegj fthj`hr ifs `hmfj`fs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi< y mhjgs pfrf e umpiar eumpiar igs tahmpgs `h prg`ueeaõj fegr`hs f ifs hxadhjeafs. Pfmpgeg jg tg`fs ifs hmprhsfs tahjhj egj`aeagjhs g ajthrás hj pfrtaeapfr g hjegjtrfr uj jaeng vafoih, f phsfr `h quh fidujfs yf nfj ajthdrf`g if ef`hjf `h prgvhh`grhs `hi shetgr futgmgtraz. If ajthdrfeaõj supgj`ríf egj`aeagjhs táejaefs y `h prg`ueeaõj cfvgrfoihs pfrf if rhegjvhrsaõj, phrg ifs hxadhjeafs `h ehrtacaefeaõj y igs dfstgs quh supgjh if ef`hjf fhrghspfeafi sgj ofrrhrfs ampgrtfjths. F su vhz, ifs hmprhsfs fjeifs `acahrhj hj sus feeagjhs pfrf hstamuifr uj egmpgrtfmahjtg hmprhsfrafi quh cgmhjth hi erheamahjtg rhdagjfi, fidujfs sõig sh ajthrhsfj 668
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
hj gothjhr `hthrmajf`fs pahzfs f egstgs mæs rh`uea`gs, dufr`fj`g dufr`fj`g hi `ashög y prgehsgs mæs egmpihkgs pfrf igs pfíshs quh prhshjtfj mhkgrhs y mæs hstfoihs egj`aeagjhs hegjõmaefs, hegjõmaefs, prg`uetavfs y thejgiõdaefs (váfjsh Saiifvaehjeag ht fi., hj hsth vgiumhj). Rgr gtrf pfrth, tg`fs egmpfrthj hi ajehjtavg `h hstfr ehref `hi ` hi mhref`g hstf`guja`hjsh y fprgvh fprgvhenfr enfr igs feuhr`gs `h iaorh egmhreag egmhreag..
Grdfjazfeagjhs vajeuif`fs egj rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj hj hi shetgr If `hjsacaefeaõj `h rh`hs `h ajjgvfeaõj sh mfjacahstf hj ciua`fs rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj hjtrh ujavhrsa`f`hs, ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj (ERA) y ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs `hi shetgr she tgr pfrf `hsfrrgiifr hj hiig juhvfs mg`fia`f`hs, quh pfuiftajfmhjth cgrtfihehj igs ifzgs `h egjcafjzf ‐egjstruyhj hi efpatfi sgeafi y cfeaiatfj if f`quasaeaõj y trfjschrhjeaf trfjschrhjeaf `h juhvgs egjgeamahjtgs‐. Hi usg `h `avhrsgs efjfihs `h trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs prhshjtf pfrtaeuifra`f`hs y egmpihka`f`hs quh `hphj`hj `h mûitap mûitapihs ihs cfetgrhs, hjtrh igs mæs sadjacaeftavgs cadurfj if egmpihka`f` thejgiõdaef `hi shetgr prg`uetavg, if gpgrtuja`f` `h `aspgjhr `h fpgygs cajfjeahrgs, cgrmftavgs, ajcgrmætaegs, y `h egmhreafiazfeaõj ‐if ajthdrfeaõj `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs‐, y if hxasthjeaf `h ujf trfy trfyhetgraf hetgraf `h vajeuifeaõj `h ifs ajstatueagjhs, hspheafimhjth `h igs drupgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj egj trfyhetgrafs hxphramhjtf`fs hj igs ajthrefmoags egj if aj`ustraf ‐fidujgs `h ástgs ajaeaf`gs pgr if víf ajcgrmfi ofsf`f hj hi ajthr ajthrás ás phrsgjfi `h igs ajvhstadf`grhs, ajvgiuerfj`g pgsthragrmhjth feuhr`gs `h ifs ajstatueagjhs pfrf cgrmfiazfr `hsfrrgiigs, `hsfrrgiigs, rhsgivhr?262). rhsgivhr ajehjtavgs y cgrmfiaz cgrmfiazfr fr ajthrefmoags egj mfygr `urfeaõj (Saiifvaehjeag, If prgxama`f` dhgdræcaef tahjh ampgrtfjeaf pfrf fetavfr ciukgs `h egjgeamahjtg,, y if hstrueturf `h eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh fetgrhs pûoiaegs y prajgeamahjtg vf`gs egjstatuyh egjstatuyh uj efmpg `h ajciuhjeafs mutufs (Ih Orhtgj, ?220) pfrf ferhehjtfr igs ajthrefmoags y if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs hjtrh if ujavhrsa`f`, ifs hmprhsfs y hi shetgr pûoiaeg (Egglh, ?223). Rhrg nfy rhifeagjhs hchetavfs, egmg egmg hj if f`quasaeaõj `h thejgigdíf y hj if egmhreafiazfeaõj `h prg`uetgs, hj ifs quh egorfj ampgrtfjeaf igs ajthrefmoags egj fdhjths hxthrjgs, hj hspheafi hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs. Pfmoaáj, egmg pifjthfj fidujgs futgrhs (Ihvy-Pfiogt, ?22>), if prgxama`f` aj`uearíf 663
Fetgr Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi
_h` Digofi `h @hsfrrgiig
EA@HUA EA@HPHV EAFPH@
EAFP @ashög (Oghajd-Farous)
Egjtrgi futgmætaeg `h prgehsgs hihetrgquímaegs Cforaefeaõj `h pfrths y egmpgjhjths hj turoajfs fhrgjæutaefs
IFOPF (Ifogrftgrag `h fjæiasas químaeg `h mfthrafs)
EAFPHV
Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf
•
Hmprhsfs trfetgrfs
•
Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih
EH@AF-@hsfrrgiig prgvhh`grhs Hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs
XJFV-Cgrmfeaõj y XJFV-Cgrmfeaõj efpfeatfeaõj hspheafiazf`f
_AAFV (_h` `h Ajvhstadfeaõj h Ajjgvfeaõj Fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg)
Hsquhmf 6. Grdfjazfeagjhs egj ujf vajeuifeaõj ciua`f egj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
f if egjsgia`feaõj `h mhefjasmgs `h egjtrgi, pfrf ampramar egnhrhjeaf hjtrh pgsaeagjhs h ajthrhshs `achrhjeafihs, `gj`h ifs hmprhsfs trfetgrfs eumpihj uj`h pfphi ehjtrfi`hpgr if dhstaõj hstrftádaef hstrftádaef quh `hsfrrgiifj hj if ajthdrfeaõj if ef`hjf prg`ueeaõj. Hi hsquhmf 6 pifjthf if frtaeuifeaõj `h ujf ampgrtfjth rh` `h fpgygs erhf`gs hj hi javhi `h if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f, if ajvhstadfeaõj y if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs, euyf pgthjeafia`f` hj igs ajthrefmoags y prg`uetgs egjtraouyh f egjsgia`fr hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhrátfrg. @h ifs ajstatueagjhs mhjeagjf`fs hj hi hsquhmf hsq uhmf 6, `hstfefj; f) Hi Ehjtrg `h Ajdhjahríf Fvfjzf`f hj Purogmæquajfs (EAFP). Hi EAFP EAFP ajaeaõ sus fetava`f`hs egmg prgvhh`gr prgvhh`gr `h shrvaeags shr vaeags `h ajdhjahríf pfrf Dhjhrfi Hihetrae (DH), y egjstatuyh ujf ajaeaftavf `hi EAFPHV, 664
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
prg`uetg `h igs rhathrf`gs ajthrefmoags rhfiazf`gs egj `aenf hmprhsf, hspheícaefmhjth hspheíc aefmhjth egj if `avasaõj Rgwhr Uysthms (Uenhjhetf-`y (Uenhjhetf -`y,, JQ), pfrf if mfjucfeturf mfjucfeturf `h turoajfs `h vfpgr vfp gr.. Hi EAFP EAFP `avhrsacaeõ su `hsfrrgiig `hsfrrgiig `h thejgigdíf `h turoajfs `h vfpgr nfeaf if ajdhjahríf `h fvafeaõj. Fetufimhjth, hi EAFP ftahj`h `gs hmprhsfs phrthjheahjths f Dhjhrfi Hihetrae; DH Rgwhr Rgwhr Uysthms y DH Farerfct Hjdajhs, euyfs cujeagjhs sh rhifeagjfj egj ifs fetava`f`hs `h `aoukg, ajdhjahríf, fjæiasas y `ashög. Hi EAFP EAFP hs hi ehjtrg `h ajdhjahríf `h fvafeaõj mæs drfj`h h ampgrtfjt ampgrtfjthh cuhrf `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs, y cgrmf pfrth `h ujf rh` digofi `h ehjtrgs `h `hsfrrgiig `h DH (hxasthj hj Rgigjaf, Purquíf, Enajf y _usaf). Hj chorhrg `h ?266, hi EAFP ajfudurõ juhvfs ajstfifeagjhs pfrf nfehr crhjth f su erheamahjtg, jfeaõ fsí DH Ajcrfhstrueturh, f if vhz quh mfjthjíf ifs fjtadufs. If pifjtf ifogrfi hs `h mai quajahjtgs ajdhjahrgs, mfhstrgs, `getgrhs y táejaegs ujavhrsatfrags, quh sh hspheafiazfj hj hi `ashög `h turoajfs tfjtg `h fvagjhs egmg `h dhjhrfeaõj `h hjhrdíf hiáetraef. Igs prajeapfihs igdrgs sh egjehjtrfj hj hi `ashög h ajdhjahríf `h egmpgjhjths pfrf turoajfs quh sh hjvífj f Hstf`gs Xja`gs pfrf su cforaefeaõj, egj ifs quh sh hquapf prajeapfimhjth f igs fvagjhs `h Oghajd y Farous. Igs shrvaeags `hi ehjtr ehjtrgg hstæj rhifeagjf`gs egj if rhfiazfeaõj `h `aoukgs, fjæiasas, sgpgrth f mfjucfeturf, f efmpg, fpiaefeaõj `h thejgigdíf hj mfthraf `h hjhrdíf, `ashög `h juhvgs prg`uetgs, vfia`feaõj `h sgctwfrh,, `ashög `h mfquajfraf y nhrrfmahjtfs pfrf turoajfs `h fvaõj. sgctwfrh Hi trfofkg `hjtrg `hi EAFP EAFP sh grdfjazf hj hquapgs quh sh hjeuhjtrfj ofkg hi egjtrgi `h uj rhspgjsfoih. Hj if prgtheeaõj `h if prgpah`f` ajthihetufi, sh euhjtf egj egjtrftgs `h egjca`hjeafia`f` (egj prgvhh`grhs), yaj`ustrafi. iaehjeafs pfrf (egj eiahjths), sh hs `f `hear, hxasth`hhiHstf`gs sherhtg Pg`ftrfjschrhjeaf `avuidfeaõj `h igsigs `hsfrrgiigs f trfvás Xja`gs, pfís `gj`h sh rhdastrfj ifs pfthjths. o) Ehjtrg `h @hsfrrgiig `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef (Eh`af). Hs uj ehjtrg `hphj`ahjth `hi Phejgiõdaeg `h Mgjthrrhy, Efmpus Vuhrátfrg. Pahjh egmg gokhtavg hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef pfrf if cgrmfeaõj `h prgchsagjfihs `h fitg javhi, f`hmæs `h quh gcrheh f ifs hmprhsfs sgiueagjhs hj prgoihmfs táejaegs. Hi Eh`af mfjtahjh ujf fetavf egifogrfeaõj egj if Xjavhrsa`f` `h Egjegr`af (Mgjtrhfi), egj if quh nf
66>
Fetgrhs Fetgr hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi
carmf`g egjvhjags `h ajthrefmoags pfrf cfeaiatfr if cgrmfeaõj y mgvaia`f` `h hstu`afjths y prgchsgrhs. Ifs ærhfs pragratfrafs `hi Eh`af sgj if cgrmfeaõj y hspheafiazfeaõj hj hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg, if vajeuifeaõj vajeui feaõj egj if aj`ustraf f trfvás `h egjsuitgrífs, y if efpfeatfeaõj pfrf fpgyg `h prgvhh`grhs hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi y hi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg thejgiõdaeg. . If Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih `h Vuhrátfrg y if Uherhtfríf Uusthjtfoih `h Hegjgmíf, Hegjgmíf, f trfvás `hi Eh`af, fpgyfj hi `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs pfrf hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, hspheafimhjth f ifs hmprhsfs quh quahrhj madrfr `hs`h hi shetgr she tgr futgmgtraz futgmgtraz pfrf ajeursagjfr hj hi fhrghspfeafi. Hi Eh`af prhpfrf f ifs pymhs pfrf feeh`hr f if ehrtacaefeaõj FU1622. Hi Rrgdrfmf `h @hsfrrgiig `h Rrgvhh`grhs `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef, ajaeaf`g hj ?224, sh hjefrdf `h a`hjtacaefr ærhfs `h gpgrtuja`f` `h prgvhh`uríf pfrf quh ifs pymhs `h if rhdaõj sh ajthdrhj a jthdrhj f if ef`hjf `h sumajastrgs. Rfrf Rfrf hiig sh rhfiazf uj hstu`ag `h ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h prgvhh`uríf igefi `h ifs hmprhsfs fjeif fhrgjæutaefs `h Vuhrátfrg (sh fjfiazfrgj FhrFhrjjgvf, Ogmofr`ahr, Ujhemf Fmáraef, Mhssahr Uhrvaehs, Uhrvaehs, AP_)< pgsthragrmhjth,, sh `hthrmajfj ifs pymhs quh euhjtfj egj igs shrvaeags mhjth s hrvaeags rhquhra`gs pgr ifs hmprhsfs, y `h uj iastf`g cajfi `h pymhs, sgj shiheeagjf`fs fquhiifs quh prhshjtfj mfygrhs gpgrtuja`f`hs. F hstfs ûitamfs sh ihs fpiaef uj `afdjõstaeg `h egmphtatava`f` y fjæiasas `h orhenfs, hj hi quh sh hvfiûfj fsphetgs egmg `arheeaõj, pgsaeaõj cajfjeahrf, efpfea`f` `h ajdhjahríf, prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf (ajeiuyhj`g efpfea`f`hs hj vgiumhj y tgihrfjeaf), prg`uetava`f` y fshdurfmahjtg `h efia`f` (ajeiuyhj`g ehrtacaefeagjhs), efpfea`f` `h egmhreafiazfeaõj, dhstaõj `h if ef`hjf `h sumajastrg, dhstaõj `hi efpatfi ajthihetufi h ajcrfhstrueturf `h if hmprhsf (ifs hmprhsfs fjfiazf`fs pfrf ajthdrfr ef`hjfUfjtfjf, `h prgvhh`grhs cuhrgj _ymsf, Ajdhjahríf y Mheftrõjaef, NhrrifFref, Dfijal, E_AG, Nyrsf y Purogpfrth Purogpfrths). s). If shduj`f cfsh `hi Rrgdrfmf `h @hsfrrgiig `h Rrgvhh`grhs `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef egjsasth hj `hsfrrgiifr hj igs pfrtaeapfjths igs egjgeamahjtgs y nfoaia`f`hs pfrf `ashöfr, `geumhjtfr y ehrtacaefr su sasthmf `h dhstaõj `h efia`f` ofsf`g hj if Jgrmf FU1622, f trfvás `h tfiihrhs thõraeg-præetaegs thõraeg-præetaegs quh oraj`fj ifs nhrrfmahjtfs jhehsfrafs sgiaeatf`fs pgr if jgrmf. If mhtg`gigdíf `h hstf htfpf egjsa`hrf ifs saduahjths cfshs; 6) `hcajaeaõj `h if hstrueturf `hi sasthmf `h dhstaõj `h efia`f`, ?) `geumhjtfeaõj oæsaef `hi FU1622, 5) `geumhjtfeaõj `h prgehsgs y 661
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
rhquasatgs pfrtaeuifrhs, 0) fu`atgríf ajthrjf, 8) prhfu`atgríf `h ehrtacaefeaõj, 3) Ihfj Uadmf. Ifs hmprhsfs quh pfrtaeapfrgj hj `aeng prgdrfmf hj if pramhrf dhjhrfeaõj ?22> cuhrgj Dfijal, E_AG, Nyrsf, Purogpfrths, Ufjtfjf, Ea`hsa, EAFPHV (fmogs sgj ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj), Fxgj, yegmg LXG. Hj if shduj`f dhjhrfeaõj, if `h ?221, pfrtaeapfrgj Mhefjazf`gs `h Fitf efia`f` (MFE), _HMH, Phejumhmprhsfs Uhrvaeh, Hstfmpf`gs y Hihetrgsgi`f`gs, y Rrhtt. Pfmoaáj sh nfj ampihmhjtf`g ehrtacaefeagjhs hspheafiazf`fs egmg Jfpefp y if mhkgrf `h thejgigdífs y prgehsgs pfrf hstfs hmprhsfs. Hjtrh igs prgyhetgs prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj quh mfjhkf hi Eh`af `hstfefj; hi prgyhetg prgy hetg `h mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs hj hi quh sh efrfethrazfj ifs prgpah`f`hs `h igs mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs (caorf (caorf `h efrogjg), y hi prgyhetg efoajf samuif`gr `h vuhig, euyg gokhtavg hs hi `hsfrrgiig h ampihmhjtfeaõj `h juhvfs thejgigdífs CRDFs ‐ifs eufihs rh`uehj efoihs y oraj`fj cihxaoaia`f` f if egjhetava`f` `h igs ajstrumhjtgs `h if efoajf‐, y supgjhj uj fprhj`azfkh hj if cgrmfeaõj `h ajdhjahrgs. Hj hsth prgyhetg nfj pfrtaeapf`g `avhrsfs `aseapiajfs< if mhtf cuh rhegjstruar hi ajthragr `h ujf efoajf pfrf ajtrg`uear igs ajstrumhjtgs, if eufi cuh `gjf`f pgr Crheuhjeaf y hrf pfrth `h uj Oghajd 4?4. Hi Eh`af mfjtahjh ujf fetavf egifogrfeaõj egj ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs `h Vuhrátfrg, egmg igs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y ifs fdhjeafs duohrjfmhjtfihs. e) Xjavhrsa`f` Jfeagjfi Fhrgjæutaef `h Vuhrátfrg XJFV. If ajstfifeaõj `h `achrhj `achrhjths ths hmprhsfs GHM hj Vuhrátfrg (Ogmofr`ahr, (Ogmofr`ahr, Drupg Ufcrfj) pifjthõ if jhehsa`f` `h egjtfr egj mfjg `h gorf efiacaef-
`f y ehrtacaef`f. Rfrf rhspgj`hr f hstg, sh erhõ hj if Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Vuhrátfrg (XPHV) ( XPHV) hi ’Rrgdrfmf `h Hjtrhj Hjtrhjfmahjtg fmahjtg Ajthjsavg Ajthjsavg hj Hjsfmoihs Hiáetraegs y Hstrueturfihs pfrf if Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi”, quh sadjacaeõ hi jfeamahjtg `h if XJFV (Dutaárrhz, ?262). If XJFV hs uj grdfjasmg pûoiaeg `hsehjtrfiazf`g `hsehjtrfiaz f`g `hi dgoahrjg `hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, egj phrsgjfia`f` kurí`aef y pftrgeajag prgpag, erhf`f hj jgvahmorh `h ?224. Hi mg`hig h`ueftavg tahjh uj hjcgquh ajthdrfi y cihxaoih pfrf fthj`hr ifs jhehsa`f`hs thejgiõdaefs, fsí egmg hi rhquhramahjtg `h juhvfs egmphthjeafs pfrf hi shetgr shetgr,, quh fofref;
6?2
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
hxehihjeaf hj if ajvhstadfeaõj h ajjgvfeaõj, f trfvás `h if ajthrfe ajthrfeeaõj eaõj y if egmpfrtaeaõj egmpfrta eaõj `h mhtfs egmujhs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig sgeaghegjõmaeg `h if rhdaõj y `hi pfís. Ifs hmprhsfs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi quh ajthdrfj if _AAFV sgj Fhrjjgvf, Ogmofr`ahr, AP_, DH, Ufcrfj, Mhssahr Uhrvaehs, Ujhemf Máxaeg, Ufcrfj Mhssahr @gwty, @gwty , LXG hi Fhrgspfeh, egjkujtg egj hi`hEa`hsa, Ea`hsa , hi Eajvhstfv, hi Ea`hthq, hi Ehjfm, Eafthq, hihj Egjshkg Hstftfi Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf `h Vuhrátfrg (Egjeythq), hi ARJ, hi Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Mgjthrrhy, if Xjavhrsa`f` Futõjgmf `h Vuhrátfrg (XFV), y igs fdhjths pûoiaegs rhprhshjtf`gs pgr if Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih y if UHR. If _AAFV hstæ ofkg if rhspgjsfoaia`f` táejaef `hi rhetgr `h if XJFV (Sfi`ás Dfiaeaf, ?262). Hi ajthrás `h if _AAFV, f`hmæs `h fshdurfr if ajvhstadfeaõj hj hi shetgr,, hs cgrtfihehr ifs efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs, ftrfhr cgj`gs, y frtaeushetgr ifr feeagjhs egj ehjtrgs jfeagjfihs h ajthrjfeagjfihs vajeuif`gs egj if thmætaef, egj hi prgpõsatg prgpõsatg `h cgrmfr rh`hs `h hxehihj hxehihjeaf eaf quh fshdurhj if cgrmfeaõj y mgvaia`f` ajthrjfeagjfi ajthrjfeagjfi `h ujf mfsf erítaef `h rheursgs numfjgs pfrf hi shetgr. If _AAFV sh nf prgpuhstg egmg hkhs frtaeuif`grhs; 6) rheuoramahjtgs `h ofrrhrfs tármaefs< ?) mfjucfeturf fvfjzf`f< 5) vaorfeagjhs, feûstaef, uitrfsgja`g y @RNM< 0) hstrueturfs y sasthmfs maerghihetrõjaegs maerghihetrõ jaegs MHMU< MHM U< 8) prgyhetg `h ampihmhjtfeaõj ampihmhjtfeaõj `hi Ifotf Ifogrftgrag `h Rruhofs Rruhof s y Phejgigd Phejgigdífs ífs Fhrgjæutaefs eggr`ajf`g eggr`ajf`g pgr hi EafEafthq, hi Ea`hthq y hi Ea`hsa.
Ifogrftgrag `h Rruhofs y Phejgigdífs Fhrgjæutaefs (IfoPF) Hj ?221, hi Eafthq, hi Ea`hsa y hi Ea`hthq eggr`ajfrgj rheursgs cajfjeahrgs y `h ajvhstadfeaõj pfrf ampuisfr ujf gchrtf egjkujtf `h shrvaeags grahjtf`f f if AF. Hj ?262, hi Egjfeyt y hi dgoahrjg `hi hstf`g `h ` h Vuhrátfrg fsadjfrgj rheursgs pfrf if pramhrf htfpf `h egjstrueeaõj `h uj ifogrftgrag hspheafiazf`g hj shrvaeags shrv aeags pfrf ifs hmprhsfs fhrgjæutaefs. fhrgjæutaefs. Hj ?266, ofkg if mfref IfoP IfoPF, sh pusg hj mfrenf ujf egmpihmhjtfeaõj egmpihmhjtfeaõj `h shrvaeags, masmgs quh sh egjsadjfj hj hi euf`rg 3.
6??
Fetgrhs Fetgr hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Euf`rg 3. Gchrtf `h shrvaeags `hi IfoPF Gchrtf
Uhrvaeags
Uhrvaeags `h ifogrftgrag
― Fjæiasas químaegs `h mfthrafihs mhtæiaegs y egmpuhstgs ― Hjsfygs `h maergsegpíf õptaef y hihetrõjaef `h mfthrafihs mhtæiaegs y egmpuhstgs. ― Hjsfygs císaeg-químaegs y `h egmpgrtfmahjtg hj shrvaeag `h mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs. ― Hjsfygs mheæjaegs hstætaegs y `ajæmaegs f ofkfs y fitfs thmphrfturfs `h mfthrafihs mhtæiaegs y egmpuhstgs. ― Hjsfygs jg `hstruetavgs `h mfthrafihs mhtæiaegs y egmpuhstgs. ― Fjæiasas `h cfiifs `h egmpgjhjths mhtæiaegs y `h mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs. ― @afdjõstaeg `h vaorfeagjhs y fjæiasas `h rua`g. ― @ashög y egjstrueeaõj `h hquapgs `h ajspheeaõj y pruhofs. ― Efiaorfeaõj `h ajstrumhjtgs `h mh`aeaõj.
@hsfrrgiig `h prg`uetgs, `ashög prg`uetgs, y cforaefeaõj `h prgtgtapgs y `aspgsatavgs `h pruhof
― @ashög y cforaefeaõj `h hquapgs `h prgehsg y pruhofs. ― Rrgtgtapgs `h prg`uetgs mhtæiaegs, pgiamáraegs y egmpuhstgs. ― @ashög, cforaefeaõj y puhstf hj mfrenf `h `aspgsatavgs `h pruhof; na`ræuiaegs, jhumætaegs, mheæjaegs y `h cftadf. ― Rrgehsgs fvfjzf`gs `h mfjucfeturf; mfquajf`g EJE `h eajeg hkhs y fitf vhigea`f`, cgrmf`g pgr hihetrg`hpgsaeaõj, `hpõsatg `h pifsmf f fitf vhigea`f`, fpiaefeaõj y eurf`g `h orf `h efrogjg, sgi`f`urf, hte. ― Mg`hifeaõj y samuifeaõj `h prgehsgs.
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf, egj ofsh hj igs `geumhjtgs `h IfoPF y hjtrhvastfs egj ajvhstadf`grhs y `arhetavgs `h igs ERA (hxtrfí`g `h Efsfiht ht fi., ?266).
_hcihxagjhs cajfihs Hj hsth trfofkg sh nfj a`hjtacaef`g igs hscuhrzgs `h `achrhjths fdhjths pfrf ajegrpgrfr y hxpfj`ar hi fdrupfmahjt fdrupfmahjtgg fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg Máxaeg.. Hj if hifogrfeaõj `h hsth mfpf `h ajthrhshs, `ajæmaefs y fetgrhs pfrtaeapfjths, sh nf trftf`g `h sasthmftazfr `gs fsphetgs oæsaegs; 6) pgr uj if`g, hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj `h if AF y if dhstaõj grdfjazftavf, hi eufi `hthrmajf if hstrueturf `h cujeagjfmahjtg y hi prgdrhsg egmphtatavg egmphtatavg ajthrjfeagjfihs fiefjzf`gs, y sh efrfethrazf pgr cusagjhs, juhvfs f`quasaeagjhs y ujf hxpfjsaõj ajthrjfeagjfi egjstfjth pfrf mfjthjhr vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs< hj hstf aj`ustraf, if rh` hmprhsfrafi `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs sh iadf hstraetfmhjth f uj hjsfmoif`gr quh gphrf egmg hmprhsf ií`hr< ?) pgr hi gtrg, if jfturfihzf `h ifs ajthrvhjeagj ajthrvhjeagjhs hs `h pgiítaefs hj fidujgs pfíshs prg`uetgrhs y rhehptgrhs `h if ajvhrsaõj, egmg hs hi efsg `h Máxaeg y hj hspheafi hi `hi hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg, `hstajf`fs f erhfr ujf hstrueturf ajstatueagjfi cfvgrfoih fi erheamahjtg `hi shetgr, egjsgia`fj`g fsí rh`hs hchetavfs pfrf if vajeuifeaõj egj if ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj y if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f. 6?5
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
If egjehjtrfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs fjeifs ræpa`fmhjth sh nf iadf`g f if erhfeaõj g rhhstrueturfeaõj grdfjazftavf pfrf cfeaiatfr if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f, igs fpgygs `h ajcrfhstrueturf h ajehjtavgs, ajehjtavgs, y if `acusaõj `h egjgeamahjtgs h ajcgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f. Hstf eareuifeaõj `h egjgeamahjtgs egjsgia`õ efjfihs ajcgrmfihs `h ajthrefmoags, cfeaiatfj`g if prgxama`f` `hi eiusthr `h Vuhrátfrg. If erhfeaõj `h efjfihs mæs cgrmfihs prgxama`f` (hjtrh ERA y hmprhsfs) dfrfjtazfrgj dfrfjtazfrgj hi feehsg f if ehrtacaefeaõj y jgrmfs ajthrjfeagjfihs quh radhj fi shetgr. Igs fpgygs thejgiõdaegs, `h erá`atg h ajehjtavgs nfj ajegrpgrf`g prgvhh`grhs igefihs pfrf mhkgrfr sus prgehsgs prg`uetavgs, egj if efia`f` y shdura`f` rhquhra`fs, f`hmæs `h ajerhmhjtfr if rfpa`hz `h hjtrhdf `h igs prg`uetgs. If ajstfifeaõj y fitg `hshmphög `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz mhxaefjf mhxaefjf (quh ajdrhsõ hj hi tgp thj `h igs mhkgrhs prg`uetgrhs hj hi muj`g, hjsfmoifj`g ? ?36 222 vhníeuigs `h hjhrg f `aeahmorh `hi ?262), prgpgreagjõ prgpgreagjõ ujf ouhjf ofsh `h fpgyg fi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, yf quh sh euhjtf ajdhjahrgs efpfeatf`gs efpfeat f`gs y egj ratmgs prg`ueeaõj Ifsegj ajthrvhjeagjhs `h Rrg Máxaeg y `h if`h Uherhtfríf `h fehihrf`gs. Hegjgmíf nfj thja`g uj pfphi ampgrtfjth egmg trfetgr `h if `hmfj`f, prgmgvahj`g if ajshreaõj `h hmprhsfs fjeifs hj uj shetgr `h ampgrtfjeaf hstrftádaef pfrf hi pfís. Hi Egjfeyt, f trfvás `h sus `achrhjths prgdrfmfs, nf ajthjtf`g cgrtfihehr if `hmfj`f `h egjgeamahjtg, egjkujtfmhjth egj ajstatueagjhs hstftfihs (XJFV, Eh`af) y ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõj (Ea`hsa, Eafthq, Ea`hthq) quh prgpgr prgpgreagjfj eagjfj cgrmfeaõj `h phrsgjfi fitfmhjth efiacaef`g pfrf hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, f`hmæs `h ajaeafr prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj eaõj egjkujtf. F su vhz, igs prgdrfmfs egmg Ajjgvfthe, Ajjgvfpymh g RrgAjjgvf. ampiaefj uj fpgyg `arhetg f ifs hmprhsfs y f igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj ajvhstadfeaõj hj hi cgrtfiheamahjtg `h rhifeagjhs `h egifogrfeaõj, egj ig quh sh rhcuhr rhcuhr-zf if egjsgia`feaõj `h ujf euiturf rhifeagjfi pfrf if ajjgvfeaõj. a jjgvfeaõj. Fujquh hj hsth mgmhjtg if egifogrfeaõj hj prgyhetgs egjkujtgs hstæ muy vgief`f f drfj`hs hmprhsfs, hs amprhseaj`aoih amprhseaj`aoih ajegrpgrfr f ifs if s pymhs, hspheafimhjth f ifs quh thjdfj pgthjeafi pfrf hvgiueagjfr h ajthdrfrsh egmg prgvhh`grfs prgvhh`g rfs `h if ef`hjf (hmprhsfs dfehifs). Rgr gtrf pfrth, ifs `achrhjths grdfjazfeagjhs cujdhj egmg ajthrmh`afrafs y egjtraouyhj f if fpiaefeaõj `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs f javhi jfeagjfi. Hs hi efsg `hi RJX@ Máxaeg, euyf feeaõj sh nf hjcgef`g fi hjifeh y `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs pfrf igs `achrhjths fdrupfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs 6?0
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
y hspheafimhjth hi shetgr s hetgr fhrghspfeafi< `hi Cumhe, quh pfrtaeapf egj ujf feeaõj `h `afdjõstaeg y prgsphetavf pfrf if frtaeuifeaõj `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj hi Hstf`g `h Máxaeg y hj if dhjhrfeaõj `h rh`hs `h vajeuifeaõj egj hmprhsfs `hi shetgr hj Efjf`æ, f trfvás `h PhenOF Mgjtrhfi (Frhenfvfif ht fi., ?262)< y `h if CHMAF, quh egmg fsgeafeaõj hmprhsfrafi `hi shetgr `hshmphöf uj pfphi `h hjifeh hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs ajthdrf`grfs y ifs igefihs, f`hmæs `h prgpgreagjfr uj `arhetgrag pfrf egjkujtfr prgvhh`grhs jfeagjfihs y fpgygs pfrf fshdurfr ifs pfrtaeapfeagj pfrtaeapfeagjhs hs hj hvhjtgs ajthrjfeagjfihs `hi shetgr quh egjtraou egjtraouyhj yhj f hstfoihehr rh`hs egj prgvhh`grhs h ajstatueagjhs ajthrjfeagjfihs ajthrjfeagjfihs `h ehrtacaefeaõj. Igs efmoags hj hi `ashög `h ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs hstfoihehj juhvfs hstrfthdafs, fidujfs surda`fs `h if fpiaefeaõj `h hstu`ags prgsphetavgs (Rrg Máxaeg), euygs hjcgquhs trfseahj`hj if `amhjsaõj mferghegjõmaef, puhs egmprhj`hj prgdrfmfs h ajehjtavgs prgfetavgs pfrf dhjhrfr efmoags `h jfturfihzf hstrueturfi hj ifs ajstatueagjhs, hj hi egmpgrtfmahjtg `h ifs hmprhsfs y hjf`gptf`fs hi `h if egmuja`f` @hoa`g quh ifs `heasagjhs hstrftádaefs sh ofsfj hjeahjtícaef. 6) hstfoihehr prag-f ra`f`hs `h erheamahjtg hj shetgrhs prg`uetavgs< ?) cgmhjtfr if muitapiaefeaõj `h ifs rh`hs `h egifogrfeaõj pûoiaef-pravf`f f javhi rhdagjfi y shetgrafi, hstamuifj`g if cgrmfeaõj `h fdrupfmahjtgs aj`ustrafihs, 5) cfvgrhe cfvgrhehr hr if mgvaia`f` `h hstu`afjths `h pgsdrf`g h ajvhstadf`grhs hj ifs hmprh hmprhsfs, sfs, 0) dhjhrfr fpgygs pûoiaegs pfrf ajerhmhjtfr if efpfea`f` `h ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs pfrf `hsfrrgiifr ajjgvfeagjhs, mhkgrfr mhkgrfr if prg`uetava`f` y efia`f`, sh nf cgrkf`g ujf rhajdhjahríf `h juhvfs rh`hs, quh ajea`h hj if trfjscgrmfeaõj `h ifs ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs, h`ueftavfs, igs ehjtrgs pûoiaegs `h ajvhstadfeaõjj y igs ajstatutgs thejgiõdaegs. ajvhstadfeaõ Xjf egjsheuhjeaf egjsheuhjeaf `h hstfs ajaeaftavfs iihvfríf f egjsa`hrfr quh ifs pgiítaefs ngrazgjtfihs jg sgj sucaeahjths, sajg quh sgj pgiítaefs jhehsfrafs h ajstatueagjhs hspheícaefs, shihetavfs, grahjtf`fs f `hcajar hi phrcai `h hspheafiazfeaõj. If shihetava`f` shihe tava`f` fpfrheh egmg uj fsphetg ehjtrfi, egjsa`hrfj`g if hxasthjeaf `h `ajæmaefs thejgiõdaefs hspheícaefs, egj `astajtgs prgoihmfs thejghegjõmaegs y `astajtfs cgrmfs `h sgiueagjfrigs (Ifvfrhiig y Dgi`sthaj, ?266). F phsfr `h ifs mhkgrfs rhcihkf`fs, hj if erhfeaõj `h prgdrfmfs h ajaeaftavfs pûoiaefs phrsasthj drfvhs gostæeuigs hj if sasthmftazfeaõj `h ajcgrmfeaõj rhchra`f f igs rhsuitf`gs gothja`gs, hj if hvfiufeaõj `h igs
6?8
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
fiefjehs, y hj igs hchetgs `h ifs mg`fia`f`hs `h trfjschrhjeaf trfjschrhjeaf y egifogrfeaõj ajaeaf`fs hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs y if gchrtf `h ajvhstadfeaõj.
_hegmhj`feagjhs _hegmhj`feag jhs pfrf if egjstrueeaõj `hi shetgr fhrghspf fhrghspfeafi eafi If eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh ifs ajaeaftavfs `hspihdf`fs pgr igs shetgrhs pûoiaeg y pravf`g hs cuj`fmhjtfi pfrf hvatfr h vatfr if rhathr rhathrf`f f`f `upiaefeaõj `h fpgygs, phrg if eggr`ajfeaõj hs cuj`fmhjtfimhjth aj`asphjsfoih pfrf egmpfrtar gokhtavgs egmujhs quh sh `hohj igdrfr hj uj tahmpg `hthrmajf`g. If iamatfeaõj hj hi cajfjeafmahjtg egmphtatavg, egmg if muitapiaea`f` `h ajstrumhjtgs y mg`fia`f`hs, shöfif if fushjeaf `h uj mg`hig `h rhchrhjeaf quh hstfoihzef quá sh quahrh `hsfrrgiifr, egj quá mh`ags y quá `amhjsagjhs sh nfj `h pragrazfr pfrf ampuisfrifs hj hi shetgr shetgr.. If eggr`ajfeaõj supgjh shihetava`f` `h feeagjhs hstrftádaefs pfrf hi erheamahjtg cutshjta`g, urg `h if`gs AF,feeagjhs ifs eufihssgj vfjcuj`fmhjtfihs; mæs fiiæ `h igs fshdurfr efmoags `h dgoahrjg< hj hshcuturg rheursgs cajfjeahrgs pfrf if ajegrpgrfeaõj `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs, y cgrtfihehr if dhstaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg. Rgr hiig hs jhehsfrag egjtfr egj ajcgrmfeaõj pfrf `hthrmajfr hj quá htfpf sh hjeuhjtrfj ifs `achrhjths egjehjtrfeagjhs rhdagjfihs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, quá jhehsa`f`hs tahjhj ifs hmprhsfs ií`hrhs y quá prgpuhstf jfeagjfi y rhdagjfi hxasth pfrf ajthdrfr prgvhh`grhs igefihs f if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj. Hstgs `ftgs sasthmftazf`gs sgj jhehsfrags pfrf `ashöfr `as höfr ujf hstrfthdaf egjkujtf quh ajthdrh f hmprhsfs, shetgr pûoiaeg, ajstatueagjhs ajstatueagjhs ajthrmh ajthrmh`afs `afs vajeuif`fs, ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs, ehjtrgs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadf ajvhstadfeaõj, eaõj, y fdhjths aj`asphjsfoihs pfrf fogr`fr igs prgoihmfs hspheícaegs `h if AF y su `hsfrrgiig cuturg. Hi ajthrás rhsa`h hj erhfr ujf fdhj`f `h trfofkg quh egjthm egjthmpih pih mûitapihs `amhjsagjhs, pgr hkhmpig, ajthdrfr hmprhsfs egj pgthjeafi thejgiõdaeg quh puh`fj geupfr juhvgs javhihs hj if ef`hjf `h prgvhh`grhs, y `hsfrrgiifr prgyhetgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj egjkujtgs hj ærhfs cuj`fmhjtfihs vajeuif`fs egj hi shetgr (mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs, juhvgs egmoustaoihs, ampfetgs fmoahjtfihs). If egjstrueeaõj `h hstf fdhj`f `h trfofkg hj egmûj phrmataríf hvgiueagjfr hj hi `ashög `h ifs pgiítaefs, egj if cajfia`f` `h eumpiar egj igs gokhtavgs `h ujf fdhj`f eggr`ajf`f quh shöfih `astajtfs htfpfs egmg mhtf, hj tahmpgs `hthrmajf`gs y egj hvfiufeagjhs `h rhsuitf`gs gothja6?3
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
`gs f javhi `h if ajthdrfeaõj y fvfjeh hj if ef`hjf `h prg`ueeaõj `h igs prgvhh`grhs igefihs. Hstf eggr`ajfeaõj ajthrajstatueagjfi `h fpgygs pfrf if AF ampiaef ujf `astraoueaõj `h tfrhfs `h feuhr`g egj if a`gjha`f` `h ifs grdfjazfeagjhs, ig eufi egjstatuaræ ujf ofsh g susthjtfeaõj pfrf ajthdrfr gtrgs prg`uetgrhs prg`uetgr hs hxtrfjkhrgs, mhkgrfr igs ajehjtavgs y hstfoihehr juhvfs mhtfs hj if cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f y hj if ajvhstadfeaõj grahjtf`f y vajeuif`f egj ifs jhehsa`f`hs jfeagjfihs, shetgrafihs y rhdagjfihs a`hjtacaef`fs hj if fdhj`f `h trfofkg `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hj if fdhj`f `h trfofkg `hi shetgr shræ aj`asphjsfoih fsumar ujf efmpföf mæs fetavf `h shjsaoaiazfeaõj `arada`f f ifs if s hmprhsfs hjsfmoif`grfs pfrf ajea`ar hj hi hstímuig f if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs igefihs pfrf hi shetgr shetgr,, quá tapgs `h ajehjtavgs (egjhxagjhs hxthrjfs, hspheafiazfeaõj shetgrafi hspheícaef, feehsg f mhref`gs) puh`hj gcrhehr pfrf vhjehr ifs rhsasthjeaf `h hmprhsfs igefihs fchetf`fs pgr ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs y igs egstgs hquapfmahjtg. hquapfmahjt If`h erhfeaõj `h uj g. mfreg rhduiftgrag pfrf rhsphtfr igs egjtrgihs egjtrgihs fmoahjtfihs y ifs jgrmfs ifogrfihs fshdurfríf if egnhr egnhrhjeaf hjeaf hjtrh ifs pgiítaefs y igs `hshmphögs f javhi maerg, y hj ái shríf jhehsfrag prhvhr ajstfjeafs quh suphrvashj hi egmpr egmprgmasg gmasg `h ifs hmprhsfs fjeifs quh rheaohj igs ajehjtavgs y, hj egjsheuhjeaf, `hsfrrgiihj feeagjhs quh hstamuihj hi prgdrhsg egmphtatavg `h igs prgvhh`grhs igefihs y if egifogrfeaõj hjtrh if aj`ustraf y if ajvhstadfea ajvhstadfeaõj. õj.
6?4
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Cuhjths F`vasgry Egujeai cgr Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren aj Hurgph (FEF_H) (?262). Fhrgjfutaes fj` Far Prfjspgrt Prfjspgrt Ohygj` Oh ygj` Sasagj ?2?2 (P ( Pgwfr`s ?282). @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//he.hurgpf.hu/rhshfren/trfjspgrt/p`c/fefrhWofeldrguj`W?262W hj.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 62 `h jgvahmorh `h ?266. Frhenfvfif, Iaiaf, Hudhjag Mfríj y Kgsá Iuas Máj`hz (?262). (? 262).’ @hsfrrgiig ajthrjfeagjfi `h hmprhsfs ajjgvf`grfs mhxaefjfs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi”, fhrghspfeafi”, Vuhrátfrg, trfofkg prhshjtf`g hj hi A Cgr Cgrgg `h if Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, Mhxaefjf , Cumhe, Cumhe, ?>-?1 `h getuorh. Fpgdhh fj` Rhradhh (?22>). Fjfiysas gc Pnh X.U. Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry. @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//trf`h.dgv/mfs/mfjucfeturajd/GFFA/ouai`/drgups/puoiae/BtdWgffa/`geumhjts/whoegjthjt/tdWgffaW225458.p`c:, iae/BtdWgffa/`geumhjts/whoegjthj t/tdWgffaW225458.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 62 `h fdgstg `h ?266. Fhrgspfeh spfeh Ugureh Oggl Ogg l , `aspgjaoih Fvaftagj Thhl (?221). Fhrg hj hi9nttp; //www ftagjwhhl.egm/fw/sgurehoggl/aj`hx.ksp:, egjsuitf`f 6? `h//www.fvamfrzg.fva`h ?266. Ogmofr`ahr (?221). Ousajhss Farerfct Mfrlht Cgrhefsts, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;// www.ogmofr`ahr.egm/caihs/hj/suppgrtajd`ges/OOF?221:, egjsuitf`f hi 3 `h mfrzg `h ?266. Ogz`gdfj, Larlgr ht fi. (611>). ’Frenatheturfi Ajjgvftagj aj Rrg`uet @hvhigpmhjt Pnrgudn Hfriy Uuppiahr Ajthdrftagj”, _&@ Mfjfdhmhjt, vgi. ?>, jûm. 5. Efsfiht, M. (?26?). ’Sajeuifeaõj ujavhrsa`f`hs-shetgrhs prg`uetavgs pfrf if ajjgvfeaõj thejgiõdaef”, hj Kgsá Iuas Efivf Páiihz (eggr`.), Rgiítaefs `h h`uefeaõj, eahjeaf, thejgigdíf y egmphtatava`f`, Máxaeg, Kufj Rfoigs/Egjshkg Jfeagjfi `h Xjavhrsatfrags (Fjæiasas hstrftádaeg pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig, 62). Efsfiht, Mõjaef (?22>). ’Hi ampfetg `h if sgeah`f` `hi egjgeamahjtg hj ifs if s hstrueturfs ajstatueagjfihs y `heasagjfihs `h igs sasthmfs eahjtícaegs; hi efsg `h Máxaeg. Mõ`uig Mõ`uig AS; AS; Dgohrjfoaia`f` `h igs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj a jvhstadfeaõj y muj`g `hi trfofkg”, hj Dagvfjjf Sfihjta, Mõjaef Efsfiht y @fjth Fvfrg (h`s.), Ajstatueagjhs, sgeah`f` `hi egjgeamahjtg y muj`g `hi trfofkg, Máxaeg, Cifesg Máxaeg/Rifzf y Sfi`ás, pp. 5?4-501. Efsfiht, M. ht fi. (?266). Hvgiueaõj y egmpihka`f` hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h hjef`hjfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs hj Máxaeg; igs `hsfcags hj if egjstrueeaõj `hi eiusthr fhrghs pfeafii hj Vuhrátfrg pfeaf Vuhrátfrg, Ufjtafdg `h Enaih, Ena ih, Ehpfi/FHEA@. Ehpfi/FHEA@. 6?>
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
Efsfiht, Mõjaef y Ch`hraeg Uthzfjg (?221). ’Efmoags ajstatueagjfihs pfrf if ajjgvfeaõj; juhvgs ajstrumhjtgs `h pgiítaef eahjtícaef y thejgiõdaef. Hi efsg `hi egjsgreag ^adjux-Egjfeyt” ^adjux-Egjfeyt”,, hj @fjahi Saiifvaehjeag E. y Rh`rg Iuas Iõphz `h Fiof (eggr`s.), Uasthmfs `h ajjgvfeaõj hj Máxaeg; rhdagjhs, rh`hs y shetgrhs, Máxaeg, Rifzf y Sfi`ás, pp. 6>4-?68. Efsfiht M. (6118). _h` `h fpgygs pûoiaegs y pravf`gs nfeaf if egmphtatava`f` `h ifs RQMHU. Rrgyhetg Rrgyhetg `h ajvhstadfeaõj egjvhjag JFJCA-CIFEUG, JfJfeagjfi Cajfjeahrf. Eafthq, Ea`hsa y Ea`hthq (?262). ’Ifogrftgrag `h Rruhofs y Phejgigdífs Phejgigdífs Fhrgjæutaefs”, Vuhrátfrg, Cgrg `h Egjsuitf @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi, Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, ?>-?1 `h getuorh getuorh.. Eifrl, Khjjachr (?262). ’Eggr`ajftajd f Egjseagus Dhgdrfpny; Pnh _gih gc _hshfren Ehjthrs aj Muita-Uefifr Ajjgvftagj Rgiaey fj` Hegjgmae @hvhigpmhjt aj tnh XU fj` Efjf`f”, K Kgurjf gurjfii gc Phenjgi henjgigdy gdy Prfj rfjschr schr, vgi. 58, pp. 032―040. Egmhf (?266). AS Cgrg `h Egjsuitf y mhsf `h trfofkg phrmfjhjth `h if Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, Cgrmfeaõj `h _heursgs Numfjgs, hjhrg. Egmasaõj Hegjõmaef pfrf Fmáraef Iftajf (EHRFI) (?266). ’Hstf`ístaefs h aj`aef`grhs”,, `aspgjaoih aj`aef`grhs” `a spgjaoih hj 9nttp;//whosah.heife 9nttp;//whosah.heife.ei/sasdhj/EgjsuitfAjthdrf.ei/sasdhj/EgjsuitfAjthdrf`f.fsp7a`Fpiaefeagj=3&a`P `f.f sp7a`Fpiaefeagj=3&a`Phmf=656&a`agmf: hmf=656&a`agmf:,, egjsuitf`f hi ? `h mfrzg. Egjfeyt (?221). ’Sajeuifeaõj `h igs prgdrfmfs `hi Egjfeyt egj igs gokhtavgs jfeagjfihs y shetgrafihs” s hetgrafihs”,, `aspgjaoih `aspgja oih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.dggdih.egm.mx/uri7sf .dggdih.egm.mx/uri7sf =t&sgureh=who&e`=6&sqa=?&vh`=2EOHVCkFF&uri=nttp%5F%?C %?Cwww.EGJFEQP.mx%?Crhdastrgs%?Csajheyt%?C@geumhjts%?CF iajhfeagjWRJ@WRHEAPAWRAWRpWEGJFEQPW2>W62W?262,pptx&ret =k&q=Sajeuifea%E5%O5j%?2`h%?2igs%?2Rrgdrfmfs%?2`hi%?2EGJFEQP%?2egj%?2igs%?2gokhtavgs%?2jfeagjfihs%?2y%?2%?2shetgrafihs&ha=8tT@PfG0IerKdVhIpsPNEF&usd=FCVkEJCQN_narT 0kEGQvkQ>0PHg2mm`DSV&ef`=rkf:, egjsuitf`f hi 6> `h mfrzg `h ?266. Egjshkg `h Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg (?262). ’Rrgdrfmf Hstftfi `h Eahjeaf, Eahjeaf , Phejgigdíf Phejgigdíf h ajjgvfeaõj, a jjgvfeaõj, Vuhrátfrg ?262-?268” ?2 62-?268”,, Vuhrátfrg, Egjeythq. Egglh, Rnaiap Rnaiap y Ight Ihy`hscgrcc (?223). ’ _hdagjfi @hvhigpmhjt aj tnh Ljgwih`dh-ofsh h`dhofsh`` Hegjgmy; Pnh Egjstruetagj Egjstruetagj gc F`vfjtfdh”, F`vfjtfdh”, Kgurjf Kgurjfii gc Phenj henjgigdy gigdy Prfjschr, vgi. 56, pp. 8-68.
6?1
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Eggr`ajfeaõj Uhetgrafi Fhrghspfeafi Cumhe (?262). Rrgdrfmf `h ajjgvfeaõj grahjtf`f fi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, fehihrfeaõj `h hmprhsfs thejgiõdaefs, Máxaeg, Cumhe. Erhfth (?262). Erhftajd Ajjgvftavh Far Prfjspgrt Phenjgigdahs cgr Hurgph. SAA Rrgdrfmf Mfreg, Xjaõj Hurgphf. @ha Gttfta, Dfoa (?225). ’ Igefi Dgvhrjfjeh fj` Aj`ustrafi @astraets @astrae ts Egmphtatavh F`vfjtfdh” F`vfjtf dh”,, hj D. Ohefttaja Oheftta ja ht fi. (h`s.) Crgm Aj`ustrafi Aj`ustrafi @astraets @ast raets tg Igefi @hvhigpmhjt; Fj Atajhrfry gc _hshfren, Enhithjnfm, H`wfr` Hidfr. @arheeaõj Dhjhrfi `h Fvafeaõj Eavai (?266). (? 266). ’ Aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. @afdjõstaeg”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.set.dgo.mx/caihf`maj/@arheeagjhsDrfihs/ @DFE/22%?2Fhrgjfutaef/Aj`ustraf%?2`h%?2%?2Fvafeagj/6.Aj`ustraf%?2Fhrgjfutaef%?2S?.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi ?2 `h hjhrg. @GC (?262). ’Rrgdrfmf shetgrafi `h hegjgmíf ?224-?26?”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.cgj`gpymh 9nttp;//www .cgj`gpymh.dgo.mx/?262/`gesWp`cs/prgdshetgrafihe .dgo.mx/?262/`gesWp`cs/
[email protected]`c:, mafW@GC .p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 52 `h `aeahmorh. @GC (?22>). ’Rrgdrfmf Hspheafi hj Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf (RHEyP) ?22>?26?”, 63 `h `aeahmorh, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.saaeyt.dgo.mx/saaeyt/ `ges/egjthja`g/RHEQP.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 6> `h mfrzg `h ?266. Hseuhif `h Drf`uf`gs hj F`majastrfeaõj Rûoiaef y Rgiítaef Rûoiaef Rûoiaef (?262). (?262) . If egmphtatava`f` `h igs Hstf`gs Mhxaefjgs. Cgrtfihzfs fjth if erasas ?262 , Mgjthrrhy,, Hseuhif `h Drf`uf`gs hj F`majastrfeaõj Rûoiaef y Rg thrrhy Rgiítaef iítaef Rûoiaef. Hseuhif Uuphragr `h Ajdhjahríf Mheæjaef y Hiáetraef (HUAMH) (?266), `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.hsamhz.apj.mx/TRU/TEM/EGJJHEP/ HUAMHW[FEFPHJEG/HUAMHW[FEF HUAMHW[FEF PHJEG/HUAMHW[FEFPHJEG/AJAEAG/AJ@H^. PHJEG/AJAEAG/AJ@H^. NPM:, egjsuitf`f hi 65 `h mfrzg. Hspgsatg, (?220). ’Utrfthdae fj` Cgrhefstajd Ajthrjftagjfiazftagj aj tnh, FarerfctHmaiag Mfjucfeturajd Aj`ustry”,Fiiafjehs Phenjgigdaefi & Ugeafi Enfjdh vgi. 46, pp. 005―03>. Hurgphfj Egmmassagj (?22>). ’Máxaeg y if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef digofi, Ehjtrg `h Ajthiadhjeaf Hstrftádaef Ofkf Efiacgrjaf”, Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren ?22??223 Rrgyhets, vgi. ?, Orushifs. Hurgphfj Egmmassagj (?223), ’Ciyajd Nadn, Fhrgjfutaes Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren Frhf aj tnh Uhvhjtn U hvhjtn Crfmhwgrl Rrgdrfmmh. Rrgdrf mmh. ”.”. Hurgphfj Hegjgmae fj` Ugeafi Egmmattáh (?221). (?22 1). Pnh Hurgphfj Fhrgjfu Fhrgjfutaes. taes. Hurgstfi, FU@, FU@, FAF, Fssgeaftagjs gc tnh aj`ustry, aj`ustry, Jftagjfi stftastaefi ourhfus.
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Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
CHMAF (?262). ’Uatufeaõj fetufi `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi y phrsphetavf f cuturg”, Vuhrátfrg, Cgrgs `h Egjsuitf @hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi, Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, ?> `h getuorh. Chrrfrg, Chrr frg, Efrig Efrig (egmp.) (?262). (?2 62). Eiusthrs y pgiítaefs `h frtaeuifeaõj prg`uetavf hj Fmáraef Iftajf EHRFI-CXJ@HU. Ciadnt Rifj (?22>). ’Fjfiysas gc Pnh X.U. Fphrgspfeh Aj`ustry”. @aspgjaoih hj; 9nttp;//trf`h.dgv/mfs/mfjucfeturajd/GFFA/ouai`/drgups/puoiae/BtdWgffa/`geumhjts/whoegjthjt/tdWgffaW225450.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 62 `h fdgstg `h ?266. Cigra`f, _aenfr` (?22?), Pnh _ash gc tnh t nh Erhftavh Eifss. E ifss. Fj` Ngw At‑s At‑s Prfjscgrm Prfjscgrm-ajd Tgrl, Tgrl, Ihasurh Ih asurh fj` Hvhry`fy Iach, Ofsae Oggls. Cumhe (?262). Cuj`feaõj Máxaeg-Hstf`gs Xja`gs pfrf if Eahjeaf, Máxaeg, Cumhe. Dhgrdnagu, Iulh y @fva` _ghssjhr (?222). ’Hvfiuftajd Phenjgigdy Rrgdrfmmhs; drfm mhs; Pggis Pggis fj` Mhtng`s” Mhtng`s”,, _hshfren Rgiaey, vgi. ?1, pp. 384-34>. Dutaárrhz, Kgrdh (?262). ’Mg`hig `h frtaeuifeaõj egj hi shetgr aj`ustrafi. If XJFV, uj efsg `h áxatg”, Vuhrátfrg, Cgrg `h Egjsuitf @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi, Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, ?>-?1 `h getuorh. Nhrjæj`hz Enfvfrríf, Kufjf (?262).’Mhefjasmgs `h fprhj`azfkh hj if trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtgs `h igs egmpgjhjths hstrueturfihs hstrue turfihs `hi Mg`hig V022 y Digofi Hxprhss; hi Efsg `h Ogmofr`ahr Fhrghspfeafi” Fhrghspfeafi”,, Vuhrátfrg, XFMXFM^, thsas `h mfhstríf hj Eahjeafs Ugeafihs Nufi`h, Ficrh`g y Kgrdh Efrraiig Efrra iig (?224). (?224 ). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. Efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs y egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs y prgchsagjfihs, Pa kufjf, Egih Egihc.c. Aj`ustry Efjf`f (?22>). ’Rursuajd Hxehiihjeh―Efjf`f‑s Fhrgspfeh `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.ae.de.ef:, .ae.de.ef:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?26?.Uhetgr”, Lfpiajsly, _fpnfhi y Malh Mgrras (?226). F Nfj`oggl cgr Sfiuh Enfaj _hshfren, Uusshx, Ajstatuth gc @hvhigpmhjt Utu`ahs, Xjavhrsaty Uusshx fj` Uenggi gc @hvhigpmhjt Utu`ahs, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.a`s.fe.ul/digofi:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?26?. Lrhaj, F. (?221). ’Hurgphfj Ruoiae-Rravfth Rfrtjhrsnaps watn aj`ustry-Tny Pnhy Frh jgt Tgrlajd fj` Tnft Efj Oh Amprgvh`” Amprgvh` ”. Ifvfrhiig, R. R. K. y Dgi`sthaj. H. (?266). ( ?266). ’@a ’@ajæmaefs jæmaefs nhthrgdájhfs hj if aj`ustraf aj`ustra f `h mfquajfraf fdríegif frdhjtajf”, Rrgoihmfs `hi @hsfrrgiig. _hvastf Iftajgfmhraefjf `h Hegjgmíf, vgi. 0? jûm. 633 (Ajstatutg `h Ajvhstadfeagjhs Hegjõmaefs, XJFM). 656
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Ihvy, _. y @. Pfiogt (?262). ’Ih egjtrgih pfr if prgxamatá; i°fjfiysh `u rëshfu `u pgih p gih `h egmpátatav egmpátatavatá atá Fhrgspfeh Sfiihy” fiihy”,, Efnahr `u D_HPnF jûm. ?2626>, Crfjeaf, Xjavhrsatá Mgjthsquahu Ogr`hfux. Mfssfenushtts Gccaeh gc Ajthrjftagjfi Prf`h fj` Ajvhstmhjt (?224). ’Orfzai Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, Mfrlht Orahc; Orfzai Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry.. @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.mfssorfzai.egm.or/hj/caihs/Orfzai%?2Fhrgspfeh%?2Aj`ustry.p`c:, `ustry .p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj mfyg `h ?26?. ?26 ?. Mh`ajf, I. I . F. (?221). ’ Cfitf h`uefeaõj hj hi shetgr she tgr fhrghspfeafi”, fhrghspfeafi”, Hi Uadig Uad ig `h Pgrrhõj, Egjsuitf`g hj mfrzg `hi ?26?. @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.hisadig`htgrrhgj.egm.mx/jgtaeaf/023363.ntmi:. Majsnfii, Pam, E. @ruainhy y @. Rrgohrt (?220). ’Pnh Hvgiutagj gc „Pnar` Massagj‑. Fetavatahs ft tnh Xjavhrsaty gc Efmora`dh; Ofifjeajd Utrfthdae fj` Gphrftagjfi Egjsa`hrftagjs”, 6?tn Nadn Phen Matthistà`t, Fxhi y Cfoahjjh Ehrra. ?22>. Cgsthrajd Hjtrhprhjhursnap cgr Ajjgvftagj. GHE@ Ueahjeh, Phenjgigdy fj` Aj`ustry Tgrlajd Rfphrs ?22>/8. Rfrís, GHE@. Jhisgj, _aenfr` (6115). Jftagjfi Ajjgvftagj Uysthm, Gxcgr`, Gxcgr` Xjavhrsaty Rrhss. Jagsa, Kgrdh y Mfkiaj`f [hdu (?228). ’Fhrgspfeh Eiusthr; Igefi gr Digofi Ljgwih`dh Upaiigvhrs7”, Aj Aj`ustry `ustry fj` ajjgvftagj, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp. 6-?8. Ih Orhtgj, _. (?220). I‑ajthrfetagjjasmh symogiaquh, Rfrís, Rrhss Xjavhrsatfarhs `h Crfjeh. GE@H (?221). ’68 Mhxaefj Utfths”, Rfrís, GE@H. GE@H (?224). ( ?224). ’ Pnh Upfeh Hegjgmy ft Difjeh ?224” ?2 24”,, Rfrís, GE@H. Gccaeh gc tnh Dgohrjgr _ael Rhrry (?224). ’Pnh Phxfs Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.dgvhrjgr.stfth.tx.us/caihs/heg`hv/prgcaihfhrgspfeh.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi > `h mfrzg ?266. Gcaeafi Kgurjfi gc tnh X.U. (?221). ’ Aj`ustry; Eurrhjt Uatuftagj fj` Rrgsphets”, Rrgsphets”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//hur-ihx.hurgpf.hu/KGNtmi.`g7ura=GK;E;?221;6 9nttp;//hur-ihx.hurgpf.hu/KGNtmi.`g7ura=GK;E;?221;648; 48; UGM;hj;NPMI:, egjsuitf`f hi 6? `h mfrzg `h ?266. RJX@ (?262). Rrgdrfmf `h @hsfrrgiig `h Rrgvhh`grhs, Rrgdrfmf `h Jfeagjhs Xja`fs pfrf hi @hsfrrgiig, Máxaeg, RJX@. Rg`hr Hkheutavg `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg (?262). ’Rifj Vuhrátfrg ?262― ?268”, Ufjtafdg `h Vuhrátfrg, Vuhrátfrg. Rgrthr, I. (?224). JFUF JFUF‑‑s Jhw Fhrgjfutaes Fhrgjfutaes _hshfren _hs hfren Rrgdrfm Rrgd rfm ?224 ?22 4 , `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.dggdih.egm.mx/uri7sf=t&sgure .dggdih.egm.mx/uri7sf=t&sgureh=who&e`=6&vh`=2EO h=who&e`=6&vh`=2EO HVCkFF&uri=nttp%5F%?C%?Cwww.kp`g.dgv%?Ciaorfry%?C?22>2??> FiiNfj`s%?CPgjhrWLfriajW?22>W2??>.p`c&ret=k&q=JFUF%?4s%?2 65?
Fetgrhs hs y rh`hs pûoiaefs y pravf`fs hj hi `hsfrrgiig `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi Fetgr
Jhw%?2Fhrgjfutaes%?2_hshfren%?2Rrgdrfm%?2?224&ha=23TPP`c RKMRp2dD>6h^MOw&usd=FCVkEJCw>jn1^CEVN[EN1GoeAdT UCIkrLV&ef`=rkf:, egjsuitf`f hi 64 `h chorhrg `h ?266. Rrg Máxaeg (?266). ’Cgiihtg Fhrghspfeafi” `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www. prgmhxaeg.dgo.mx/wo/Rrgmhxaeg/`geumhjtgsW`hWajthrhsWyWfjfiasas:, egjsuitf`f hi ?2 `h hjhrg. Rrg Máxaeg (?262). ’Fvfjehs `hi Mg`hig `h Fiafjzf egj Egmpföífs Prfjsjfeagjfihs”, Máxaeg, Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf, `aeahmorh. _gshjohrd, Jftnfj y _aenfr` Jhisgj (6110). ’Fmhraefj Xjavhrsatahs fj` Phenja henjaefi efi F`vfjeh F`vfj eh aj a j Aj`ustr Aj`ustry” y”,, _hshfren Rgiaey, vgi. ?5, jûm. 5. _uaz _gmhrg, Mfjuhi (6111). ’If fvafeaõj eavai hj Máxaeg”, Máxaeg, UEP/ XJFM. UEP (?262). @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.set. 9nttp;//www.set.dgo.mx/caihf`maj/@arheeagjhsdgo.mx/caihf`maj/@arheeagjhsDrfihs/@DFE/22%?2Fhrgjfutaef/A Drfihs/@DFE/22%?2F hrgjfutaef/Aj`ustraf%?2`h%?2%?2F j`ustraf%?2`h%?2%?2Fvafeagj/6. vafeagj/6. Aj`ustraf%?2Fhrgjfutaef%?2S?.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi ?2 `h hjhrg `h ?266. _ust, @fjahi I. (?221). Fhrgspfeh Ugureh Oggl, Ciyajd Fergss Fmhraef; tnh fariajh pfsshjdhr hxphrahjeh, X. gc Glifngmf Rrhss, Oggl Jhws. Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih (?221f). ’Sfiih ’Sfiih Fhrghspfeafi Vuhrátfrg” Vuhrátfrg”,, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www?.quhrhtfrg.dgo.mx/sh`hsu/cgmhjtg/qrgefsghxatg.ntmi:, egjsuitf`f hi 6? `h chorhrg `h ?266. Uherhtfríf Uherh tfríf `h ` h @hsfrrgiig @hsfrrgi ig Uusthjtfoih Uusthjtfoi h (?221o). (?221 o).’Fjufrag Hegjõmaeg Hegjõ maeg ?221” ?22 1”,, Ufjtafdg `h Vuhrátfrg, V uhrátfrg, Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih. Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (?262f). ’Cgj`g Rymh”, Rymh”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//ww w. cgj`gpymh.dgo.mx/?262/aj`hxWo.fsp:, egjsuitf`f hi 52 `h jgvahmorh. Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (?266f). ’Cgj`g Rymh”, Rymh”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//ww w. cgj`gpymh.dgo.mx/cgj`gpymh/Prfjspfrhjeaf.fsp:, egjsuitf`f hi ?2 `h hjhrg. Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf (?266o). ’Rrgdrfmf Jfeagjfi `h Hmprhsfs Prfetgrfs”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.hmprhsfstrfetgrfs.grd.mx/aj`hx. pnp7gptagj=egmWegjth pnp7gptagj=e gmWegjthjt&tfsl=vahw&a`=84&Athma`=?5:, jt&tfsl=vahw&a`=84&Athma`=?5:, egjsuitf`f hi 1 `h chorhrg. PhenOF (?262). Rrgdrfmf PhenOF fehihrf`grf `h hmprhsfs thejgiõdaefs, Máxaeg; Cumhe. PhenOF Mgjtrhfi (?262). Fhrgspfeh Jhtwgrl. Egmphtatavhjhss & Ajjgvftagj. Crgm Mhxaeg tg tnh Tgri`, Máxaeg, Cumhe. XUtrahs @hpfrtmhjt gc Egmmhreh Egmmhreh‑ ‑s Gccaeh gc Fhrghspfeh Futgmgtavh Futgmgtavh Aj`us(?22>). ’Ciadnt Rifj ?22>; Fjfiysas gc tnh X.U.fj` Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, 655
Mõjaef Efsfiht _fvhjjf
Tfsnajdtgj, @.E., XU @hpfrtmhjt gc Egmmhreh‑s Gccaeh gc Fhrghspfeh fj` Futgmgtavh Aj`ustrahs. XU @hpfrtmhjt gc Egmmhreh‑s Gccaeh gc Fhrgspfeh fj` Futgmgtavh Aj`ustrahs (?224). ’Fpgdhh fj` Rhradhh; Fjfiysas gc XU Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, Tfsnajdtgj, @.E., XU @hpfrtmhjt gc Egmmhreh‑s Gccaeh gc Fhrghspfeh fj` Futgmgtavh Aj`ustrahs. Sfi`ás Dfiaeaf Dfiaeaf,, Kgsá Crfjeaseg (?262 (?262).). ’ _h` `h Eahjeaf y Phejgigd Phejgigdíf íf Hspfeafih Hspfeafihs” s”,, Vuhrátfrg, Cgrg `h Egjsuitf @hsfrrgiig Aj`ustrafi, Fdhjeaf Hspfeafi Mhxaefjf, ?>-?1 `h getuorh. Saiifvaehjeag, @fjahi (?262). ’Nfeaf if egjstrueeaõj `h sasthmfs rhdagjfihs `h ajjgvfeaõj hj Máxaeg; igs efsgs `h Dufjfkuftg y Vuhrátfrg, Máxaeg”, _hpgrth `h ajvhstadfeaõj pfrf hi Ofjeg Ajthrfmhraefjg `h @hsfrrgiig, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//oa` 9nttp;//oa`egmuja`f` egmuja`f`hs.af`o.grd/fsshts/malfhii/cai hs.af`o.grd/fsshts/malfhii/caihs/Cajfi-M hs/Cajfi-Mhx. hx. p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 68 `h hjhrg `h ?266. Tfsnajdtgj, D. (?221). ’Fhrgspfeh fj` @hchjsh Aj`ustry Gvhrvahw”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.drhfthrwfsnajdtgj.grd/p`c/fhrgspfeh.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hi 68 `h mfrzg ?266.
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Efpítuig AS ·Pahjh if if aj`ustraf aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh f if ef`hjf `h vfigr ajthrjfeagjfi `h fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g7
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz@gmíjduhz-S Saiifigog aiifigogss*
Ajtrg`ueeaõj6
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j igs ûitamgs trhajtf fögs egmhreag ajthrjfeagjfi ajthr`h jfeagjfi sh nf ajerhmhjtf`g fehihrf`fmhjth fehihrf`fmhjt h `hoa`g f ifhicrfdmhjtfeaõj igs prgehsgs prg`uetavgs prg`uetavgs `h ifs hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs, f`hmæs `h quh if prg`ueeaõj sh grdfjazf digofimhjth (Orgwj y @gmíjduhz, ?22>< Frj`t y Lahrzlgwsla, ?226), y sh suseatf uj efmoag hj ifs crgjthrfs `h ifs hmprhsfs, ifs eufihs sh `hsajthdrfj vhrtaefimhjth egj if ajthjeaõj `h ousefr prgvhh`grhs hxthrjgs. Fi masmg tahmpg, uj drupg `h pfíshs hmhrdhjths nf fvfjzf`g hj if egjstrueeaõj `h sus efpfea`f`hs y nf puhstg hj mfrenf fmoaeagsgs prgdrfmfs `h ftrfeeaõj `h hstfs hmprhsfs, quh ousefj prgvhh`grhs hxthrjgs pfrf hi egmhreag digofi. Hstf crfdmhjtfeaõj phrmath quh ifs trfjsjfeagjfihs sh hspheafiaehj hj sus efpfea`f`hs cuj`fmhjtfihs, egmg egmg hi `ashög, hi `hsfrrgiig `h prg`uetgs `h thejgigdíf fvfjzf`f, y hj igs shrvaeags, hj tfjtg quh sus suosa`afrafs, g hmprhsfs igefihs hj igs pfíshs shmaaj`ustrafiazf`gs, cforaefj * 6
Rrgchsgrfs hj if @avasaõj `h Hstu`ags Hstu` ags `h Rgsdrf`g `h if Cfeuitf` `h Hegjgmíf `h if XJFM. Hsth trfofkg cuh pfrth `hi prgyhetg `h ajvhstadfeaõj ’Crfdmhjtfeaõj `h if prg`ueeaõj h ajshreaõj `h Fmáraef Iftajf y Efraoh hj ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h prg`ueeaõj” `hi Ofjeg Ajthrfmhraefjg `h @hsfrrgiig, quh cuh puoiaef`g hj ’Efj Mhxaeg sht up aj tnh fhrgspfeh fj` tnh sgctwfrh fj` at digofi vfiuh enfajs fs f nadn-vfiuh-f``h` pifyhr7”, Ajthr-Fmhraefj @hvhigpmhjt Ofjl, Ajthdrftagj fj` Prf`h Uhetgr Uhe tgr,, A@O-TR-54? A@O-TR-54? (?26?). (?26? ). Hstfmgs hj `hu`f egj Kufj Oiy`h y Pam Uturdhgj pgr sus vfiagsgs egmhjtfrags hj ifs `astajtfs htfpfs `hi prgyhetg. @fmgs ifs drfeafs pgr egjeh`hrjgs hi tahmpg y sus prgvhengsfs gpajagjhs f cujeagjfrags `h dgoahrjg, hmprhsfs `hi rfmg y egjsuitgrfs hjtrhvastf`gs. Fdrf`hehmgs igs cgj`gs pfrf hi trfofkg `h efmpg prgvhjahjths `hi prgyhetg RFRAAP-XJFM AJ523166. Cajfimhjth, if rhspgjsfoaia`f` `h ig hseratg hs sõig juhstrf.
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
egmpgjhjths g egmpihtfj prgehsgs `h ofkg vfigr fdrhdf`g. egmpgjhjths f drhdf`g. Ifs hmprhsfs jg egmpathj hj su jaeng, sajg quh ig nfehj hj hi mhref`g digofi, pgr ig quh hi fjæiasas trf`aeagjfi `h if grdfjazfeaõj grdfjaz feaõj aj`ustrafi `hoh hvgiueagjfr pfrf egmprhj`hr if jfturfihzf `h ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h vfigr (EDS). Ifs EDS sh egjcgrmfj `h eahjtgs `h maihs `h trfjsfeeagjhs firh`h`gr `hi muj`g, egj`aeagjf`fs pgr if efpfea`f` `h ifs hmprhsfs pfrf mfjhkfr ajcgrmfeaõj egmpihkf, trfjschrar thejgigdíf, egjtrgifr egjtrgifr f igs prg`uetgrhs g `astraouar hi pg`hr hjtrh sí. Rgr gtrf pfrth, egj if `hstrhzf pfrf shdmhjtfr hj mõ`uigs y rhegmoajfr igs sasthmfs `h egmpgjhjths (Uenaiiajd, ?222), sh ajthjsacaeõ ajthjsacaeõ if thj`hjeaf nfeaf if suoegjt suoegjtrftfeaõj rftfeaõj `h `astajtfs cfshs `hi prgehsg prg`uetavg, tg`g drfeafs f igs fvfjehs hj if eg`acaefeaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg y if `hmfj`f pgr hstfj`frazfr ifs ajthrcfshs `h ifs `astajtfs htfpfs `h if prg`ueeaõj mh`afjth mhkgrhs jgrmfs táejaefs y rhdifs `h `ashög (Uæjenhz y Egiiajs, ?226). @urfjth igs ûitamgs vhajth ifs a`hfs firh`h`gr `hi egjehptg `h EDS nfj cigrhea`g y sh nf `f`gfögs, uj varfkh hj igs thmfs trf`aeagjfimhjth euoahrtgs pgr if thgríf ofsf`f hj fjæiasas shetgrafihs. Hi ehjtrg sh nf `hspifzf`g nfeaf 6) ifs fetava`f`hs quh hstæj ajeiua`fs hj uj jõ`uig `h if ef`hjf g rhpfrta`fs hj vfrags jõ`uigs< ?) if mfjhrf hj quh if ajcgrmfeaõj `hi egjgeamahjtg y igs mfthrafihs sh trfjsmathj `h uj jõ`uig f gtrg< 5) if igefiazfeaõj dhgdræcaef `h igs jõ`uigs (Uturdhgj, ?22>)< ?22>)< 0) fi pfphi `h ifs ajstatueagjhs (dgoahrjg, hmprhsfs igefihs y trfjsjfeagjfihs) y if `astraoueaõj `hi pg`hr hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs y gtrgs fetgrhs (Lfpiajsly, ?222), y, erueafimhjth, 8) f ifs cgrmfs hj quh ef`f ef`hjf sh eggr`ajf g dgoahrjf (Dhrhcca ht fi., ?228). Hj rhifeaõj egj if dgohrjfjz dgohrjfjzff `h ifs EDS, EDS, Uturdhgj Uturdhgj (?22>) nf a`hja`hjtacaef`g eajeg mg`fia`f`hs (mhref`g, mg`uifr, rhifeagjfi, efutavf y khrærquaef) quh `hphj`hj `hi javhi `h egmp egmpihka`f` ihka`f` `h ifs if s trfjsfeeagjhs, if efpfea`f` `h ifs hmprhsfs pfrf eg`acaefr ifs gphrfeagjhs y ifs efpfea`f`hs `h if ofsh gchrhjth `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs. Eufj`g igs hjef`hjfmahjtgs sh efrfethrazfj pgr uj javhi fitg `h eg`acaefeaõj `h ifs efpfea`f`hs hj if ofsh `h if prgvhh`uríf y pgr trfjsfeeagjhs egmpihkfs, sh `aeh quh if dgohrjfjzf hs `h efræethr mg`uifr. Rgr gtrf pfrth, sa ifs gphrfeagjhs sgj `h ofkf eg`acaefeaõj, phrg ifs `hmæs efrfethrístaefs sgj `h uj javhi fitg, sh `aeh quh if mg`fia`f` `h dgohrjfjzf Rg r ûitamg, ifsgj dgohrjfjzf efpfea`f`hs hs hjrhifeagjfi. if ofsh `hRgr prgvhh`uríf ofkfs. hs efutavf eufj`g ifs
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·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
Hsth hstu`ag egjstatuyh uj hscuhrzg pgr a`hjtacaefr hi prgehsg mh`afjth hi eufi sh ajthdrfj ifs EDS hj if aj`ustraf mhxaefjf, igs gostæeuigs f igs quh sh hjcrhjtfj ifs hmprhsfs y ifs rhifeagjhs egj ifs hmprhsfs igefihs. Fquí Fquí jgs hjcgefmgs hj hi efsg ef sg pfrtaeuifr `h if ef`hjf fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg,? phrg `h adufi mg`g jgs ajthrhsf hxfmajfr ifs cgrmfs `h dgohrjfjzf, hi pfphi `h ifs `hphj`hjeafs duohrjfmhjtfihs y hi drf`g `h prhshjeaf `h igs jõ`uigs `h mfygr fdrhdf`g. Fidujgs sh prhdujtfræj, ·pgr quá hihdar hstf ef`hjf7 Hjshdua`f sh hjujeafj fidujfs `h ifs mgtavfeagjhs; pramhrg jgs iifmõ if fthjeaõj hi jgtfoih erheamahjtg erheamahjtg `h hstf aj`ustraf hj tármajgs `h hxpgrtfeagjhs y hmpihg, hj uj egjthxtg `h uj muy ofkg erheamahjtg `h if hegjgmíf. Uhduj`g, fuj eufj`g jg egmpfrtamgs ifs fcarmfeagjhs `h quh if aj`ustraf hj Máxaeg hs pfrth `h if aj`ustraf `hi egjgeamahjtg (_uaz @uræj, ?224), puhstg quh if hva`hjeaf muhstrf quh ifs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs jg rhfiazfj `ashög y `hsfrrgiig `hsfrrgiig `h prg`uetg, prg`ue jgs ajthrhsõ, ajthrhsõ, hmofrdg, pgr hiefiacaef`f, nheng `h quh prhshjtfj uj javhi fitg `htg,geupfeaõj `h saj cuhrzf `h trfofkg mfygr quh hi prgmh`ag, fsí egmg pgr su javhi thejgiõdaeg. Gtrg fsphetg quh ftrfkg juhstrg ajthrás ajthrás cuh hi drf`g `h egifogrfeaõ egifogrfeaõjj hjtrh hi dgoahrjg, hi shetgr pravf`g y igs ehjtrgs `h `gehjeaf hj ajvhstadfeaõj (Efrraiig y Nufi`h, ?224< Efsfiht, ?266< Nufi`h y Mgena, ?22>< _uaz @uræj, ?224). Egj igs hstu`ags `h efsg fjfiazfmgs if trfyhetgraf `h ifs hmprhsfs hj if ef`hjf, if jfturfihzf `h igs ifzgs ajthr h ajtrfcarmf, y `h quá mfjhrf ástgs fchetfj hi hsefifmahjtg pgthjeafi `h igs prgvhh`grhs igefihs hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr fdrhdf`g. Cajfimhjth, ajvhstadfmgs igs igdrgs y iamatfeagjhs `h ifs pgiítaefs duohrjfmhjtfihs, hj su pfphi `h nhrrfmahjtfs quh cfeaiatfj if hjtrf`f `h hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs, y cgmhjtfj hi hsefifmahjtg hj hi vfigr fdrhdf`g `h ifs if s hmprhsfs hj ifs i fs EDS, EDS, yf quh ifs ofrrhrfs `h hjtrf`f sgj fitfs. Hstf EDS prhshjtf hihmhjtgs `h utaia`f` ûjaef pfrf igs fjfiastfs `h ef`hjfs digofihs `h vfigr vfigr.. If EDS fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg sh efrfethrazf pgr if egmpihka`f` `h sus trfjsfeeagjhs. Grdfjazf`fs hj fjaiigs, ifs hmprhsfs pfrtaeapfjths `hohj sftascfehr fitgs rhquhramahjtgs `h shdura?
Fujquh nfy fidujfs hxpgrtfeagjhs `h jfturfihzf fhrghspfeafi hj if hegjgmíf mhxaefjf, if mfygr pfrth sgj sõig `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef. Xtaiazfmgs hi tármajg fhrghspfeafi pgrquh fsí hs egjgea`f if ef`hjf digofi `h vfigr.
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
`f`, gothjhr ehrtacaefeagjhs ehrtacaefeagjhs y eumpiar egj if pgsaoaia`f` `h igefiazfr igefiazf r ef`f egmpgjhjth f ig ifrdg `h su eaeig `h va`f. Pg`gs hstgs hihmhjtgs supgj`rífj, hj ujf pramhrf ajstfjeaf, quh hi tapg `h dgohrjfjzf hs mg`uifr. Hmphrg, hjegjtrfmgs quh if eg`acaefeaõj `h ifs gphrfeagjhs hstæ ihkgs `h shr egmpihtf y quh igs jõ`uigs `h if EDS fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg sh efrfethrazfj pgr hi hscuhrzg `h egifogrfeaõj hjtrh hjtrh eiahjths y prgvhh`grhs. Hj rhifeaõj egj hiig, if cfitf `h hxphrahjeaf `h igs prgvhh`grhs graiif f quh igs egmprf`grhs sh ajvgiuerhj ajvgiuerhj hj if hvfiufeaõj `h if fptatu` `h igs pramhrgs pfrf trfjschrar thejgigdíf. Hstf hvfiufeaõj egjsa`hrf mûitapihs cfetgrhs, egmg if efpfea`f` `h ifs egmprf`grfs pfrf trfjsmatar y if `hi fjcatraõj pfrf rheaoar. Fsí quh, `hphj`ahj`g `hi egmpgjhjth g `hi prg`uetg, if dgohrjfjzf yfeh hj uj pujtg hjtrh if rhifeagjfi g if efutavf. Rfrf egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grfs, ifs carmfs igefihs rhquahrhj ajvhrtar hj ajstfifeagjhs, hj if egmprf `h mfquajfraf y hquapg hspheícaegs, fsí egmg gothjhr ehrtacaefeagjhs rhdifmhjtfrafs. @hseuoramgs ajaeaftavfs sudhrhjths ifs `h ifs pfrths ajthrhsf`fs hj if ef`hjf pfrf `hsfrrgiifr y fpgyfr pahzfs cfitfjths. Hstf ef`hjf nf thja`g thj a`g eahrtgs igdrgs hj Máxaeg. Uaj hmofrdg, ástf jg hs ujf nastgraf `h áxatgs, sajg mæs oahj uj rheuhjt rheuhjtgg quh `hseraoh ujf oftfiif euhstf frraof y igs gostæeuigs quh sh vhj hj hi cuturg. Rgr hkhmpig, if ef`hjf fhrghspfeafi iuenf pgr egjshduar phrsgjfi sucaeahjthmhjth sucaeahjthmhjth efiacaef`g y ifs egm egmpföífs pföífs igefihs fphjfs sh nfiifj hj ifs cfshs ajaeafihs hj ig quh f if ehrtacaefeaõj `h sus sus pfrtaeapfjths sh rhcahrh, ig eufi sadjacaef quh ifs if s hmprhsfs nfj `h ajvhrtar egjtajufmhjth hj if egjstrueeaõj `h efpfea`f`hs. @hseuoramgs quh ifs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs ajshrtfs hj hstf ef`hjf egmg prgvhh`grfs prgvhh`grfs tahjhj uj pfphi míjamg hj ifs fetava`f`hs `h `ashög, `as hög, ig quh ampiaef, hj juhstrf gpajaõj, quh pfrf fvfjzfr nfeaf ifs htfpfs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g Máxaeg `hohríf thjhr ajstrumhjtgs y pgiítaefs pfrf quh sh hjcgefrfj hj mfygr mh`a`f f fpgyfr f ifs hmprhsfs `h if ef`hjf, ef`hjf , egmg geurrh hj Orfsai h Arifj`f. Hsth efpítuig hstæ grdfjazf`g hj euftrg sheeagjhs. Hj if saduahjth sh hjeuhjtrfj igs fjtheh`hjths `h if EDS `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef< ih saduh hi fjæiasas `h ifs nastgrafs `h igs áxatgs, crfefsgs y rhtgs `h if aj`ustraf, egj ofsh hj if `hserapeaõj `h euftrg hstu`ags hstu`ags `h efsg `h hmprhsfs pfrtaeapfjths egj `astajtgs pfphihs hj if EDS. Hj if pfrth cajfi, f mfjhrf `h rhcihxaõj, prhshjtfmgs prhshjtfmgs ifs ampiaefeagjhs ampiaefeagjhs `h pgiítaef hegjõmaef pfrf cgrtfihehr if ajthdrfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs f if EDS `h hstf aj`ustraf.
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·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
Fjtheh`hjths sgorh if ef`hjf digofi `h vfigr `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef Prhajtf fögs ftræs, if aj`ustraf hstfof tgtfimhjt tgtfimhjthh ajthdrf`f hj ujf eifrf khrfrquíf khrfr quíf f ig ifrdg `h if ef`hj ef`hjff `h vfigr vfigr.. Uõig ?2% `hi vfigr vfigr tgtf tgtfii `h ujf fhrgjfvh sh egjtrftfof cuhrf `h ifs hmprhsfs y igs mfjucfeturhrgs `h hquapg gradajfi (GHM, pgr sus sadifs hj ajdiás) hkhreífj uj carmh egjtrgi sgorh igs maihs `h prgvhh`grhs. Hj tármajgs `h Dhrhcca ht fi. (?228), hrf uj sasthmf khrærquaeg. Hj egjtrfsth, hj if fetufia`f` if prgpgreaõj `h egjtrftfeaõj hxthrjf hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hstæ ehref `hi >2% `hi vfigr fdrhdf`g. Hj prgmh`ag, if egjstrueeaõj `h uj kht kh t egmhreafi tfr`f efsa uj fög< y hi `ashög `h uj mg`hig egmpihtfmhjth juhvg `h if fhrgjfvh sh iihvf eajeg. Hmprhsfs egmg Oghajd y HF@U nfj egjehjtrf`g sus hscuhrzgs hj hi hsefif, jûeihg mæs `h sus `h `ashöggs. y fetûfj egmg ajthdrf`gr ajthdrf`grhs hj drfj quhefpfea`f`hs egmg mfjucfeturhrgs. mfjucfeturhr _htahjhj hi egjtrgi egjtrg i tgtfihs`hi hjsfmoih cajfi, ifs pruhofs, y hi shrvaeag y fpgyg egjtajug f igs prgvhh`grhs `urfjth tg`g hi eaeig `h va`f `hi prg`uetg (`h trhajtf f eajeuhjtf fögs) (Taprg, ?221). Fngrf oahj, egmg igs prg`uetgrhs `h hquapg gradajfi y igs hjsfmoif`grhs hstæj sukhtgs f if rhduifeaõj fhrgjæutaef `h ehrtacaefeaõj `h sus prg`uetgs, igs rahsdgs pgr ajeumpiamahjtg sgj hspheafimhjth fitgs pfrf ifs egmpföífs. Hj fögs rheahjths, if rhduifeaõj sh nf vuhitg mæs hstraetf hj tg`gs igs fsphetgs< f sphetgs< eumpiar egj ástf hxadh f igs pfrtaeapfjt pfrtaeapfjths hs fitgs ja5
vhihs `hfsíajvhrsaõj prg`uetgrhs shduj`g y `h threhr javhi, egmg igsy hquapfmahjtg. suoegjtrftastfs, Igs hstæj sukhtgs f if`hifprgofeaõj ifs egmpföífs `h hquapg gradajfi `h sasthmfs pramfrags. If trfjschrhjeaf `h egjgeamahjtg sh rhfiazf mh`afjth igs dhrhjths dhrhjths `h prgyhetg ( prgkhet prgkhet mfjfdhrs mfjfdhrs). Uhdûj uj fjæiasas rheahjth, ifs GHM rfrfmhjth tahjhj hi egjgeamahjtg phrchetfmhjth eg`acaef`g, `h tfi suhrth quh shf sucaeahjth pfrf ujf trfjschr trfjschrhjeaf hjeaf y pfrf quh sh rhpatf egjstfjthmhjth egjstfjthmhjth 5
Igs rhquhramahjtgs eatf`gs hj if oaoiagdrfcíf sgj Ufrofjhs-Gxihy hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs. F`hmæs, ifs egmpföífs fhrghspfeafihs y `h `hchjsf `hohj eumpiar egj Egjtrfet @ftf _hquarhmhjts Iast/Uuoegjtrfet @ftf _hquarhmhjts Iast (E@_I/U@_I), Ajthrjftagjfi Prfccae Frms _hduiftagjs Crhquhjey @hvaeh (_CA@), Xjaquh aj A`hjtacaeftagj (XA@) y(APF_), ujf vfstf_f`ag dfmf `h hspheacaefeA`hjtacaeftagj hspheacaefeagjhs agjhs y hstæj`frhs aj`ustrafihs (Uahmhjs, ?266).
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
hj ifs mûitapihs gphrfeagjhs gphrfeagjhs (Uahmhjs, ?266). F mhju`g, mhju`g, ifs GHM tahjhj nfoaia`f`hs tæeatfs nhrrfmhjtfihs y hj rhsgiueaõj `h prgoihmfs, prgoihmfs, pgr ig quh sh s h rhquahrhj crheuhjths vasatfs f igs prgvhh`grhs, egmg sh vhræ mæs f`hifjth hj juhstrgs hstu`ags `h efsg. If a`gjha`f` `h if trfjschrhjeaf sh hvfiûf hj cujeaõj `h if efpfea`f` `hi prgvhh`gr pfrf trfjsmatar trfjsmatar if thejgigdíf y `h if hmprhsf nuásph` pfrf rheaoarif. Ua hi egstg `h efmoafr `h prgvhh`gr hs ofkg pfrf ifs egmpföífs fhrgjæutaefs, hjtgjehs hjtgjehs hi pg`hr `h jhdgeafeaõj hj hi mhref`g sh ajerhmhjtf f cfvgr `h ástfs. Nfy cforaefjths `h suoegmpgjhjths suoegmpgjhjths quh sh nfj egjstrua`g uj jaeng pfrf sí masmgs quh tahjhj mhkgrhs mærdhjhs hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr (T ( Taprg, ?221). ?221). Hstg geurrh pgrquh nfj `hsfrrgiif`g sus efpfea`f`hs `h `ashög y ifs `h `ashög `a shög eggphrftavg, eggphrftavg, nfeahj`g nfeahj`g quh igs egstgs `h efmoafr `h prgvhh`gr sh hjefrhzefj. Jg gostfjth, hstg rfrf vhz geurrh egj phquhöfs hmprhsfs `h pfíshs hmhrdhjths, ifs eufihs utaiazfj `ashögs digofihs y, egmg Uenmatz (6111) `h nf `ashög, mgstrf`g, rahsdg `h quhnfeaf fuj eufj`g f`quarahshj efpfea`f` shrífegrrhj `acíeaihiquh hsefifrfj fetava`f`hs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g, egmg egmg hi `ashög. Xjf hjeuhstf f hmprhsfs `h if aj`ustraf (Taprg, ?221) rhvhiõ quh ifs euftrg rfzgjhs mæs ampgrtfjths pfrf suoegjtrftfr cuhrgj; 6) rh`uear egstgs gphrftavgs, ?) hvatfr ajvhrsagjhs `h efpatfi, 5) dfjfr feehsg f thejgigdíf jg feehsaoih f if egmpföíf y 0) fumhjtfr if cihxaoaia`f` y efpfea`f` `h rhspuhstf. @h feuhr`g egj Lamurf (?224), ifs egmphjsfeagjhs (gccshts) sgj tfmoaáj ujf rfzõj pfrf suoegjtrftfr if cforaefeaõj `h fvagjhs egmhreafihs. Hstg ig hkhmpiacaef hi efsg `h HF@U, quh rheurrh f prgvhh`grhs hurgphgs hjsfmoif hj egj Crfjeaf, g hi `h cajfi Ogmofr`ahr, quh hmpihf prgvhh`grhs `hyJgrthfmáraef hi hjsfmoih hj Mgjtrhfi y, cajfimhjth, Oghajd, quh mfjucfeturf hi 4>4 egj uj egjsgreag kfpgjás `h hmprhsfs igefihs, hjtrh ástfs Matsuoasna, pfrf fthj`hr ifs õr`hjhs `h hsh pfís. Hjtrh ifs rfzgjhs mæs erítaefs pfrf jg suoegjtrftfr suoegjtrftfr hstæ if pgsaoaia`f` `h pár`a`f `h egjtr egjtrgi gi (4?% `h igs hjeuhstf`gs)0 ( (T Taprg, ?221). Ifs rfzgjhs pfrf suoegjtrftfr hj Máxaeg, egmg vhrhmgs hj su mgmhjtg, hstæj rhifeagjf`fs egj igs fsphetgs 6, ? y 0. Ifs egmphjsfeagjhs `h mhref`g jg sgj tg`fvíf ampgrtfjt ampgrtfjths. hs.
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Xj rfzgjfmahjtg samaifr hxprhsõ Ogmofr`ahr pfrf hxpiaefr pgr quá prhcaraõ cforaefr hj Máxaeg y jg hj Enajf, egmg sh vhræ mæs f`hifjth.
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·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
Nastõraefmhjth, Hstf`gs Xja`gs y fidujgs pfíshs hurgphgs, hj pfrtaeuifr _hajg Xja`g, Crfjeaf, Fihmfjaf, Atfiaf y Hspföf nfj `gmajf`g tfjtg if ajvhstadfeaõj egmg if mfjucfeturf hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi, phrg igs pfíshs hmhrdhjt hmhrdhjths hs hstæj pgjaáj`gsh fi `íf. `íf . @ftfmgjatgr @ftfmgjatgr hstamf quh if prg`ueeaõj `h igs eajeg pfíshs hmhrdhjths (Orfsai, Enajf, Aj`af, Máxaegg y Uu`æcraef) `h prg`uetgs y shrvaeags Máxae shr vaeags `h if Fy@ Fy@ nfyf fsehj`a`g fprgxamf`fmhjth f ?32,222 maiigjhs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs hj ?260 (RTE, ?266).
Euftrg hmprhsfs `h if EDS fhrgjæutaef Nhmgs shiheeagjf`g euftrg hmprhsfs egj if cajfia`f` `h aiustrfr ifs efrfethrístaefs `h igs `achrhjths javhihs `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr. If pramhrf, Ogmofr`ahr, hs ujf trfjsjfeagjfi ajthdrf`grf `h sasthmfs. If shduj`f hs Ufcrfj Máxaeg, suosa`afraf suosa`afraf egjtrgif`f fi eahj pgr eahjtg pgr hi drupg Ufcrfj, quh prg`ueh pfrths pfrf fvagjhs hj sus pifjtfs hj Enanufnuf, Pfmfuia fmfuiapfs, pfs, Hstf`g `h `h Máxaeg, eau`f` `h Máxaeg y Vuhrátfrg. Vuhrátfrg. Ifs gtrfs `gs hmprhsfs sgj prgvhh`grfs igefihs< ujf `h ástfs sh hstfoiheaõ f pfrtar `h ujf hstrfthdaf muy eua`f`gsf pfrf hjtrfr f if aj`ustraf y if gtrf, f phsfr `h quh jg thjíf ajthjeagjhs `h ajdrhsfr, if `hmfj`f pgr sus prg`uetgs ih oraj`õ ujf gpgrtuja`f` pfrf hstfoihehrsh fní. Hstgs efsgs sgj ujf hva`hjeaf `h igs hscuhrzgs `h ifs hmprhsfs pfrf mfjthjhrsh egmg prgvhh`grhs egmphtatavgs hj hi mhref`g, y `h su jhehsa`f` `h rhspfi`g cajfjeahrg pfrf hmprhj`hr gphrfeagjhs gphrfeagjhs `h ifrdg pifzg.
Ogmofr`ahr Vuhrátfrg (OMV) If ef`hjf `h vfigr digofi `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef tahjh uj egmpih kg mg`hig `h grdfjazfeaõj grdfjazfeaõj aj`ustra aj`ustrafi fi mh`afjth mh`afjth ujf rh` `h prgvhh`gr prgvhh`grhs hs igefihs vajeuif`f egj ujf hmprhsf ií`hr, egjgea`f egmg hmprhsf fjeif, f efrdg `hi `ashög `h igs prg`uetgs. If jfturfihzf `h if rhifeaõj hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs fjeifs y sus prgvhh`grhs `hthrmajf ifs efrfethrístaefs `h if trfjschrhjeaf trfjschr hjeaf thejgiõdaef hj if aj`ustraf. Fsí, if iihdf`f `hi ií`hr `h if aj`ustraf Ogmofr`ahr fi eiusthr `h Vuhrátfrg nf sa`g `h sumf ampgrtfjeaf a mpgrtfjeaf pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if efpfea`f` `h gchrtf hj Máxaeg.
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
Ogmofr`ahr hs ujf hmprhsf efjf`ahjsh `avhrsacaef`f. Hj sus pramhrfs htfpfs, prg`ueíf vhníeuigs pfrf if jahvh y trhjhs. Fetufimhjth Fetufimhjth igs prg`uetgs fhrghspfeafihs rhprhshjtfj mæs `h if matf` `h igs ajdrhsgs `h if hmprhsf. Ngy hs if threhrf hmprhsf mæs drfj`h drfj`h `hi muj`g hj hi mhref`g `h if mfjucfeturf `h if fvafeaõj eavai egmhreafi, `h jhdgeags y fhrgjfvhs fjcaoafs. Hi ajdrhsg `h Ogmofr`ahr f if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef sh `hoaõ f uj prgehsg `hshjef`hjf`g pgr ujf shrah `h f`quasaeagjhs egrpgrftavfs; Efjf`far, Efjf`f ar, hj 61>3, iuhdg `h quh hstf hmprhsf fhrgjæutaef, fhrgjæutaef , prgpah`f` prgpah`f` `hi dgoahrjg efjf`ahjsh, nfoíf nfoíf rhdastrf`g if mfygr pár`a`f hj if nastgraf `hi pfís< hj 611?, if egmpföíf hj ofjefrrgtf Ungrt Orgtnhrs, egj sh`h hj Ohicfst< Ohicf st< hj 6112, Ihfr Kht Hmprhsf `h Taenatf Taenatf,, Lfjsfs< y, y, cajfimhjth, hj hi masmg fög, if hmprhsf `h fvagjhs Nfvaiifj` Efjf`æ, Efjf`æ , caiafi `h Oghajd. Fetufimhjth if prg`ueeaõj `h fvagjhs mæs pgpuifr `h Ogmofr`ahr ajeiuyh su @fsn >, hi E_K 622/?22 002 y hi E_K422/122/622 E_K422/122/6222, 2, iíjhfs `h fvagjhs rhdagjfihs. Pfmoaáj cforaef hi fjcaoag `h fduf-ogmofr`hrg EI068 y hi Enfiihjdhr Ousajhss Kht. Ihfrkht hs fûj ujf caiafi `h Ogmofr`ahr quh saduh prg`ueahj`g khts egj hi masmg jgmorh (Rrg Máxaeg, ?221). If mfygr pfrth `h ifs fhrgjfvhs `h Ogmofr`ahr sh `ashöfj hj Mgjtrhfi, iudfr quh egjehjtrf hi 82% `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg `h if aj`ustraf fhrgspfeafi efjf`ahjsh, y hj Pgrgjtg, Gjtfrag. Cuhrf `h Efjf`æ, Ogmofr`ahr tahjh pifjtfs hj Arifj`f `hi Jgrth, Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Enajf y Máxaeg. Ogmofr`ahr Fhrgspfeh Fhrgspfeh ajaeaõ sus gphrfeagjhs hj if eau`f` `h Vuhrátfrg, Máxaeg, hj ?223. Fi prajeapag, if pifjtf prg`ueíf frjhshs hiáetraegs yhstamf`f rhfiazfof`hfidujgs fid ujgs prgehsgscuh `h`hhjsfmoih hstrueturfi. ajvhrsaõjegj ajvhrsaõj hstf gphrfeaõj `gseahjtgs maiigjhs If `h `õifrhs, egajaeafi j ujf pifjtaiif `h jgvheahj jgvheahjtgs tgs trfofkf`grhs. Efsa fi masmg tahmpg, Ogmofr`ahr Ogmofr`ahr egmhjzõ sus fetava`f`hs hj Enajf, E najf, phrg egj hstrfthdafs `achrhjths `achrhjths hj fmogs pfíshs. Egj if prg`ueeaõj hj hsth ûitamg pfís, fofstheh fi mhref`g igefi. Ogmofr`ahr vhj`h iaehjeafs `h igs prgehsgs prg`uetavgs, puhs tahjhj muengs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs `h pahzfs `h fvagjhs hj Enajf< mahjtrfs quh if prg`ueeaõj `h Máxaeg sh `aradh f igs mhref`gs muj`afihs. Uhdûj if gpajaõj `h ujg `h juhstrgs hjtrhvastf`gs, hjtrhvastf`gs, if kustacaefeaõj `h Ogmofr`ahr pfrf ajstfifrsh hj Máxaeg cuh mûitapih. mûitapih. Uhöfiõ quh ifs `achrhjeafs sfifrafihs hjtrh Enajf y Máxae Máxaegg jg pfrheahrgj shr tfj ampgrtfjths, phrg sí if uoaefeaõj dhgdræcaef. Rgr hkhmpig, trfjspgrtfr uj cushifkh
`h Enajf f Mgjtrhfi tfr`f hjtrh 54 y 05 `ífs, `íf s, mahjtrfs mahjtrfs quh nfehrig `hs60?
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
`h Vuhrátfrg iihvf sõig sahth `ífs. F`hmæs, Máxaeg tahjh uj muy ouhj mfreg jgrmftavg jgrmftavg y kurí`aeg pfrf if prgthe prgtheeaõj eaõj `h igs `hrhengs `h prgpah`f` ajthihetufi, ajeiuyhj`g if ajegrpgrf a jegrpgrfeaõj eaõj fi Oaifthrfi Fvaftagj Fvaftagj Ufchty Fdrhhmhjt (OFUF). Gtrgs fsphetgs `hstfef`gs pgr hi hxphrtg hjtrhvastf`g, cuhrgj if egmpftaoaia`f` egmpft aoaia`f` `h efrfethrhs y igs ngrfrags `h trfofkg. Hstfs samaiatu`hs nfj phrmata`g quh hi hquapg oajfeagjfi gphrh egj prgehsgs prg`uetavgs hxtrhmf`fmhjth hxtrhmf`fm hjth cihxaoihs y efmoafjths, quh iihdfj f efmoafr hj uj pifzg muy orhvh, f vhehs egj mhjgs `h trhs `ífs `íf s `h fjthifeaõj, ig eufi jg nf sa`g pgsaoih hj Enajf, Enajf , `gj`h hi hjcgquh hstæ mæs grahjtf`g f igs prgehsgs, ig quh jg phrmath fthj`hr ræpa`fmhjth igs efmoags quh f vhehs igs eiahjths `hmfj`fj. Uhdûj hsth hxphrtg, ifs jhdgeafeagjhs `h Rrg Máxaeg egj Ogmofr`ahr pfrf quh sh fshjtfrf hj juhstrg pfís cuhrgj eifrfs y trfjspfrhjths. Rrg Máxaeg, fsí egmg igs dgoahrjgs ch`hrfi ch`hrfi y hstftfi, hstftfi, fpgyõ f Ogmofr`ahr Máxaeg. Uaj hmofrdg, hi ajaeag jg cuh cæeai, puhs hi pfrquh aj`ustrafi fhrgjæutaegg jg hstfof thrmajf`g `hi tg`g eufj`g iihdõ if hmprhsf, pgr ig rgjæutae quh cuh jhehsfrag trfofkfr hj egjkujtg `achrhjths `achrhjths `htfiihs igdístaegs, ig dístaegs, phrg igs prgoihmfs sh suphrfrgj, hj drfj mh`a`f, drfeafs f if eggphrfeaõj hj tg`gs igs javhihs `h dgoahrjg dgoahrjg.. If hmprhsf tfmoaáj cuh efpfz `h fprgv fprgvhenfr henfr ifs vhjtfkfs `h igs cgj`gs `hi Egjfeyt y `hi dgoahrjg `h Vuhrátfrg. Hsth hspheafiastf shöfiõ quh, hj rhifeaõj egj ifs `heasagjhs `h trfsif`g `h if prg`ueeaõj, if f`majastrfeaõj `h Ogmofr`ahr jg egjsa`hrf sgifmhjth sgifmhjth ifs vhjtfkfs casefihs, yf quh Hi tfmoaáj hvfiûf ifs efrfethrístaefs dhjhrfihs `h ef`f pfís. nf hvgiupfphi `h Ogmofr`ahr hj if EDS fhrghspfeafi mhxaefjf eagjf`g mh`afjth uj prgehsg `h fprhj`azfkh hj if i f hmprhsf. Hj uj ifpsg muy egrtg, Ogmofr`ahr f`quaraõ hxphrahjeaf hj if mfjucfeturf hj tg`f if ef`hjf digofi `h vfigr vfigr.. If pramhrf htfpf `h áxatg cuh if prg`ueeaõj `h frjhshs, yf quh `hs`h hjtgjehs su pifjtf prg`ueh hi 12% `h ` h if `hmfj`f muj`afi `h hsth prg`uetg `h Ogmofr`ahr. @hspuás, if pifjtf `h frjhshs ajaeaõ if prg`ueeaõj `h ujf pfrth `h igs cushifkhs y, mæs tfr`h, igs fsehjsgrhs y hstfoaiazf`grhs. Hj ?221, hj hi mfreg `h uj egjeursg, Ogmofr`ahr Máxaeg dfjõ f ujf cæoraef `h Matsuoasna hj Kfpõj hi prgyhetg pfrf prg`uear igs fsehjsgrhs trfshrgs `h ifs fhrgjfvhs, egj ig quh surdaõ if gpgrtuja`f` `h cforaefr if matf` `hi cushifkh `h uj fvaõj hkheutavg.
605
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
Hi prgehsg `h fprhj`azfkh nf rhquhra`g `h egjstfjths vasatfs `h igs ajdhjahrgs `h Ogmofr`ahr Efjf`æ, fsí egmg `h mûitapihs prgdrfmfs prgdrfmfs `h efpfeatfeaõj. Ofkg hi ia`hrfzdg `h juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g, if hmprhsf nf sa`g `h fiegjstruar ujf cuhrzf `hHj trfofkg eifsh muj`afi, eufi >% shefpfz `h`aef `ashög `h ajdhjahríf. ?262,`hOgmofr`ahr Máx`haegifrheaMáxaeg oaõ rheursgs f`aeagjfihs pgr `gseahjtgs maiigjhs `h `õifrhs (f`hmæs `h igs pramhrgs `gseahjtgs maiigjhs) pfrf ujf juhvf pifjtf `h cforaefeaõj `hi cushifkh egmpihtg y hi sasthmf hiáetraeg `h su cfmgsg Ihfrkht >8, ig quh nfstf hjtgjehs sh nfeíf hj Taenatf. Ástf hs if threhrf pifjtf Ogmofr`ahr hj Máxaeg y tfmoaáj if mæs ampgrtfjth cuhrf `h Pgrgjtg. Ajaeaõ gphrfeagjhs hj ?262 y rheaoaõ if futgrazfeaõj `h if Ch`hrfi Fvaftagj Fvaftagj F`majastrftagj (CFF) (CFF) pfrf cforaefr ifs pahzfs `h ifs efthdgrífs 6 y ? `h igs fvagjhs. Hstf pifjtf hmpihf f mæs `h mai trfofkf`grhs. Hi Ihfrkht sh hjsfmoif hj Taenatf, Taenatf, `gj`h sh ajstfif hi egelpat (egmg hxadh hi rhdifmhjtg hstf`guja`hjsh), f`hmæs `h quh sh vasth y sh pruhof hi fvaõj. @h feuhr`g egj juhstrg hkheutavg, if erhfeaõj `hi pfrquh fhrgjæutaeg `h Vuhrátfrg nf rhsuitf`g rhsuitf`g hj if rhuoaefeaõj rhuoaefe aõj `h prgvhh`grhs. Rgr Rgr hkhmpig, if hmprhsf Ufcrfj, egj vfrafs pifjtfs hj hi jgrth `h Máxaeg, fumhjtõ fi trapih su ajvhrsaõj egj su juhvf gphrfeaõj hj Vuhrátfrg. If ajthdrfeaõj `h OMV f if EDS egmprhj`h egmprhj`h gtrfs fetava`f`hs, ajeiua`f if cforaefeaõj `h fidujfs pfrths `h if EUhrahs, hi kht mæs drfj`h `h Ogmofr`ahr, fsí egmg ifs puhrtfs `hi Farous, egj ig quh sh egjvartaõ hj hi prajeapfi jg`g `h ujf egmpihkf rh` `h prgvhh`grhs. Igs hkheutavgs `h Ogmofr`ahr y `h gtrfs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs, fi adufi quh igs cujeagjfrags duohrjfmhjtfihs, nfj`h vasatf`g uj drupg pymhs pfrf fihjtfrifs f pfrtaeapfr hj su rh` prgvhh`grhs. F shihetg phsfr `h`hquh hi jûmhrg `h prgvhh`grhs igefihs hs ef`f vhz mfygr, juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g hjcftazõ quh su ehrtacaefeaõj hs uj prgehsg `h ifrdg pifzg y quh fûj quh`f uj ifrdg trheng pgr rhegrrhr pfrf erhfr uj hjtgrjg a`hfi. Hi OFUF tgmõ efsa euftrg fögs, pgr ig quh hrf if CFF if quh sh hjefrdfof `h prgpgreagjfr ifs egrrhspgj`ahjths ehrtacaefeagjhs. Uhdûj juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g, hjtrhvastf`g, fprgxamf`fmhjth eufrhjtf hmprhsfs fpiaefj g nfj gothja`g if ehrtacaefeaõj. Xj hkhmpig ajthrhsfjth `h ujf hmprhsf ehrtacaef`f hs Vug, uj hxatgsg prg`uetgr `h futgpfrths quh sh egjvartaõ hj
prgvhh`gr `h Ogmofr`ahr. Fi prajeapag, if prg`ueeaõj `h hstf hmprhsf prgvhjíf hxeiusavfmhjth `h Mgjtrhfi, phrg phrg hsg hstæ efmoafj`g drf`ufimhjt d rf`ufimhjth; h; Ogmofr`ahr tahjh 600
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
fngrf uj khch `h prgyhetg y uj hquapg `h `ahz phrsgjfs hj Vuhrátfrg hjefrdf`fs `h a`hjtacaefr gpgrtuja`f`hs `h cforaefeaõj igefi. Hsth hquapg nf a`hjtacaef`g `ahz mai egmpgjhjths quh puh`hj shr prg`uea`gs igefimhjth, sh rhquahrh egjshduar prgvhh`grhs f`heuf`gspfrf quhhiig eumpifj egj igs phrg rhquasatgs y ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs egrrhspgj`ahjths< vafkfj pgr tg`g Máxaeg hj su oûsquh`f. Juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g sudahrh quh uj gokhtavg vafoih pfrf Máxaeg hj uj cuturg prõxamg hs egjvhrtarsh hj hi `áeamg prgvhh`gr muj`afi, egj uj tgtfi `h hxpgrtfeagjhs fjufihs suphragr f igs vhajth maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Uaj hmofrdg, pfrf quh hsth gokhtavg sh egjerhth, sh jhehsatfj ajvhrsagjhs sustfjeafihs. Rgr hkhmpig, vfrafs hmprhsfs sgiaeatfj f Rrg Máxaeg quh pfrtaeaph egmg egajvhrsagjastf egajvhrsagjastf pfrf erhfr uj ehjtrg `h `ashög fhrghspfeafi hj hi jgrth `h Máxaeg, ajstatueaõj quh `fríf shrvaeag f ifs pymhs `h if ef`hjf. ef`hjf . Fi pfrhehr, pfrhehr, OMV hstæ `aspuhstf `a spuhstf f pfrtaeapfr hj hstf ajvhrsaõj. If hmprhsf tahjh ujf iastf `h igs `hsfcígs f suphrfr pgr mh`ag `h ujf feeaõj egjkujtf `h igs pfrtaeapfjths `h if aj`ustraf y hi dgoahrjg dgoahrjg,, egj hi caj `h egjstruar if ef`hjf `h vfigr fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg. Máxaeg. Xjg Xjg `h igs `hsfcígs mæs urdhjths hs if egjstrueeaõj `h juhvgs pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs egj ajcrfhstrueturf f`heuf`f y if jhdgeafeaõj egj `astajtgs grdfjasmgs `h dgoahrjg pfrf mhkgrfr if rhduifeaõj y if ehrtacaefeaõj. Uh rhquahrh mueng mæs fpgyg pfrf ehrtacaefr f ifs pymhs igefihs f caj `h ajegrpgrfrifs f if ef`hjf `h prgvhh prgvhh`grhs. `grhs. Juhstrg ajcgrmfjth `hstfeõ quh pfrf fumhjtfr if ajvhrsaõj hxtrfj khrf hj if if aj`ustr aj`ustraf af fhrgj fhrgjæuta æutaef ef sh rhqu rhquahrh ahrhjj mfyg mfygrhs rhs hstím hstímuigs uigs casefih casefihss y ifogrfihs, hs `hear, `hear, sh `hohj iihvfr f efog fidujfs rhcgrmfs hj hstgs thmfs. Rgrr hkhmpig, Máxaeg Rg Máxaeg hs tg`fvíf uj pfís `gj`h hs `acíeai `acíea i pfdfr ampuhstg ampuhstgs. s. Hj su gpajaõj, if cfitf `h rhcgrmfs jg hs hi ûjaeg gostæeuig pfrf if iihdf`f `h ajvhrsagjhs hxtrfjkhrfs. hxtrfjkhrfs. Hxasth if pgsaoaia`f` `h quh if aj`ustraf shf trhs vhehs mæs drfj`h, phrg phrg if ajcrfhstrueturf hj egmujaefeaõj rhquahrh `hsfrrgiifrsh mæs egj prgyhetgs `h fitg ampfetg, egmg if erhfeaõj `h rutfs `h vífs cárrhfs pfrf mhkgrfr if igdístaef hj tg`g hi pfís.
Ufcrfj Máxaeg
Ufcrfj Máxaeg hs ujf egmpföíf suosa`afraf egjtrgif`f egjtrgif`f fi eahj pgr eahjtg pgr hi drupg Ufcrfj (Crfjeaf), hi eufi nf gphrf`g hj Máxaeg `urfjth mæs 608
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
`h `gs `áef`fs. Ngy hs hi pramhr hmpihf`gr hj hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg< fhrgjæutaeg< hj su pædajf who rhpgrtf thjhr trhs mai trfofkf`grhs, y ih saduhj Ngjhywhii y Ogmofr`ahr. Hj if fetufia`f`, `hsfrrgiif sus fetava`f`hs hj igs shetgrhs `h if,fvafeaõj egj juhvh egmpföífs; Ifoajfi `h Enanufnuf), Ujhemf, Ujhemf Mhssahr-@gwty, Mhssahr-@gwty , UFMHU y Mhssahr Uhr(hstf`g Uhrvaehs vaehs (Vuhrátfrg), (Vuhrát frg), Digoh Mgtgrs (Pfmfuiapfs), Mgrpng (Vuhrátfrg), Ufcrfj Má Máxaeg, Purog Purog-mhef y Mgrpng (eau`f` `h Máxaeg). Ifoajfi, hstfoihea`f hj Enanufnuf y if pramhrf ajthdrfjth ajthdrfjth `h Ufcrfj Máxaeg, cuh rhsuitf`g `h if f`quasaeaõj `h gtrf hmprhsf rhiftavfmhjth phquhöf nfeh quajeh fögs< fngrf tahjh ehref `h ?222 hmpihf`gs. @gs `h ifs hmprhsfs `h hsth drupg quh frraof sh nfj mhjeagjf`g gphrfj hj hi ruorg `h if shdura`f`, egmg Mgrpng. Ufcrfj Máxaeg iihdõ f Vuhrátfrg hj ?228, egj hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h Mhssahr Uhrvaehs y Mhssahr @gwty, ajvhrsagjhs hkheutf`fs mæs g mhjgs fi masmg tahmpg hj quh Ogmofr`ahr sh fshjtõ hj if hjta`f`. Hj ?22>, sh `hea`aõ if ajstfifeaõj `h gtrfs `gs hmprhsfs cforaefjths `h pfrths `h fvagjhs, prajeapfimhjth pfrf igs trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh (Uhemf) y gtrf quh hifogrf pahzfs pfrf efoajfs `h fvaõj (Ufmhs). Mhssahr Uhrvaehs gradajfimhjth sh uoaefof hj Sardajaf, Sardajaf, Hstf`gs Xja`gs, phrg fi hjegjtrfr iamatfeagjhs f su erheamahjtg hj hsf zgjf, zgjf , sh rhuoaeõ hj Máxaeg, `hoa`g f if ehrefjíf egj igs eiahjths y if pgsaoaia`f` `h `asmajuar egstgs. Hstg Hstg hiamajõ f Efjf`æ y f gtrgs pfíshs `h Fmáraef Iftajf< tfmpgeg nuog egmphthjeaf crhjth f jfeagjhs egmg Aj`af y Enajf. If pifjtf `f mfjthjamahj mfjthjamahjtg tg f igs trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh `h igs fvagjhs, shrshrvaeag `h drfj egmpihka`f` y prheasaõj. Uus gphrfeagjhs ampiaefj `hsfrmfr tg`g hi trhj `h fthrrazfkh nfstf if ûitamf pahzf y hvfiufr ef`f ujf pfrf su rhpfrfeaõj g sustatueaõj. Uh trftf `h uj prgehsg químaeg, hihetrgquíhihetrgquímaeg y `h mfquajf`g< shdûj juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g, hs ofstfjth egmpih kg, f`hmæs `h quh hstæ muy egj egjtrg trgif`g if`g pgr ifs ifs futgra`f futgra`f`hs. `hs. Mhs Mhssahr sahr,, pgr hkhmpig, hs ujf hmprhsf quh tahjh hj prgmh`ag ujf fu`atgríf ef`f `ahz g quajeh `ífs pgr pfrth `h igs eiahjths y `h ifs futgra`f`hs `h Máxaeg, Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Orfsai Orfsai g `h Hurgpf. Fi adufi quh hj hi efsg `h Ogmofr`ahr, Ogmofr`ahr, if iihdf`f f Vuhrátfrg jg ampiaeõ ûjaefmhjth if ajstfifeaõj `h ifs pifjtfs hj uj pfrquh aj`ustrafi.
Hj hsh mgmhjtg (ajeiusg fûj fngrf), hi traf pfrquh jg pg`ífrhiftavfmhjth egjsa`hrfrsh thrmajf`g. Rgr gtrf Rgr pfrth, sahj`g if aj`ustraf aj`us fhrhgjæutaef rhif tavfmhjth juhvf hj hi pfís, cuh hva`hjth if cfitf `h euiturf e uiturf aj`ustrafi hj if zgjf y if 603
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
efrhjeaf `h ajstatueagjhs quh prgpaeafrfj su `hsfrrgiig y if vajeuifeaõj hjtrh hmprhsfrags hmprhsfrags y hj dhjhrfi `h igs `astajtgs fdhjths quh pfrtaeapfj hj hstf aj`ustraf. Prhs Prhs thmfs sh suorfy suorfyfrgj frgj f ig ifrdg `h if hjtrhvastf; 6. Cfitf `h efpfeatfeaõj. Rfrf juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g, if ajstfifeaõj `h hstfs pifjtfs ftrfhríf ujf ampgrtfjth trfjschrhjeaf trfjschrhjeaf `h thejgigdíf egj uj trfspfsg tgtfi `h igs prgehsgs f uj iudfr `gj`h jg sh egjgeífj, pgr ig quh sh rhquhraríf if efpfeatfeaõj `hi phrsgjfi. Hj fidujgs efsgs, ásth thjíf uj hjtrhjfmahjtg táejaeg, mfs jg ig hstfof hj if f`majastrfeaõj `h ifs phrsgjfs, g `h pifjg efrheíf `h if efpfeatfeaõj táejaef pfrf hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg. rgjæutae g. Hj pfrtaeuifr jg egjtfof egj ifs if s efpfea`f`hs táejaefs hspheícaefs `h igs prgehsgs `h if hmprhsf, ifs eufihs rhquahrhj tgihrfjeafs muy phquhöfs, f vhehs `hi `aæmhtrg `h uj efohiig. If cfitf `h hxphrahjeaf prhvaf `acaeuitfof if efpfeatfeaõj, fuj eufj`g hjtrh hi phrsgjfi nfoíf hdrhsf`gs `h ajdhjahríf g trfofkf`grhs táejaegs. Igs ûjaegs efpfeatf`gs hrfj igs ajdhjahrgs `hi Ajstatutg Rgiatáejaeg Jfeagjfi (ARJ), quahjhs hstfofj hjtusafsmf`gs egj rhfiazfr `ashög hj if i f hmprhsf, pfrf hi quh tg`fvíf jg nfy efmpg hj Máxaeg. @hoa`g f quh hi `hsfrrgiig rhquhríf tahmpg, vfrafs hmprhsfs ajthrjfeagjfihs `hea`ahrgj hstfoihehr egjvhjags egj ujavhrsa`f`hs `hi hxtrfjkhr hxtrfjkhrgg pfrf quh oraj`frfj if efpfeatfeaõj, phrg phrg jg hj cgrmf aj`ava`ufi pgr pfrth `h if hmprhsf, pgr ig quh sh s h iihdõ f uj feuhr`g egj if Hmofkf`f `h Cr Crfjfjeaf.. Hj hsh mgmhjtg ajthrhsfof nfehr erhehr eaf erhehr if aj`ustraf pfrf pfrf tg`gs. Rhrg Rhrg pfrf hi cuturg sh rhquhraríf `h ajdhjahrgs quh if egjgeahrfj. Ásth cuh hi ampuisg quh egj`ukg f ph`ar fpgyg f ifs futgra`f`hs pfrf forar ujf ujavhrsa`f`, quh rhsuitõ shr if Xjavhrsa`f` Jfeagjfi Fhrgjæutaef hj Vuhrátfrg (XJFV), (XJFV), fngrf tg`f ujf rhfia`f`. rhfia`f` . Hj if gpajaõj `hi ajcgrmfjth juhstrg, cuh uj áxatg `h if hjta`f` nfohr igdrf`g if ajstfifeaõj `h ujf ujavhrsa`f` `h`aef`f f if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi, egj hi caj `h quh hj uj cuturg shf pgsaoih nfehr igs `ashögs hj Máxaeg. Hstg hs tfi vhz ig mæs prheaf`g pgrquh tahjh uj pgthjeafi ajmhjsg. ajmhjsg. F`aeagjfi F`aeagjfimhjth, mhjth, hj jgvahmorh `h ?224 sh cuj`õ hi Egjshkg Mujaeapfi `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef Fhrgjæutaef (Egmhf) pfrf cgmhjtfr if efpfeatfeaõj `h igs trfofkf`grhs. Juhstrg Juhs trg hjtrhvastf`g egjeiuyõ egjeiuyõ hsth thmf egj ujf erítaef f if h`uef-
eaõj Máxaeg, hstæ fvfjehs, pgr `hofkg `h igs javhihs ajthrjfeagjfihs, shöfiõhjquh sa oahjifnfeufi nfoa`g hj Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfr g phrsasth if fprhmafj-y th jhehsa`f` `h efpfeatfeaõj `h ajdhjahrgs pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. 604
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
?. Jhehsa`f` `h f`heufeaõj `h ifs f`ufjfs. Gtrg prgoihmf shöfif`g hj if hjtrhvastf cuh if prhshjeaf `h rhdifs ajf`heuf`fs hj ifs f`ufjfs, y su cfitf `h efpfea`f` pfrf cujeagjfr egj drfj fdaia`f` y quh jg oigquhhj if hjtrf-
`f `h`h pahzfs y pfrthsUaj quhhmofrdg, sgj jhehsfrafs jhehsfraf s pfrf if `hkõ rhpfrfeaõj `h fvagjhs, hj hi efsg hstf pifjtf. if hjtrhvastf eifrg quh ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs hjegjtrfrgj `aspgsaeaõj `h ifs futgra`f`hs pfrf hjthj`hr ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h if aj`ustraf y sh nf igdrf`g efmoafr fidujgs `h igs iajhfmahjtgs `h ifs f`ufjfs. Hj ?224 cuh mg`acaef`f if rhdif pfrf tgmfr hj euhjtf ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. fhrghspfeafi. 5. Fushjeaf `h ujf fsgeafeaõj aj`ustrafi hspheícaef. Cajfimhjth, f phsfr `h quh if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi yf iihvfof vfrags fögs `h nfohrsh ajstfif`g hj hi jgrth `h Máxaeg, jg sh nfoíf egjcgrmf`g egjcgrmf`g ujf fsgeafea fsgeafeaõj. õj. Sfrafs hmhm-
prhsfs sh mgvaiazf mgvaiazfrgj Ogmoftfr`ahr, Ogmofr`ahr, y Ufcrfj. Egjsa`hrfrgj quhrgj egjpfrf hiignfehrig, thj`rífjhjtrh ujfástfs nhrrfmahjtf nhrrfmahj pfrfAP_ `fr erh`aoaia`f` fi darg aj`ustrafi. Fsí, hj jgvahmorh `h ?224, sh cuj`õ if Ch`hrfeaõj Mhxaefjf `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrhghspfeafi. Fhrhghspfeafi. F if prhdujtf `h pgr quá q uá jg sh nfoíf cgrmf`g ujf fsgeafeaõj fjths, sahj`g quh eufj`g Ufcrfj hjtrõ hj Vuhrátfrg yf nfoíf muenfs hmprhsfs hj gtrfs rhdagjhs `hi jgrth `hi pfís, hi hjtrhvastf`g hjtrhvastf`g shöfiõ quh if vasaõj `h fidujfs phrsgjfs hstæ duaf`f, d uaf`f, hj gefsagjhs, pgr ujf euhstaõj `h efsufia`f`. Hj Vuhrátfrg egajea`ahrgj fidujfs phrsgjfs, egmg hi pramhr prhsa`hjth `h CHMAF, hjtgjehs `arhetgr `h if hmprhsf AP_. Fngrf if fsgeafeaõj hs uj áxatg y pfrtaeapfj hmprhsfs `h tg`g hi pfís y fdrupf fi 12% `h ifs quh hxpgrtfj. Hj if gpajaõj `hi hjtrhvastf`g, ifs rhifeagjhs phrsgjfihs nfj sa`g hshjeafihs pfrf iihvfr f ouhj tármajg ifs `astajtfs ajaeaftavfs, egmg if `h prgmgvhr prgmg vhr if erhfeaõj `h if ujavhrsa`f` hj Vuhrátfrg y if `h if prgpaf CHMAF, ig quh nf mgvaiazf`g f ifs futgra`f`hs ch`hrfihs ch`hrfihs y hstftfihs, ajeiusg f if Hmofkf`f `h Crfjeaf. Hstfs rhifeagjhs nfj sa`g cuj`fmhjtfihs y ig shræj tfmoaáj hj hi cuturg. Gtrf muhstrf `h if eggphrfeaõj hj Vuhrátfrg cuh if fiafjzf hstrftádaef (ajaeaf`f hj ?22>) `h juhvh hmprhsfs egj eajeg ujavhrsa`f`hs (ARJ, XJFM, Phe `h Mgjthrrhy, XFV y XJFV) y trhs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Ufcrfj fprgvhenõ igs cgj`gs maxtgs `hi Egjfeyt pfrf rhfiazfr ifs
ajvhrsag ajvhrsagjhs jhehsfrafs(FH_A) mh`afjth hi Rrgdrfmf `h Fiafjzfs Hstrftádaefs _h`hs `hjhs Ajjgvfeaõj (yFH_A) `hi Egjfeyt cuh pgsaoih erastfiaz erastfiazfr fr if fiafj-y
60>
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
zf hstrftádaef mhjeagjf`f, f if quh sh `hjgmajõ _h` `h Ajvhstadfeaõj h Ajjgvfeaõj Ajjgvf eaõj `h if Aj`ustr Aj`ustraf af Fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhrátfrg Vuhrátfrg.. Hj hi thmf `h if prgvhh`uríf igefi, sh shöfiõ quh if pifjtf `h Ufcrfj hj Enanufnuf tahjh fidujgs prgvhh`grhs `h hsh tapg, fsí egmg Mhssahr @gwty, phrg Mhssahr Uhrvaehs nf thja`g `acaeuitf` pfrf nfiifrigs, pgr ig quh cuh jhehsfrag ajvhrtar hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h eahrtgs prgehsgs jg prhvastgs pfrf if pifjtf. Hjegjtrfrgj uj hxehihjth prgvhh`gr pfrf ajstfifeagjhs `h prgehsgs, mfs jg hj mfjucfeturf, hj if quh if prgvhh prgvhh`uríf `uríf hs mæs oahj hsefsf. Eahrtfmhjthh quh hi mfjthjamahj Eahrtfmhjt mfjthjamahjtg tg `h igs fvagjhs hs uj efsg ef sg pfrtaeuifr pgrquh jg hs pgsaoih, `hoa`g f ifs rhduifeagjhs, utaiazfr pahzfs quh jg nfj sa`g fprgof`fs y ehrtacaef`fs, pgr ig quh sh `hohj egmprfr hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, Efjf`æ y gtrgs pfíshs. Nfy uj hspfeag pfrf phquhöfs pahzfs quh sh mfjucfeturfr mfjucfeturfrífj Máxaeg, g, phrg, phrg, mahjtrfs tfjtg, hstfs pahzfs jg sh egmprfj fquí. ífj hj Máxae Egmg shöfiõ hi hjtrhvastf`g, if hjtrf`f hs `acíeai, yf quh nfy uj rhtgrjg ihjtg `h if ajvhrsaõj, hstamf`f hjtrh igs `ahz f vhajth fögs, phrg egj ujf cuhrth ajvhrsaõj quh rhquahrh hsquhmfs `h cajfjeafmahjtg `h igs quh jg sh `aspgjh. Rgr gtrf pfrth, muengs prgdrfmfs jg cujeagjfj cujeagjfj muy oahj pgr if cfitf cfit f `h nhrrfmahjtfs ihdfihs. Rgr hkhmpig, igs igs prgdrfmfs `hi Egjfeyt jg phrmathj ph`ar rheursgs pfrf if f`majastrfeaõj `hi prgyhetg y, pgr hj`h, if dhstaõj `h if rh` jg hs ciua`f. Hstg jg hs hjthj`aoih pgrquh tg`g prgyhetg tahjh quh shr f`majastrf`g. Hj Aj`af, hsth hsth tapg `h prgdrfmfs gtgrdfj gtgrdf j 64% pfrf f`majastrfeaõj y, hj Mgjtrhfi, 6?%. If `heasaõj `hi Egjfeyt phrmath quh sh ajthrprhth egmg ujf cfitf `h vfigrfeaõj `hi trfofkg hj hquapg y, hj igs nhengs, sh pg`ríf egjeiuar quh hxasth ehduhrf pfrf hi thmf `h if grdfjazfeaõj y if f`majastrfeaõj. Ruh`h rhsuitfr quh, crhjth fi prgoihmf `h if cfitf `h prg`uetava`f`, sh dfsth hj ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig táejaeg, eufj`g ig quh sh rhquahrh hs ajvhrtar hj `hsfrrgiig grdfjazfeagjfi, quh puh`h shr mæs egmpihkg. Juhstrg Juhs trg hjtrhvastf`g aj`aeõ quh igs drfj`hs prgyhetgs prgyhetgs `h hstf ef`hjf hj hi muj`g sgj fmpiags, egj vfrafs hmprhsfs h ajstatueagjhs, phrg
f`vartaõ quh puh`hj crfefsfr eufj`g igs cgj`gs jg hstæj f if fiturf `h if hjvhrdf`urf `h ifs ajvhrsagjhs. @h jg erhfrsh uj hsquhmf pfrf hi cajfjhjvhrdf`urf eafmahjtg, muy pgefs hmprhsfs ajvhrtaræj hj if prgvhh`uríf< mæs oahj
601
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
ig quh geurraræ g eurraræ hs quh sh hstfoihehræj hmprhsfs hmprhsfs `h gtrgs pfíshs, egmg AjAjdifthrrf, Fihmfjaf, Hstf`gs Xja`gs.
If hmprhsf HP Egjvhrtarsh hj uj prgvhh`gr `h if EDS jg hs cæeai. _hquahrh `h ampgrtfjths efmoags hj if ajcrfhstrueturf `h if carmf y egjsa`hrfoihs ajvhrsagjhs. Juhstrgs hstu`ags `h efsg muhstrfj igs rhquasatgs quh uj prgvhh`gr `h if ef`hjf fhrghspfeafi nf `h eumpiar pfrf gothjhr su ehrtacaefeaõj. Hstgs rhquhramahjtgs ajeiuyhj if egjstrueeaõj `h ajstfifeagjhs f` nge pfrf if egmprf `hi hquapg jhehsfrag. Ifs eugtfs `h ehrtacaefeaõj (f vhehs egcajfjeaf`fs egj rheursgs ch`hrfihs g hstftfihs) vfj `h euftrg mai f eufrhjtf mai `õifrhs. Xjf if hjtrf`f hi egjsa`hrfoih `h ajvhrsagjhs hjofrrhrf efpatfi.f`aeagjfi Hsth efsgf `h hstu`ag hs muhstrf quh pfrfmgjtg hjtrfr egj áxatg f if EDS sh rhquahrh `h if egjvhrdhjeaf `h `gs vartu`hs; hj pramhr iudfr ujf f`heuf`f trfyhetgraf thejgiõdaef, kujtg egj if `aspgsaeaõj f fsumar igs rahsdgs jhehsfrags pfrf hjtrfr hj uj juhvg shetgr< y, hj shduj`g, hi fpgyg `h ifs ajstatueagjhs duohrjfmhjtfihs (egmg sh vhræ pgsthragrmhjth). If hmprhsf HP euhjtf egj ujf ajthrhsfj ajthrhsfjth th trfyhetgraf trfyhetgraf hj gtrgs shetgrhs. Uh egjstatuyõ hj 6116 egmg uj cforaefjth `h turogegmprhsgrhs pfrf if aj`ustraf hjhrdátaef. Hjtrh sus eiahjths mæs ampgrtfjths hstæj Rhmhx y if ECH (prg`uetgr y `astraoua`gr `h hjhrdíf hj Máxaeg). Nf gothja`g uj iudfr `hstfef`g hj if cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs, suohjsfmoihs y hjsfmoihs, hjsfmoih s, fsí egmg turogegmprhsgrhs. Euhjtf egj ujf pfthjth, hj egj kujtgg egj hi Ehj kujt Ehjtrg trg `h Ajj Ajjgvf gvfeaõj eaõj `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhr Vuhrátfrg átfrg (EA (EAF FPHV) PHV),, pfrf hi shiif`g sheg `h turoajfs `h ofkf pgthjeaf. Hsth juhvg prg`uetg rh`ueh if egjtfmajfeaõj, hvatf igs `hrrfmhs `h vfpgr y fumhjtf igs fögs `h va`f `h if turoajf `h 66 f 6> pgr eahjtg. HP cuh rhquhra`f pgr vfrafs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs hj if rhdaõj, ajeiuyhj`g Ogmofr`ahr, nfstf quh cajfimhjth igdrõ rheahjthmhjth cgrmfr pfrth `hi eiusthr fhrghspfeafi `h Vuhrátfrg egmg prgvhh`gr prgvhh`gr `h hstf ûita-
mf. Igs mahmorgs `h HP egjeiuy egjeiuyhrgj hrgj quh hstf juhvf egj`aeaõj `hmfj`fof fmpiafr su pifjtf, egmprfr juhvf mfquajfraf, egjtrftfr mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f, ajstfifr ujf eáiuif `h cforaefeaõj y gothjhr if ehrtacaefeaõj egrrhspgj`ahjth. Rgr tfjtg, egjtrftfrgj f ujf `arhetgrf `h `h prgyhetgs, egj 682
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
efiacaefeaõj pfrf hi mfjhkg `h if mfquajfraf y egj hstu`ags hmprhsfrafihs hmprhsfrafihs pfrf `aradar if juhvf uja`f`. Egj igs cgj`gs `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf, hj if htfpf ajaeafi, HP egjtrftõ f if fehihrf`grf `h thejgigdíf y jhdgeags Phenof, egj ig quh igdrõ eumpiar egj igs tármajgs y egj`aeagjhs rhquhra`gs pfrf shr fprgof`f egmg prgvhh`grf. If pifjtf sh egjeiuyõ hj ?262 y if carmf f`quaraõ if ehrtacaefeaõj FU1622, FU1622, quh hj hi mgmhjt mgmhjtgg `h if hjtrhvastf sh hjegjtr hjegjtrfof fof hj if rhvasa rhvasaõj õj ’ O” O”,, hj hsphrf `h gothjhr gothjhr if ’E ’E”” hi fög saduahjth. saduahjth. Fsamasmg, if egjsuitgríf egjsuitgríf `h Phenof Phenof ajeiuyõ ujf hstf`íf hstf`íf `h uj mhs hj hj Mgjtrhfi pfrf efpfeatfrsh hj if egmhreafiazfeaõj y pfrf mhkgrfr su hstrfthdaf `h rhifeagjhs pûoiaefs pfrf efptfr eiahjths. Hsth prgehsg hs egmpiaef`g, egmg ig muhstrf if hxphrahjeaf `h if hmprhsf. Rramhrg Rramhrg cuhrgj egjtrftf`gs egjtrftf`gs pgr ujf HGM `h pramhr javhi quh `ashöf hi trhj `h fthrrazfkh y hjsfmoif pfrf if mfjucfeturf `h pahzfs `h ifs quh usfj igs fvagjhs 434 sasthmfs y 444. Uaj hmofrdg, jg cuh pgsaoih rhfiazfr hsth prgy prgyhetg hetg pgr if cuhrth ajvhrsaõj rhquhra`f rhquhra`f hj sasthmfs `h shdura`f` pfrf egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`grhs `arhetgs< tfmpgeg igdrfrgj gothjhr erá`atgs egmphtatavgs `h igs ofjegs mhxaefjgs. Hj efmoag, if hmprhsf cuh suoegjtrftf`f pgr uj prg`uetgr `h trhjhs `h fthrrazfkh, prgvhh`gr futgrazf`g `h if pramhrf quh egjtfof egj if ajcrfhstrueturf f`heuf`f y ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs egrrhspgj`ahjths. Hstf fiafjzf nf sa`g ohjácaef pfrf fmofs pfrths, puhs if hmprhsf jg egjtfof egj hi efpatfi rhquhra`g pfrf ifs ajvhrsagjhs f if vhz quh hi egjtrftastf fumhjtõ su iíjhf `h prg`uetgs. Rfrf gothjhr hi egjtrftg, ifs hmprhsfs `hohj suphrfr muenfs htfpfs. Fsí, HP sh nf sgmhta`g f mûitapihs ajspheeagjhs ajspheeagjhs y fu`atgrífs pfrf sftascfehr ifs jhehsa`f`hs `hi eiahjth. @urfjth @urfjth hi tahmpg `h if hjtrhvastf nfoíf gothja`g if pramhrf fprgofeaõj `hi eiahjth `hspuás `h hjsfygs y egrrheeagjhs, y hstfofj pgr hjtrhdfr ifs pramhrfs muhstrfs. Fjths `h if hjtrhdf cajfi, sh sgiaeatõ f HP egmp egmpihtfr ihtfr if pramhrf rgj`f egj hi mfthrafi gradajfi. Rfrf if shduj`f fprgofeaõj thj`ræ quh rhfiazfr ajvhrsa ajvhrsagjhs gjhs hj thejgigdífs `h ajcgrmfeaõj (PA) (nfr`wfrh y sgctwfrh hspheafiazf`g pfrf iaehjeafs). If hmprhsf hs gptamastf fehref `h sus pgsaoaia`f`hs `h erheamahjtg,
phrg hs egjseahjth `h quh sh rhquahrh dhstaõj y `hsfrrgiig `h sus efpfea`f`hs. Eufj`g sh euhstagjõ f juhstrg ajcgrmfjth ajcgrmfjth sgorh if pgsaoaia`f` `h fumhjtfr sus iíjhfs ií jhfs `h prg`ueeaõj prg`ueeaõj,, rhspgj`aõ efthdõraefmhjth efthdõraefmhjth quh pgr hi mgmhjtg hs jhehsfrag egjsgia`frsh. Pgmfr juhvgs prgyhetgs sadjaca686
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
efríf ehjtrfrsh hxeiusavfmhjth hxeiusavfmhjth hj if cforaefeaõj y sh egrrhríf hi rahsdg `h rhtrfsfr hi `hsfrrgiig `h sus efpfea`f`hs. Hj if hjtrhvastf, hi `arhetavg egmhjtõ quh su pifj aj`ustrafi hrf `h `aheageng mhshs (ajaeaf`g f cajhs `h ?262), pfrf erhfr ifs egj`aeagjhs y cforaefr if cfmaiaf egmpihtf `h egmpgjhjths `hi trhj `h fthrrazfkh. Hsth pifj egmprhj`íf trhs htfpfs; mfjucfeturf, mfthrafihs `h cforaefeaõj y prgehsgs hspheafihs, ousefj`g egjstruar su prgpaf ef`hjf `h prgvhh`grhs pfrf igs trftfmahjtgs hspheafihs quh `hsfrrgiifof hi egjtrftastf egj hmprhsfs igefihs. Hi eiahjth cajfi sh fehreõ f eajeg hmprhsfs igefihs hj vífs `h ehrtacaefeaõj, g quh yf if tahjhj, pfrf cgrmfr pfrth `h if ef`hjf `h sumajastrgs `h eiahjths egmg Ogmofr`ahr, Hftgj g Mhssahr. Xjg `h igs prajeapfihs rhtgs pfrf ajerhmhjtfr ajerhmhjtfr ifs iíjhfs `h prg`uetgs egjsasth hj fumhjtfr ifs hxasthjeafs y igs egjgeamahjtgs hspheafiazf`gs hj hi mfjhkg gphrfeaõj hs uj prgyhetg `h eajeg fögs q uh quh `hmfj`f ujfy fiafjzf egj`hhitatfjag. EhjtrgÁsth `h Ajvhstadfeaõj y Fsasthjeaf Páejaef `hi Hstf`g `h Vuhrátfrg pfrf `hsfrrgiifr efpfea`f`hs hj hi mfjhkg `h igs prgehsgs egj tatfjag y hjthj`hr sus mhref`gs. If mhtf cajfi shríf if cforaefeaõj `h igs mgtgrhs `h prgpuisaõj. Uaj hmofrdg, igs hstraetgs rhquhramahjtgs `h if aj`ustraf y hi pg`hr `h jhdgeafeaõj `h igs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs graiifj f quh if eurvf `h fprhj`azfkh `h ifs HGM shf muy prgjujeaf`f, ig eufi ifs if s vuhivh vuijhrfoihs f ifs pfrtaeuifra`f`hs `hi mhref`g fhrgjæutaeg, egj muengs egstgs aj`arhetgs `acíeaihs `h a`hjtacaefr. Xj hkhmpig `h hiig jgs ig egmpfrtaõ if hmprhsf egj ujf hxphrahjeaf ajthrhsfjth; nfoíf ajaeaf`g uj prgyhetg `h `h prg`ueeaõj `h javhihs pahzfs hspheícaefs hj drfj`hs vgiûmhjhs, phrg `hspuás hvfiufr sus `h tgihrfjeaf, vgiûmhjhs y egstgs, sh iihdõ f if egjeiusaõj `h quh jg shrífj efpfehs `h hjtrhdfr hi ph`a`g. Rgr tfjtg, jg egjtajufrgj, puhs sh `ahrgj euhjtf `h quh hstgs prg`uetgs jg hrfj f`heuf`gs f ifs efpfea`f`hs `h if hmprhsf y quh if trfyhetgraf `h sus turogegmprhsgrhs hstfof `hcaja`f pfrf if cforaefeaõj `h pahzfs `h drfj`hs `amhjsagjhs hj vgiûmhjhs phquhögs y egj muy ofkg hrrgr `h tgihrfjeaf, nfoaia`f`hs quh sí nfoífj igdrf`g `hsfrrgiifr hj if mfjucfeturf `h igs turogegmprhsgrhs turogegmprhsgrhs pfrf if aj`ustraf `h if hjhrdíf.
Hj gtrfs pfiforfs, ifs hmprhsfs `hohj a`hjtacaefr sus efpfea`f`hs oæsaefs y vhjtfkfs egmphtatavfs. egmphtatavfs. Juhstrg Juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g egjsa`hrõ quh hstf hxphrahjeaf egjtraouyõ f hjegjtrfr su jaeng hj if EDS. F`hmæs `hi vfiagsg fshsgrfmahjtg `h Phenof, HP `hstfeõ if ampgrtfjeaf `hi sgpgrth quh ih nfj `f`g igs egjsuitgrhs efjf`ahjshs hj euhs68?
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
tagjhs quh vfj `hs`h if cforaefeaõj hj pfquhth f gtrgs fsphetgs, egmg hi sasthmf `h `geumhjtfeaõj, if pifjacaefeaõj `h prhsupuhstgs y if igdístaef. Hi prgyhetg pfrf pfrtaeapfr hj if EDS sh cajfjeaõ ajaeafimhjth egj su prgpag efpatfi< eufj`g rhfiazfmgs if hjtrhvastf, sh nfoífj pgstuif`g pfrf feeh`hr f igs cgj`gs pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig thejgiõdaeg `hi Egjfeyt. Hi vhrh`aetg hstfof pgr rhsgivhrsh, phrg hrfj gptamastfs, puhs sh trftf `h if pramhrf hmprhsf hj Máxaeg quh prg`ueh hsth tapg `h pahzfs egj mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs pfrf uj mhref`g egmpihtfmhjth juhvg. Pfmoaáj sgiaeatfrgj cgj`gs fi Rrgdrfmf `h ifs Hmprhsfs Dfehif `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf. Hsphrfofj, adufimhjth, adufimhjth, fpgyg fpgyg `h if Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Uusthjtfoih `hi Hstf`g Hst f`g `h Vuhrátfrg. Juhstrg Juhstrg hjtrhvastf`g `hstfeõ if ampgrtfjeaf a mpgrtfjeaf `h `aspgjhr `h cgj`gs duohrjfmhjtfihs. Hi cajfjeafmahjtg `hi Egjfeyt cuh erueafi hj sus ajjgvfeagjhs prheh`hjths, prheh`hjths, fujquh ifmhjtõ if efjta`f` hxehsavf `h `geumhjtfeaõj y hi tahmpg quh sh ajvahrth hj hstg, hj pfrtaeuifr pgr if cfitf `h cajfjeafmahjtg egmphtatavg f ifrdg pifzg.
If hmprhsf MH Ua oahj cuh uj dgiph `h suhrth, if iihdf`f `h MH f if EDS fhrgjæutaef jg nforíf sa`g pgsaoih saj hi `hsfrrgiig prhvag `h sus efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf y ferh`atfeaõj hj if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz. futgmgtraz. ajaeaõ sus`h fetava`f`hs hj Fetufimhjth 6115 egmg cforaefjth hsefjtaiigjhsy pfrfMH if aj`ustraf futgpfrths. prg`ueh `h nhrrfmahjtfs trgquhihs pfrf if prg`ueeaõj `h tfpfs y shpfrf`grhs `h igs saihjeaf`grhs `h igs egenhs. If hmprhsf euhjtf egj vhajth hmpihf`gs; `gs ajdhjahrgs f efrdg `hi `ashög `h igs prg`uetgs, ujg f efrdg `h if mhtrgigdíf y gtrg rhspgjsfoih `h if hvfiufeaõj `h if efia`f`. efia`f` . Hjtrh Hjtrh sus eiahjths mæs ampgr ampgr-tfjths hstæ Dhjhrfi Mgtgrs, euygs ajdhjahrgs ajdhjahrgs nfj vasatf`g v asatf`g if pifjtf y nfj rhegjgea`g sus ouhjfs præetaefs. Hj ifs pramhrfs htfpfs `h if cgrmfeaõj `hi eiusthr fhrgjæutaeg hj
Vuhrátfrg, if hmprhsf Fhrjjgvf, hmprhsf hspfögif, egjtrftõ f MH pfrf if cforaefeaõj g rhpfrfeaõj `h nhrrfmahjtfs hspfögifs `hthragrf`fs. FhrFhrjjgvf cforaef egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths quh vhj`h f uj prgvhh`gr `h pramhr javhi `hi Oghajd `h Ogmofr`ahr. Pfmoaáj cforaef nhiaeõpthrgs y egmpgjhjths `h turoajfs. MH eumpiaõ egj hi egjtrftg sftascfetgrafmhjth. 685
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
Fpfrhjthmhjth, ujgs hmpihf`gs `h `h Fhrjjgvf, prgvhjahjths `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, egjgeífj egjgeífj if rhputfeaõj `h if hmprhsf MH. Hj fquhi hjtgjehs, ástf jg egjtfof egj ehrtacaefeaõj fidujf, ja saquahrf `h AUG 1222. Fhrjjgvf Fhrjjgvf if ampuisõ f ajegrpgrfrsh fi Rrgdrfmf pfrf hi @hsfrrgiig `h Rrgvhh`grhs Fhrgjæutaeg `h Jfcaj-RJX@. Hsth prgdrfmf `urõ shas mhshs, `urfjth igs eufihs if egmpföíf suphrõ muenfs hvfiufeagjhs y efmoags. Hj fidûj mgmhjtg, uj hxphrtg `hi RJX@ igs vasatõ h nazg vfrafs sudhrhjeafs, hjtrh ifs quh sh ajeiuífj if ajstfifeaõj `h uj ifogrftgrag `h mhtrgigdíf, ujf sfif `h egjchr egjchrhjeafs, hjeafs, mhkgrfs f`majastrftavfs y euhstagjhs `h ehrtacaefeaõj. Uh fthj`ahrgj tg`fs ifs sudhrhjeafs y hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj sh `geumhjtõ pgr egmpihtg. Egj hi caj `h gothjhr if ehrtacaefeaõj, `gs hmpihf`gs tgmfrgj uj eursg hj hi Ehjtrg `h @hsfrrgiig `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef (Eh`af) y sh `hea`aõ quh hi pramhr pfsg hrf egjshduar if ehrtacaefeaõj AUG 1222, quh yf nfoífj gothja`g `urfjth `urfjth if hjtrhvastf. Uh pifjhfof iihvfr f efog hi prgehsg pfrf gothjhr if ehrtacaefeaõj FU1622, aj`asphj aj`asphjsfoih sfoih pfrf gothjhr egjtrftgs digofihs hj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef< fujquh hrfj egjseahjths `h quh if ehrtacaefeaõj hs sõig hi pramhr pfsg. If `heasaõj `h MH `h hjtrfr `h iihjg egmg prgvhh`grhs hj hi mhref`g fhrgjæutaeg hs `hcajatavg. Rfrf hiig nfj ajvhrta`g yf hj if egjstrueeaõj egjstrueeaõj `h ujf pifjtf aj`hphj`ahjth, aj`hphj`ahjth, egj mfquajfraf juhvf, pfrf hi mhref`g fhrgjæutaeg hxeiusavfmhjth, egmg ig rhquahrhj sus cuturgs eiahjths `h hsth ruorg aj`ustrafi. fngrf egmg nfj cajfjeaf`g sushjtrh juhvfs egj su prgpag ciukgNfstf `h hchetavg, hs crheuhjth ifsgphrfeagjhs hmprhsfs mhxaefjfs. Mæs rheahjthmhjth, sh nfj ajegrpgrf`g fi eatf`g prgdrfmf `h prgvhh`grhs. Cuh sgrprhj`hjth egjstftfr quh hi `arhetavg quh hjtrhvastfmgs jg thjíf egjgeamahjtgg `h igs `achrhj egjgeamahjt `achrhjths ths cgj`gs quh hi dgoahrjg fpgrtf f ifs pymhs.
Ampiaefeagjhs Ampia efeagjhs `h if pgiítaef hegjõmaef
Juhstrgs hstu`ags `h efsg muhstrfj quh if hjtrf`f `h hmprhsfs trfjsjfJuhstrgs eagjfihs prgvhh`grfs `h sasthmfs y suosasthmfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef nf geurra`g egmg rhsuitf`g `h if `ajæmaef `h ifs ef`hjfs digofihs `h vfigr hj hsefif hsefi f ajthrjfeagjfi.
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·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
Hjegjtrfmgs quh igs cfetgrhs dhgpgiítaegs nfj sa`g ampgrtfjths ampgrtfjths pfrf if rhuoaefeaõj `h if juhvf ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf `arhetf hj hi eiusthr fhrgjæutaeg `h Vuhrátfrg. Hj rhifeaõj egj ifs hmprhsfs enajfs, enajf s, if prgxama`f` prgxama`f` dhgdræcaef hs ujf vhjtfkf pfrf ifs mhxaefjfs, `hoa`g f 6) if rh`ueeaõj `h igs egstgs `h trfjspgrth, trfjspgrth, ?) ifs mhjgrhs `achrhjeafs `h `h tahmpg, 5) igs ohjhcaeags `h ajmadrfeaõj gcrhea`fs pgr hi PIEFJ (pgr hkhmpig, igs igs vasf`gs hspheafihs), y 0) hi egmpr egmprgmasg gmasg `hi dgoahrjg mhxaefjg egj igs feuhr`gs `h if Grdfjazfeaõj Muj`afi `h if Rrgpah`f` Ajthihetufi Ajthihetufi (GMRA). Hj dhjhrfi, hi PIEFJ nf sa`g uj ouhj mfreg pfrf igs jhdgeags ajthrjfeagjfihs y if prgxama`f` egj hi mhref`g hstf`guja`hjsh nf `f`g ujf mfygr egmphtatava`f` f ifs hmprhsfs `h hstfs tahrrfs, ig quh ihs nf phrmata`g ujf ræpa`f ajthrfe ajthrfeeaõj eaõj egj igs eiahjths. Uaj hmofrdg, hstfs vhjtfkfs sõig hxpiaef pfreafimhjth if ajshreaõj `h if aj`ustraf mhxaefjf hj if EDS `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Hj juhstrf gpajaõj, hi hscuhrzg `hi dgoahrjg mhxaefjg y sus pgiítaefs pûoiaefs hj igs `achrhjths javhihs egf`yuvfrgj hj hi fvfjeh `h hstf aj`ustraf hj igs ûitamgs `ahz fögs. Hj hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi, sh `ag ujf pgiítaef `h ftrfeeaõj `h ifs muitajfeagjfihs, erhfj`g ifs egj`aeagjhs cfvgrfoihs pfrf if ajvhrsaõj. Hi pfphi `h Rrg Máxaeg cuh muy ampgrtfjth pfrf dfrfjtazfr igs egmprgmasgs `h ajvhrsaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs, quh, shdûj Ogmofr`ahr, ampiaefrgj jhdgeafeagjhs eifrfs y trfjspfrhjths. Uh nazg uj fjæiasas hstrftádaeg (Rifj `h Suhig ?221) quh phrmataõ egjstruar hi mfpf `h if`hi rutf thejgiõdaef y hiy`ashög `h if pgiítaef, ajeiuyhj`g if pfr-y taeapfeaõj dgoahrjg ch`hrfi if s futgra`f`hs ifs igefihs, ujavhrsa`f`hs ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Fsamasmg, tfmoaáj nfj sa`g `h sumf ampgrtfjeaf igs hscuhrzgs ajstatueagjfihs pfrf prgpaeafr ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs `hi shetgr shetgr,, fsí egmg if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h cgj`gs, eursgs `h efpfeatfeaõj, egjsuitgrífs egjsuitgrífs y ehrtacaefeagjhs. Egmg pfrth `h ifs jhdgeafeagjhs, sh ajeiuyõ hi egjehptg `h egmphjsfeagjhs (gccshts), pgr mh`ag `h ifs eufihs ifs hmprhsfs sh egmprgmhthrífj egmprgmhthrífj
f ajvgiuerfrsh hj tfrhfs `h `ashög f pfrtar `h uj jûmhrg hspheícaeg `h fögs. Hj uj cuturg prõxamg, nforæ quh egjstftfr nfstf quá pujtg hstg ûitamg sh vgivaõ rhfia`f`. Juhstrgs Juhs trgs efsgs jg muhstrfj hva`hjeaf quh efrfethraeh hi tapg `h dgohrjfjzf egmg ’mg`uifr” pfrf igs jg`gs uoaef`gs hj Vuhrátfrg. Rgr hi egjtrfrag, sh phreaoh ujf drfj ajthrfeeaõj hjtrh eiahjths y prgvhh`grhs. 688
Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
Hstg sadjacaef quh, f phsfr `h if jgrmfiazfeaõj y ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs, phrsasth if jhehsa`f` `h hstfoihehr uj ajthrefmoag ajthrefmoag `h egjgeamahjtg tæeatg hj hi prgehsg `h trfjschrhjeaf hjtrh hmprhsfs. Hj hi efsg `h Ogmofr`ahr Vuhrátfrg y`h ifsegjgeamahjtg hmprhsfs `h Ufcrfj hj `aeng hstf`g, quh euhjtfj egj efpfea`f`hs fitfs, if dgohrjfjzf pg`ríf `hseraoarsh egmg rhifeagjfi, hj hi shjta`g `h Uturdhgj (?22>). Hj eufjtg f ifs hmprhsfs igefihs hjtrhvastf`fs, sus efpfea`f`hs sgj fûj rhstrajda`fs, hs `hear, if hmprhsf prgvhh`grf hstæ hmphzfj`g hj uj juhvg efmpg, pgr pgr ig quh if i f dgohrjfjzf `h if ef`hjf egj sus eiahjths sh egjsa`hrf `h efræethr efutavg, ig quh jg sadjacaef quh hstg shf phrmfjhjth. Ua ifs hmprhsfs fvfjzfj hj su prgehsg `h fprhj`azfkh y euhjtfj egj igs rheursgs jhehsfrags, thj`ræj ujf rhifeaõj mhjgs fsamátraef hj hi cuturg. Hj ifs htfpfs ajaeafihs, if fetavf pfrtaeapfeaõj `h igs dgoahrjgs hj hstgs hscuhrzgs nf sa`g cuj`fmhjtfi. Xj Xj hkhmpig cuh if egjv egjvgeftgraf geftgraf `h igs cujeagjfrags `hi dgoahrjg f ifs hmprhsfs igefihs, ig quh prgpaeaõ if ajthdrfeaõj `h juhvgs pfrtaeapfjths hj if aj`ustraf. Hj hi pfsf`g, ifs erítaefs f if pgiítaef aj`ustrafi sh ehjtrfrgj hj if cfitf `h eggr`ajfeaõj hjtrh igs prgdrfmfs y ifs if s ajstatueagjhs (Orgwj y @gmíjduhz, ?22>). Mæs fiiæ `h hstf erítaef, jgs sgrprhj`aõ hjegjtrfr hjegjtrfr,, hj hi efsg ef sg egjerhtg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi, quh hi dgoahrjg nf dhstagjf`g if eggr`ajfeaõj ajstatueagjfi pfrf dhjhrfr prgdrfmfs `achrhjths, `h tfi mg`g quh igs prgvhh`grhs igs fprgvhenhj. Hstg ig nfj egjcarmf`g gtrgs fjfiastfs (Efsfiht, ?266). Hjifjuhstrf gpajaõj,hjtrh ifs pgiítaefs pûoiaefs quh hstfoihehj mhtfs y cfeaiatfj eggr`ajfeaõj tg`gs igs pfrtaeapfjths `h if aj`ustraf hs uj ajdrh`ahjth ampgrtfjth pfrf suphrfr igs gostæeuigs y ifs ofrrhrfs fi ajdrhsfr f juhvgs jaengs `h fitf thejgigdíf, fujquh hstfs ajaeaftavfs jg sgj sucaeahjths pfrf thjhr áxatg. Pfmoaáj `hseuoramgs ujf erheahjth prhshjeaf `h tfihjtg hmprhsfrafi, egj vgiujtf` pfrf fsumar rahsdgs h ajvhrtar hj if erhfeaõj `h efpfea`fefpfea`f`hs h ajjgvfeaõj. Hstg jg nuoahrf sa`g pgsaoih hj if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef
saj if feumuifeaõj `h efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs `h ifs hmprhsfs prhvafs hj gtrfs ef`hjfs, egmg if futgmgtraz g if aj`ustraf mhtfimheæjaef hj hstfs pramhrfs htfpfs. Xjf `h ifs egmpföífs fhrghspfeafihs `h juhstrgs hstu`ags `h efsg (HP) nazg igs hscuhrzgs jhehsfrags pfrf `hsfrrgiifr prgdrfmfs `h prgvhh`grhs. @aenf hstrfthdaf sh nf cgrtfihea`g egj hi fshsgrfmahjtg `h Phen683
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
of, sgorh tg`g hj eufjtg f hstfoihehr uj hjcgquh digofi egj pgthjeafihs eiahjths hj Efjf`æ y Hstf`gs Xja`gs. Phenof egjsa`hrf hstg egmg uj natg pfrfegjstruar if hmprhsf. Hshefpfea`f`hs fshsgrfmahjtg pfrheh shr ujfhiegj`aeaõj prhvaf pfrf jg sõig egmhreafihs pfrf mhref`g igefi, sajg tfmoaáj ifs quh rhquahrh hi mhref`g ajthrjfeagjfi, efpfea`f`hs `h ifs eufihs ifs hmprhsfs igefihs efrhehj. Xj fsphetg pgsatavg hj if pgiítaef `hoh rhegjgehrsh hj igs prgdrfmfs cajfjeaf`gs egj hi Cgj`g Rymh shöfif`gs hj ifs hjtrhvastfs. Hj pfrtaeuifr, Phenof, hmprhsf egjsuitgrf euyf jumhrgsf efrthrf `h efsgs `h hmprhsfs `h áxatg jg sh egmprhj`hríf saj hstgs cgj`gs. Fidg samaifr sh `aríf `hi Rrgdrfmf `h Cgrmfeaõj `h Rrgvhh`grhs RJX@-Jfcaj. Ig fjthragr jg quahrh `hear quh igs cgj`gs jhehsfrags shfj sucaeahjths sucaeahjths sa sh tahjh hj euhjtf e uhjtf quh ig `hshfoih pfrf hi pfís hs thjhr mæs prgvhh`uríf igefi y fetava`f`hs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g. Hi rhtg hs hjgrmh y `hmfj`f ujf cuhrth pgiítaef fi rhsphetg. Hj hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf, juhstrgs juhstrgs hjtrhvastf`gs aj`aefrgj quh nfy hspfeags hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr quh sh pg`rífj fprgvhenfr y egj hiig sh mhkgríf if pgsaeaõj egmphtatavf `hi shetgr. Egmg hkhmpigs, OMV mhjeagjõ if erhfeaõj `hi Ehjtrg `h @ashög Fhrghspfeafi, y Phenof shöfiõ quh if cfitf `h hmprhsfs cforaefjths `h cgrkfs hs uj prgoihmf pfrf hi vfigr fdrhdf`g `h tg`f if ef`hjf `h vfigr. F`aeagjfimhjth, hstæ if jhehsa`f` `h egjstruar juhvgs pfrquhs aj`ustrafihs egj ajcrfhstrueturf f`heuf`f. Uh rhquahrh tfmoaáj ujf jhdgeafeaõj egj `astajtgs grdfjasmgs `h dgoahrjg pfrf mhkgrfr hi mfreg rhduiftgrag y if gothjeaõj `h ehrtacaefeagjhs. F`hmæs, F`hmæs, sa ifs if s futgra`f`hs mhxaefjfs tahjhj egmg hstrfthdaf ajshrtfr f igs prgvhh`grhs hj if ef`hjf muj`afi, hs jhehsfrag uj mfygr fpgyg pfrf ehrtacaefr f ifs pymhs igefihs y, y, pgr tfjtg, oraj`fr oraj`fr mæs rheursgs `hi Egjfeyt y `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf. Nfy uj jgtgrag `hshquaiaorag hjtrh hjtrh igs hscuhrzgs pfrf fshdurfr f shdurfr ifs aj-
vhrsagjhs `h ifs hmprhsfs hxtrfjkhrfs y if ehrtacaefeaõj y cajfjeafmahjtg f ifrdg pifzg pfrf hstfs ajaeaftavfs. Hj juhstrf gpajaõj, hstg jg nf sa`g trftf`g f`heuf`fmhjth y `hoh egjsa`hrfrsh egmg ujf cfiif cfi if `hi mhref`g. Ifs hva`hjths `hcaeahjeafs `hi`hsasthmf erh`ataeag mhxaefjg sgj hi`ræstaefs; f phsfr `hi sasthmf jfeagjfi dfrfjtífs hstfoihea`g hj ?225, 14% `h igs cgj`gs `h igs erá`atgs sh `hstajfj f efpatfi `h trfofkg< hj gtrfs pfif-
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
orfs, hi erá`atg `h ifrdg pifzg hstæ præetaefmhjth fushjth (@h Mfríf y Efmpgs ht fi., ?262). hxphrahjeaf `h HP, if ehrtacaefeaõj cuh hi pramhr pfsgEgmg pfrf sumuhstrf hjtrf`fifegmg prgvhh`gr< nfstf fngrf, if ajvhrsaõj ajaeafi prgvajg `h igs cgj`gs ajthrjgs `h if hmprhsf, phrg hj hi cuturg shræ jhehsfrag feeh`hr f uj erá`atg egmphtatavg pfrf uoaefrsh, egj áxatg, hj javhihs mæs fitgs `h if ef`hjf y `hsfrrgiifr fsí su prgpaf ef`hjf `h prgvhh`g prgvhh`grhs. rhs. Hj hsh shjta`g, Máxaeg sh hjeuhjtrf muy ihkgs `h ifs feeagjhs `h pfíshs egmphta`grhs. egmphta `grhs. Ifs hmprhsfs orfsaihöfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi euhjtfj egj erá`atgs f` nge `h su ofjef `h `hsfrrgiig; hi OJ@HU (Efcfdda, ?266). Rgrr gtrf pfrth, efoh egjsa`hrfr quh ifs Rg if s phquhöfs hmprhsfs, fi mhjgs `h mfjhrf pfrtaeuifr, jg tahjhj efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs, cajfjeahrfs g dhrhjeafihs pfrf egjvhrtarsh egjvhrtarsh hj sgeags `h rahsdg, ig eufi jgs iihvf f hjcftazfr if jhehsa`f` `h igdrfr mg`fia`f`hs fsgeaftavfs f sgeaftavfs (egjsgreags) quh cuj kfj egmg ajthrmh ajthrmh`afra `afrags gs hjtrh vfrafs pymhs pymhs y ifs drfj`hs HGM, egmg egmg geurrh hj Orfsai. Hj egjeiusaõj, eahrtgs eahrtgs rfsdgs dhjhrfihs `h if pgiítaef hegjõmaef cuhrgj g sgj prgpaeags pfrf hi erheamahjtg. Ifs iheeagjhs `h igs hstu`ags `h efsgs y if hxphrahjeaf `h gtrgs pfíshs muhstrfj if jhehsa`f` jhehsa`f` `h egjtfr egj prgdrfmfss hspheícaegs prgdrfmf hspheícaegs pfrf fthj`hr ifs ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h `h hstf EDS. EDS. Fi pfrhehr,, ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs mhxaefjfs jg hstæj cuhrf `h if egmphthjehr eaf muj`afi, puhs hs jgtgrag quh ifs egj`aeagjhs `h hjtrf`f hstæj `f`fs y ifs hmpr hmprhsfs hsfs mhxaefjfs sh hjeuhjtrfj f if fiturf `hi `hsfcíg. Rhrg, Rhrg, nfstf fngrf sgj pgefs ifs hmprhsfs igefihs quh nfj hjtrf`g y if mfygríf `h ástfs pfrtaeapfj egmg prgvhh`grfs efutavfs u geupfj igs jaengs `h ofkg `h vfigr fdrhdf`g< fd rhdf`g< jg gostfjth, nfy hspfeag pfrf mgvhrsh nfeaf frraof hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr. Ifs ajaeaftavfs duohrjfmhjtfihs hj ifs pramhrfs htfpfs `ahrgj f ifs hmprhsfs igefihs if pgsaoaia`f` `h pfrtaeapfr, hj hi cuturg, hj hi `ashög `hi
prg`uetg y hj prg`uetgs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g. Rfrf hi igdrg `h hstfs mhtfs, mhtfs , ifs hmprhsfs `hohj egjtajufr ajvartahj`g hj ehrtacaefeagjhs y hj hi `hsfrrgiig `h efpfea`f`hs. Fsamasmg, Fsamasmg, nfj `h pifjthfrsh mhtfs fmoaeagsfs quh ihs phrmatfj egjshduar eiahjths ajthrjfeagjfihs y hjegjtrfr juhvgs jaengs. Rgr ûitamg, efoh suorfyfr quh, pfrf hjtrfr hj ujf ESD `h fitf thejgigdíf, egmg if fhrghspfeafi, ifs ajstfjeafs duohrjfmhjtfihs `hohj ar 68>
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
mæs fiiæ `h if sgiueaõj trf`aeagjfi `h ifs cfiifs `hi mhref`g mhref`g.. Hstgs `hsfcígs rhquhraræj `hi cgmhjtg `h prgyhetgs `h fitg ampfetg quh prgpgr prgpgreagjhj; eagjhj; ajcrfhstrueturf císaef, mhkgr igdístaef y egj`aeagjhs `h egmujaefeaõj, phrg ‐mæs ampgrtfjth fûj‐ quh cgmhjthj if ajjgvfeaõj y if efpfea`f` `h fprhj`azfkh hjtrh igs pagjhrgs `h ifs juhvfs ef`hjfs.
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Cigr Orgwj-Drgssmfj y Iaiaf @gmíjduhz-S @gmíjduhz-Saiifigogs aiifigogs
Cuhjths Frj`t, U. y N. Lahrzlgwsla (?226). Crf Crfdmhjtftagj; dmhjtftagj; Jhw Rrg`uetagj Rf Rftthrjs tthrjs aj tnh Tgri` Hegjgmy, Gxcgr`, Gxcgr` Xjavhrsaty Rrhss. Orgwj, C. y I. @gmíjduhz (?22>). ’Rgiítaefs h ajstatueagjhs `h fpgyg f if phquhöf y mh`afjf hmprhsf hj Máxaeg”, hj C. E. y D. Utumpg (h`s.), Rgiítaefs `h fpgyg f ifs pymhs hj Fmáraef Iftajf , Ufjtafdg `h Enaih, EHRFI. Efcfdda, Cforazag (?266). (?26 6). ’Feehssajd tnh DSE aj a j f Enfjdajd Ajstatutagjfi Hjvargjmhjt; Egmpfrajd Fhrgjfutaes fj` Egcchh”, Tfsnajdtgj, @.E., AjthrFmhraefj @hvhigpmhjt Ofjl. Efrraiig, Kgrdh y Ficrh`g Nufi`h (?224). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. Efrfethrastaefs prg`uetavfs y egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs y prgchsagjfihs, Máxaeg, Maduhi Æjdhi Rgrrûf. Efsfiht _fvhjjf, _fvhjjf , Mõjaef Mõjaef (?266). If pgiítaef `h hjef`hjfmahjtgs prg`uetavgs hj Máxaeg. Xjf Xjf juhvf gpgrtuja`f`; hi h i eiusthr `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Vuhrátfrg, Ufjtafdg `h Enaih, EHRFI. Chhjstrf, _gohrt (611>). ’ Ajthdrftagj gc Prf`h Prf`h fj` @asajthdrftagj @asa jthdrftagj gc Rrg`uetagj aj tnh Digofi Hegjgmy”, K Kgurjf gurjfii gc Hegjgmae Hegjgmae Rhrsphetavhs Rhrsphetavhs, vgi. 6?, jûm. 0, pp. 56-82. Dhrhcca, D., K. Numpnrhy y P. Uturdhgj (?228). ’Pnh Dgvhrjfjeh gc Digofi Sfiu fiuhh Enf Enfajs” ajs”,, _hvahw gc Ajthrjftagjfi Rgiataefi Hegjgmy, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp. 4>-620. Nufi`h, Ficrh`g y Rru`hjeag Mgena (?22>). ’Máxaeg; ·ujf fpuhstf hstrftádaef pgr if aj`ustraf `hi sgctwfrh7”, Egmhreag Hxthragr, vgi. 8>, jûm. 8, pp. 558-501. Lfpiajsly,, _fpnfhi Lfpiajsly _ fpnfhi (?222). (?2 22). Uprhf`ajd tnh Dfajs crgm Dgofiasftagj; Tnft Efj Oh Ihfrjh` crgm Sfiuh Enfaj Fjfiysas7, Oradntgj, Oradntgj Ajstatuth gc @hvhigpmhjt Utu`ahs, Xjavhrsaty Xjavhrsaty gc Uusshx. Lamurf, Uhasna (?224). Pnh Enfiihjdhs gc Ifth Aj`ustrafiazftagj; Pnh Digofi
Hegjgmy fj` tnh Kfpfjhsh Egmmhreafi Farerfct Aj`ustry, Igj`rhs, Rfidrfvh Mfemaiifj. Mfríf y Efmpgs, Mfuraeag `h, Iaiaf @gmíjduhz y Cigr Orgwj (?262). (?26 2). ’Mhxa-
efj Aj`ustry ft f Ergssrgf`s; Ugmh Rgiaey Egjsa`hrftagjs”, Iftaj Fmhraefj , vgi. 6, jûm. ?, pp. ?>0-523. Rgiaey RTE (?266). Dfajajd Phenjgigdaefi F`vfjtfdh F&@ Ajsadnts, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.pwe.eg 9www .pwe.egm/fhrgspf m/fhrgspfehfj``hchjsh: ehfj``hchjsh:,, egjsuitf`f hj h j shptahmorh shpta hmorh `h ?266. ?2 66. 632
·Pahjh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef mhxaefjf ifs egj`aeagjhs pfrf ajthdrfrsh…7
_uaz @uræj, Eihmhjth (?224). ’Mhxaeg; Pnh Mfjfdhmhjt _hvgiutagj fj` tnh Hmhrdhjeh gc tnh Ugctwfrh Aj`ustry”, hj H. D. y M. L. Mfsftsudu Psuka (h`s.), Aj`ustrafi Fddigmhrftagj fj` Jhw Phenjgigdahs; F Digofi Rhrsphetavh, Igj`rhs, H`wfr` Hidfr. Uæjenhz, _gj y _. _ . Egiiajs (?226). (?226) . ’Egmphtajd fj` Ihfrjajd aj Mg`uifr Mfrlhts”, Igjd _fjdh Rifjjajd , vgi. 50, jûm. 3, pp. 308-334. Uenaiiajd, Mhiassf F. (?222). (?222) . ’ Pgwfr` f Dhjhrfi Mg`uifr Uysthms Pnhgry fj` ats Fppiaeftagj tg Ajthrcarm Rrg`uet Mg`uifraty”, Fef`hmy gc Mfjfdhmhjt _hvahw, vgi. ?8, jûm. ?, pp. 56?-550. Uenmatz, Nuohrt (6111). ’Crgm Fseraoh` tg Hfrjh` Prust aj Hxpgrtajd Eiusthrs”, K Kgurj gurjfi fi gc gc Ajthrj Ajthrjftag ftagjfi jfi Heg Hegjgm jgmaes aes, vgi. 0>, jûm. 6, pp. 651-682. Uahmhjs, RIM Ugctwfrh (?266). ’Utrfthdae Ajataftavhs Ouai` Digofi Ajjgvftagj Jhtwgrls aj Fhrgspfeh fj` @hchjsh Aj`ustrahs”, `aspgjaoih hj 9www. fhrgspfehW`hchjshWwpWT6Wtem4?-6806.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj shptahmorh `h ?266. Uturdhgj, Pamgtny K. (?22>). ’Mfppajd Ajthdrftavh Prf`h; Egjehptufiazajd fj` Mhfsurajd Digofi Sfiuh Enfajs”, Ajt. K. Phenjgigdaefi Ihfrjajd, Ajjgvftagj fj` @hvhigpmhjt, vgi. 6, jûm. 5, pp. ?5>-?84. Taprg Egujeai cgr Aj`ustry _hshfren (?221). ’Fhrgspfeh Mfjucfeturajd Prfjschr Uysthms”, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.waprg.egm:, egjsuitf`f hj shptahmorh `h ?266.
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Efpítuig S ·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf Kgrdh K grdh Efrraiig Efrraiig* y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg**
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
I f aj`ustraf hspfeafi y fhrgjæutaef sh `hcajh egmg tg`fs ifs fetava`f`hs prg`uetavfs `hstajf`fs f if egjstrueeaõj y `ashög `h fhrgpifjgs, nhiaeõpthrgs, ifujenhrs, masaihs y sftáiaths, fsí egmg hi hquapg `hi quh `hphj`h, f`hmæs `h igs mgtgrhs y hquapgs hihetrõjaegs quh sh utaiazfj f ogr`g (Efrrajefzhfux y Cradfjt, ?224; ?224; ?30). If `achrhjeaf hjtrh if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y if fhrghspfeafi hstraof hj quh igs prg`uetgs `h if pramhrf eareuifj `hjtrg `h if ftmõschrf thrrhstrh thrrhstrh mahjtrfs mahjtrfs quh igs `h if shduj`f sõig ig nfehj cuhrf `h ástf. ástf . Hj hsth trfofkg utaiazfmgs hi egjehptg aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi (AF) pgrquh gradajfimhjth fsí cuhhs`hjgmajf`g hi `h prgyhetg `h ajvhstadfeaõj, ajvhstadfeaõ j, phrg hj rhfia`f` if rhchr rhchrhjeaf hjeaf f fmogs tapgs aj`ustraf, fujquh if mfygr pfrth `h if fetava`f` phrthjhzef phrthjhzef fi efmpg `h if fhrgjæutaef. Uhdûj Aoæöhz y Iõphz (?223), ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs jg sh radhj sõig pgr ifs hstrfthdafs prg`uetavfs `h rhjtfoaia`f` quh duífj f ifs `hmæs egmpföífs. Egjsheuhjthmhjth, Egjsheuhjthmhjth, grdfjazfj hi trfofkg y if prg`ue-
eaõj, if dhstaõj y igs rheursgs numfjgs `h mfjhrf `achrhjth. Xjg `h igs cfetgrhs quh mæs egj`aeagjf sus prgehsgs hs hi pfphi ehjtrfi `hi Hstf`g. Uu prgtfdgjasmg iihvf f ujf rhgrdfjazfeaõj pifjacaef`f, ujf vasaõj hstrftádaef `hi `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi y ujf egjehjtrfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf, prajeapfimhjth hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y Hurgpf. Jg gostfjth, sh prhvá uj * @arhetgr `hi @hpfrtfmhjtg `h Hstu`ags Ugeafihs `h Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth. ** Patuifr `h if Uherhtfríf Dhjhrfi Fef`ámaef `h Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth. 635
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
mfygr ajerhmhjtg ajerhmhjtg `h if AF `h mhjgr vfigr föf`a`g hj pfíshs phracáraeg phracáraegs, s, egjsa`hrf`gs hstrftádaegs, hstrftádaegs, igs eufihs sh hstæj egjvartahj`g hj ehjtrgs `h prg`ueeaõj y hj mhref`gs hmhrdhjths. hmhrdhjths. F phsfr `h if gpajaõj eatf`f, hi pfphi `hi Hstf`g nf hvgiueagjf`g hj if mfygríf `h igs pfíshs `hsfrrgiif`gs, pfsfj`g `h feeagjfrag, eiahjth y cajfjeaf`gr f ûjaefmhjth cajfjeaf`gr, cajfjeaf`gr, satufeaõj hj if quh hi egstg geupf ujf pifzf prhpgj`hrfjth hj ujf iõdaef `h mhref`g hj if quh igs cforaefjths `h fvagjhs y ifs egmpföífs fárhfs eumpihj uj pfphi cuj`fmhjtfi (Cradfjt ht fi., ?223; ?61). Fsamasmg, nfy hstu`ags quh rhifeagjfj hsth `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi fhrgjæutaeg egj hi hegjõmaeg y if iaohrfiazfeaõj `h igs shrvaeags fárhgs, igs eufihs nfj phrmata`g hi fumhjtg hj if `hmfj`f `hi shrvaeag egmhreafi træcaeg fárhg y `h fvagjhs. @aeng erheamahjtg erheamahjt g sh vajeuif, pgr gtrfeavai, pfrth,`hiegj hi rhquhramahjtg `h thejgigdíf, hs `hear, tfjtg igs Hstf`gs egmg ifs egmpföífs fárhfs hxadhj if erhfeaõj `h ehjtrgs `h prg`ueeaõj y trfjschrhjeaf thejgiõdaef f efmoag `h egmprfs cuturfs, erhfj`g fsí uj hspfeag `h `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi. Kujt Ku jtgg fi `hsfrr `hsfrrgiig giig `h if AF AF hj Hur Hurgpf gpf geea`h geea`hjtfi jtfi y hj Hstf`g Hstf`gss XjaXja`gs, gtrgs pfíshs hj gtrgs egjtajhjths sh nfj sumf`g fi drupg `h cforaefjths y egjsuma`grhs `h fpfrftgs fhrgjæutaegs y hspfeafihs. Hj hsh shjta`g, if fmpiafeaõj cuturf `hi mhref`g fsaætaeg, pfrtaeuifrmhjth enajg, g `hi iftajgfmhraefjg, iftajgfmhraefjg, tfjtg pfrf prg`uetgs prg`uetgs egmg pfrf shrvaeags shrvaeags fhrgfhrgjæutaegs, rhprhshjtfj uj pgthjeafi pgthjeafi `heasavg pfrf hi erheamahjtg erheamahjtg `hi shetgr. Hj síjthsas, sh prgjgstaef uj fumhjtg `h if `hmfj`f eavai y maiatfr, hi hstfoiheamahjtg g cgrtfiheamahjtg `h ehjtr ehjtrgs gs prg`uetavgs `h thejgigdíf hj pfíshs pfíshs phracáraegs phracáraegs f Hurgpf y Hstf`gs Hstf`gs Xja`gs y, y, sgorh tg`g, uj fmpiag `hsfrrgiig hj Fsaf, hspheafimhjth hj Enajf, Enajf , egj ig quh fpfrhehr fpfrhehræj æj mhref`gs hmhrdhjths pgthjeafimhjth egmphtatavgs, sgorh tg`g hj ifs prõxa-
mfs `áef`fs (Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224). F phsfr `hi rheahjt rheahjthh erheamahjtg y pgthjeafi cuturg, if hxpfjsaõj `h if aj`ustraf hstæ egj`aeagjf`f pgr vfrags cfetgrhs; f) igs prheags `h igs egmoustaoihs hj uj hsehjfrag `h hsefshz `hi phtrõihg y sus `hravf`gs, o) if sfturfeaõj `hi træcaeg fárhg y `h ifs ajcrfhstrueturfs ‐prajeapfimhjth ‐prajeapfimhjth igs fhrgpuhrtgs‐, ig eufi rh`uj`f hj `hcaeahjeafs hj igs shrvaeags shrv aeags eavaihs y hj uj pgsaoih ajerhmhjtg `h igs feea`hjths, y e) ifs trfjscgrmfeagjhs thejgiõdaefs pfrf rh`uear if egjtfmajfeaõj `hravf`fs `h if iuenf egjtrf hi efmoag eiamætaeg. 630
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
If grdfjazfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf; ef`hjfs digofihs y hspfeags igefihs If aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y fhrghspfeafi sh nf efrfethrazf`g nastõraefmhjnastõraefmhjth pgr hi sherhtg quh rg`hfof f muenfs `h sus gphrfeagjhs, sgorh sgorh tg`g ifs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig (A+@). Ásf hrf ujf `h ifs rfzgjhs pgr ifs eufihs prhshjtfof hj su grdfjazfeaõj grdfjaz feaõj uj fitg javhi `h ajthdrfeaõj vhrtaefi y ujf khrfrquíf muy mfref`f hj if ef`hjf prg`uetavf. Firh`h`gr `h igs drfj`hs prg`uetgrhs hxastífj vfrags eahjtgs `h phquhöfs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs quh gphrfofj hj uj prgehsg `h cuhrth egjtrgi egjtrgi f trfvás `h rída`fs rída`f s hspheacaefeagjhs. Hsth mg`hig egmhjzõ f euhstagjfrsh hj igs fögs jgvhjtf (Efrrajefzhfux y Craj Crajdfjt, dfjt, ?224; ?30) `hoa`g f ifs if s cuhrths trfjscgrmfeagjhs geurra`fs hj if aj`ustraf hihetrõjaef y if `h thihegmujaefeagjhs. thihegmujaefeagjhs. Hi chjõmhjg cuh pfrtaeuifrmhjth vasaoih hj if fhrgjæutaef, hj if quh if hiheeaõj `h igs egmfj`gs hiáetraegs `h Farous pfrf hi F5?2 egj`ukg f ujf rh`hcajaeaõj `h su jûeihg `h jhdgeags (egrh ousajhss). Hj f`hifjth, igs sasthmfs hiáetraegs y hihetrõjaegs thj`rífj ujf cujeaõj mæs ampgrtfjth quh hi cushifkh. Ugorh f tg`g f pfrtar `hi fög ?222, ifs ef`hjfs prg`uetavfs sh grdfjazfrgj hj ujf paræma`h egj pgegs prgvhh`grhs `h efræethr digofi quh pg`ífj gphrfr egj mfygr futgjgmíf. Hi efmoag ohjhcaeaõ f ujf efthdgríf pfrtaeuifr `h fetgrhs; igs prgvhh`grhs digofihs y igs suoegjtrftastfs hspheafiazf`gs. hstf rhegm rhegmpgsaeaõj pgsaeaõj if ef`hjf `h vfigr vfigr, igs frmf`grhs `hihdfrgj ujfHj prgpgreaõj mfygr `hi`h `ashög, `hsfrrgiig y,prg`ueeaõj `h egmpgjhjths egmpgj hjths f igs prgvhh prgvhh`grhs `grhs `h pramhr javhi, egj ujf cuhrth hspheafiazfeaõj hj euhstagjhs fhrghspfeafihs. Fi masmg tahmpg, igs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs `h oahjhs ajthrmh`ags y mfthrafs pramfs rhcgrzfrgj su hspheafiazfeaõj
shetgrafi pfrf shr efpfehs `h ia`afr egj if erheahjth egmpihka`f` `h ifs thejgigdífs ampihmhjtf`fs y fshdurfr if shiheeaõj. Hstf rhegmpgsaeaõj fmpiaõ hi hsphetrg `h egmpht egmphthjeafs hjeafs egmpihmhjtfrafs rhihvfjths, y if prg`ueeaõj fhrghspfeafi `hphj`aõ ef`f vhz mhjgs `h ifs egmphthjeafs quh thjífj hmprhsfs `h hsh shetgr y ef`f vhz mæs `h hmprhsfs `h gtrgs shetgrhs (Efrrajefzhfux y Crajdfjt, ?224). @hs`h ujf phrsphetavf thrratgrafi‐jhehsfraf pfrf hjthj`hr ifs gpeagjhs `h Máxaeg hj hstf aj`ustraf‐, f javhi ajthrjfeagjfi sh goshrvfj cuhrzfs ehjtríphtfs nfeaf if fdigmhrfeaõj hspfeafi y cuhrzfs ehjtrícudfs nfeaf if `asphrsaõj hj rh`hs digofihs. Jagsa y [nhdu (?228; 8) shöfifj 638
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
pgr quá jg gphrfj ifs trf`aeagjfihs cuhrzfs nfeaf if ehjtrfiazfeaõj hj hstf aj`ustraf. Hi áxatg `h if aj`ustraf, hxpiaefj, `hphj`h `hi ræpa`g prgdrhsg thejgiõdaeg,, y hj hsth shjta`g hi fpgyg `hi dgoahrjg f if A+@ hs hshjeafi. thejgiõdaeg Hi shetgr hs `h fitg vfigr föf`a`g y rhsuitf cuhrthmhjth fchetf`g pgr if hsefif y pgr hi tahmpg (tamajd ).). Uu fetava`f` `hphj`h `h pfrths y egmpgjhjths quh hstfrífj fmpiafmhj f mpiafmhjth th `asphrsgs hj tármajgs tfjtg `h aj`ustraf egmg `h igefiazfeaõj. Igs egstgs `h trfjspgrth jg sgj rhihvfjths hj tármajgs `h egstgs tgtfihs. Pfmpgeg if `hmfj`f hstæ dhgdræcaefmhjth egjehjtrf`f. Uaj hmofrdg, tfmoaáj hxasthj cuhrzfs ehjtríphtfs quh cfvgrhehj if egjehjtrfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf hj `hthrmajf`gs hspfeags dhgdræcaegs, dhgd ræcaegs, hjtrh ástfs, if mæs `hstfef`f, shdûj Jagsa y [nhdu (?228; 8), nf sa`g if gchrtf pggi) `h trfofkf`grhs efiacaef`gs y shmaefiacaefrhdagjfi `h uj egihetavg ( pggi `gs, ig eufi hs uj cfetgr muy ampgrtfjth pfrf juhstrg hstu`ag. @hs`h if phrsphetavf `h igs pfíshs `hsfrrgiif`gs, if cuhrzf ehjtrícudf `h mæs rhihvfjeaf nf sa`g sa`g hi phrsasthjth fumhjtg `h igs egstgs hj hj A+@, ig quh ampiaefríf ujf vhjtfkf egmphtatavf pfrf pfrf Máxaeg. Gtrgs futgrhs `hstfefj tfmoaáj tfmoaáj ig erueafi `h ifs egmpht egmphthjeafs hjeafs thejgiõdaefs. Ifs rhifeagj rhifeagjhs hs `h suoegj suoegjtrftrftfeaõj hstæj mfref`fs pgr if ampgrtfjeaf y if egmpihka`f` erheahjths `h ifs fetava`f`hs `h egjehpeaõj y cforaefeaõj egjcaf`fs egjcaf`fs f ifs if s hmprhsfs fsgeaf`fs, eaf`f s, pgr ig quh hj if rh` nfy quh thjhr hj euhjtf trhs `amhjsagjhs cuj`fmhjtfihs (Cradfjt ht fi., ?223; ??2); 6. If `amhjsaõj tĔejaeg-egdjatavf quh `hseraoh if iõdaef `h `hsegmpgsaeaõj `hi fvaõj hj suohjsfmoihs quh `hcajhj ujf frquatheturf `h hmprhsfs cuj`f`f sgorh igs oigquhs `h ` h sfohrhs y sfohr-nfe sfohr-nfehr hr ampgrtfjths quh `gmajfj.
?. Egmg rhcihkg `h hsf `avasaõj `hi trfofkg trfofkg sh `hravf uj prajeapag prajeapag khrærquaeg quh, hj hi efsg `h Farous, `ava`h f ifs hmprhsfs hj trhs rfjdgs sadjacaeftavgs egj `achrhjth drf`g `h ampiaefeaõj hj hi prgehsg `h egjstrueeaõj `h uj fvaõj y `hi drf`g `h rahsdg cajfjeahrg. 5. If prgxama`f` prgxama`f` dhgdræcaef suorfy suorfyf, f, hjtrh gtrfs egsfs, if fdigmhrfeaõj fdigmhrfeaõj `h hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs firh`h`gr `h igs satags `h ampifjtfeaõj `h fquáiifs quh `fj ifs õr`hjhs (Cradfjt ht fi., ?223; ???).
633
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
F cfvgr `h if prgxama`f` kuhdf if rheahjth thj`hjeaf f if mg`uifrazfeaõj pgr trhs rfzgjhs; f) ifs efrfethrístaefs císaefs `h igs mõ`uigs rhstrajdhj hi trfjspgrth, o) sh hihvf if egmpihka`f` `h if eggr`ajfeaõj egdjatavf `h ifs carmfs, y e) sh hxfehrof hi drf`g d rf`g `h ajthr`hphj`hjeaf `h ifs hmprhsfs. Hmphrg, nfy tfmoaáj uj mgvamahjtg egjtrfrag, hstg hs, nfeaf if `hsigefiazfeaõj `hi vgiumhj `h prg`ueeaõj `h ofkg vfigr föf`a`g pfrf ohjhcaeafrsh `h igs ofkgs egstgs sfifrafihs (Cradfjt ht fi., ?223; ??5). If grdfjazfeaõj dhgdræcaef sh rhifeagjf egj if hstrueturf `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr. vfigr. If egjehjtrfeaõj egjehjtrfeaõj hegjõmaef hj if aj`ustraf hs muy fitf y hj ef`f shetgr nfy pgegs egmphta`grhs. Hj hi pramhr shdmhjtg sh hjeuhjtrfj ifs gradajfi hquapmhjt mfjucfeturh mfjucfeturh (GHM) egmg Farous, Oghajd, Ogmofr`ahr, Hmorfhr y Hurgegpthr. Hstfs egmpföífs `ashöfj igs fhrgpifjgs y nhiaeõpthrgs, nhiaeõpt hrgs, nfehj prgsphetavf prgsphetavf `h igs mhref`gs y gr`hjfj suohjsfmoihs pfrf hi shduj`g sh duj`g shdmhjtg. Hj hsth shduj`g shd uj`g javhi sh hjeuhjtrfj cforaefjths `h sasthmfs `h prgpuisaõj egmg Dhjhrfi Hihetrae, RrfttBTnatjhy g _giis-_gyeh< igs prg`uetgs `h ’fvagjaes gj-ogfr`”, egmg Ngjhywhii hj Hstf`gss Xja`gs y Uhxtfjt Fvagjaq Hstf`g Fvagjaquh uh hj Crfjeaf, y mfjucfeturhrgs `h hstrueturfs `h farcrfmh y suohjsfmoihs `hi mgtgr `h fthrrazfkh y sasthmfs na`ræuiaegs. Hj hi threhr javhi hstæj igs prg`uetgrhs `h suohjsfmoihs, sasthmfs na`ræuiaegs y pfrths `hi cushifkh quh hs uj drupg egjehjtrf`g `h prg`uetgrhs egj uj puöf`g `h carmfs `gmajfj`g ef`f shdmhjtg. Uh föf`h uj eufrtg javhi `h eahjtgs `h phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs 6
quh pfrths y egmpgjhjths. If amfdhj 6 muhstrf eifrfmhjth hstf prg`uehj egmpihka`f` prg`uetavf hj if frquatheturf y hj if igefiazfeaõj `h if prg`ueeaõj. Hi trfofkg fhrghspfeafi hj rh`hs phrmath, pgr uj if`g, if eggphrfeaõj y hi trfofkg hj prgyhetgs prgyhetgs hspheícaegs, fsí egmg if vajeuifeaõj egj hmprhsfs
`h shduj`g gr`hj quh egjstruyhj y hjsfmoifj `achrhjths egmpgjhjths `hi prg`uetg cajfi. Hsth efmpg hj hi eufi trfofkfj hmprhsfs hstf`guja`hjshs y hurgphfs, nf hxphramhjtf`g hj igs ûitamgs fögs if ajeursaõj `h juhvgs fetgrhs (Asrfhi, Enajf, Egrhf `hi Uur, Kfpõj, Orfsai, _usaf y Máxaeg). Fjth hi erheamahjtg `hi mhref`g muj`afi y if ehrefjíf `h Máxaeg egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi egmg shetgr shetgr hstrftádaegg y hegjõmae hstrftádae hegjõmaegg nf f`quara`g uj pfphi cuj`fmhjtfi. 6
F`gptfmgs if pfiforf shdmhjtg egmg sajõjamg `h tahrs.
634
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
Amfdhj 6. Rrg`ueeaõj ajthrjfeagjfi `h uj fvaõj egmhreafi `h Oghajd. Cuhjth; Oghajd (`geumhjtgs ajthrjgs).
Ifs rhdagjhs ehjtrfihs y pfíshs hmhrdhjths Igs ehjtrgs mæs ampgrtfjths `h `hsfrrgiig aj`ustrafi fhrghspfeafi sgj `gs; Jgrthfmáraef (egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y Efjf`æ) y fidujgs pfíshs `h Hurgpf (hjtrhegjehjtrfofj (hjtrh igs quh sgorhsfihj Crfjeaf, Fihmfjaf y _hajg Xja`g).Geea`hjtfi Hstgs trhs pfíshs mæs `hi 82% `h igs 0?1222 hmpihgs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hurgphf, euyf cfeturfeaõj hs `h 40222 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs (Jagsa y [nhdu, ?228; 8< Cradfjt ht fi., ?223). Hj
Hstf`gs Xja`gs, hi hmpihg hmpihg tgtfi, f`gptfj`g ujf `hcajaeaõj fmpiaf `h if aj`ustraf, fsehj`íf f 324222 trfofkf`grhs egj ujf eacrf `h jhdgeags `h 632222 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs. Uaduhj hj gr`hj `h ampgrtfjeaf Kfpõj y Efjf`æ, Efjf`æ , egj uj 3%, rhspherhsphetavfmhjth, `h igs hmpihgs hmpihgs tgtfihs. tgtfihs. Fsamasmg, efoh mhjeagjfr quh quh if marf `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs hstæ hjcgef`f hj igs mhref`gs `h Fsaf. Uh efieuif quh hi mhref`g Fsaf-Rfeícaeg supgj`ræ nfeaf ?2?2 hi 53% `hi mhref`g tgtfi (Pnh Hegjgmast, ?224). Pfjtg hj Hstf`gs Hstf`gs Xja`gs egmg hj Hurgpf, ifs drfj`hs drfj`hs carmfs carmf s sh nfj cusagjf`g, fiaf`g g f`quara`g igs fetavgs `h gtrfs hmprhsfs, `fj`g iudfr f `gs drfj`hs egmpföífs quh `hthjtfj hi egjtrgi muj`afi muj`afi `h if prg`ueeaõj 63>
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
y hi mhref`g; hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs if Oghajd-Me@gjjhii y hi egjsgreag hurgphg Hurgphfj Fhrgjfutae @hchjeh fj` Upfeh Egmpfjy Hstfs carmfs `gmajfj hi mhref`g `h if fvafeaõj egmhreafi. Hj (HF@U). hi efmpg `h if `hchjsf, sgorhsfihj trhs egmpföífs; Jgrtnrgp-Drumfj, Igelnhh`-Mfrtaj y _fytnhgj. Gtrfs hmprhsfs `h ampgrtfjeaf hj hi mhref`g fhrghspfeafi fhrghspfea fi sgj XPE, Dhjhrfi Dhjhrfi Hihetra Hihetrae, e, Ngjhywhii, P_T, P_T, Phxtrgj, Phxtrgj, DhDhjhrfi @yjfmaes y OC Dgg`raen. _usaf, jg gostfjth su pgthjeafi h ajcrfhstrueturf fhrghspfeafi, nf thja`g iamatfeagjhs hegjõmaefs quh ih nfj amph`a`g f`quarar uj ia`hrfzdg muj`afi, saj hmofrdg, sh ih egjsa`hrf fidg mæs quh uj pfís hmhrdhjth. Fsamasmg, ifs jfeagjhs quh geupfj ge upfj if pramhrf iíjhf pfrf egmphtar hj hi cuturg egj ifs drfj`hs pgthjeafs fhrghspfeafihs sgj Enajf, Enajf , Kfpõj Kfpõj h Aj`af. Hstfs jfeagjhs sh efrfethrazfj pgr uj hsefsg `hsfrrgiig hj if fvafeaõj eavai, phrg sh hjeuhjtrfj hj ujf cfsh f`hifjtf`f hj hi shetgr hspfeafi, f pfrtar `h sus rh`hs `h eggphrfeaõj egj pfíshs mæs fvfjzf`gs. Gtrgs pfíshs hmhrdhjths y egj drfj pgthjeafi sgj Orfsai, Asrfhi, Rflastæj y ifs if s `gs Egrhfs. ’Efjf`æ y Orfsai sh nfj egjvhrta`g hj prgvhh`grhs muj`afihs `h fvagjhs rhdagjfihs” quh egmpathj hjtrh sí f trfvás `h sus rhsphetavfs hmprhsfs; Ogmofr`ahr y Hmorfhr. Rgr su pfrth, Asrfhi nf pfsf`g f shr ií`hr hj if cforaefeaõj `h masaihs tæetaegs y ofiístaegs, rfmg hj hi eufi tfmoaáj `hstfefj Rflastæj y Egrhf `hi Jgrth. F if vhz quh Egrhf `hi Uur, Uur, `hoa`g f su jhehsa`f` `h shdura`f` shd ura`f` crhjth f su vheajg `hi ?
5
0
jgrth, nf `hsfrrgiif`g fngrf tfmoaáj hxpgrtf.su aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj hi shetgr maiatfr, quh
If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg Hxasth uj erheahjth y egjstfjth `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg. Uhdûj if rhvastf hmprhsfrafi MhxaegJgw, hj hi ?220 nfoíf 38 pifjtfs egj 6?822 hmpihf`gs y hj hi fög ?266 if eacrf fiefjzõ ?32 pifjtfs egj 55222 hmpihgs (euf`rg 6). Egj Egj ofsh hj if ajcgrmfeaõj `h if UherhU herh? 5
0
Hmprhsf egjstruetgrf `h fvagjhs y masaihs. ’Uatufeaõj y phrsphetavfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y hspfeafi. Fj`fiueíf rhdaõj fhrgjæutaef”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;www.ujaf.hs/juhvgWajcWfef`hmaef/vasufiazfrWcaihWf`kujtg.fsp7A@=511:,egjsuitf`f tg.fsp7A@=511:, egjsuitf`f hi ?8 `h kujag `h ?224, pp.62-6?. Aoí`., p. 8.
631
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg Euf`rg 6. Pgtfi `h hmpihgs y pifjtfs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Máxaeg Fög
Hmpihg
Rifjtfs
?220
6?822
38
?224
63822
682
?262
52222
?02
?266
55222
?32
?265/p
54222
522
?268/p
0?222
582
Cuhjth; MáxaegJgw (?266). (?266).
tfríf `h Hegjgmíf, sh sfoh quh ifs pifjtfs fhrgpfrtastfs sh igefiazfj hj trheh hstf`gs, y quh hs Ofkf Efiacgrjaf E fiacgrjaf if hjta`f` quh euhjtf e uhjtf egj hi mfygr jûmhrg, egj firh`h`gr `h uj threag `hi tgtfi (mfpf 6). Igs prgehsgs prg`uetavgs mæs ampgrtfjths sgj ’6) egmpgjhjths pfrf mfquajfraf, ?) frjhshs y efoihs, 5) egmpgjhjths pfrf sasthmfs `h fthrrazfkh, 0) ajyheeaõj piæstaef, 8) ajthrefmoaf`grhs `h efigr, 3) hquapg `h prheasaõj, 4) rhpfrfeaõj `h suphrcaeahs `h susthjtfeaõj, >) sasthmfs `h fu`ag y ví`hg, 1) egmpgjhjths hihetrõjaegs y 62) ajthragrhs” (Fxas ?223f; 622). Hj hi euf`rg ? sh muhstrf hi jûmhrg `h hmprhsfs pgr hstf`g y ifs fetava`f`hs quh rhfiazfofj hj ?225. Egmg sh goshrvf, if drfj mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs sh eifsacaefj egmg mfjucfeturf mfjucfeturf (13) uj jûmhrg sustfjeafi mhjgr (68) egmg mfjucfeturf, rhpfrfeaõj y mg`acaefeaõj y, cajfimhjth, 65 pifjtfs hjtrfj hj hi ruorg `h ajdhjahríf y `ashög. `a shög.
Hj hsth shjta`g, hi prgdrhsg `h if AF hj Máxaeg rhcihkf if thj`hjeaf muj`afi; ifs fetava`f`hs `h mhjgr vfigr fdrhdf`g sh `hsfrrgiifj hj igs pfíshs phracáraegs y if aj`ustraf `h pramhr javhi hj igs ehjtrgs `h gphrfeaõj `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs; Hstf`gs Xja`gs Xja`gs y Hurgpf. Máxaeg nf hxphramhjtf`g uj erheamahjtg hxpgjhjeafi hj sus hxpgrtfeagjhs `h prg`uetgs fhrghspfeafihs, fhrghspfeafihs, prajeapfimhjth fi mhref`g mhref`g `h Hstf`gs?266 Xja`gs. Mahjtrfsigs Mahjtrfs quh5>22 hj ?220 sadjacaHj sadjacaefrgj efrgj maiigjhs `h `õifrhs, hj fiefjzfrgj maiigjhs. ujf6522 `áef`f (6118-?228), hi erheamahjtg fjufi prgmh`ag cuh `hi 60%. Jg gostfjth ifs hxpgrtfeagjhs, hi pgsaeagjfmahjtg mhxaefjg hj Fmáraef Iftajf fûj hs muy pgorh y if cigtf `h fvafeaõj fvafeaõj hj Máxaeg jg erheh y gphrf, gphrf , hj drfj jûmhrg, egj fvagjhs 642
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg Euf`rg ?. Jûmhrg `h hmprhsfs `hi shetgr fhrgjæutaeg digofi Hstf`gs
Mfjucfeturf(M)
Mfjucfeturf, rhpfrfeaõj y
Ajdhjahríf y `ashög (H&@)
Pgtfi
mg`acefeaõj
(M_G)
Fdufsefiahjths
?
2
2
?
Ofkf Efiacgrjaf
58
6
5
51
Enanufnuf
66
2
2
66
Egfnuaif
8
6
2
3
Kfiaseg Kfiase g
?
2
5
8
E`. `h Máxaeg
2
0
?
3
66
6
?
60
Ruhoif
?
2
2
?
Vuhrátfrg
6
5
5
4
Ufj Iuas Rgtgsí
0
2
2
0
?6
2
2
?6
Hstf`g `h Máxaeg
2
8
2
8
Queftæj
?
2
2
?
13
68
65
6?0
Juhvg Ihõj
Ugjgrf
Pgtfi
Cuhjth; MhxaegJgw (?224;??). (?224;??).
rhjtf`gs. Hi tgtfi `h pfsfkhrgs quh vafkfrgj hj ?228 cuh `h 03662 maiigjhs< `h igs eufihs 32% ig nazg hj fhrgiíjhfs jfeagjfihs y 02% hj hxtrfjkh-
rfs. Hj hi trfjspgrth `h efrdf, quh erheh mæs vhigzmhjth, fiefjz fiefjzff 4.>% hj iíjhfs jfeagjfihs jfeagjfihs y 1.0% hj iíjhfs hxtrfjkhrfs (88% `hi mhref`g jfeagjfi). Gtrf iíjhf hj erheamahjtg sgj igs khts pravf`gs g `h eifsh egrpgrftavf, hj if quh Máxaeg jg nf igdrf`g gcrhehr shrvaeags `h mfjthjamahjtg, hi eufi sh rhfiazf sgorh tg`g hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs. Máxaeg, shdûj Fxas (?223f), puh`h egjvhrtarsh hj prgvhh`gr prgvhh`gr `h igs shrvaeags shrv aeags `h mfjthjamahjtg y rhpfrfeaõj `h hsth tapg `h fvagjhs, gcrheahj`g egstgs mæs ofrftgs, saj hmofrdg, fûj`hjgiftahjh hstf efpfea`f`. F`hmæs satufeaõj `h if aj`ustraf prgpafmhjth `aenf, hs jhehsfrag mhjeagjfr quh hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi nf trftf`g `h jhdgeafr rhduifeagjhs quh cfeaiathj ifs gphrfeagjhs `h igs hstfoiheamahjtgs hstfoiheamahjtgs ajstfif`gs hj Máxaeg, prajeapfimhjth hj ig rhiftavg f ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs. Ástfs, hj hi 64?
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
efsg `h ifs mfquaif`grfs, sh gotahjhj hj if masmf pifjtf g hs if pifjtf mftraz if quh ifs gtgrdf. Ifs ehrtacaefeagj ehrtacaefeagjhs hs `hphj`hj `h ifs i fs rhduifeagjhs quh hmath if Ch`hr Ch`hrfi fi Fvaftagj F`majastrftagj (CFF) `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs. Rfrf quh igs prg`uetgs cforaef`gs hj gtrg pfís jg jhehsathj shr ehrtacaef`gs hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, if CFF CFF y if @arheeaõj Dhjhrfi Dhjhrfi `h Fvafea Fvafeaõj õj Eavai mhxaefjf mhxaefjf jhdgeafj `hs`h 6110 uj Oaifthrfi Fvaftagj Ufchty Fdrhhmhjt (OFUF). Rfrf hiig, if CFF rhfiazf ujf shrah `h fjæiasas sgorh if efpfea`f` táejaef `h if fhrgjæutaef hj Máxaeg, quh, hj hi phrag`g aj`aef`g, nf sa`g sftascfetgrag. Fjths `h su egjeiusaõj y `hs`h ?228, igs pfsgs `f`gs phrmathj if pgsaoaia`f` `h ehrtacaefr prg`uetgs `h ofkf egmpihka`f` hj Máxaeg ofkg if suphrvasaõj if Ciadtn Utfj`fr`s @astraet Gccaeh hj Igs Hj hsth Hj shjta`g, igs`hprg`uetgs egj pgthjeafi mfjucfeturhrg pfrfÆjdhihs. `hsfrrgiifrsh hj Máxaeg sgj igs saduahjths; ― Egmpgjhjths `hi trhj `h fthrrazf fthrrazfkh, kh, mgtgr mgtgr,, mfthrafih mfthrafihss egmpuhstgs, fiumajag `hi frmfzõj, samuif`grhs `h vuhig, sasthmfs vasufihs, sasthmfs `h gxídhjg gxídhjg,, sasthmfs na`ræuiaeg y jhumætaeg, shdura`f` `hi fpfrftg y prheasaõj `h pfrths `h mfquajf`g. ― Nhrrfm Nhrrfmahjtfs ahjtfs `h egjtr egjtrgi gi y `hi sasthmf hiáetraeg. ― Uasthmfs hihetrõjaegs y mheæjaegs. Cajfimhjth, hi 6> `h shptahmorh `h ?224, igs dgoahrjgs `h Máxaeg y HstfHstf`gs Xja`gs carmfrgj hj Mgjtrhfi hi feuhr`g OFUF quh phrmath fmpiafr hi jûmhrg y if egmp egmpihka`f` ihka`f` `h igs prg`uetgs quh sh cforaefj hj Máxae Máxaeg. g. 8
Jg gostfjth, fûj jg sgj eifrgs igs fvfjehs.
Hi efsg `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf3 Hj ifs ûitamfs `gs `áef`fs, if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf nf fiefjzf`g drfj ampgrtfjeaf hj hi egjthxtg jfeagjfi. Prfs if ajstfifeaõj 8 3
@afrag Gcaeafi `h if Ch`hrfeaõj, ?> `h `aeahmorh `h ?224, pp. ?>-52. If ajcgrmfeaõj hj ásth y hj igs fpfrtf`gs suosaduahjths, sh gradajf hj ujf hjeuhstf rhfiazf`f pgr Efrraiig y Nufi`hhj ?223-?224 egj ?5 pifjtfs fhrgpfrtastfs< sh iihvfrgj f efog `ahz hjtrhvastfs hj prgcuj`a`f` egj hmprhsfs `hi rfmg< hj ?266, sh fetufiazõ muenf `h hsf ajcgrmfeaõj.
645
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
`h if pramhrf pifjtf nfeh eufrhjtf fögs, fetufimhjth sh egjtfoaiazfj hj hi hstf`g hi mfygr jûmhrg `h pifjtfs f javhi jfeagjfi. Egj ujf iadhrf mg`acaefeaõj `h ifs eacrfs `hi euf`rg ?, sh efieuifof quh, hj ?228, hxastífj 0? pifjtfs hj tgtfi egj 6??20 hmpihgs. Hi 43% `h ifs masmfs hrfj drfj`hs g mh`afjfs, if mfygríf `h gradhj hstf`guja`hjsh, y mfjucfeturfj g hjsfmoifj prg`uetgs pfrf hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi (Fxas, ?223f; 1). Hj ?266, nfoíf 85 pifjtfs hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, y ef`f ujf, hj prgmh`ag, thjíf ujf rhiftavf egmpihka`f`, yf quh pg`ífj rhfiazfr fi mhjgs `gs efpfea`f`hs `astajtfs. Hi `hsfrrgiig fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf ajaeaf hj 6133 egj hi hstfoiheamahjtg `h ifs hmprhsfs _gelwhii Egiiajs y Uwaten Iuz. Hi `hsphduh `h hstf aj`ustraf `hoh, cuj`fmhjtfimhjth cuj`fmhj f if ehrefjíf egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, sh hspheafimhjth egj tfimhjth, su Egstf, Ghsth, `gj`hdhgdræcaef sh uoaef drfj pfrth `h su aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Hj igs ûitamgs fögs, if pgiítaef `h `h`h sfrrgiig aj`ustrafi `hi hstf`g pu`g ajciuar hj if mh`a`f hj quh sh prgpusg cgmhjtfr uj egjdigmhrf`g (eiusthr) fhrghspfeafi. F^AU shöfif, f`hmæs, quh nuog gtrgs hstímuigs egmg if Ihy `h Cgmhjtg Cgmhjtg f if Egmphtat Egmphtatava`f` ava`f` y @hsfrrgiig Hegjõmaeg, Hegjõmaeg, if eufi gcrheh ajehjtavgs ajehjtavgs f ifs hmprhsfs, y if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h hkheutavgs hspheafiazf`gs hj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, tfjtg hj hi dgoahrjg hstftfi, egmg hj hi shetgr s hetgr pravf`g. Uaj hmofrdg, hj ifs vasatfs f ifs if s pifjtfs rhfiazf`fs hj ?224-?22>, quh`õ eifrg quh muenfs muenfs `h ifs if s hmprhsfs jg mfjthjífj egjtfetgs egj hi dgoahrjg rhdagjfi, ja egj gtrfs pifjtfs, fujquh hstg nf efmoaf`g hj igs fögs rheahjths, `hs`h quh sh `heifrõ if cgrmfeaõj ajstatueagjfi `hi eiusthr `hi shetgr she tgr fhrghspfeafi (hjtrh(hjtrh-
vastf egj Avæj Saiifjuhvf, Uh`heg, 6? `h getuorh `h ?266).
Efrfethrístaefs dhjhrfihs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi4 Egj ofsh hj `ftgs `h if Uherhtfríf U herhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Hegjõmaeg hj hi ?262, if mfygr pfrth `h ifs hmprhsfs fhrgpfrtastfs quh gphrfj hj if rhdaõj sh uoaefj hj ifs `gs eau`f`hs mæs ampgrtfjths `h if hjta`f`; Pakufjf egj ?5 pifjtfs y 83?2 hmpihgs (00% `hi tgtfi), y Mhxaefia, efpatfi efpatfi `hi hstf`g, egj 63 pifjtfs y 884? hmpihgs (00%). Egj muenf mhjgr ampgrtfjeaf, ampgrtfjeaf , sh 4
Hj dhjhrfi, sh gptõ pgr prhshjtfr hj igs thxtgs rh`fetf`gs igs `ftgs fosgiutgs, y, hj ifs dræcaefs, if `astraoueaõj `h igs pgrehjtfkhs rhsphetavgs (váfsh if jgtf ajmh`aftfmhjth fjthragr).
640
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … Euf`rg 5. Hmpihg y hstfoiheamahjtgs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi pgr mujaeapag ?228 Rifjtfs
?262 Hmpihgs
Rifjtfs
Hmpihgs
Pakufjf
65
5?23
?5
83?2
Mhxaefia
66
5136
63
884?
Phefth
?
?>4
0
815
Hjshjf`f
6
?22
0
>03
Ofkf Efiacgrjaf
?4
4380
04
6?356
Jfeagjfi
36
62222
?25
?4222
Cuhjth; Uh`heg (?266).
`hthet fj euftrg `hthetfj euftrg pifjtfs pifjtfs hj Hjshjf`f Hjs hjf`f,, egj >03 hmpihgs (3%), (3%), y,y, hj Phefth, Phefth, 0 pifjtfs quh sumfj 815 hmpihgs (0%) (euf`rg 5). F pfrtar `h if hjeuhstf fpiaef`f hj ?224-?22>, igs dhrhjths `h ifs pifjtfs shöfifofj quh hi cfetgr prajeapfi pfrf hihdar Ofkf Efiacgrjaf nfoíf sa`g if uoaefeaõj dhgdræcaef (08.8%), mahjtrfs quh hi shduj`g hrf hi egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf (?4.5%), y hi threhrg threhrg if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h mfjg `h gorf (65.3%). If hxphrahjeaf `h vfrafs hmprhsfs hs ifrdf; 05 fögs tahjh _gelwhii Egiiajs, En rgmfiigy, Enrgmfiigy ?4 fjtadùh`f` Ngjhywhii,prgmh`ag ?5 Duicstrhfm, pgr eatfr fidujgs ffhrghsidujgs hkhmpigs5? (F^AU, ?266)., If `h ifs if s hmprhsfs pfeafihs hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf fi mgmhjtg `h if hjeuhstf hrf `h trheh fögs.
If hmprhsf mæs fjtaduf nfoíf iihdf`g hj 613>, hstg hs, 51 fögs, eufj`g ajaeaõ hi prgdrfmf `h mfquaif`grfs, y if mæs rheahjth nfoíf ajaeaf`g gphrfeagjhs hj ?223. If `astraoueaõj hs muy ngmgdájhf f ig ifrdg `hi tahmpg, puhs efsa uj threag `h ifs ifs pifjtfs iihdõ iihdõ fjths `h if carmf `hi `hi Prftf`g Prftf`g `h Iaorh Egmhreag `h Fmáraef `hi Jgrth (PIEFJ) hj 6111< gtrg threag hjtrh 6118-?222, y hi rhstg pgsthragrmhjth, hstg hs, 42% `h igs hstfoiheahstfoiheamahjtgs ajaeafrgj gphrfeagjhs f pfrtar `h if carmf `hi PIEFJ. If drfj d rfj mfygríf `h igs hstfoiheamahjtgs fhrghspfeafihs sgj `h ajvhr a jvhr-saõj hxtrfjkhrf, egjerhtfmhjth `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs (6> `h ?6 hmprhsfs quh rhspgj`ahrgj, >8.4%). Hj if hjeuhstf, `gs hmprhsfs `heifrfrgj thjhr efpatfi mhxaefjg (1.8%), y hj uj efsg sh trftf `h ujf hmprhsf egj >
>
Hstf ajcgrmfeaõj `hravf `hi hstu`ag ?224-?22>.
648
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
ajvhrsaõj egjkujtf egjkujtf (0.>%). @hstfef if i f prhshjeaf `h egrpgrfeagjhs muitajfeagjfihs egmg _gelwhii Egiiajs, Ngjhywhii Fhrgspfeh, Ogurjs Aje., y Igelnhh` Mfrtaj. Ifs hmprhsfs `h fhrgpfrths rhsuitfrgj rhsuitfrgj shr prajeapfimhjth mhtfimheæjaefs (8>%), hihetrõjaefs (64%), y `h piæstaeg (64%), hmphrg, vfrafs thjífj fetava`f`hs phrthjheahjths f vfrags shetgrhs `h if prg`ueeaõj. @h fní hi sadjacaef`g hquívgeg quh tahjh prhshjtfrifs egmg pifjtfs prgpafs `h uj shetgr, yf quh `hthrmajf`gs prg`uetgs rhquahrhj prgehsgs `h cforaefeaõj quh sh eifsacaefrífj hj `achrhj `achrhjths ths shetgrhs. Igs prg`uetgs g shrvaeags prgehsf`gs pgr ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs hstæj `arada`gs `a rada`gs prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhjth f if fvafeaõj. Eftgreh pifjtfs grahjtfofj tfjtg f if fvafeaõj eavaiOghajd egmg fyifFarous) maiatfr(?5%), (35%)< yeajeg sõigsu f ifprg`ueeaõj fvafeaõj eavai (f hmprhsfs egmg trhs f if prg`ueeaõj `h nhiaeõpthrgs nhiaeõpthrgs y fvagjhs maiatfrhs (60%). If prg`ueeaõj hs muy vfraf`f< præetaefmhjth ef`f pifjtf rhfiazfof uj prg`uetg `astajtg, `hs`h egoakfs fasifjths h ajthragrhs, nfstf mõ`uigs `h rf`agcrheuhjeaf y maerggj`fs, mfquajf`gs, egj`uetgrhs hiáetraegs y mhtæiaegs, ajthrruptgrhs hiáetraegs y hihetrgmheæjaegs, mgtgrhs `h sasthmfs fuxaiafrhs, mfjucfeturf `h egmpgjhjths pfrf turoajf, efoihs y frjhshs, fpfrftgs hihetrõjaegs samuif`grhs, mfjucfeturf y hjsfmoih `h pgthjeaõmhtrgs, væivuifs pfrf sasthmfs na`ræuiaegs, ajthrefmoaf`grhs `h efigr, prg`uetgs hihetrõjaegs, hteáthrf. F phsfr `h hstf vfrah`f`, if mfygríf `h ifs hmprhsfs (?6 `h ifs ?5 1
hjeuhstf`fs) sh uoaefrgj hj hi eufrtg javhi (tahr) `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr, hstg hs, ’prg`ueeaõj hspheafiazf`f `h hihmhjtgs `h egmpgjhjths mhjgrhs ofkg prgehsgs hspheícaegs jg egmpihkgs”. Uu fetava`f` sh rhifeagjfof egj hjsfmoih `h egmpgjhjths y pfrths, phrg, sgorh tg`g, egj mfjucfeturf. Uõig `gs hmprhsfs sh puh`hj eifsacaefrhj hi shduj`g javhi, hs `hear, hj ’suohjsfmoihs `h `avhrsgs sasthmfs pramfrags y sheeagjhs mhjgrhs”. Hi ærhf císaef f if quh ifs hmprhsfs `aradhj su prg`uetg vfríf egjsa`hrfoih62
1 62
Igs prg`uetgs cgrmfj pfrth `h shdmhjtgs y sasthmfs hspheícaegs `h igs fvagjhs. Rfrf mæs `htfiihs, váfsh Fxas (?223f). Rfrf ujf `hserapeaõj `hi sadjacaef`g `h igs `astajtgs javhihs `h if ef`hjf, váfsh Fxas (?223f< ?223o). If eifsacaefeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs hstæ hj cujeaõj `h ifs rhspuhstfs `h igs `arhetavgs y `h if eifsacaefeaõj quh rhfiazõ hj su rhpgrth if fdhjeaf F^AU.
643
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … Amfdhj ?. Hstrueturf `h if ef`hjf `h vfigr hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf.
G HM 6hr. javhi
?`g. javhi 0 pifjtfs ?40? hmpihgs 5hr. javhi ? pifjtfs ??4 hmpihgs 0tg. javhi
Uhrvaeags egmpihmhjtfrags
@ashög, mgjtfkh g cforaefeaõj `h uja`f`hs eg mpihtfs (fvagjhs) (fvagjhs) Hjsfmoifkh prajeapfi `h sasthmfs pramfrags `h fhrgjfvhs (na`ræuiaegs, jhumætaegs, trhjhs `h fthrra fthrrazfkh, zfkh, mgtgrhs) y `h pfrths `h fvaõj mfj ucfeturf`fs saj saj `ashög g mgj tfkh cajfi Uuohjsfmoifkhs `h igs `avhrsgs sasthmfs pramfrags y sheeagjhs sheea gjhs mæs ph quhöfs
Cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths mhefjazf`gs y suohjsfmoifkh `h sas sasthmfs thmfs jg pramfra pramfrags gs
?4 pifjtfs >000 hmpihgs
Rrg`ueeaõj hspheafiazf`f `h pfrths pfrf egmpgjhjths mhjgrhs ofkg prgehsg hspheícaeg hspheíca eg jg egmpihkg
> pifjtfs 506 hmpihgs
Cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths, nhrrfmahjtfs, hte.< suosasthmfs suosasthmfs `h fpgyg f if prg`ueeaõj
Cuhjth; F^AU (?223).
mhjth. (váfsh amfdhj ?). Hi nheng `h quh jg hxastfj pifjtfs frmf`grfs `h fvagjhs (egmg Oghajd g Ogmofr`ahr), ja hmprhsfs uoaef`fs hj hi pramhr y threhr javhi, y sõig `gs hj hi shduj`g shduj`g javhi, rhcihkf ifs (pgr hi mgmhjtg) iamatf`fs efpfea`f`hs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, phrg hs f if vhz ujf muhstrf `h ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h pgiítaef aj`ustrafi pfrf 66
ftrfhr juhvfs pifjtfstáejaefs g pfrf yquh yf hxasthjths ajaeahj mfygrhs hxadhjeafs ujifs vfigr fdrhdf`g mæs fitg.gphrfeagjhs egj
Ifs euftrg fetava`f`hs cuj`fmhjtfihs quh rhfiazfofj ifs ?5 pifjtfs hjeuhstf`fs cuhrgj; mfjucfeturf (>3.1%), `ashög (4>.5%), hjsfmoih (32.1%) y `h tfiihr (8%). Vuh if drfj mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs rhfiaeh mfjucfeturf hs ujf efrfethrístaef `astajtavf `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef/ fhrgjæutaef/ fhrghspfeafi, f `achrhjeaf `achrhjeaf `h if hihetrõjaef h ajeiusg `h if aj`ustraf `h futgpfrths. Hstg sh fsgeaf jg sõig egj quh, hj su mfygríf, sh trfth `h hmprhsfs ajthjsavfs hj efpatfi, cuj`fmhjtfimhjth cuj`fmhjtfimhjth pgr igs `hpfrtfmhjtgs y ærhfs `h mfquajf`gs, mfqua jf`gs, sajg, sgorh tg`g, pgr su mg`hig mg`hig prg`uetavg prg`ue tavg `h ofkg vgiumhj-fitf mhzeif (igw vgiumhj-nadn max). @hstfef hi nheng `h quh 66
Ærhf císaef f if quh sh ajthdrfj igs prg`uetgs; cushifkh (?6.4%)< ærhfs `h hmhrdhjeaf (>.5%)< egeajhtfs, `avasgrhs, mfihthrgs, gtrgs (>.5%)< ajthragrhs `h fvaõj (>.5%), mgtgrhs hj sus `avhrsfs mg`fia`f`hs y dhjhrf`grhs hihetrgmheæjaegs (>.5%), puhrtfs y fsahjtgs (>.5%) y trhj `h fthrrazfkh (>.5%). Cuhjth; Nufi`h y Efrraiig, ?224< F^AU, ’@hsfrrgiig `hi eiusthr fhrgjæutaeg hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf” Efi acgrjaf”,, ?223 (j=?5).
644
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
mæs `h trhs eufrtfs pfrths `h ifs pifjtfs hjeuhstf`fs shöfifrfj s höfifrfj quh rhfiazfofj gphrfeagjhs `h `ashög. Egjvahjh Egjvahjh hxpiaefr quh sh trftf `h `ashögs `h pfrths jg erítaefs, yf shf `ashög `h igs fsahjtgs, `h ifs enfrgifs quh usfj igs pfsfkhrgs y pfrths samaifrhs.
Ehrtacaefeaõj F phsfr `h if hjgrmh ampgrtfjeaf `h if ehrtacaefeaõj hj hstf aj`ustraf, aj`ustraf, ujf prgpgreaõj rhiftavfmhjth rhiftavfmhjth fitf `h ifs pifjtfs quh gphrfj hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf jg egjtfofj egj ehrtacaefeaõj hj ?224-?22>. Hj ifs hjtrhvastfs hjtrhvastf s hj prgcuj`a`f`, saj hmofrdg, vfrafs mhjeagjfrgj quh hchetavfmhjth if ehrtacaefeaõj hrf ujg `h igs prgehsgs phj`ahjths. Fsí, mahjtrfs quh hj ?22> hi 58% `h ifs egmpföífs hstfoihea`fs hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf thjífj if ehrtacaefeaõj FU1622 y 60% if JF@EFR, JF@EFR, hj ?266, igs pgrehjtfkhs sh hihvfrgj f 01 y ?8%, rhsphetavfmhjth. F`hmæs, fidujfs hmprhsfs tahjhj uj rhegjgeamahjtg egrpgrftavg (52%, hj ?22>). Hi euf`rg 0 muhstrf if `astraoueaõj `hi tapg `h ehrtacaefeagjhs igdrf`fs pgr ifs hmprhsfs. 6?
Egjgeamahjtgs, nfoaia`f`hs y `hstrhzfs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf
Hi `afdjõstaeg `h ifs efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs sh rhifeagjf egj ifs egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs quh pgjh hj præetaef hi phrsgjfi hmpihf`g hj if aj`ustraf fi mgmhjtg `h if hjeuhstf, ig quh f su vhz phrmath prgjgstaefr, thjtftavfmhjth, ifs juhvfs egmphthjeafs egmphthjeafs rhquhra`fs rhquhra`f s hj hi supuhstg `h quh if aj`ustraf ajegrpgrh ajegrp grh prgehsgs `h mfygr egmpihka`f` egmpihka`f`.. Hiig hs ampgrtfjth puhstg quh ifs egmphthjeafs `hi phrsgjfi y ifs `h ifs i fs hmprhsfs egjstatuyhj if ofsh `h if prg`uetava`f` y hs ujg `h igs cfetgrhs ampgrtfjths ampgrtfjths pfrf fegmhthr prgyhetgs ajjgvf`grhs. Hj hi hstu`ag `h ?224-?22>, mh`afjth if hjeuhstf f igs dhrhjths y hj ifs hjtrhvastfs rhfiazf`fs, trftfmgs `h efptfr euftrg tapgs `h egmphthj6?
@h ifs 85 hmprhsfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, ?3 egjtfofj egj ehrtacaefeaõj FU1622< 65 egj JF@EFR< 3 egj FU1622O< 0 egj AUG 1226;?222< 6 egj FU1611, y 6 egj AUG 1222;?222.
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·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … Euf`rg 0. Ehrtacaefeagjhs hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf (pgrehjtfkhs `h pifjtfs egj tapg `h ehrtacaefeaõj) Rgrehjtfkhs
AUG 1226-?222
8?
1.0
FU1622
00
3?
JF@EFR
65
?0.8
@6 1222 Oghajd
1
AUG 60226
0
Cuhjth; Hi Egihc (fög)< F^AU (?223o)< Uh`heg (?266).
eafs quh, shdûj juhstrg pujtg `h vastf, rhcihkfofj ifs nfoaia`f`hs y egjgeamahjtgs prgpags `h if aj`ustraf. Nhmgs `ava`a`g ifs egmphthjeafs hj f) táejaefs, o) grdfjazftavfs, e) f`majastrftavfs y `) fetatu`ajfihs. f) Egmphthjeafs táejaefs Hj hi javhi táejaeg jg prgchsagjfi, ifs egmphthjeafs táejaefs mæs rhquhra`fs sh fdrupfj hj tgrjg f igs saduahjths prgehsgs y geupfeagjhs; 6) sgi`f`urf, ?) mfquajf`gs (trf`aeagjfihs y mæquajfs EJE), euyfs geupfeagjhs prajeapfihs hj hsth javhi cuhrgj `h tgrjhrgs, crhsf`grhs hj igs hquapgs trf`aeagjfihs, y prgdrfmf`grhs hj ifs mæquajfs EJE, y 5) mhtfimheæjaef; egrtf`g, `goif`g y ifmajf`g, hj if quh if geupfeaõj
mæs ampgrtfjth cuh if `h nhrrfmhjtastf (tggi mflhr)< hs `hear, ifs egmphthjeafs táejaefs `hthetf`fs jg sh `achrhjeafj `h eufiquahr prgehsg `h tapg mhtfimheæjaeg, egmg hi `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, phrg f`fptf`g f ifs hspheacaea`f`hs `h prg`uetgs fhrgjæutaegs, pgr hkhmpig, hi tfmfög `h ifs pahzfs, hi trftfmahjtg `h eahrtgs mfthrafihs y, ig mæs ampgrtfjth, if prheasaõj hj igs fefof`gs, `f`fs ifs jgrmftavfs `h shdura`f` `h if aj`ustraf. Hstgs prgehsgs hj if mfquaif`grf `h if crgjthrf jgrth jg thjífj tfjtf prhshjeaf, `h fní quh hi sfohr-nfehr jg hrf pfrth ampgrtfjth `h if mfjg `h gorf hmpihf`f hj hstfs eau`f`hs e au`f`hs crgjthrazfs. Hj hi pifjg prgchsagjfi, ifs egmphthjeafs táejaefs prhshjtfj ujf dfmf `h egmphthjeafs táejaefs muy dhjhrfihs, egmujhs hj if grdfjazfeaõj `h muengs prgehsgs y, pgr gtrg if`g, egmphthjeafs muy hspheícaefs quh `hphj`hj `h ifs efrfethrístaefs `hi prg`uetg. Efoh shöfifr quh ifs egmphthjeafs `h igs ajdhjahrgs jg sgj hxeiusavfmhjth ifs rhifeagjf`fs egj gphrfeagjhs `h mfjucfeturf, sajg tfmoaáj egj eahrtgs prgehsgs `h `ashög. `ashög. 641
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
Hj if ifsjhehsa`f` egmphthjeafs prgpafs `h ifhspheafiazf`gs ajdhjahríf, sh hj rhegjgeh hj eahrtfs pifjtfs `h egjgeamahjtgs fhrgjæutaef, mfs jg sh phreaoíf uj egjshjsg eifrg sgorh if jhehsa`f` `h quh igs ajdhjahrgs fhrgjæutaegs cuhrfj amprhseaj`aoihs hj if rhdaõj, ig quh ajea`h hj if `heasaõj `h erhfr ujf efrrhrf `h fhrgjæutaef fhrgjæutaef hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. Ngy pgr ngy,, muenfs `h ifs ngy i fs gphrfeagjhs ifs if s hkheutfj ajdhjahrgs aj`ustrafihs, mheæjaegs g hihetrõjaegs, y hj if hjeuhstf ástfs sgj ifs hspheafia`f`hs quh sh `hmfj`fræj fi egjtrftfr f igs ajdhjahrgs hj hi cuturg. Uaj hmofrdg, fidujgs `h igs dhrhjths hjtrhvastf`gs shöfifrgj quh hsfs gphrfeagjhs sh cfeaiatfrífj egj if prhshjeaf `h ajdhjahrgs hspheafiazf`gs y sh iihvfrífj f efog gtrfs `achrhjths sa sh egjtfrf egj ajdhjahrgs fhrgjæutaegs. Hj rhifeaõj egj hsth hsth thmf y egj hi gokhtavg gokhtavg `h erhfr erhfr ujf ’mfsf erítaef” `h ajdhjahrgs hj if rhdaõj, rhsuitf rhsuitf jhehsfrag hxfmajfr ifs egmpi egmpihmhjtfhmhjtfrah`f`hs `h igs eiusthr fhrghspfeafi y futgmgt futgmgtraz, raz, hj igs quh hxasthj egmphthjeafs egmujhs y gtrfs trfjschraoihs g f`fptfoihs hjtrh ujg y gtrg. Ifs thj`hjeafs f if mg`uifrazfeaõj hj fmofs aj`ustrafs, igs prgehsgs `hi `ashög `h fvagjhs y futgmõvaihs, ajeiusg prgehsgs hj if mfjucfeturf egmg hi mfquajf`g, egmpfrthj hihmhjtgs quh jhehsfrafmhjth sh thj`ræj hj euhjtf eufj`g sh trfth `h cgmhjtfr cgmhjtfr fmogs eiusthrs hj if rhdaõj. o) Egmphthjeafs grdfjaz grdfjazftavfs ftavfs
Ifs cuhrthserheahjth rhduifeagjhs hj igs prgehsgs prg`uetavgsegmg sh trf`ueh hj if jhehsa`f` `h ehrtacaefeagjhs hspheafiazf`fs, JF@EFR, FU1622 y gtrfs. Hs prhvasaoih quh hsth tapg `h egmphthjeafs fumhjthj egjcgrmh hvgiueagjh hi thka`g prg`uetavg pgr ifs trfjscgrmfeagjhs `h ifs pifjtfs hstfoihea`fs y pgr if iihdf`f `h gtrfs pifjtfs egj prgehsgs mæs egmpihkgs, fsí egmg pgr hi fvfjeh `h feuhr`gs (egmg hi OFUF) quh pifjthfj tfjtg gpgrtuja`f`hs egmg goiadfeagjhs. Hstfs jgrmfs ampgjhj prheasaõj hj igs prgehsgs y if `geumhjtfeaõj `htfiif`f `h ástgs pfrf eumpiar egj hi rhquasatg `h trfzfoaia`f`. Hj igs javhihs ifogrfihs mhjgs hspheafiazf`gs, hspheafiaz f`gs, if ehrtacaefeaõj ajciuyh hj if jhehsa`f` `h egjtfr egj trfofkf`grhs trfofkf`grhs egj uj javhi `h hsegifra`f` hs egifra`f` `h h`uefeaõj sheuj`fraf egmg míjamg, ig eufi cfeaiatf igs prgehsgs `h egmujaefeaõj y hi hjthj`amahj hjthj`amahjtg tg `h igs rhquhramahjt rhquhramahjtgs gs grdfjazftavgs. Hj hi egjkujtg `h ifs hmprhsfs sh fdu`azf ujf egmphthjeaf quh vfrafs `h hiifs nfj shöfif`g egmg jhehsfraf; hi trfofkg hj hquapg, hq uapg, efrfethrístaef efrfethrístaef hj pfrtaeuifr ampgrtfjth hj hi Ehjtr Ehjtrgg `h Hxehihjeaf hj Ajdhjahríf, `gj`h hi 6>2
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
shjta`g `h hshhjtapg `h grdfjazfeaõj hs fprgvhenfr ifs vhjtfkfs pgthjeafihsûitamg `hi trfofkg phquhögs drupgs hspheafiazf`gs. Gtrg hihmhjtg rhathrftavg, fujquh `h cgrmf `hsadufi, hs hi `hsfrrgiig `h if efpfea`f` `h trfofkg hj hquapg y if mgtavfeaõj pgr if efia`f`. e) Egmphthjeafs f`majastr f`majastrftavfs ftavfs Ástfs sgj ef`f ef`f vhz mæs ampgrtfjths hj hi javhi prgchsagjfi, `gj`h ifs pifjtfs tahj`hj f egmprfr `arhetfmhjth sus ajsumgs. Uaj hmofrdg, ifs egmphthjeafs f`majastrftavfs jg sh rhcahrhj ûjaefmhjth ûjaefmhjth f ifs i fs rhifeagjhs egj gtrgs aj`ava`ugs g ajstatueagjhs cuhrf `h ifs pifjtfs, sajg tfmoaáj hj ástfs. Hj ifs mfquaif`grfs, hs ujf thj`hjeaf dhjhrfi if jhehsa`f` `h quh hi phrsgjfi f`majastrftavg mhkgrh mhkgrh if hcaeahjeaf `h if pifjtf mh`afjth uj egjgeamahjtg quh sgorhpfsf if f`majastrfeaõj f`majastrfeaõj trf`aeagjfi y sh rhcahrh f egmphthjeafs prgpafs `h f`majastrfeaõj `h jhdgeags; oûsquh`f `h juhvgs mhref`gs, mhkgrf mhkgrf `h egstgs y efia`f` `h igs prgvh prgvhh`grhs h`grhs y gtrfs samaifrhs. `) Egmphthjeafs fetatu`ajfih fet atu`ajfihss @hstfef hi nheng `h quh vfrafs hmprhsfs shöfifj egmg egmphthjeafs quh sh `hoh `hsfrrgiifr if efpfea`f` `h fprhj`hr y hi shjta`g `h if átaef y rhspgjsfoaia`f`. Hsth fsphetg pfrheh hspheafimhjth ampgrtfjth hj uj shetgr `gj`h nfy rhquhramahj rhquhramahjtgs tgs `h egjca`hjeafia`f`, fsí egmg uj cuhrth
egmprgmasg hxadhjeafs quh `hi trfofkg pgr if jhehsa`f` `h cforaefr prg`uetgs `h egj fitf ifs egjcafoaia`f` h vathj feea`hjths. hvathj
Efpfeatfeaõj y rheiutfmahjtg f javhi táejaeg Hjtrh igs dhrhjths hjtrhvastf`gs nfy ujf phrehpeaõj ofstfjth hxthj`a`f `h quh hxasthj `acaeuitf`hs pfrf hjegjtrfr trfofkf`grhs egj ifs egmphthjeafs rhquhra`fs, `hoa`g f ifs efrfethrístaefs `h if gchrtf h`ueftavf hj if rhdaõj. Jg gostfjth, tfmoaáj hj hsth thmf nfy satufeagjhs `achrhjeaf`fs hjtrhXj ifsnheng pifjtfs. ampgrtfjth, samaifr fi fi `hthetf`g hj hj trfofkgs prhvags, hs quh `h ifs ?5 hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs hjeuhstf`fs, hi 4>% sí tahjh víjeuigs egj ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr. @hstfef if vajeuifeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs egj ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs, prajeapfimhjth egj igs ajstatutgs thejgiõdaegs. Uaj hmofrdg, hmofrdg, rhsphetg `h ifs hseuhifs hse uhifs táejaefs g `h h`uefeaõj 6>6
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
mh`af hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs sõig hjsuphragr, shas efsgs, efsgs ,ifs ig quh rhprhshj rhprhshjtf tf hi ?3% `hi `akhrgj tgtfi `h thjhr pifjtfsvajeuifeaõj hjeuhstf`fs. If ajstatueaõj egj mfygr vajeuifeaõj cuh hi Ehefta (trhs efsgs, 82%)< hj shduj`g iudfr, hi Egjfihp (`gs efsgs, 55.5%), y, hj threhrg, hi EOPAU (uj efsg, 63.4%). If hjeuhstf rhvhif, pgr tfjtg, ujf fpfrhjth pfrf`gkf; sgj muy eifrgs igs rhquhramahjtgs hj mfthraf `h phrsgjfi p hrsgjfi táejaeg jg prgchsagjfi hj ifs ærhfs `h mfquajf`g, phrg, fi masmg tahmpg, pgefs hmprhsfs mfjtahjhj egjtfetg egj ifs hseuhifs táejaefs `h if rhdaõj. Rfrf hi trfofkg egjkujtg egj ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs, fidujfs `h ifs hmprhsfs hjeuhstf`fs shöfifrgj quh jg nfj hjegjtrf`g fquhiifs quh igs nfyfj sftascheng, sftascheng, quh`fj`g hj hsth fsphetg ujf orhenf muy drfj`h fûj saj crfjquhfr. F phsfr `h hstg, fidujfs hmprhsfs egmoajfj if efpfeatfeaõj ajthrjf egj if hxthrjf, pfetfj`g egifogrfeagjhs egj hi Egjfihp y hi EHEFPA< hs hi efsg `h ujf hmprhsf `h Mhxaefia quh, hj hi mgmhjtg `hi trfofkg `h efmpg, nfoíf ajaeaf`g uj prgyhetg egjkujtg pfrf cgrmfeaõj `h egmphthjeafs táejaefs hj mfquajf`gs `h prheasaõj. Gtrfs, fujquh `h`aef`fs prajeapfimhjth fi hjsfmoih, hstæj goiadf`fs f gothjhr uj drf`g ampgrtfjth `h prheasaõj hj sus gphrfeagjhs, yf quh sus eiahjths phrthjhehj fi shetgr maiatfr. Hiig sh trf`ueh hj `gs fsphetgs f egjsa`hrfr; if drfj efjta`f` `h ehrtacaefeagjhs ehrtacaefeagjhs `hi phrsgjfi y ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h efpfeatfeaõj hj fsphetgs egmg if átaef, `f`f if egjca`hj egjca`hjeafia`f` eafia`f`
`hi prgehsg. Ifs hmprhsfs ousefj trfofkf`grhs cihxaoihs y pgiavfihjths, pfrf rgtfrigs hj sus puhstgs `h trfofkg. Hi nheng `h shr ujf hmprhsf egj fitf mhzeif y ofkg vgiumhj, rhquahrh muenf cihxaoaia`f` `hi phrsgjfi hmpihf`g. Fjth hsth pfjgrfmf, ifs cgrmfs `h egjstruar egmphthjeafs sgj vfraf`fs, hj if mh`a`f hj quh sus prgehsgs, rheursgs y jhehsa`f`hs sgj `achrhjeaf`gs. Rfrff gr`hjfr uj pgeg hi frdumhjtg fjthragr, `astajduamgs hjtrh egmRfr phthjeafs dhjhrfihs y hspheícaefs. Ifs pramhrfs sh rhcahrhj hj hshjeaf f ifs quh, hj prajeapag, prgpgreagjf hi sasthmf h`ueftavg (iheturf, hseraturf, cgrmfs `h egj`uetf y egmujaefeaõj), ifs eufihs phrmathj ihhr hspheacaefeagjhs, trfofkfr eggr`ajf`fmhjth, fprhj`hr gphrfeagjhs fprhj`hr sampihs egmputfeaõj y samaifrhs. Hi javhi mæs hihmhjtfi ‐hjegjtrf`g sgorh `h tg`g hj ujf hjsfmoif`grf, phrg quh prgofoihmhjth sh hxtahj`h f shdmhjtgs `h if mfjg `h gorf hj gtrfs‐, quh rhquahrhj y jg sahmprh tahjhj hsfs pifjtfs hs hi `h sheuj`fraf. Hsth javhi h`ueftavg hs jhehsfrag hj if mh`a`f hj
6>?
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
quh sh hxtahj`hj prgehsgs `h ehrtacaefeaõj, ajtrg`ueeaõj `h egmputf`grfs y sh tahj`higsnfeaf prgehsgs quh vfj mæsiffiiæ `hi hjsfmoih sampih. Xj shduj`g javhi `h jhehsa`f`hs `hravf `h prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf, egj rhquhramahjtgs rhquhramahjtgs táejaegs y prgchsagjfihs. prgchsagjfihs. Rfrf sgivhjtfr hstg, ifs pifjtfs `hspiahdfj `gs hstrfthdafs; if efpfeatfeaõj ajthrjf y if vajeuifeaõj egj ifs ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs igefihs. Hjtrh ifs hmprhsfs hjtrhvastf`fs goshrvfmgs efsgs `h efpfeatfeaõj ofstfjth hstrueturf`gs quh cgrmfj pfrth ampgrtfjth `h ifs prhgeupfeagjhs `h if hmprhsf. If mfygríf tahjh prgdrfmfs `h efpfeatfeaõj, grahjtf`gs prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhjth fi phrsgjfi táejaeg. Hi 8?.1% `h ifs hmprhsfs euhjtfj egj prgdrfmfs `h efpfeatfeaõj shmhstrfihs y fjufihs< mahjtrfs quh 06.?% `h ifs pifjtfs `hsfrrgiifj prgdrfmfs egjcgrmh sh `hthetfj ifs jhehsa`f`hs. Hxasthj hmprhsfs hmprhsfs egj uj phrsgjfi ofstfjth efpfeatf`g, tfjtg `h sus prgc prgchsagjastfs hsagjastfs egmg `h sus táejaegs, ajeiua`f ajeiua`f if ehrtacaefeaõj egrrhspgj`ahjth, egmg hi FU1622 y hi AUG 1226-?222, hi Uax Uadmf Ohit, hjtrh gtrfs. Uaj hmofrdg tfmoaáj hxasthj pifjtfs egj trfofkf`grhs euyf cgrmfeaõj hsegifr hs sõig `h h`uefeaõj oæsaef g pramfraf, saj egjgeamahjtgs `h ajdiás ja `h egmpu egmputfeaõj. tfeaõj. Fjth if satufeaõj rhiftavf f if h`uefeaõj, ifs hmprhsfs hjsfyfj `astajtfs pgiítaefs pfrf mhkgrfr hi javhi `h hsegifra`f` `h sus hmpihf`gs. Xjf `h ástfs tahjh uj prgdrfmf `h fpgyg f sus trfofkf`grhs quh `hshfj shduar
hstu`afj`g ujf iaehjeafturf g mfhstríf. Uaj hmofrdg, nfy pgeg ajthrás `h igs trfofkf`grhs, y sõig fidujgs fprgvhenfj hstfs gpgrtuja`f`hs. If efpfeatfeaõj quh oraj`f if pifjtf pfrf ajdhjahrgs y táejaegs egjsasth hj eursgs y prgdrfmfs cgrmfihs (ajthrjgs y hxthrjgs) h ajcgrmfihs, pgr uj tahmpg `h shas mhshs. Hstf efpfeatfeaõj rhprhshjtf rhprhshjtf pfrf if hmprhsf uj dfstg mhjsufi fprgx fprgxamf`g amf`g `h trhs mai `õifrhs.
If prgoihmætaef `hi mhref`g `h trfofkg
65
Hj ifs vhajtatrás pifjtfs hj ifs hs quh sh fpiaefrgj ifs hjtrhvastfs sh hmpihfof, hmpihfof hj ?224, f 3>14 trfofkf`grhs, `hear, hj prgmh`ag, f trhseahjtfs trhseahjtfs p hrsgjfss, phrsgjf 65
Pg`f if ajcgrmfeaõj `h hsth fpfrtf`g tahjh if masmf cuhjth; Egihc, ’Rrgyhetg @afdjõstaeg `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj O.E.”< Fxas, ’@hsfrrgiig `hi eiusthr fhrgjæutaeg hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf”, ?223f (j=?5).
6>5
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
pgr trftf `h hmprhsfs `h drfj tfmfög (pgr hjeamf `h igshstfoiheamahjtg. ?82 hmpihf`gsUh hstapuif`gs hj ifs eifsacaefeagjhs `h tfmfög `h hmprhsfs). Efoh shöfifr quh, fi adufi quh hj gtrgs shetgrhs mfquaif`grhs, ifs `amhjsagjhs `h ifs pifjtfs sgj muy vfraf`fs, puhs ifs mæs phquhöfs hmpihfofj f 64 phrsgjfs y if mfygr f 6522. _hsphetg `h if tfsf `h rgtfeaõj, uj rfsdg crheuhjth `hi mhref`g `h trfofkg hj if mfquaif`grf, shdûj if hjeuhstf, sh eacrõ hj >.1%, fidg mhjgr quh hi 62.0% hjegjtrf`g hj Pakufjf hj ?226 hj ifs pifjtfs hihetrõjaefs y futgmgtraehs (Efrraiig y Dgmís, ?220). Rfrf thjhr uj mhkgr aj`aef`gr fehref `h sa ifs mfquaif`grfs fhrghspfeafihs sgj ajthjsavfs hj trfofkg, egjvahjh egmpfrfrifs egj ifs mfquaif`grfs hj dhjhrfi. Rgr hkhmpig, hj ifs hmprhsfs `h Pakufjf, hi prgmh`ag `h geupf`gs cuh `h ?>5 phrsgjfs hj ?224, egjtrf egjtrf 522 hj ifs pifjtfs fhrgpfrtastfs. Uaj hmofrdg, sa sh egmpfrf hsth prgmh`ag prgmh`ag egj ifs mfquaif`grfs hihetrõjaefs hihetrõja efs y futgmgtraehs hj Pakufjf Pakufjf,, rhsuitõ rhsuitõ mhjgr, puhs hi ûjaeg `ftg egj hi quh sh egjtfof (egrrhspgj`ahjth (egrrhspgj`ahjth f ?226), aj`aeõ quh hi prgmh`ag `h `aenfs pifjtfs hrf `h 025 (Efrraiig y Dgmís, ?220). Uaj hmofrdg, `aeng `ftg hs `hmfsaf`g dhjhrfi pfrf iihdfr f fidujf ajchrhjeaf sadjacaeftavf. sadjacaeftavf. Rgr hiig sh egmpfrõ if hstrueturf `hi hmpihg `h fmogs shetgrhs. Juhvfmhjth, egj ofsh hj ujf hjeuhstf `h ?22?, sh goshrvõ quh, hj hi efsg `h Pakufjf, hi 48.>% `h igs geupf`gs hj prgmh`ag hrfj gorhrgs `h prg`ue-
Pakufjf, hi 48.>% `h igs geupf`gs hj prgmh`ag hrfj gorhrgs `h prg`ue eaõj crhjth f uj 34.1% hj ifs fhrghspfeafihs. Hstgs geng pujtgs pgrehjtufihs sgj rhihvfjths, puhs puhs trf`aeagjfimhjth hi pgrehjtfkh `h trfofkf`grhs `arhetgs nf gseaif`g hjtrh hi 48 y >2%, egmg uj rfsdg phrsasthjth `h if hstrueturf `h if aj`ustraf mfquaif`grf f ig ifrdg `hi tahmpg. Uaj hmofrdg, fi adufi quh geurrh hj hi rhstg `h ifs mfquaif`grfs, ifs `achrhjeafs hjtrh hmprhsfs sgj jgtfoihs. Ástfs geupfj hj prgmh`ag 64.>% `h táejaegs `hi tgtfi `h hmpihf`gs pgr hstfoiheamahjtg, phrg hi míjamg cuh `h 5%, y hi mæxamg `h 08%, ig quh frrgkõ uj eghcaeahjth `h nhthrgdhjha`f` nhthrgdhj ha`f` `hi 5.28. Ig masmg geurrh egj hi jûmhrg `h ajdhjahrgs geupf`gs. Hj prgmh`ag, ifs pifjtfs hmpihfj f ?5`hi ajdhjahrgs pgr hstfoiheamahjtg, ig quh rhprhshjtf firh`h`gr `hi 4.3% hmpihg tgtfi y ??.8% `hi ’shdmhjtg `h hmpihg efiacaef`g”. Uaj hmofrdg, if vfrafjzf tfmoaáj rhsuitõ shr fitf, yf quh fidujfs hmprhsfs sõig geupfj f uj ajdhjahrg y gtrfs, f `gseahjtgs. Rfrf ujf mfygr eifra`f` fehref `h hstf `astraoueaõj, sh tahjh quh 04% `h
6>0
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
ifs g eupfofj geupfofj `h 6 f 62 ajdhjahrgs, hi 02% hmpihfofj hmpihfofj `h 66 f 11, y hipifjtfs 65% mæs `h 622 ajdhjahrgs. Hj gtrgs tármajgs, hi 42% `h ifs hmprhsfs geupfj ajdhjahrgs, y 52% jg. @h ifs pramhrfs, hmpihfofj, hj prgmh`ag, 55 hj ef`f pifjtf. Q sõig hi 6% `h `h igs ajdhjahrgs egjtrftf`gs egjtfofj egjtfofj egj cgrmfeaõj hspheafiazf`f hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi.
Ifs hspheafia`f`hs prg`uetavfs `h igs táejaegs h ajdhjahrgs If mfygríf `h`h igshseuhifs prgchsagjastfs quh ifogrfj hj ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs hdrhsfj `h ajdhjahríf. Igs ajdhjahrgs aj`ustrafihs rhsuitfrgj shr if prajeapfi cuhjth, cuhjth, puhs 63 `h ifs if s 61 pifjtfs igs hmpihfofj, hs `hear `hear, >0.?%, crhjth f igs ajdhjahrgs mheæjaegs, mheæjaegs, egj sõig 62.8%, h ajdhjahrgs hihetrgmheæjaegs hihetrgmheæjaegs 8.5%. Hiig aj`aef quh, `hjtrg `h ifs if s ajdhjahrífs, if prh`gmajfjth hs fquhiif egj uj phrcai mhjgs hspheafiazf`g, ig eufi hs ujf efrfethrístaef dhjhrfi `h tg`f if aj`ustraf mfquaif`grf (Nufi`h Ficfrg, ?226). _hsphetg `h igs táejaegs geupf`gs hj ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, ástgs prgvahjhj prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhjth `h ifs efrrhrfs `h táejaeg
hj hihetrõjaef (05.55%), táejaeg hj mfquajf`gs EJE E JE (5?.8%), táejaeg hj hihetrgmheæjaef (6>.5%), fsí egmg `h gtrfs hspheafia`f`hs (55.5%). Xj `ftg sadjacaeftavg sadjacaeftavg hj rhifeaõj egj hi hmpihg hs quh efsa trhs eufrtfs pfrths `h ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs (4?.4%) mfjachstfrgj mfjachstfrgj quh hj igs trhs fögs quh shduífj sh duífj phjsfofj egjtrftfr f mæs prgchs prgchsagjastfs agjastfs g táejaegs. If `hmfj`f `h phrsgjfi shríf hj ajdhjahríf aj`ustrafi (03.4%), ajdhjahríf ajdhjahríf mheæjaef (?2%), ajdhjahríf hihetrõjaef (65.5%), ajdhjahríf hihetrgmheæjaef (3.4%), y gtrfs prgchsagjhs (3.4%). Hj ifs rfmfs táejaefs sh pravaihdafof f igs táejaegs hihetrõjaegs y f igs hihetrgmheæjaegs egj 55.5%, rhsphetavfmhjth, y igs hihetrgmheæjaegs egj 63.4%. Fsamasmg, efoh rhsfitfr quh uj >>.1% `h ifs hmprhsfs mfjachstfrgj thjhr thjhr `acaeuitf`hs hj hi mhref`g ifogrfi pfrf phrsgjfi efi acaef`g, efiacaef`g, quh jg ifs hspheafia`f`hs quhegjtrftfr rhquhrífj.fi Uaj hmofrdg, sõig hiyf>.4% `h hxastífj hmprhsfs (hs `hear, `gs) mfjachstfrgj hjtgjehs if jhehsa`f` `h ehrtacaefeagjhs hspheafiazf`fs. Rgr ig tfjtg, tgefjth fi hmpihg, ifs pifjtfs fhrghspfeafihs pfrhehj mgstrfr ujf hstrueturf egj prgpgreagjhs `h hmpihg táejaeg, prgchsagjfi y jg prgchsagjfi, fidg mæs hihvf`g quh hj ifs mfquaif`grfs 6>8
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
hj dhjhrfi y tfmoaáj mæs hihvf`g quh hj ifs mfquaif`grfs hihetrõjaefs y futgmgtraehs. Uaj hmofrdg, nfy `gs fsphetgs samaifrhs f ig hjegjt hjegjtrf`g rf`g hj ajvhstadfeagjhs prhvafs prhvafs rhsphetg `h gtrg tapg `h mfquaif`grfs; pgr uj if`g, ifs drfj`hs `achrhjeafs hjtrh pifjtfs, hstg hs, hj fidujfs hi pgrehjtfkh `h hmpihg táejaeg hs muy hihvf`g, egmg geurrh egjerhtfmhjth hj hi Ehjtrg `h Hxehihjeaf hj Ajdhjahríf `h Ngjhywhii, egj sh`h hj Mhxaefia< y, pgr hi gtrg, quh igs ajdhjahrgs shfj pgeg hspheafiazf`gs, if mfygríf hrfj ajdhjahrgs aj`ustrafihs, ig eufi sudahrh quh sus fetava`f`hs sh rhcahrhj sgorh tg`g f if grdfjazfeaõj `h prgehsgs. Gtrg fsphetg samaifr hs if tfsf prgmh prgmh`ag `ag `h rgtfeaõj.
Hmprhsfs `h `astajtgs javhihs `h efiacaefeaõj Rfrf fngj`fr hj hi thmf `h if efiacaefeaõj y ifs egmphthjeafs, sh rhfiazõ uj hkhreaeag hstf`ístaeg egj ifs hmprhsfs quh rhspgj`ahrgj if hjeuhstf `h ?224-?22>. If a`hf ehjtrfi cuh egjgehr quá fsphetgs sh fsgeafj f sgeafj egj hi javhi `h efiacaefeaõj `h if mfjg `h gorf, egj ofsh hj ifs vfrafoihs gothja`fs pfrf hi fjæiasas f phsfr `h ifs iamatfeagjhs `h if muhstrf. Uh egjstruyõ uj íj`aeh `h efiacaefeaõj f pfrtar `h if hstrueturf `h hmpihg `h ef`f pifj60
tf, pfrf iuhdg fjfiazfr igs rhsuitf`gs pgr vfrafoihs. @hspuás `h rhvasfr `avhrsfs vfrafoihs, geng rhsuitfrgj thjhr ujf fsgeafeaõj fs geafeaõj sadjacaeftavf egj if vfrafoih egjstrua`f ’hstrueturf g javhi `h efiacaefeaõj”; f) Ifs hmprhsfs euyf hstrueturf hs ’pgef efiacaef`f” tahjhj ujf fjtadùh`f` prgmh`ag `h quajeh fögs, mahjtrfs quh hj ifs if s quh su hstrueturf hs ’fitfmhjth efiacaef`f”, su prgmh`ag hs `h gjeh fögs. Hj gtrfs pfiforfs, ifs hmprhsfs `h mæs rheahjth hstfoiheamahjtg hj if rhdaõj tahj`hj f egjtrftfr mfjg `h gorf mæs efiacaef`f hj rhifeaõj egj su hstrueturf `h hmpihg. o) Ifs hmprhsfs ’pge ’pgegg efiacaef`fs” efiacaef`fs” hmpihfj mæs phrsgjfi (56>) quh ifs ’fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs” (?13). Ua oahj hj fmogs efsgs sh trftf `h hm60
Efoh shöfifr quh hi euhstagjfrag ig `ashöfrgj y fpiaefrgj igs `gs hquapgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj `h Hi Egihc y `h Fxas (fjths Rrg`uehj)< phrg if ajcgrmfeaõj sgorh thejgigdíf y gtrgs fsphetgs jg cgrmf pfrth `h if ofsh `h `ftgs hjtrhdf`f pgr Fxas f igs futgrhs `h hsth trfofkg. Hj hsth shjta`g, ifs iamatfeagjhs `hi fjæiasas sh rhifeagjf egj if ofsh `h `ftgs egj if quh sh egjtõ.
6>3
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
prhsfs `h drfj tfmfög (hs `hear, mfygr `h ?82 phrsgjfs), sí nuog eahrtf `achrhjeaf hjtrh sí hj hi mgmhjtg `h if hjeuhstf. e) Ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs mæs efiacaef`fs rhfiazfj mæs gphrfeagjhs `h mfjucfeturf quh ifs jg efiacaef`fs. Ifs I fs hmprhsfs’pge ’pgegg efiacaef`fs” efiacaef`f s” mfjtahjhj mfjtahjhj ujf mhzeif `h hjsfmoih y mfjucfeturf hj if mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs. `) Ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs fhrghspfeafihs mæs efiacaef`fs sgj ifs quh hi prg`uetg prg`uetg quh hifogrfj cgrmf pfrth `hi shetgr `h if mhtfimheæjaef, sahth `h hsth shetgr crhjth f euftrg quh hifogrfj gtrg tapg `h prg`uetgs. Mahjtrfs Mahjtrfs quh hj hi efsg `h ifs hmprhsfs ’pgeg efiacaef`fs”, eajeg pifjtfs hrfj mhtfimheæjaefs (y shas cgrmfofj pfrth `h gtrgs shetgrhs; hihetrõjaef, hihetrõjaef, piæstaeg, hte.). hmprhsfs egj fidujf ehrtacaefeaõj mfjtahjhj ujfIfs hstrueturf `h fhrghspfeafihs hmpihg mæs efiacaef`f. Mahjtr Mahjtrfs fs quh hj hi efsg `h ifs hmprhsfs ’fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs” sahth pifjtfs hstæj ehrtacaef`fs egj trhs quh jg ig hstæj< hj hi efsg `h ifs ’pgeg efiacaef`fs”, hi rhsuitf`g cuh shas egjtrf eajeg. eajeg. h) Ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs quh f`gptfj f`gptfj mhkgrhs præetaefs tahjhj ujf hstrueturf `h efiacaefeaõj mæs fitf. Ua oahj ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs ajegrpgrfj muy vfraf`fmhjth mhkgrhs præetaefs, egmg Uax Uadmf, Ihfj Mfjucfeturajd, hjtrh hjtrh gtrfs. If præetaef mæs mæ s `acuj`a`f
hj ifs hmprhsfs fjfiazf`fs hs if Ihfj Rrg`uetag Rrg`uetagj, j, euygs fjtheh`hj fjtheh`hj ths sgj hi ’mg`hig sgeagtáejaeg `h Pgygtf”, quh hj rhfia`f` hs mæs ujf caigsgcíf quh ajvgiuerf uj fmpiag egjkujtg `h præetaefs. @h gjeh pifjtfs quh `akhrgj utaiazfr hstf præetaef, shas hrfj pgeg efiacaef`fs y eajeg fitfmhjth f itfmhjth efiacaef`fs. Rgr Rgr hi egjtr egjtrfrag, frag, `h ifs geng hmprhsfs quh jg utaiazfofj hstf mhkgr præetaef, eajeg hrfj pgeg efiacaef`fs y trhs fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs. c ) Ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs egj ujf hstrueturf `h efiacaefeaõj mæs fitf tuvahrg tuvahrgjj tfsfs `h rgtfeaõj hj hi trfofkg mæs ofkfs quh ifs `h mhjgr efiacaefeaõj. Hj prgmh`ag, y pfrf if tfsf mhjsufi prgmh`ag `urfjth ?228, sh hjegjtrõ quh ifs pifjtfs ’pgeg efiacaef`fs” tuvahrgj ujf tfsf `hi 6?.8%< hj egjtrftfsth egj hi 0% mhjsufi `h ifs hmprhsfs ’fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs”. d) Hj getfvg iudfr iudfr,, ifs hmprhsfs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs fhrghspfeafihs quh sí pahjsfj egjtr egjtrftfr ftfr táejaegs y prgchsagjastfs hj hj igs prõxamgs trhs fögs rhsuitfrgj, egjtrfegjtrfrag f ig hsphrf`g, shr ifs ’pgeg efiacaef`fs”. @h ifs quajeh pifjtfs quh shöfifrgj quh sí pahjsfj egjtrftfr juhvg phrsgjfi efiacaef`g, juhvh hrfj pgeg efiacaef`fs y shas fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs. Rgr Rgr hi egjtr egjtrfrag, frag, `h ifs sahth hmprhsfs quh jg pahjsfj fmpiafr su phrsgjfi efiacaef`g, `gs 6>4
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
hrfj pgeg efiacaef`fs y eajeg fitfmhjth efiacaef`fs. Hstg quh pfrheh uj pfrf`gkf, shríf mæs uj rhcihkg `h igs rhquhramahjtgs `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f hj hsth shdmhjtg `h hmprhsfs, `hoa`g f if erheahjth `hmfj`f quh sh prgjgs prgjgstaef taef y f ifs prhsagjhs pgr hihvfr if egmphta egmphtatatava`f` `h ifs egmpföífs. Hj rhsumhj, sh puh`hj hstfoihehr ifs saduahjths napõthsas `h trfofkg pfrf ujf cuturf ajvhstadfeaõj; if hstrueturf `h efiacaefeaõj hj ifs hmprhsfs `h fhrgpfrths hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf hs mfygr sa tfmoaáj ig hs if egmpihka`f` prg`uetavf, if ehrtacaefeaõj, if f`fptfeaõj `h mhkgrhs præetaefs yhsifmhjgr phrthjhjeaf fi shetgr shemg`g tgr mhtfimheæjaef. If hstrueturf `h if efiacaefeaõj sa `h adufi ig hs if fjtadùh`f` `h if hmprhsf, hi tfmfög `h hmpihg y if rgtfeaõj hj hi trfofkg. @hs`h ujf phrsphetavf eufiatftavf, f pfrtar `h ifs hjtrhvastfs hj prgcuj`a`f` rhfiazf`fs hj `ahz hmprhsfs, sh a`hjtacaefj trhs tapgs a`hfihs `h pifjtfs; f) If pifjtf hjsfmoif`grf; egj drfj fjtadùh`f`, drfj hspheafiazfeaõj hj uj sgig prg`uetg, phrsgjfi phrsgjfi egj ofkf rgtfeaõj y hsefsf hsef sf hsegifra`f`.
Hsth tapg `h pifjtf hjeuhjtrf `acaeuitf`hs pfrf f`fptfrsh f igs rhquhramahjtgs erheahjths y præetaefmhjth ajhiu`aoihs `h ehrtacaefeaõj. Uh trftf `h uj jhdgeag aj`ava`ufi hj hi quh, fi pfrhehr, `urfjth mueng tahmpg jg nuog ajvhrsaõj hj hquapg nfstf chenfs rheahjths. Jg sh goshrvfj jhehsa`f`hs hspheícaefs `h phrsgjfi efiacaef`g. o) If pifjtf mfjucfeturhrf muitaprg`uetg egj `ashög; sh trftf `h ujf pifjtf drfj`h ‐hj tármajgs `h hmpihg‐ quh mfjucfeturf mfjucfeturf ujf efjta`f` ampgrtfjthh `h pfrths `hi ajthragr `hi fvaõj y quh, hj pgeg tahmpg hsampgrtfjt tfræ hj egj`aeagjhs `h cforaefr ujf fmpiaf dfmf `h pfrths; puhrtfs, fsahjtgs, enfrgifs, hte. Rfrf hsth tapg `h gphrfeagjhs, igs ajdhjahrgs `hohj iihvfr f efog trfofkgs `h `ashög, ig eufi f su vhz ihs hxadh hi `gmajag `h uj sgctwfrh hspheafiazf`g. Ifs jhehsa`f`hs `h phrsgjfi efiacaef`g hstæj `f`fs pgr if vfrah`f` `h igs prgehsgs; mhtfimheæjaegs `h egrth y `goif`g `h iæmajf< mfquajf`g hj uj tfiihr `h mæquajfs nhrrfmahjtfs< nhrrfmahj tfs< mfquajf`g egj mæquajfs `h egjtrgi jumáraeg< mgi`hf`g fi vfeíg `h mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs (caorf `h va`rag, pgiímhrgs, rhsajfs)< prgehsgs egj saiaeõj (`uetgs `h farh fegj`aeagjf`g). Ua sh trf`uehj hstgs prgehsgs f javhihs h`ueftavgs, sh goshrvf quh nfy fitgs 6>>
·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
rhquhramahjtgs f javhi táejaeg jg prgchsagjfi (táejaegs hj mfquajfrhquhramahjtgs `gs, trfofkf`grhs trfofkf`grhs efiacaef`gs) y hj ig quh sh s h rhcahrh f ajdhjahríf. e) Hi ehjtrg `h hxehihjeaf hj ajdhjahríf; fquí if grahjtfea grahjtfeaõj õj táejaef cuj`fmhjtfi hs nfeaf hi `ashög. `ashög. Uaj hmofrdg, if egjehpeaõj `hi egrpgrftavg `h trfofkg hj hquapg hj phquhögs phquhögs drupgs y if jhehsa`f` `h vgivhr rhjtfoih fi ehjtrg `avhrsacaef ifs egmphthjeafs rhquhra`fs pgr igs prgchsagjfihs quh fní fní trfofkfj. Uh trftf `h uj ehjtrg egj ujf drfj vfrah`f` `h egmphthjeafs táejaefs muy hspheafiazf`fs, hspheafiazf`fs, quh `hohj egmpihmhjtfrsh egj ifs gtrfs egmphthjeafs egmphthjeafs shöfif`fs. @h fní quh sus jhehsa`f`hs vfyfj `h if mfjg egj hi javhi ujavhrsatfrag `h pgsdrf`g. If pifjtf `h hjsfmoih y hi ehjtrg `h hxehihjeaf hxehihjeaf shrífj igs hxtrhmgs `h egmpihka`f`-sampiaea`f` `hi thka`g prg`uetavg `h mfquaif`grfs fhrghspfeafihs hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. If pramhrf shöfifríf ig quh cuhrgj muenfs `h ifs mfquaif`grfs ‐jg sõig fhrghspfeafihs‐y sus `acaeuitf`hs pfrf gphrfr egj hsfs masmfs prhmasfs; ofkf hsegifra`f` `hi phrsgjfi, hsefsfs ajvhrsagj ajvhrsagjhs hs hj hquapg, prgehsgs muy sampihs, prgehsgs prgehsgs grdfjazftavgs hihmhjtfihs. Hi ehjtrg ehjtrg `h hxehihjeaf mfrefríf thj`hjeafs `h cuturg nfeaf `gj`h if rhdaõj `hohríf fpgstfr; fitf prhshjeaf `h prgchsagjfihs y prh-
shjeaf `h pgsdrf`uf`gs, fitfs hxadhjeafs `h efiacaefeaõj hj egmphthjeafs táejaefs, grdfjazftavfs y `h jhdgeags. If pifjtf muitaprg`uetg, egj uj cuhrth ájcfsas egj ájcf sas hj mfjucfeturf, sajthtazf, `hs`h juhstrg pujtg `h vastf, vastf , efrfethrístaefs efrfethrístaefs egmujhs f ujf pfrth ampgrtfjth `h igs hstfoiheamahjtgs h aj`aef mæs eifrfmhjth euæihs sgj ifs geupfeagjhs ge upfeagjhs erítaefs pfrf hi shetgr y igs rhquhramahjt rhquhramahjtgs gs pfrf ifs ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs y `h efpfeatfeaõj. Hj ouhjf mh`a`f, if eifsacaefeaõj prhvaf egajea`h egj juhstrf prgpuhstf `h igs fögs jgvhjtf fehref `h if hxasthjeaf `h trhs dhjhrfeagjhs `h mfquaif`grfs; if pramhrf, egj prh`gmajag `h prgehsgs `h hjsfmoih< if shduj`f, egj prh`gmajag `h prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf, y ujf threhrf, hj if quh sh `hsfrrgiifj prgehsgs `h `ashög egj ujf cuhrth prhshjeaf `h ajdhjahrgs (Efrraiig y Nufi`h, 6114). Hstg Hstg rhcihkf, saj `u`f, ujf rhfia`f` hj trfjscgrmfeaõj hj ifs quh ifs mhjgs efiacaef`fs ousefj eufiacaefrsh pfrf sgorhvavar f ifs hxadhjeafs `h if egmphtatava`f` g pfrf dfjfr vhjtfkf hj ujf aj`ustraf hj erheamahjtg, hj tfjtg tfjtg quh ifs if s mæs efiacaef`fs efiacaef`f s quahrhj fmpiafr su prg`ueeaõj y `h jhdgeags hj javhihs egj mfygrhs hxadhjeafs egmphtatavfs. 6>1
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
Egjeiusagjhs Hsth hstu`ag, rhfiazf`g rhfiazf`g hj hi phrag`g ?224-?22> (fetufiazf`g hj if mh`a`f `h ig pgsaoih), phrmath phrmath egjgehr igs efmoags hj if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi y fhrgjæutaef muj`afi y hj Máxaeg, hspheafimhjth hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, egjcarmfj`g hi rhsuitf`g `h gtrgs trfofkgs prhvags, egmg hi `h F^AU. Jgs gcrheh ajcgrmfeaõj `h pramhrf cuhjth pfrf f`vhrtar igs fvfjehs y iamatfeagjhs `h if aj`ustraf, sus víjeuigs egj hjta`f`hs h`ueftavfs pfrf `hsfrrgiifr ifs egmphthjeafs y nfoaia`f`hs `hi phrcai `hi trfofkf`g trfofkf`grr a`õjhg h a`hjtacaefr if satufeaõj `h if `hmfj`f `h trfofkg hj hi shetgr shetgr.. @aeng hstu`ag egjcarmf quh hi shetgr aj`ustrafi rhûjh f ujf `avhrsa`f` `h hmprhsfs cforaefjths `h ujf drfj vfrah`f` `h prg`uetgs, euyf mfygríf sh `hcajhj egmg mhtfimheæjaefs (32%) y `hsfrrgiifj su trfof kg hj hsh ruor ruorg. g. Mue Muenfs nfs prhsh prhshjtfj jtfj efrfet efrfethríst hrístaefs aefs egm egmujhs, ujhs, pgr hkhm hkhmpig pig,, shr pifjtfs grahjtf`fs f mfjucfeturf y hj ástfs igs prgehsgs rhifeagjf`gs egj mfquajf`gs, `goif`g y egrtf`g `h mhtfihs u gtrgs mfthrafihs egjstatuyhj egjstatuy hj ujf pfrth ampgrtfjth `h sus prgehsgs. Fidujfs euhjtfj egj prgehsgs maxtgs pfrf eiahjths fhrghspfeafihs y `h if aj`ustraf futgmg-
traz, g sh `h`aefj f gtrg shetgr egmg darg egmhreafi (thihegmujaefeagjhs), (thihegmujaefeagjhs), phrg ujf pfrth `h sus prg`uetgs sh `hstajf fi shetgr fhrghspfeafi.Fsamasmg, ifs hmprhsfs sh uoaefjf prajeapfimhjth Pakufjf y Mhxaefia, egj efpatfihs hstf`guja`hjshs, hxehpeaõj `h ujfhjpifjtf crfjehsf y gtrf mhxaefjf, ifs eufihs tahjhj firh`h`gr `h quajeh fögs `h fjtadùh`f`, egj phrsgjfi mhjgs efiacaef`g< ifs quh tahjhj `h gjeh f mhjgs fögs euhjtfj egj ujf pifjtaiif `h trfofkf`grhs mæs efiacaef`gs. Pg`fs ifs hmprhsfs tahjhj cgrmfs `h efpfeatfeaõj `h phrsgjfi, fujquh fidujfs sgj muy hspheafiazf`fs y gtrfs egj táejaefs oæsaefs quh hxadhj `hi trfofkf`gr egmg míjamg hsegifra`f` sheuj`fraf. Hstf efpfeatfeaõj sh gcrheh ajthrjfmhjth ajthrjfmhjth pgr pfrth `h if hmprhsf, fujquh fujquh adufimhjth sh prgeurf hj cgrmf hxthrjf, fi vajeuifrsh v ajeuifrsh egj ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs g `hi dgoahrjg mhxaefjg. Fsamasmg, hxasthj hxasthj hmprhsfs quh cfeaiatfj cfeai atfj if efpfeatfeaõj `h sus trfofkf`grhs pfrf rhfiazfr hstu`ags `h iaehjeafturf y mfhstríf g fidujf hspheafiazfeaõj. Hj eufjtg f if ehrtacaefeaõj, sh nf fvfjzf`g `h mfjhrf sadjacaeftavf, phrg ef`f vhz ifs hxadhjeafs sgj mfygrhs. Rgr Rgr gtrf pfrth, efoh rhsfitfr quh ifs hmprhsfs mhjgs efiacaef`fs tahjhj mfygr ajthrás pgr egjtrftfr hj hi cuturg f phrsgjfi efiacaef`g. Fi tahmpg tahmpg quh sh goshrvf quh hi trfofkg egj
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·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf …
mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g egrrh f efrdg `h ifs hmprhsfs mæs efiacaef`fs, hj tfjtg quh tg`fvíf hxasthj pifjtfs quh trfofkfj egj hquapg muy fjtadug. Hj hi pifjg h`ueftavg hxasthj efrrhrfs prgchsagjfihs y táejaefs quh prhpfrfj phrsgjfi a`õjhg pfrf hstf aj`ustraf, saj hmofrdg, suosasthj suosasthj ampgrtfjths iamatfeagjhs. Ifs hmprhsfs suorfyfj if `acaeuitf` ` acaeuitf` pfrf egjtr egjtrfftfr phrsgjfi `h feuhr`g f igs rhquhramahjtgs, rhquhramahjtgs, f if vhz quh rhcahrhj if cfitf `h víjeuigs sftascfetgrags egj ifs ajstatueagjhs fef`ámaefs. Ua oahj ifs prgchs prgchsagjhs agjhs `h mfygr `hmfj`f sgj ifs ajdhjahrífs aj`ustrafi, mheæjaef y hihetrõjaef, y, hjtrh ifs táejaefs, if hihetrõjaef, muenfs hmprhsfs hxprhsfj quh prhcahr prhcahrhj hj shiheeagjfr, shiheeagjfr, f pfrtar `h pgthjeafia`f`hs oæsaefs, f igs fsparfjths pfrf iuhdg efpfeatfrigs `hs`h `hjtrg. Ifs hmprhsfs jg sh `hsfrrgiifj hj igs javhihs mæs fitgs y hspheafiazf`gs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef fhrgjæutaef g fhrghspfeafi, sajg hj ifs `h mhjgr vfigr fdrhdf`g, ig quh hva`hjeaf quh hi shetgr hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf tahjh shrags rhzfdgs y iamatfeagjhs. Rhrg f if vhz sh trftf `h ujf aj`ustraf hj erheamahjtg, f if quh sh ih supgjh uj cuhrth pgthjeafi f `hsfrrgiifr, hj hi quh hi dgoahrjg y ifs hmprhsfs tahjhj uj pfphi eifvh hj hsth prgehsg. Uaj hmofrdg, ·hj quá sh ofsf of sf if pgthjeafia`f` `h if aj`ustraf pfrf if
rhdaõj7 Uh trftf `h quh ifs efrfethrístaefs `h ifs if s pifjtfs quh gphrfj hj if rhdaõj shfj `achrhjths f ifs `h gtrgs shetgrhs, ·g tahjh quh vhr egj cfetgrhs hxõdhjgs, egmg erheamahjtg prhvasaoih `h`hi igserheamahjtg mhref`gs f`hi javhi muj`afi7 Fujquh saj hi `u`f ifs prhvasagjhs fehref mhref`g sgj ampgrtfjths pfrf prgjgstaefr prgjgstaefr egj fidujfs ofshs hi cuturg quh fdufr`f f if aj`ustraf, `hs`h if phrsphetavf igefi y rhdagjfi rhsuitf mæs `heasavg fjfiazfr igs rfsdgs `h ifs hmprhsfs y ifs cgrmfs `h rhifeaõj hjtrh hjtrh sí. @hs`h juhstrf phrsphetavf, nfy hihmhjtgs quh nfehj `h ifs mfquaif`grfs fjfiazf`fs fjfiazf`f s pifjtfs samaifrhs f ifs `h gtrgs shetgrhs. Rgr Rgr hkhmpig, if vfrafoaia`f` hj eufjtg fi tapg `h hmpihg táejaeg y if fitf `hmfj`f `h ajdhjahrgs aj`ustrafihs y ujf vajeuifeaõj rhiftavfmhjth fmpiaf egj ifs ujavhrsa`f`hs y thejgiõdaegs phrg mæs `áoai egj ifs hseuhifs hse uhifs táejaefs. If nhthrgdhjha`f` `h ifs pifjtfs hs gtrg rfsdg quh egjtraouyh f if samaiatu` `h ástfs egj ifs hxfmajf`fs hj gtrgs hstu`ags; egjvavhj hj hi masmg shetgr ujf pifjtf hjsfmoif`grf típaef y uj ehjtrg `h ajdhjahríf quh rheuhr`f f ifs pifjtfs `h threhrf dhjhrfeaõj. Rgsaoihmhjth, if mfygr `achrhjeaf prgvahjh `h if mfygr ajthjsa`f` `h pifjtfs mfjucfeturhrfs, `gj`h igs prgehsgs mhtfimheæjaegs y `h mfquajf`g sgj mæs ajthjsavgs
616
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
y `gj`h if ajegrpgrfeaõj `h `ashög `h prg`uetgs jg egmpihkgs yf sh `f y fumhjtfríf hj hi cuturg. Rgr gtrf pfrth, y saj hmofrdg, ifs pifjtfs prhshjtfj uj javhi `h rhifeagjhs hsefsg hjtrh sí y egj prgvhh`grfs jfeagjfihs, ig eufi `acaeuitf nfoifr `h uj eiusthr y pgjhr hj præetaef mh`a`fs `h pgiítaef aj`ustrafi. @hs`h hstf phrsphetavf, if feeaõj pûoiaef mæs cfetaoih pgr pfrth `h igs dgoahrjgs igefihs pfrheh prheasfmhjth prheasfmhjth if gchrtf `h phrsgjfi mæs y mhkgr efiacaef`g hj ifs ærhfs `h mfjucfeturf, ajeiuyhj`g ajdhjahrgs hspheafiazf`gs hj fhrgjæutaef y eahrtfs ærhfs `h `ashög. Uaj hmofrdg, hstg shríf uj cfetgr jhehsfrag, mfs jg sucaeahjth pfrf igdrfr hi hsefifmahjtg (updrf`ajd), yf if gchrtf `h mfjg `h gorf efiacaef`f efi acaef`f jg ajea`h futgmæta futgmætaefmhjth efmhjth hj igs efmoags hj if hstrfthdaf `h ifs pifjtfs, sajg quh prgofoihmhjth prgofoihmhjth sh rhquahrhj prgehsgs prgehsgs `h jhdgeafeaõj `h mh`afjg pifzg egj hmprhsfs ií`hrhs f pfrtar `h ujf hstrfthdaf ch`hrfi `h mh`afjg pifzg.
61?
Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … ·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje
Cuhjths Frfûkg, Náreuihs (?224). ’Kfpåg rhvhif jgvgs fvaøhs maiatfrhs fhrgjfvhs `h pftruinf mfrítamf, R-^, h `h trfjspgrth, E-^, suostatuaråg gs R-5 MRF h gs E-6, rhsphetavfmhjth, jf Cgräf Fárhf - Jgvgs Rrgkhtgs”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//farwfy.ugi.egm.or/sat 9nttp;//farwfy .ugi.egm.or/sath/jgtaeaf/jgt6?46W46.fsp:, h/jgtaeaf/jgt6?46W46.fsp:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?224. Frmhj`æraz, Hsphrfjzf (?224). (?22 4). ’H ’Hii cuturg hstæ hj igs eahigs y hj hi suhig \jhgihgjás]”, Eahjeaf XFJI, vgi. 62, jûm. ? (forai-kujag), pp. 61?-618. F^AU Ehjtrg `h Ajthiadhjeaf Hstrftádaef (?266). ’I ’Iff aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgr Efiacgrjaf” jaf”,, @arhetgrag `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. Ofkf Efiacgrjaf, Fxas, Pakufjf, pp. 0-56. F^AU Ehjtrg `h Ajthiadhjeaf Hstrftádaef (?223f). (?2 23f). ’ @hsfrrgiig `hi eiusthr fhrgjæutaeg hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf ?228-?223” Pakufjf (rhpgrth `h ajvhstadfeaõj). F^AU, Ehjtrg `h Ajthiadhjeaf Hstrftádaef (?223o). ’Máxaeg y if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef digofi. Xjf puoiaefeaõj pfrf hjthj`hr, gothjhr ajcgrmfeaõj y dhjhrfr hstrfthdaf” hstrfthdaf”,, Mhxaefia (rhpgrth `h ajvhstadfeaõj).
Oghajd (?223). Eurrhjt mfrlht gutiggl. Oghajd Egmmhreafi Farpifjhs, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.oghajd.egm/egmmhreafi/egm:, egjsuitf`g hj mfyg `h ?224. Oghajd (?228). Tgri` @hmfj` @h mfj` cgr Egmmhreafi Farpifjhs. Eurrhjt Mfrlht Gutiggl. Oghajd Egmmhreafi Farpifjhs, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//iaorfrygjiajh.hrfu. h`u/gjiajh-cuii-thxt/oggls-gjiajh/_ h`u/gjiajh-cuii-thxt/og gls-gjiajh/_FE621?23.p`c:, FE621?23.p`c:, egjsuitf`g egjsuitf`g hj mfyg `h ?224. Efrraiig, K. y _. Dgmas (?220) If mfquaif`grf hj `ftgs. _hsuitf`gs `h ujf hjeuhstf sgorh thejgigdíf y fprhj`azfkh, Pakufjf, Máxaeg, Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth. Efrrajefzhfux, Erastgpnhy Sajehjt Cradfjt (?224). ’ Pnh Ajthrjftagjfiazftagj Ajthrjftagjfiazftagj gc tnh tn h Crhjen Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry Aj`ustry;; Pg Pg Tnft Hxthjt Thrh Thrh tnh 6112s 61 12s f Orhfl Orh fl watn tnh Rfst7”, Egmphtatagj fj` Enfjdh, vgi. 66, jûm. 5 (shptahmorh), pp. ?36-?>8.
@hidf`g _fmgs, Dafj Efrig (?223). (?223Erítaef ).’Dfiaihg y if maiatfrazfeaõj maiatfraz feaõjy `h if rh` aj`ustrafi hurgph hurgphf” f”,, Jõmf`fs._hvastf , jûm. `h Eahjeafs Ugeafihs Kurí`aefs 60 (Xjavhrsa`f` Egmpiuthjsh `h Mf`ra`). Ch`hrfeaõj Ajthrjfeagjfi `h Prfofkf`grhs `h ifs Aj`ustrafs Mhtfiûrdaefs (CAPAM) (?22?). ’If aj`ustraf `h if fvafeaõj y if fhrgjæutaef; mgtgr `h erheamahjtg y thejgigdíf hshjeafi hs hjeafi hj hi sadig ^^A” ^^A ”, Pguigush, Pguigush, Crfjeaf, Egjchrhjeaf
615
grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
Muj`afi sgorh if Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi, 63-61 `h kujag, @hpfrtfmhjtg `h Fhrghspfeafi, Dajhorf. Cradfjt S., M. Lhena`ay @. Pfiogt (?223). Ihs thrratgarhs `h i‑fárgjfutaquh. HF@U, hjtrh mgj`afiasftagj ht fjerfdh, Rfrís, I‑Nfrmfttfj. Dgoahrjg `hi Hstf`g `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf (?224). ’Gchrtf h`ueftavf ?228-?223” ?2 28-?223”,, Mhxaefia, Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Hegjõmaeg. H egjõmaeg. Nufi`h Ficfrg, Ficrh`g (?226).Fprhj`azfkh aj`ustrafi hj if crgjthrf jgrth `h Máxaeg, Pakufjf, Máxaeg, Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth/Rifzf y Sfi`ás. Nufi`h, Ficrh`g y Kgrdh Efrraiig Efrra iig (?224). (?22 4). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf; efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs y egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs y prgchsagjfihs , Pa kufjf, Máx Máxaeg, aeg, Hi Egihdag Egihdag `h if Crgjt Crgjthrf hrf Jgrth Jgrth.. Aoæöhz _gkg, _fcfhi y Rfoig Iõphz Efiih (?223). ’If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Hurgpf; ajjgvfeaõj thejg-iõdaef y rhgrdfjazfeaõj prg`uetavf prg`uetavf””, Rrgyhetg Ifogrftgrag Aj`ustrafi XH-MH_EGUX_. Ajcgrmhs shetgrafihs, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.saj`ifo.grd/`gwjigf`Wup/fhrghspfeafiHur 9nttp;//www .saj`ifo.grd/`gwjigf`Wup/fhrghspfeafiHurgpf.p`c: gpf.p`c: egjsuitf`g hj mfyg `h ?224, pp. 0-8. Ifjehsshur,, Orujg (?224), ’I Ifjehsshur ’I‑‑F_K?6, F_K?6, pgrth-`rfphfu pgrth- `rfphfu `hs fmoatagjs ena-jgashs,
Ihs Hengs, 6> `h kujag. @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.ihs 9nttp;//www.ihs engs.cr/6>/23/?224/ IhsHengs/61106-820-HENWi-frk?6--pgrth-`rfphfu-`hs-fmoatagjsenajgashs.ntm7thxth=Ifjehsshur,%?2Orujg:, egjsuitf`g hi ?8 `h mfyg `h ?224. Jagsa, Kgrdh y Mfkiaj`f [nhdu (?228). ’Fhrgspfeh Eiusthrs; Igefi gr Digofi Ljgwih`dh Upaiigvhrs7”, Aj`ustry fj` Ajjgvftagj, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp.6-?8, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.hr.uqfm.ef/jgohi/r?6262/`geumhjt/jagsaznhdu.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj ?224. _uhiig, Fifaj (?224). ’I‑Fárgjfutaquh eavaih russh sh rhifjeh”, Ihs Hengs, jûm. 61106, 6> `h kujag, p. 5. Paxahr, Crfjegas (?222). ’Aj`ustrafi @avhrsacaeftagj fj` Ajjgvftagj. Fj Ajthrjftagjfi Utu`y gc tnh Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, Efmora`dh, H`wfr Hidfr. Prhva`ae, Orujg (?224). ’Rfras Far Ungw. Ungw. Digofi Enfiihjdhs cgr tnh Fhrgspfeh Egta`ah j `h i‑hegjgmah hegjgmah, jûm. 61.106. Aj`ustryy. Uuppiámhjt Aj`ustr Uuppiámhjt Drftuat Drftuaty” y”,, Ih Egta`ahj
Nhmhrgdrfcíf ’Feuhr`g mh`afjth hi eufi e ufi sh hstfoiheh if Rgiítaef Fhrgjæutaef quh `fræ rumog y egjthja`g f ifs fetava`f`hs `hi Hstf`g, `h igs egjehsagjfrags, phrmasagjf610
Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … ·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje
rags y gphrf`grhs `hi trfjspgrth fárhg, `hi phrsgjfi táejaeg fhrgjæutaeg, `h igs fhrgpuhrtgs y `h igs prhstf`grhs `h igs shrvaeags shrva eags fhrgpgrtufrags, egmpihmhjtfrags y egmhreafihs, fsí egmg `h igs `hmæs ajthrhsf`gs hj hi rgoustheamahjtg `h if aj`ustraf, egmg ifs fshdurf`grfs, igs cforaefjths `h fhrgjfvhs, igs frrhj`f`grhs, hjtrh gtrgs” (?226). @afrag Gcaeafi `h if Ch`hrfeaõj, ?1 `h getuorh, ?226, p. 53. Hi Rfís (?224). ’Xjf chraf `h fitgs vuhigs. Hi sfiõj fhrgjæutaeg `h Rfrís nf puhstg `h mfjacahstg mfjac ahstg hi fudh `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef” fhrgjæutaef”,, ?0 `h kujag, pp. 8-3. Hi Rfís (?223). ’Farous thj`ræ ujf pifjtf `h mgjtfkh `h fvagjhs hj suhig enajg”, 62 `h kujag, p.45. Grjhifs I., Uhrdag (?266). ’Mhxaeg‑s Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry Jgjstgp”, Mhxa(shptahmorh- getuorh). egJgw, fög 1. vgi. 52, jûm. 80 (shptahmorh-getuorh). Grjhifs, Uhrdag Uhrd ag I. I . (?224f). ’Mhxaeg‑ ’Mhxaeg‑s Fhrgjfutaefi Aj`ustry Pflhs Pflhs gcc! gcc ! F ciadnt Cuii gc Gppgrtujatahs fj` Enfiihjdhs”. MhxaegJgw, fög 8, jûm. ?1 (kuiagfdgstg), pp. 65-52. Grjhifs, Uhrdag I. (?224o). ’Ugjgrf tnh Ifrdhst I frdhst Fhrgspfeh Eiusthr Ajthdrfth` aj Mhxaeg”, MhxaegJgw, fög 8, jûm. ?1 (kuiag-fdgstg), pp. 0?-03.
Grjhifs I. Uhrdag (?228). ’Mhxaeg‑ ’Mhxaeg‑s Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry”, Aj`ustry”, MhxaegJgw, fög 5, jûm. 64 (kuiag-fdgs ( kuiag-fdgstg). tg). Uh`heg (?266).’Mftraz `h efpfea`f`hs, shetgr fhrghspfeafi”, Uherhtfríf `h @hsfrrgiig Hegjõmaeg, Dgoahrjg `hi Hstf`g, Mhxaefia (`geumhjtg ajthrjg).
_heursgs hihetrõjaegs Fssgeaftagj gc Hurgphfj Farerfct fj` Egm Egmpgjhj pgjhjtt Mfjucfeturhr Mfjucfeturhrss (FHEMF) (6111). ’Pnh Hurgphfj Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry. 6111 Utftastaefi Uurvhy”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.fhrg.upm.hs/`hpfrtfmhjtgs/hegjgmaf/ajv .fhrg.upm.hs/`hpfrtfmhjtgs/hegjgmaf/ajvhstadf/ hstadf/ ajcgrmh/egjsgia`feagjpgreahjtg?2hurgphf.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj getuorh `h ?266. Farous (?220). ’Digofi Mfrlht Cgrhefst ?220-?2?5”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;// f`d.stfjcgr`.h`u/ff?06/ajtrg/farousWDMC?220.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj getuorh `h ?266. Xjavhrsa`f` Ajthrjfeagjfi `h Fj`fiueíf (XJAF) (?225). Uatufeaõj y phrsphetavf `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y hspfeafi, Uhvaiif (rhpgrth `h ajvhstadfeaõj).
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grdh Efrraiig y Ficrh`g Nufi`h Ficfrg
Oghajd Hspföf (?22?). ( ?22?). ’ Hi mhref`g iftajgfmhraefjg `h fvafeaõj erhehræ hj uj 4.1 pgr eahjt eahjtg” g”,, Fetufia`f`, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.oghajd.hs/SahwEgj.oghajd.hs/SahwEgjthjt.`g7a`= 6328:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?224. Egjfihp (?224). Eftæigdg `h pifjthihs y gchrtf h`ueftavf futgrazf`f (Eaeig Hsegifr ?223-?224), `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.egjfihp.h`u.mx/ wgrl/rhsgurehs/IgefiEgjthjt/ ?>05/6/GchrtfH`ueftavf.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj mfyg m fyg `h ?224. (?222).. ’Enajf eggphrfræ egj carmfs hxtrfjkhrfs hj aj`ustraf @afrag `hi Ruhoig (?222) `h fvafeaõj”, sheeaõj ’Jhdgeags”, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//spfjasn.phgpih`faiy. egm.ej/spfjasn/ ?22266/24/sp?2226624W05>>2.ntmi:, egjsuitf`f hj getuorh `h ?266. Hmorfhr (?224).9nttp;//mh`afmfjfdhr.hmorfhr.egm.or/hjdiasn/egjthjt/ ngmh/:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?224. Hseuhif Uuphragr `h Ajdhjahríf Mheæjaef y Hiáetraef (UAMHPAE) (?224). (?224 ). XjaXja`f` Rrgchsagjfi Paegmæj, Ajdhjahríf Fhrgjæutaef, sheeaõj `h Hstu`ags `h Rgsdrf`g h Ajvhstadfeaõj, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp; //www.hsamhtae.apj.mx/
pfd3/Mfhstraf/mfhstrafmfregs.ntm:, egjsuitf`g hj mfyg `h ?224. H.P.U. H.P .U.A.A. Fhrgjæutaegs Fhrgjæutaegs Xjavhrsa`f` Rgiatáejaef `h Mf`ra` (XRM) (XRM) (?224). (?224). ’If aj`ustraf; Hstf`gs Xja`gs” Xja`gs”,, `aspgjaoih `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.fhrgupm. .fhrgupm. hs/hs/`hpfrtfmhjtgs/hegjgmaf/ ajvhstadf/ajcgrmh/56.ntmi:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?224. Ajstatutg Rgiatáejaeg Rgiatáejaeg Jfeagjfi (ARJ) (?224). @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.apj. 9nttp;//www.apj. mx/egjthja`g/gchrtfh`ueftavf/RifjhsHstu`ag/heus?ecm7`geRifjHstu`ags =HUAMHWPAWAJDWFH_&a`Wjavhi=?&a`Whseuhif=?6:, egjsuitf`f hj mfyg `h ?224. AjthrSAUPFU-df? (?223). Pnh Hegjgmae Ampfet gc Far Uhrvaeh Iaohrfiazftagj, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;www. ajthrvastfs.egm/0/rhpgrts/?223- 23-24WHegjgmaeAmpfetGcFarUhrvaehIaohr gmaeAmp fetGcFarUhrvaehIaohrfiazftagjWC fiazftagjWCajfi_hpgrt.p`c:, ajfi_hpgrt.p`c:, egjsuitf`f hj ?224. Aj`afj Upfeh _hshfren Grdfjazftagj (AU_G) (?224).’Aj`afj Jftagjfi Ufthiiath Uysthm (AJUFP). Rrgdrfmmhs”, ntmi:, egjsuitf`g hj mfyg `h ?224. 9nttp;//www.asrg.grd/prgdrfmmhs. Aj`afj Upfeh _hshfren Grdfjazftagj (AU_G) (?224). @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;// www.asrg.grd/spfehWseahjeh/F@_HC www .asrg.grd/spfehWseahjeh/F@_HC.ntmi:, .ntmi:, egjsuitf`f hj kujag kuja g `h ?224. Iulgr (?224). ’Asrfhi tahjh vhjtfkf sgorh sus hjhmadgs drfeafs f su sasthmf fjtamasaihs tama saihs,, shdûj uj pfrifmhjtfrag pfrifmhjtf rag nhorhg”, nhorhg”, `asp `aspgjaoih gjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.iulgr. 9nttp;/ /www.iulgr. egm/jgt-muj/fcraef/242?/6?656486.ntm:, egjsuitf`f hj forai `h ?224. 613
Egmphthjeafs afs ifogrfihs prgchsagjfihs hj if aj`ustraf … ·Xjf mfquaif`grf `achrhjth7 Egmphthje
Jõ`uig (?220). ’Enajf rhcuhrzf rhcuhrz f su aj`ustraf maiatfr fhrghspfeafi” fhrghspfeafi”,, Eftgoihpfs, jûm. 55; ?8, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.jg`uig.grd/he/?220/j255p?8. ntm:, egjsuitf`f hj kujag `h ?224. _h` `h _hvastfs Eahjtícaefs `h Fmáraef Iftajf y hi Efraoh, Hspföf y Rgrtudfi (?224). Iímaths `hi `hsfrrgiig enajg, `aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;// rh`fiye.ufhmhx. mx/rh`fiye/p`c/ 355/35522820:, egjsuitf`g hj forai `h ?224. Uhrvaeags f if Jfvhdfeaõj hj hi Hspfeag Fárhg Mhxaefjg Mhxaefjg (Uhjhfm) (?224). (? 224). @aspgjaoih hj 9nttp;//www.shjhfm.dgo.mx:, egjsuitf`f hj mfyg `h ?224. Xjavhrsa`f` Ajthrjfeagjfi `h Fj`fiueíf (XJAF) (?224). ’Uatufeaõj y phrsphetavfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrgjæutaef y hspfeafi”, `aspgjaoih hj 9www.ujaf. hs/juhvgWajcWfef`hmaef/vasufiazfrWcaihWf`kujtg.fsp7A@=511:, egjsuitf`f hj kujag `h ?224.
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Efpítuig SA Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths. If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ugjgrf Õsefr C. Egjtrhrfs* y Æivfrg Or Æivfrg Orfefmgj fefmgjth th Uahrrf**
Ajtrg`ueeaõj
F pfrtar `hi fög ?226, if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi nf thja`g uj fehihrf`g
erheamahjtg hj Máxaeg, Máxaeg, drfeafs f if egjv egjvhrdhjeaf hrdhjeaf `h ujf shrah `h efmoags thejgiõdaegs y egmhreafihs hj if aj`ustraf egj ujf cuhrth pgiítaef `h prgmgeaõj duohrjfmhjtfi hj hi pfís. Ofkg if prhmasf `h quh sh trftf `h ujf fetava`f` mfjucfeturhrf ajthjsavf hj egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtg, g, quh dhjhrf hmpihgs `h fitg phrcai y quh tahjh fitgs javhihs `h `hrrfmf thejgiõdaef, tfjtg hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi egmg vfrags dgoahrjgs hstftfihs sh nfj mgstrf`g muy fetavgs hj prgmgvhr if ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf `arhetf `h ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs y sus prgvhh`grhs hspheafiazf`gs. Ouhjf pfrth `h ifs pifjtfs `h mfjucfeturf y hjsfmoih sh nfj ajstfif`g hj igs hstf`gs jgrthögs `hi pfís, `hoa`g f if ehrefjíf dhgdræcaef egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, phrg tfmoaáj pfrf fprgvhenfr if hxphrahjeaf prhvaf `h hstf rhdaõj hj if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, fsí egmg if ajcrfhstrueturf `hsfrrgiif`f hj tgrjg f ifs pifjtfs mfquaif`grfs y gtrfs aj`ustrafs hxpgrtf`grfs. Fi adufi quh gtrgs efsgs `h aj`ustrafs `h fitf thejgigdíf egmg if futgmgtraz y ifs thejgigdífs `h if ajcgrmfeaõj y if egmujaefeaõj (PAE), if hxpfjsaõj `h if aj`ustraf a j`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj hi pfís pifjthf `avhrsfs ajthrrgajthrrgdfjths fehref `h igs hchetgs `h if prhshjeaf `h hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs quh gphrfj egj thejgigdífs `h pujtf y fitgs hstæj`frhs `h efia`f` hj ifs if s rhdagjhs y igefia`f`hs quh ifs fiohrdfj. * @hpfrtfmhjtg `h Hstu`ags Ugeafihs, Hi Egihdag `h if Crgjthrf Jgrth. ** Ehjtrg `h Hstu`ags `h Fmáraef `hi Jgrth, Hi Egihdag `h Ugjgrf. 611
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Hsth hstu`ag sh ofsf hj ujf hjeuhstf fpiaef`f f hmprhsfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf, U gjgrf, egmpihmhjtf`f egmpihmhjtf`f egj vasatfs f 6> pifjtfs, hjtrhvastfs egj `arhetavgs y egjsuitgr egjsuitgrhs hs hxphrtgs. Rfrf a`hjtacaefr ifs hmprhsfs, sh tgmõ egmg ofsh hi @arhetgrag `h Hmprhsfs Hmprhsfs `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrghspfeafi hifogrf`g pgr hi Egjshkg pfrf if Rrgmgeaõj Hegjõmaef `h Ugjgrf (Egprhsgj), euyg iastf`g cuh sgmhta`g f vhracaefeaõj hj efmpg, y f pfrtar `hi eufi e ufi sh a`hjtacaefrgj uj tgtfi `h 05 hmprhsfs, `hcaja`fs gphrftavfmhjth egmg ’pifjtfs” pfrf igs cajhs `h hsth hstu`ag. If fpiaefeaõj `hi euhstagjfrag sh rhfiazõ pgr trhs mh`ags, shdûj if prhchr prhchrhjeaf `h `h igsif`arhetavgs; fpiaefeaõj mh`afjth hjtrhvastf egj hihjeaf dhrhjth pifjtf< ?)6) fpiaefeaõj vífphrsgjfi egrrhg hihetrõjaeg, y 5) fpiaefeaõj víf thihcõja thihcõjaef. ef. @h ifs 05 hmprhsfs a`hjtacaef`fs, vhajtaeuftrg vhajtaeuftrg fehptfrgj pfrtaeapfr egjthstfj`g hi euhstagjfrag, hs `hear, hi 83% `hi tgtfi.
_hgrdfjazfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf y rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi6 sh eifsacaef hj trhs shdmhjtgs prajeapfihs; 6) mfjucfeturf `h fhrgjfvhs, ?) mfjucfeturf `h pfrths y rhcfeeagjhs y 5) shrvaeags `h mfjthjamahjtg, rhpfrfeaõj rhpfrfeaõj y mg`acaefeaõj.? If grdfjazfeaõj `h if aj`ustraf sh puh`h rhprhshjtfr egmg ujf hstrueturf parfma`fi, hj euyf eamf hstæj ifs carmfs quh rhfiazfj mfjucfeturf `h hquapg gradajfi (GHM, pgr sus sadifs hj ajdiás), ifs eufihs sgj fofsthea`fs pgr prgvhh`grhs `h pramhr javhi, quh rhfiazfj hi hjsfmoih `h sasthmfs pramfrags `h ifs fhrgjfvhs< `h shduj`g javhi, quh rhfiazfj suohjsfmoihs `h sasthmfs pramfrags y sheeagjhs mhjgrhs< `h threhr javhi, quh cforaefj egmpgjhjths, mfquajf`gs y suohjsfmoihs `h sasthmfs jg pramfrags, y `h eufrtg e ufrtg javhi, quh prg`uehj hihmhjtgs `h egmpgjhjths mhjgrhs ofkg prgehsgs hspheícaegs. F`aeagjfimhjth, sh ajthdrfj hj if ef`hjf ujf shrah `h hmprhsfs `h shrvaeags shr vaeags egmpihmhjtfrags quh cforaefj nhrrfmahj nhrrfmahjtfs tfs y egmpgjhjths, 6
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Egj crheuhjeaf, hi tármajg ’aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi” fofref tfjtg f ifs aj`ustrafs rhifeagjf`fs egj if prg`ueeaõj `h vhníeuigs quh eareuifj `hjtrg `h if ftmõschrf thrrhstrh (fhrgjæutaef) egmg cuhrf `h ástf (fhrghspfeafi). Hsf fehpeaõj ajeiuyhjth hs if quh sh `f hj hsth hstu`ag. Hj fidujfs eifsacaefeagjhs sh fdrhdf, f`hmæs, hi shdmhjtg `h gphrfeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs). @hoa`g f sus hstrhengs víjeuigs egj hi shetgr maiatfr, trf`aeagjfimhjth if aj`ustraf sh efrfethrazõ pgr ujf cuhrth sherheíf, sgorh tg`g hj ifs fetava`f`hs `h ajvhstadfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig. Ástf hs ujf `h ifs rfzgjhs pgr ifs quh `urfjth muenfs `áef`fs mfjtuvg uj fitg javhi `h ajthdrfeaõj vhrtaefi y ujf khrfrquíf muy mfref`f hj if ef`hjf prg`uetavf. Firh`h`gr `h igs drfj`hs prg`uetgrhs hxastífj vfrags eahjtgs `h phquhöfs hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs prgvhh`g rfs quh gphrfofj egj uj cuhrth egjtrgi egjtrgi f trfvás `h rída`fs hspheacaefeagjhs (Nufi`hnf y Efrraiig, Hstf hstrueturf efmoaf`g?224). jgtfoihmhjth `urfjth ifs ûitamfs `áef`fs. Rgr ujf pfrth, if frquatheturf oæsaef `h ifs fhrgjfvhs sh nf mfjthja`g rhiftavfmhjth hstfoih `hs`h if ajtrg`ueeaõj `h if prgpuisaõj f turoajf hj if `áef`f `h 6132, ig quh nf phrmata`g uj eahrtg javhi `h hs-
tfj`frazfeaõj `h if thejgigdíf< pgr gtrf pfrth, hi egjstfjth egjstfjth ajerhmhjtg `h egstgs `h `ashög y prg`ueeaõj nf ampuisf`g f ifs drfj`hs GHM f utaiazfr `avhrsgs hsquhmfs `h suoegjt suoegjtrftfeaõj. rftfeaõj. Rgr Rgr ûitamg, igs fvfjehs hj ifs i fs thihegmujaefeagjhs y hj if hihetrõjaef pgsaoaiatfrgj pgsaoaiat frgj ujf `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj ef`f vhz mfygr `h igs prgehsgs `h mfjucfeturf. Hi hchetg egjkujtg `h hstfs trfjscgrmfeagjhs quh ifs ef`hjfs prg`uetavfs sh rhgrdfjazfrgj hj ujf paræma`h egj hs pgegs prgvhh`grhs `h fiefjeh digofi quh gphrfj egj mfygr futgjgmíf, gphrfj`g yf jg sõig hj igs ehjtrgs `h `ashög y mfjucfeturf trf`aeagjfihs `h igs pfíshs `hsfrrgiif`gs, sajg hj uj jûmhrg erheahjth `h rhdagjhs y pfíshs firh`h`gr `hi muj`g. Hstgs efmoags nfj ohjhcaeaf`g f igs prgvh prgvhh`grhs h`grhs digofihs, f igs suoegjtrftastfs suoegjtrftastfs hspheafiazf`gs y f ifs hmprhsfs igefihs `h ifs rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths hmhrdhjt hs egj efpfea`f` pfrf ajshrtfrsh hj ifs rh`hs `h fofstheamahjtg `hi shetgr (Mfrtíjhz, ( Mfrtíjhz, ?266< Jagsa Jagsa y [nhdu, [nhdu , ?228). Hi vgiumhj `hi egmhreag muj`afi pfrf if aj`ustraf mfjucfeturhrf `h fhrgjfvhs, prg`uetgs y pfrths fhrghspfeafihs cuh `h 5>? 222 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs hj ?221, `h igs eufihs hi 80% egrrhspgj`aõ f if fvafeaõj maiatfr y hi 03% f if eavai. @h feuhr`g egj ifs prgyheeagjhs `h @higatth & Pguenh, Pguenh, hj hi fög ?2?2 hi vfigr `h hsth mhref`g suphrfræ igs 822 222 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs, `h igs eufihs pgeg mæs `hi 82% egrrhspgj`hræ f ifs fhrgjfvhs eavaihs (@higatth, ?262). If prg`ueeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs sh rhfiazf cuj`fmhjtfimhjth hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs (0>%) y Hurgpf (58%), quh egjehjtrfj hi >5% `h if prg`ueeaõj muj`afi. Ih saduhj Kfpõj y Efjf`æ, Efjf`æ , ?26
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
f`hmæs `h fidujgs fid ujgs pfíshs hmhrdhjths, egmg _usaf, Enajf, Aj`af, Orfsai, Asrfhi y Rflastæj, Rflastæj, quh hmpahzfj f cadurfr cad urfr egmg pgsaoihs egmphta`grhs `h ifs drfj`hs pgthjeafs fhrghspfeafihs (Uuppiahr _hiftagjs, ?22>). If aj`ustraf sh nf efrfethrazf`g pgr hstfr egjehjtrf`f egjehjtrf`f hj ujfs pgefs carmfs. Uaj hmofrdg, rheahjthmhjth igs prgehsgs `h `ashög, `hsfrrgiig y prg`ueeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs nfj hxphramhjtf hxphramhjtf`g `g shvhrgs sh vhrgs efmoags, `hravf`gs `h ifs erheahjt erheahjths hs prhsagjhs pfrf rh`uear egstgs y `asmajuar igs tahmpgs `h hjtrhdf. Ifs carmfs prg`uetgrfs `h fhrgjfvhs nfj rh`uea`g sadjacaeftavfmhjth igs tahmpgs `h `hsfrrgiig `h sus prg`uetgs mh`afjth hi usg `h thejgigdífs egmputfrazf`fs `h `ashög, ig quh ihs phrmath `ashöfr y prgofr uj fvaõj egmpihtg, ajeiuyhj`g sus pfrths aj`ava`ufihs, mh`afjth samuifeaõj egmputfrazf`f< egmputfrazf`f< igs pifjgs fsí dhjhrf`gs y prgof`gs sh hjvífj hihetrõjaefmhjth hihetrõjaefmhj th f igs prgvhh`grhs pfrf if cforaefeaõj `h ifs pfrths. F`hmæs, hi shetgr maiatfr nf hmphzf`g f efmoafr sus pgiítaefs `h `ashög, pfrf
feu`ar f thejgigdífs egmhreafihs eufj`g hxasthj fithrjftavfs fithrjftavfs quh sftascfdfj sus jhehsa`f`hs, hj iudfr `h `ashöfr sus prgpags egmpgjhjths pfrf tg`gs sus frthcfetgs. Fsí, f phsfr `h quh if prg`ueeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs fhrgjfvhs saduh egjehjtrf`f egjehjt rf`f hj uj rh`uea`g jûmhrg `h drfj`hs carmfs, igs efmoags thejgiõdaegs y hj if grdfjazfeaõj `h if prg`ueeaõj nfj phrmata`g ujf mfygr egmphthj egmphthjeaf hj ifyprg`ueeaõj `h ifs fhrgjfvhs, phrg sgorh tg`g hj if prg`ueeaõj `heafpfrths egmpgjhjths. Ua oahj if frquatheturf oæsaef `h ifs fhrgjfvhs nf thja`g pgegs efmoags `urfjth hi ûitamg mh`ag sadig, if aj`ustraf hj su egjkujtg sh hjeuhjtrf ajmhrsf hj ujf cfsh `h ajthjsg efmoag thejgiõdaeg hj igs prgehsgs `h `ashög y mfjucfeturf, ig quh hstæ trfjscgrmfj`g `ræstaefmhjth hi egjthja`g `h igs ajsumgs, egmpgjhjths y pfrths ajegrpgrf`gs hj ifs fhrgjfvhs. Rgr uj if`g, hi usg `h igs mhtfihs egjvhj egjvhjeagjfihs eagjfihs `asmajuyh sustfjeafimhjth fi shr rhhmpifzf`gs pgr juhvfs fihfeagjhs y mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs. Rgr hi gtrg, hi usg `h mgtgrhs mæs hcaeahjths y if `adatfiazfeaõj `h igs sasthmfs `h egjtrgi `hspifzfj f igs mgtgrhs `h fitg egjsumg `h egmoustaoih y f if mfygríf `h igs `aspgsatavgs hihetrgmheæjaegs.
?2?
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj hi jgrth `h Máxaeg F phsfr `h quh fidujfs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs sh hstfoiheahrgj hj Máxaeg `hs`h igs fögs shshjtf, hi erheamahjtg `h if aj`ustraf hj hi pfís y hi ajthrás duohrjfmhjtfi pgr ampuisfrif sgj rhiftavfmhjth rheahjths. Hj ?226, fi ajaeag `h if f`majastrfeaõj `h Saehjth Cgx, hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi `hcajaõ `geh shetgrhs pragratfrags pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `hsf rrgiig hegjõmaeg, hegjõmaeg, hjtrh hjtrh igs quh `hstfefof if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi. @hs`h hjtgjehs, hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi y fidujgs fid ujgs dgoahrjgs hstftfihs egmhjzfrgj f prgmgvhr if ftrfeeaõj `h hsth tapg `h hmprhsfs, hj uj hscuhrzg `h prgmgeaõ prgmgeaõjj quh sh nf `hspihdf`g fi masmg tahmpg quh if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi f javhi digofi hxphramhjtf ujf thj`hjeaf f if `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj `h sus gphrfeagjhs `h mfjucfeturf. Fi adufi quh hj hi efsg `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, egj uj jgtfoih erheamahjtg `hs`h igs fögs genhjtf, if ehrefjíf dhgdræcaef egj Hstf`gs Xja-
eamahjtg `hs`h igs fögs genhjtf, if ehrefjíf dhgdræcaef egj Hstf`gs Xja `gs y hi ofkg egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf egjstatuyhj egjstatuyhj cfetgrhs muy ftrfetavgs pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi, fhrghspfeafi, quh tfmoaáj hjcrhjtf drfj`hs prhsagjhs pfrf rh`uear egstgs. Ifs gphrfeagjhs hj Máxaeg jg sõig phrmathj `asmajuar igs egstgs `h trfjspgrth, sajg sgorh tg`g rh`uear sustfjeafimhjth hi egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf y hstfoihehr ujf eggr`ajfeaõj ehrefjf `h igs prgehsgs `h `ashög, @hs`h`hsfrrgiig quh ajaeaõyifmfjucfeturf. pgiítaef duohrjfmhjtfi `h prgmgeaõj, if ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf hj gphrfeagjhs `h mfjucfeturf fhrghspfeafi nf erhea`g egjsa`hrfoihmhjth. Mahjtrfs quh hj ?220 nfoíf 38 pifjtfs ajstfif`fs hj hi pfís, hj ?266 su jûmhrg sh ajerhmhjtõ f ?32< hj ?220 if aj`ustraf hmpihfof f 6? 822 phrsgjfs, mahjtrfs mahjtrfs quh q uh hj ?266 nfoíf yf 55 222 hmpihf`gs (Grjhifs, ?266). Hsth ræpa`g fumhjtg hj hi jûmhrg `h pifjtfs y `h hmpihgs hs rhsuitf`g `h if ajstfifeaõj `h vfrafs `hehjfs `h trfjsjfeagjfihs `hi shetgr. Hj igs ûitamgs fögs, ifs prajeapfihs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs y gtrfs, egmg if efjf`ahjsh Ogmofr`ahr y if crfjehsf Mhssahr @gwty, ajaeafrgj gphrfeagjhs hj Máxaeg, phrg, f`hmæs, muengs `h sus drfj`hs prgvhh`grhs prgvhh`grhs sh nfj igefiazf`g tfmoaáj hj hi pfís. Ifs ajvhrsagj ajvhrsagjhs hs nfj mfjthja`g uj erheamahjtg egjstfjth, pfsfj`g `h uj mgjtg fjufi `h ?82 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs, hj ?220, f 6?22 maiigjhs, hj ?266< hstg nf rhphreuta`g hj uj ajerhmhjtg jgtfoih `h ifs hxpgrtfeagjhs, quh hj ?220 tgtfiazfofj 6522 maiigjhs `h `õifrhs y, hj ?266, fsehj`ahrgj f 5>22 maiigjhs (Grjhifs, ?266). ?25
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Ajaeafimhjth, if mfygríf `h ifs Ajaeafimhjth, if s hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs hstfoihea`fs hj Máxaeg hrfj phquhöfs hmprhsfs cforaefjths cforaefjths `h egmpgjhjths, egj fitg vgiumhj `h prg`ueeaõj, quh utaiazfofj prgehsgs ajthjsavgs hj mfjg `h gorf. Uaj hmofrdg, hj fögs rheahjths, sh nfj rhdastrf`g `avhrsfs ajvhrsagjhs `h mfygr ajthjsa`f` thejgiõdaef, egj prgehsgs `h prg`ueeaõj mæs sgcastaef`gs, pfrths y egmpgjhjths `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g, fsí egmg ujf mhzeif `h fitgs y ofkgs vgiûmhjhs `h prg`ueeaõj, f`hmæs `h ujf thj`hjeaf f hstfoihehr pifjtfs `h mfygr tfmfög. @hstfefj efsgs egmg igs `h Ogmofr`ahr hj Vuhrátfrg, Ngjhywhii hj Mhxaefia, y Crasf (ujf `h ifs pgefs hmprhsfs `h efpatfi jfeagjfi) hj Mgjt Mgjthrrhy hrrhy.. If mfygríf `h ifs hmprhsfs sh uoaefj hj igs hstf`gs `hi jgrth `hi pfís, `gj`h sh nfj hstfoihea`g muenfs `h ástfs fprgvhenfj`g if hxphrahjeaf prhvaf `h hstf rhdaõj hj hi æmoatg `h if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, fsí egmg if ajcrfhstrue-
turf `hsfrrgiif`f hj tgrjg f ifs pifjtfs mfquaif`grfs y gtrfs aj`ustrafs hxpgrtf`grfs. @gs threhrfs threhrfs pfrths `h ifs if s pifjtfs ajstfif`fs hj Máxaeg sh hjeuhjtrfj hj igs hstf`gs crgjthrazgs `hi jgrth< mahjtrfs quh hj igs hstf`gs `hi ajthragr `hstfef Vuhrátfrg, `gj`h sh nf dhjhrf`g ujf rh` `h fprgvasagjfmahjtg hj tgrjg f Ogmofr`ahr.
Hi hstf`g `h Ugjgrf egmg rhdaõj hmhrdhjth F prajeapags `h ?265, hi hstf`g `h Ugjgrf fiohrdfof f 05 pifjtfs fhrghspfeafihs, ifs eufihs rhprhshjtfofj hi 64% `hi tgtfi `h hstfoiheamahjtgs hj Máxaeg< sõig hi hstf`g `h Ofkf Efiacgrjaf tahjh uj mfygr jûmhrg `h pifjtfs (85). Hstg sadjacaef uj erheamahjtg erheamahjtg `h pgeg mæs `h 02% rhsphetg `h ?22>, eufj`g sh thjíf rhdastrg `h trhajtf. Hjtrh igs cfetgrhs mhjeagjf`gs pgr igs `arhetavgs `h ifs hmprhsfs pfrf hstfoihehrsh hj Ugjgrf, `hstfefj if hxphrahjeaf `h if rhdaõj hj if aj`ustraf hihetrõjaef, quh yf egjtfof egj ujf trfy trfyhetgraf hetgraf egjsgia`f`f hj if mfjucfeturf `h egjhetgrhs y frjhshs (ajeiuyhj`g prg`uetgs hifogrf`gs egj caorf õptaef), fsí egmg if hxphrahjeaf prhvaf `h if rhdaõj hj ifs aj`ustrafs futgmgtraz y `h futgpfrt futgpfrths, hs, if ehrefjíf egj igs prgvhh`grhs y eiahjths hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs, fsí egmg if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h ujf mfjg `h gorf oahj hjtrhjf`f. If mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs sh egjehjtrfj hj `gs zgjfs; fi sur `hi hstf`g hj if rhdaõj egjcgrmf`f egjcgrmf`f pgr Dufymfs y Hmpfimh Hmpfimh,, hj hi iatgrfi `hi ?20
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
Euf`rg 6. Igefiazfeaõj `h ifs pifjtfs Xoaefeaõj `h if pifjtf
Crheuhjeaf
Rgrehjtfkh
Fduf Rrahtf
?
0.30
Eumpfs
6
?.5?
Dufymfs-Hmpfimh
64
51.85
Jgdfihs
6>
06.>8
Eau`f` Gorhdõj
6
?.5?
Nhrmgsaiig
0
1.52
05
622.22
Pgtfi
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Mfpf 6. Igefiazfeaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf. Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Mfr `h Egrtás, quh fiohrdf f 64 pifjtfs, y fi jgrth hj if eau`f` crgjthrazf `h Jgdfihs, `gj`h sh igefiazfj gtrfs 6> pifjtfs. Ifs > rhstfjths sh uoaefj hj Nhrmgsaiig (0), Eau`f` Gorhdõj (6), Eumpfs Eumpfs (6) y Fduf Rrahtf (?) (euf`rg 6 y mfpf 6). Pg`fs Pg`fs ifs i fs pifjtfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf phrthjhehj ?28
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
f hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs, egj sh`h prajeapfimhjth hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y, hj mhjgr mh`a`f, hj Crfjeaf h Ajdifthrrf. Hj if zgjf Dufymfs-Hmpfimh, uj cfetgr `h ampgrtfjeaf pfrf hsf egjehjtrfeaõj `h pifjtfs cuh if dhstaõj `h if hmprhsf snhithr Mfquaifs Phtflfwa, `h efpatfi igefi, quh hj 6111 egjerhtõ hi pramhr egjtrftg pfrf ngsph`fr f Umatn Thst,5 if pramhrf `h ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs quh hj igs saduahjths fögs shduarífj iihdfj`g f if zgjf. Hj hi efsg `h Jgdfihs, sh trftf `h if eau`f` quh egjehjtrf if mfygr pfrth `h ifs mfquaif`grfs `h if hjta`f`< f`hmæs `h su uoaefeaõj crgjthracrgjthrazf, euhjtf egj ujf ampgrtfjth trfyhetgraf trfyhetgraf aj`ustrafi, fsí egmg ujf ouhjf ajcrfhstrueturf y cuhrzf `h trfofkg efiacaef`f. Uhdûj ajcgrmfeaõj `h if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf `h Ugjgrf, hjtrh
?221 y ?26? sh egjerhtfrgj geng juhvgs prgyhetgs. Hjtrh igs quh `hs tfefj K.K. Enurenaii, Enurenaii, ujf hmprhsf oratæjaef hspheafiazf`f hj mfquajf`gs `h pfrths pfrf turoajfs `h dfs< Hiiasgj Uurcfeh Phenjgigdahs, quh ajaeaf gphrfeagjhs hj ?265 pfrf rhfiazfr trftfmahj trftfmahjtgs tgs táejaegs `h prgehsgs hspheafihs pfrf egmpgjhjths fhrghspfeafihs, y _giis-_gyeh, quh hj ?26? ajstfiõ hj Dufymfs ujf gcaeajf `h`aef`f f ousefr prgvhh`grhs pfrf su `avasaõj fhrghspfeafi. If ampgrtfjeaf quh hstæ egorfj`g if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi pfrf hi hstf`g sh fprheaf hj hi jûmhrg `h hmpihgs dhjhrf`gs. Egjcgrmh f igs `ftgs egjthja`gs hj hi fjhxg 6, ifs hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs uoaef`fs hj Ugjgrf hmpihfj fetufimhjth f efsa 1322 trfofkf`grhs.0 Xj pgrehjtfkh egjsa`hrfoih egrrhspgj`h f puhstgs `h trfofkg foahrtgs hj igs ûitamgs eajeg fögs, `hoa`g f if ajstfifeaõj `h juhvfs pifjtfs g drfeafs f if fmpiafeaõj `h ifs yf hstfoihea`fs. If mfygríf sh egjehjtrf hj Jgdfihs y hj if zgjf z gjf Dufymfs-Hmpfimh. @hstfef @hstfef Nhrmgsaiig, egj pgefs pifjtfs phrg ujf fitf efjta`f` `h hmpihgs.
5 0
Umatn Thst Thst cuh f`quara`f f` quara`f pgsthragrmhjth pgr Rfrf`adm Rrheasagj hmprhsf h mprhsf quh gphrf hj h j hi masmg darg fhrghspfeafi y if eufi fûj egjtajûf gphrfj`g hj hi snhithr `h Dufymfs. Efoh egjsa`hrfr quh fidujfs `h ifs pifjtfs, hspheafimhjth ifs hstfoihea`fs hj Nhrmgsaiig, euhjtfj egj `avhrsfs iíjhfs `h prg`ueeaõj `arada`fs f vfrafs aj`ustrafs, hjtrh ástfs if fhrghspfeafi. Hiig sadjacaef quh hi hmpihg `arhetfmhjth iadf`g egj if fhrghspfeafi hstfríf iadhrfmhjth sgorhhstamf`g fi ajeiuar tg`gs igs hmpihgs `h ifs 05 pifjtfs. Hi dgoahrjg hstftfi efieuif uj tgtfi `h >622 hmpihgs `arhetfmhjth iadf`gs f hsf aj`ustraf, mahjtrfs quh hi eæieuig ofsf`g hj igs `ftgs rhefof`gs mh`afjth if hjeuhstf hs `h 3822 hmpihgs `arhetgs.
?23
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
Fjtadùh`f` y tfmfög `h ifs pifjtfs8 Hi prgmh`ag `h fjtadùh`f` `h ifs pifjtfs ajstfif`fs hj Ugjgrf hs `h 4.0 fögs. If mfygríf sh hstfoiheahrgj hj hi hstf`g `hspuás `h ?226, y sõig ujfs pgefs sh nfoífj ajstfif`g fjths `h if hjtrf`f hj vadgr `hi PIEFJ hj 6110. Xjf eufrtf pfrth `h ifs pifjtfs sh hstfoiheahrgj hjtrh 6110 y ?222, hj ujf pramhrf gihf`f `h ajvhrsagjhs quh pfrheh cgrmfr pfrth `hi hchetg `hi PIEFJ hj hi ciukg `h ajvhrsaõj hxtrfjkhrf hj hi hstf`g, phrg if drfj mfygríf (3?.8%) ajaeafrgj sus gphrfeagjhs hjtrh ?226 y ?22>.
If matf` `h ifs pifjtfs sgj `h phquhög tfmfög, hs `hear, `hear, egj mhjgs `h eahj hmpihf`gs, hj tfjtg quh hi 54.8 % sgj mh`afjfs (`h 626 f ?82 hmpihf`gs), y hi 6?.8 % sgj drfj`hs (egj mæs `h ?82 hmpihf`gs).
8
F pfrtar `h hsth fpfrtf`g, igs `ftgs sh rhcahrhj hxeiusavfmhjth f ifs ?0 pifjtfs quh fehptfrgj pfrtaeapfr hj hi hstu`ag egjthstfj`g hi euhstagjfrag.
?24
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Rrg`uetgs y prgehsgs Xj tgtfi `h trheh pifjtfs rhfiazfj prgehsgs pfrf igs sasthmfs pramfrags `h ifs fhrgjfvhs, egmg hi sasthmf na`ræuiaeg, jhumætaeg, trhj `h fthrrazfkh y mgtgrhs, g mfjucfeturf `h sheeagjhs egmpihtfs. Gtrfs sahth rhfiazfj prgehsgs hj igs sasthmfs pramfrags y sheeagjhs mhjgrhs, y vhajta`õs rhfiazfj mfquajf`gs, suohjsfmoihs y cforaefeaõj `h egmpgj egmpgjhjths hjths mhjgrhs< hs `hear, fujquh if mfygríf `h ifs gphrfeagjhs quh rhfiazfj ifs pifjtfs efhj `hjtrg `hi threhr y eufrtg javhi (?? `h 0? tapgs `h gphrfeagjhs rhpgrtf`fs), hi jûmhrg `h gphrfeagjhs `h pramhrg y shduj`g javhi rhsuitf rhiftavfmhjth fitg. If matf` `h ifs if s pifjtfs sh `h`aefj prajeapfimhjth f prgehsgs prgehsgs `h mh-
tfimheæjaef< hi 55% f prg`uear egmpgjhjths y pfrths hihetrõjaefs< mahjtrfs quh hi rhstfjth 64% rhfiazfj gtrfs fetava`f`hs, egmg ajyheeaõj `h piæstaeg, mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs, rheuoramahjtgs y trftfmahjtgs tármaegs. Ifs fetava`f`hs hspheícaefs quh rhfiazfj euorhj ujf dfmf muy vfraf`f hj if quh prh`gmajfj ifs gphrfeagjhs `h hjsfmoih y mfquajf`g. Hj hi euf`rg ? sh rhsumhj ifs prajeapfihs gphrfeagjhs. Euf`rg ?. Rrajeapfihs Rr ajeapfihs fetava`f`hs fetava`f`hs `h ifs pifjtfs Cuj`aeaõj y mfquajf`gs
Mfjucfeturf y hjsfmoih
Rrgehsgs hspheafihs
― Mfquajf`gs `h prheasaõj, hjsfmoihs y sgi`f`urfs ― Mfquajf`g `h fihfeagjhs hxõtaefs pfrf egmpgjhjths `h turoajf ― Cuj`aeaõj, mfquajf`g, rhetaef`g y prgehsfmahjtg `h æifohs ― Cuj`aeaõj `h egmpgjhjths `h `h fiumajag y mfdjhsag ― Mfquajf`g `h egmpgjhjths pfrf sasthmfs na`ræuiaeg y `h egjtrgi ― Mfquajf`gs EJE y piftajf`g ― Cgrmf`g `h snhhtmhtfi y y mfjucfeturf `h spgiahrs
― Hjsfmoih `h frjhshs, væivuifs y ofiftfs ― Hjsfmoih `h fihrgjhs y frjhshs ― Mfjucfeturf `h pahzfs `h fiumajag y fehrg ― Mfjucfeturf `h efoihs, frjhshs y egjhetgrhs ― Mfjucfeturf `h mgtgrhs ― Mfjucfeturf `h egmpgjhjths pfrf turoajf ― Mfjucfeturf y hjsfmoih `h egjhetgrhs ― Mfjucfeturf `h fhrghstrueturfs y mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs ― Mfjucfeturf `h ajthragrhs hj mfthrafihs egmpuhstgs ― Hjsfmoih `h egmpgjhjths `h iíjhfs `h ua`gs, sasthmfs `h crhjgs y væivuifs `h sasthmfs na`ræuiaegs
― Prftfmahjtgs Prftfmahjtgs tármaegs ― Fjg`azf`g y rheuoramahjtg pgr egjvhrsaõj químaef
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
?2>
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
Mhref`gs Mhref `gs y cfetgrhs `h igefiazfeaõj Rgeg mæs `h if matf` `h ifs vhjtfs (8?.4%) tahjh egmg `hstajg `achrhjths iudfrhs `h Máxaeg (??.5% hj Ugjgrf masmg, y 52.0% f gtrgs iudfrhs `h Máxaeg). Hstg sh rhifeagjf egj hi nheng `h quh sh trftf `h prg`uetgs (mfquajf`gs, hjsfmoihs hjsfmoihs y suohjsfmoihs) quh sh ajthdrfj hj gtrgs prgehsgs `h mfygr khrfrquíf hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr fjths `h shr hxpgrtf`gs. If gtrf matf` `h if prg`ueeaõj hs pfrf hxpgrtfeaõj `arhetf, prajeapfimhjth prajeapfimhjth f Hstf`gs Xja Xja`gs `gs (55.?%), Hurgpf Hurgpf (4.6%) y Fsaf (5.3%). 2.3% ?.1%
5.3%
Ugjgrf 4.6%
_hstg `h Máxaeg
??.5%
Frazgjf _hstg `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs ?3.>%
Xjaõj Hurgphf Fmáraef Iftajf
52.0%
Fustrfiaf
3.0%
Fsaf
If mfygríf `h igs `arhetavgs mhjeagjfrgj hi egstg `h if mfjg `h gorf y su `aspgjaoaia`f`, `a spgjaoaia`f`, fsí egmg igs prajeapfihs cfetgrhs pfrf hstfoihehrsh hj hi hstf`g< uj shduj`g drupg `h cfetgrhs sgj if ehrefjíf `h eiahjths y `h prgvhh`grhs (if mfygríf rhsa`hjths hj Hstf`gs Xja`gs). Cajfimhjth, if ajcrfhstrueturf rhdagjfi y igs ajehjtavgs casefihs rhsuitfrgj gtrg drupg `h cfetgrhs `h mhjgr phsg hj if `heasaõj `h igefiazfeaõj.
?21
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Javhihs thejgiõdaegs If mfygríf `h ifs if s pifjtfs utaiazf thejgigdíf `h pujtf g egmphtatavf, quh sh hjeuhjtrf hj ujf cfsh `h erheamahjtg hj hi eaeig `h va`f thejgiõdaeg. Igs `ftgs `hi euf`rg 5 muhstrfj quh if mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs euhjtfj egj thejgigdíf egmphtatavf hj igs trhs ruorgs, tfjtg hj mfquajfraf y hquapg eifvh, egmg egmg hj mfquajfraf y hquapg `h sgpgrth y hj sasthmfs f`majastrftavgs. majastrftav gs. Uõig hj `gs pifjtfs fcarmfrgj pgshhr thejgigdíf gosgihtf gtrfj pgeg egmphtatavf hj fidujf `h sus ærhfs, hj eftgreh pifjtfshmhrdhjth. sh hjeuhjgphrfj`g egj thejgigdíf `h pujtf, y trhs egj thejgigdíf Hj if shduj`f pfrth `hi masmg euf`rg 5 sh hstfoiheh if pgsaeaõj
`hjtrg `hi eaeig `h va`f thejgiõdaeg. If mfygríf `h igs `arhetavgs `h ifs pifjtfs `akhrgj thjhr thejgigdíf quh igs uoaef hj if cfsh `h erheamahjtg, shdua`g `h pifjtfs egj thejgigdíf mf`urf. Uõig euftrg hxthrjfrgj egjtfr egj thejgigdíf `h cfsh hmoragjfraf y `gs hj `heiajfeaõj `hjtrg `hi eaeig `h va`f thejgiõdaeg thejgiõdaeg.. Euf`rg 5. Javhi thejgiõdaeg rhiftavg `h if pifjtf Javhi thejgiõdaeg
Mfquajfraf y hquapg eifvh
Phejgigdíf hmhrdhjth
Egmpfrfeaõj `h if thejgigdí thejgigdíff fetufi egj if `hi hstf`g `h if euhstaõj
Mfquajfraf y hquapg `h sgpgrth
Uasthmfs f`majastrftavgs
Pgtfi
?
6
5
Phejgigdíf `h pujtf
8
0
8
60
Phejgigdíf egmphtatavf
66
65
62
50
Ajthrmh`af/prgmh`ag
?
8
4
60
6
6
6
?
?
?
0
Rgeg egmphtatavf Phejgigdíf gosgihtf
6
Hmoragjfraf Rgsaeaõj hj hi eaeig `h va`f thejgiõdaeg
Erheamahjtg
62
1
62
?1
Mf`urf
0
3
5
65
6
6
?
@heiajfeaõj
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
?62
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
If drfj mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs (>4.8%) euhjtf egj fidujf ehrtacaefeaõj `h efia`f`; trheh tahjhj if ehrtacaefeaõj FU 1622, `geh if AUG 1226?222, euftrg if Jf`efp, `gs if AUG 60226, trhs if VU 1222 y ujf if VRI. VRI . Hj gtrgs efsgs, ifs ehrtacaefeagjhs hstæj hj prgehsg `h ampihmhjtfeaõj; eajeg pifjtfs hstæj hj vífs `h ehrtacaefrsh hj AUG 1226-?222, eajeg hj AUG 60226, euftrg hj FU1622 y euftrg hj Jf`efp. Hi prgmh`ag hs `h ?.5 ehrtacaefeagjhs pgr pifjtf. Euf`rg 0. Ehrtacaefeagjhs ampihmhjtf`fs y hj prgehsg
Ampihmhjtf`g
Hj prgehsg
AUG 1226-?222
6?
8
64
FU 1622
65
0
64
AUG 60226
?
8
4
Jf`efp
0
0
>
VU 1222
5
5
VRI
6
6
Gtrf
8
8
Pgtfi
02
Ehrtacef`g
6>
Pgtfi
8>
Jgtf; ujf hmprhsf puh`h thjhr `gs g mæs ehrtaefeagjhs. Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Hj eufjtg f ifs jgrmfs gcaeafihs mhxaefjfs, sõig eajeg pifjtfs aj`aefrgj hstfr ehrtacaef`fs, ujf euhjtf egj if Jgrmf sgorh Mg`acaefeaõj y fithrfeagjhs `h fhrgjfvhs, fhrgjfvhs, ujf mæs egj if Jgrmf Jgrmf pfrf Mfjucfeturfr prg`uetgs fhrghspfeafihs (JGM-2?6/8-UEP5-?226), (JGM-2?6/8-UEP5-?226), ujf egj if `h Uhrvaeags egmpihmhjtfrags `h rfmpf (JGM-202-UEP5-?226), (JGM-202-UEP5-?226), ujf egj if `h Uhrvaeags Uhrv aeags `h tfiihr (JGM-608/6-UEP5-?226), (JGM-608/6-UEP5-?226), y ujf mæs egj if `h Uhrvaeags `h efpfeatfeaõj y hjtrhjfmahjtg (R_GQ-JGM-60?(R_GQ-JGM-60?-UEP5-?22 UEP5-?222). 2). Pg`fs ifs pifjtfs euhjtfj egj fidûj prgdrfmf cgrmfi pfrf fshdurfr if efia`f` `h sus prg`uetgs. Hi >4.8% nf ampihmhjtf`g prgdrfmfs `h Ihfj Mfjucfeturajd, sahj`g hi prgdrfmf `h mfygr `acusaõj hjtrh ifs pifjtfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf. Uh trftf `h ujf ’caigsgcíf `h dhstaõj” grahjtf`f f `asmaju `asmajuar ar igs sahth sahth ’`hsphr`ae `hsphr`aeags” ags” quh sh prhshjtfj prhshjtfj hj igs prgprg`uetgs mfjucfeturf`gs; sgorhprg`ueeaõj, tahmpg `h hsphrf, trfjspgrth, hxehsg `h prgehsf`g, ajvhjtfrag, mgvamahjtg y `hchetgs. ?66
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
F`hmæs, eftgreh eftgreh pifjtfs euhjtfj egj prgdrfmfs cgrmfihs `h @arheeaõj pgr Efia`f`, quh sh ofsfj hj `fr ampgrtfjeaf ehjtrfi f igs eiahjths< f`aeagjfimhjth `geh fcarmfrgj thjhr thjhr prgdrfmfs `h Uax Uadmf, hi eufi euf i hs uj mg`hig `h mhkgrf `h prgehsgs ofsf`g hj if hiamajfeaõj `h `hchetgs g cfiifs hj if hjtrhdf `hi prg`uetg g shrvaeag fi eiahjth< juhvh utaiazfj hi hjcgquh Uuppiy Enfaj Mfjfdmhjt (UEM), hi eufi e ufi hstfoiheh uj egjtrgi `h igs mfthrafihs, ajcgrmfeaõj, rheursgs numfjgs, cajfjeahrgs, hte., quh ciuyhj f trfvás `h if ef`hjf `h sumajastrgs. Cajfimhjth, shas utaiazfj hi hjcgquh _hiftagjsnap (E_M), uj hjcgquh quh sh ofsf hj ifEustgmhr grahjtfeaõj fi eiahjth (gMfjfdmhjt fi mhref`g).
Rrgvhh`grhs y eiahjths @hoa`g f sus pgiítaefs `h egjca`hjeafia`f`, jg tg`fs ifs pifjtfs prgpgrprgpgreagjfrgj if ajcgrmfeaõj sgorh sus prgvhh prgvhh`grhs. `grhs. Hi iastf`g `h prgvhh`grhs prajeapfihs ajeiuyh f fidujfs pifjtfs `hi masmg shetgr fhrghspfeafi, fsí egmg f fidujfs pifjtfs igefihs. If mfygr pfrth `h igs prgvhh`grhs quh fofsthehj ifs pifjtfs igefiazf`fs hj Ugjgrf hstæj `asphrsfs hj `avhrsfs rhdagjhs `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs (05.>%), shdua`fs pgr pifjtfs uoaef`fs hj Ugjgrf (63.4%), Efiacgrjaf (63.4%) y Frazgjf (3.5%). Euf`rg 8. Igefiazfeaõj `h igs prajeapfihs prgvhh`grhs Igefiazfeaõj
Jûm. `h hmprhsfs
Rgrehjtfkh
Ugjgrf
>
63.4
_hstg `h Máxaeg
?
0.?
Frazgjf
5
3.5
Efiacgrjaf
>
63.4
?6
05.>
Hurgpf
5
3.5
_hstg `hi muj`g
5
3.5
0>
622.2
_hstg `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs
Pgtfi
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
?6?
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
Hjtrh igs prajeapfihs eiahjths `h ifs pifjtfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf sh hjeuhjtrfj ifs drfj`hs carmfs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi, `hstfefj`g igs efsgs `h Oghajd, Ngjhywhii, Farous, JC@, Ogmofr`ahr, Igelnhh` Mfrtaj, Rrftt & Tnatjhy y _giis-_gyeh. Fi adufi quh hj hi efsg `h igs prgvhh`grhs, igs prajeapfihs eiahjths `h hstfs pifjtfs sh hjeuhjtrfj `asphrsgs hj `avhrsfs rhdagjhs `h Hstf`gs Xja`gs (vhajth (vhajth efsgs) shdua`g shd ua`g pgr Hurgpf (shas efsgs). Hj Ugjgrf, sõig `gs pifjtfs tahjhj f fidujg `h sus prajeapfihs eiahjths, y hj hi rhstg `h Máxaeg ûjaefmhjth ujf hmprhsf, y hj Frazgjf y Efiacgrjaf ujf hmprhsf, rhsphetavfmhjth rhsphetavfmhjth..
Uhiheeaõj `h prgvhh`gr prgvhh`grhs hs Hj hi efsg `h igs prgvhh`grhs eifvh g hstrftádaegs, if mfygr pfrth `h igs `arhetavgs (36.1%) rhspgj`aõ quh hstf `heasaõj if tgmf hi phrsgjfi `hi egrpgrftavg, hj tfjtg quh euftrg (61%) rhspgj`ahrgj quh ig nfeh hi phrsgjfi `hi egrpgrfta egrpgrftavg vg phrg hj egjkujtg egj hi phrsgjfi igefi. Ugifmhjth hj `gs efsgs fcarmfrgj quh phrsgjfi `h if hmprhsf hj Ugjgrf tgmf hstfs `heasagjhs. Hj rhifeaõj egj igs prgvhh`grhs `h ajsumgs dhjáraegs, hi 04.6% `h igs hjtrhvastf`gs rhspgj`ahrgj quh hstf `heasaõj sh tgmf hj hi egrpgrftavg< 58.5% mhjeagjfrgj mhjeagjfrgj quh if `heasaõj if tgmf hi phrsgjfi hj Ugjgrf< 66.>% if hmprhsf `h Ugjgrf hj egjkujtg egj hi egrpgrftavg y sus prajeapfihs eiahjths, y hi 8.1% rhstfjth ig nfeh hi egrpgrftavg kujtg egj sus prajeapfihs eiahjths. Rgr ûitamg, hj rhifeaõj egj igs prgvhh`grhs aj`arhetgs y `h shrvaeags, hj if mfygríf `h igs efsgs (42%) if shiheeaõj `h prgvhh`grhs if `hea`h hi phrsgjfi hj Ugjgrf, mahjtrfs mahjtrfs quh sõig hj hi 68% `h igs efsgs ef sgs tgmfj hstf `heasaõj hj hi egrpgrftavg.
?65
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf Euf`rg 3. Uhiheeaõj `h juhvgs prgvhh`grhs ·Vuaáj shiheeagjf f sus juhvgs prgvhh`grhs7 Eiffvh Ei vhss g hs hstr trft ftád ádae aegs gs
Egmg Eg mg`a `ata tahs hs/d /dhj hjár árae aegs gs
Aj`a Aj `arh rhet etgs gs y sh shrv rvae aeag agss
Crhe heuh uhje jeaf af Rgreh ehjt jtffkh Crhe heuh uhje jeaaf Rgrehj hjtf tfkh kh Crheu euhhje jeaf af Rgr greehj hjttfk fkhh
Rhrsgjfi `hi egrpgrftavg
65
36.1
>
04.6
5
68
Rhrsgjfi `h if hmprhsf hj Ugjgrf
?
1.8
3
58.5
60
42
Eiahjths prajeapfihs
6
0.>
2
2
6
8
Rhrsgjfi `hi egrpgrftavg y eiahjths*
6
0.>
6
8.1
6
8
Rhrsgjfi `hi egrpgrftavg y `h if hmprhsf hj Ugjgrf y eiahjths*
0
61.2 61 .2
?
66.>
6
8
?6
622.2
64
622.2
?2
622
Pgtfi
* Hsf efthdgríf sh rhhrh f ifs pifjtfs quh mfjhkfj, hj egjkujtg, vfrafs cgrmfs `h shiheeaõj `h sus prgvhh` prgvhh`grhs. grhs. Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Hmpihg Ifs ?0 pifjtfs quh egjthstfrgj hi euhstagjfrag hmpihfj uj tgtfi `h 5364 phrsgjfs. Hxtrfpgifj`g hsth `ftg fi tgtfi `h ifs pifjtfs `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ugjgrf, sh efieuif quh hstf aj`ustraf hmpihf uj tgtfi `h 3822< `h ifs eufihs, hi 36.>% sgj gorhrgs, 66.0% táejaegs, 8.6% 8.6% ajdhjahrgs y >.4% phrsgjfi f`majastrftavg y dhrhjths. dhrhjths.
>.4% 8.6%
Gorhrgs Páejaegs
66.0%
Ajdhjahrgs Rhrsgjfi f`majastrftavg y dhrhjths
36.>%
?60
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
Hi jûmhrg `h ajdhjahrgs ajvgiuerf`gs hj hi prgehsg `h prg`ueeaõj hj ifs pifjtfs quh rhspgj`ahrgj hi euhstagjfrag fseahj`h f 6>2< `h ástgs, hi ?8.8% euhjtf e uhjtf egj ujf cgrmfeaõj prgchsagjfi prgchsagjfi hspheícaefmhjth grahjtf`f fi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hxtrfpgifj`g Hxtrfpgifj`g hi `ftg `hi jûmhrg `h ajdhjahrgs fi tgtfi `h ifs pifjtfs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf, sh hstamf quh uj tgtfi `h 5?8 ajdhjahrgs trfofkfj hj hstf aj`ustraf. a j`ustraf. If fitf hspheafiazfeaõj `h hstgs ajdhjahrgs sh nf igdrf`g, hj su mfygr pfrth, hj ifs pifjtfs, `hjtrg `hi egrpgrftavg masmg, g f trfvás `h eursgs g `apigmf`gs hj ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr cuhrf `h if hjta`f`.
Hi 0>.4% `h igs ajdhjahrgs quh trfofkfj hj ifs pifjtfs sgj hdrhsf`gs `h if efrrhrf `h ajdhjahríf aj`ustrafi y hi ?2.8% `h ajdhjahríf mheæjaef. Hi rhstg prgvahjh `h ifs ajdhjahrífs hiáetraef, químaef, hj sasthmfs egmputfeagjfihs, químaef mhtfiûrdaef, hj sasthmfs `h efia`f`, y mheftrõjaef. Hj eufjtg f igs táejaegs, hi ?6.0% prgvahjh `h if hspheafiazfeaõj hj prgdrfmfeaõj, hi 62.4% hj prg`ueeaõj aj`ustrafi, hi 62.4% hj mfjthjamahjtg hihetrõjaeg y hi 4.6%, hj mfquajf`gs. Gtrfs efrrhrfs g hspheafia`f`hs táejaefs mhjeagjf`fs cuhrgj egmhreag, `ashög EF@-EFM, hihetrgmheæjaef, mhtrgigdíf, mfjucfeturf, sgi`f`urf, pruhofs jg `hstggiajd ,`h truetavfs, mheæjaef, hihetrõjaef, `h efia`f`, h ajcgrmætaef. If mfygríf ifs pifjtfs (8>.5%) egjtrgi mfjachstõ thjhr prgoihmfs pfrf hjegjtrfr phrsgjfi efiacaef`g hj if rhdaõj. Ifs prajeapfihs `acaeuitf`hs shöfif`fs cuhrgj ifs saduahjths;
― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―
Hsefshz `h táejaegs hj mfjucfeturf. Hsefshz `h phrsgjfi oaiajdùh. Egjciaetgs saj`aefihs. Hsefshz `h prgc prgchsagjfihs hsagjfihs egj hxphrahjeaf hj `ashög EJE. Hsefshz `h gphrf`grhs efiacaef`gs. Ajhxphrahjeaf Ajhxphra hjeaf `h igs ajdhjahrgs. Hsefshz `h mfquajastfs EJE. Hsefshz `h ajdhjahrgs mheæjaegs. Hsefshz `h prgdrfmf`gr prgdrfmf`grhs. hs.
?68
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Sajeuifeaõj If mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs (83%) jg mfjtahjhj jajdujf rhifeaõj egj ifs ajstatueagjhs `h h`uefeaõj suphragr `hi hstf`g. Rgr su pfrth, ifs quh sí pgshhj víjeuigs egj hsfs ajstatueagjhs, ig nfehj prajeapfimhjth hj fetava`f`hs rhchrhjths f if rhfiazfeaõj `h hstu`ags `h mhref`g, hstu`ags thejgiõdaegs y fshsgrífs, fsí egmg f trfvás `h shrvaeags hspheafiazf`gs y præetaefs prgc prgchsagjfihs. hsagjfihs.
Euf`rg 4. Papg Papg víjeuig egj ujavhrsa`f`hs y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj Papg `h rhifeaõj
Rgrehjtfkh
Jg mfjtahjh víjeuigs
83.8
Hstu`ags `h mhref`g, hstu`ags thejgiõdaegs, fshsgrífs
55.5
Uhrvaeags hspheafiazf`gs
?1.?
Rræetaefs prgchsagjfihs
?1.?
@ashög y `hsfrrgiig `h juhvgs prg`uetgs/prgehsgs
6?.8
Fpgyfj if ajegrpgrfeaõj `h sus thejgigdífs Egmpfrthj efpfea`f`hs `h hjsfmoih
6?.8 >.5
Egmpfrthj efpfea`f`hs `h `ashög
>.5
Efpfeatfeaõj `h sus trfofkf`grhs
>.5
Ugj sus eiahjths
>.5
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
If Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef Phejgiõdaef `h `h Jgdfihs hs if ajstatueaõj ajstatueaõj quh prhshjtf mfygr vajeuifeaõj egj hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi (egj hi ?8% `h ifs pifjtfs), shdua`f `hi Egjfihp, hi Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Ugjgrf y hi Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Jgdfihs, egj hi 6?.8% `h ifs pifjtfs, rhsphetavfmhjth.
?63
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths Euf`rg >. Ajstatueagjhs h`ueftavfs egj ifs quh ifs pifjtfs mfjtahjhj fetava`f`hs `h vajeuifeaõj Ajstatueaõj
Rgrehjtfkh
Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `h Jgdfihs
?8.2
Egjfihp
6?.8
Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Jgdfihs
6?.8
Atsgj
6?.8
Xjavhrsa`f` `h If Uahrrf
>.5
Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs `h Mgjthrrhy
0.?
Phe Maihjag
0.?
Xjavhrsa`f` Phejgiõdaef `hi Uur `h Ugjgrf XPU, Gorhdõj
0.?
Ehjtrg `h Efpfeatfeaõj pfrf hi Prfofkg Aj`ustrafi (Ehefta)
0.?
Athsef
0.?
Cuhjth; hifogrfeaõj prgpaf.
Ifs hspheafia`f`hs `h ajdhjahríf mfygrmhjth `hmfj`f`fs pgr ifs pifjtfs sgj if th) ajdhjahríf y if ajdhjahríf aj`ustrafi (56 y ?3%, rhsphetavfmhjth) rhsphetavfmhj shdua`fsmheæjaef pgr ifs ajdhjahrífs hj sasthmfs y if hihetrõjaef.
Grdfjazfeagjhs hmhrdhjths `h fpgyg F pfrtar `h igs fögs genhjtf, hi hstf`g `h Ugjgrf egjsgia`õ ujf trfyhetgraf aj`ustrafi iadf`f f if gphrfeaõj `h ifs pifjtfs mfquaif`grfs y, sgorh tg`g, fi egmpihkg futgmgtraz hjefohzf`g pgr if pifjtf `h hstfmpf`g y hjsfmoih `h Cgr` hj Nhrmgsaiig. Hj igs fögs rheahjths, hspheafimhjth `hspuás `h yifgrdfjazfeagjhs fmpiafeaõj `h `h`aef`gs if pifjtf `hf prgmgvhr Cgr` hjhr?228, surdahrgj vfrags prgdrfmfs prgmgv if ajshreaõj `h ifs ph phquhöfs y mh`afjfs hmprhsfs igefihs hj if ef`hjf `h fofstheamahjtgs `h ifs aj`ustrafs futgmgtraz y fhrghspfeafi. Uh trftf `h grdfjazfeagjhs quh rhfiazfj tfrhfs `h fshsgríf, fpgyg táejaeg y efpfeatfeaõj y hjifeh pfrf hi feehsg f rheursgs cajfjeahrgs, ifs eufihs `hshmphöfj uj pfphi ampgrtfjth hj if erhfeaõj `h uj fmoahjth `h egjcafjzf, ampuisfj`g rh`hs `h egifogrfeaõj y mhkgrfj`g hi ciukg `h ajcgrmfeaõj hjtrh hjtrh igs fetgrhs fe tgrhs igefihs. ?64
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
@hstfefj trhs grdfjazfeagjhs quh ajaeafimhjth hstuvahrgj hstuvahrgj iadf`fs f if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, phrg phrg quh sgj rhihvfjths pfrf if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj if rhdaõj. If pramhrf `h hiifs hs hi Uasthmf `h Fsasthjeaf Phejgiõdaef y Hmprh Hmprhsfrafi sfrafi (UFPH), (UFPH), quh ajaeaõ gphrfeagjhs hj Ugjgrf hj ?223 egmg pfrth `h uj prgdrfmf jfeagjfi gphrf`g pgr if Cuj`feaõj Máxaeg Máxaeg Hstf`gs Xja`gs pfrf if Eahjeaf, hi eufi fpgyf prgehsgs `h mhkgrf `h ifs pymhs pfrf su ajshreaõj hj mhref`gs digofihs. Hj sus pramhrgs eajeg fögs `h cujeagjfmahjtg hj Ugjgrf, hi UFPH
fpgyõ f uj ehjthjfr `h hmprhsfs, prajeapfimhjth `h mhtfimheæjaef y `h thejgigdífs `h if ajcgrmfeaõj, f trfvás `h ’fshsgrhs thejgiõdaegs y hmprhsfrafihs” quh fyu`fj f ifs phquhöfs hmprhsfs f a`hjtacaefr sus ærhfs `h gpgrtuja`f` hj hi mhref`g mhref`g,, f mhkgrfr sus prgehsgs `h pifjhfeaõj y f cgrtfihehr sus efpfea`f`hs thejgiõdaefs y hmprhsfrafihs, f`hmæs `h egjshduar if fshsgríf jhehsfraf pfrf igs prgehsgs `h ajjgvfeaõj y `hsfrrgiig `h juhvgs prg`uetgs. If shduj`f grdfjazfeaõj hs hi Ehjtrg pfrf if Ajthdrfeaõj `h if Aj`ustraf Futgmgtraz y Fhrghspfeaf Fhrghspfeafii `h Ugjgrf (EAAFFU), erhf`g f cajfihs `h ?224 pgr ajaeaftavf `h uj drupg `h ` h hmprhsfs igefihs quh yf hrfj prgvhh`grfs `h shrvaeags pfrf ifs drfj`hs hmprhsfstrfjsjfeag`hi shetgr futgmgtraz. Drfeafs fithejgiõdaegs jgtfoih erheamahjtg `h ifs hmprhsfs jfihs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi hj hi hstf`g, igs sgeags `hi EAAFFU ajeiuyha jeiuyhrgj hjtrh hjtrh sus gokhtavgs if prgmgeaõj y fpgyg f ifs hmprhsfs igefihs f caj `h quh sh ajthdrfrfj f if ef`hjf digofi `h vfigr `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hi EAAFFU ajaeaõ sus gphrfeagjhs egj rheursgs `h if Cuj`feaõj Mhxaefjf pfrf if i f Ajjgvfeaõj y Prfjschrhjeaf Prfjschrhjeaf `h Phejgigd Phejgigdíf íf hj if Rhquhöf y Mh`afjf Hmprhsf Hmprhsf (Cujthe) y if Uherhtfríf `h Hegjgmíf `hi Dgoahr Dgoahr-jg `hi Hstf`g `h Ugjgrf, U gjgrf, fujquh egj if mhtf `h dhjhrfr rheursgs prgpags prgpags hj hi mh`afjg pifzg. F`aeagjfimhjt F`aeagjfimhjth, h, hj ?22> ajaeaõ dhstagjhs pfrf gothjhrrhfiazfr rheursgsajvhstadfeaõ `hi Egjshkg `hthejgiõdaeg. Eahjeaf y Phejgigdíf (Egjfeyt) pfrf ajvhstadfeaõj j yJfeagjfi `hsfrrgiig If threhrf grdfjazfeaõj hs hi Ehjtr Ehjtrgg pfrf hi @hsfrrgiig `h if Aj`ustraf Futgmgtraz (Eh`afm), erhf`g pgr hi Ajstatutg Phejgiõdaeg `h Hstu`ags Uuphragrhs `h Mgjthrrhy, hi eufi ajaeaõ gphrfeagjhs hj Ugjgrf hj ?22>, y euyg fjtheh`hjth hs uj ehjtrg samaifr quh gphrf `hs`h nfeh fögs hj Pgiuef y quh ajvgiuerf if pfrtaeapfeaõj `h ifs prajeapfihs trfjsjfeagjfihs `hi shetgr futgmgtraz hstfoihea`fs hj if rhdaõj, fsí egmg `h hmprhsfs h ajstatueagjhs igefihs. Hj hi hsquhmf gphrftavg `hi Eh`afm ?6>
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
ajthrvahjhj euftrg `achrhjths fetgrhs; 6) igs dgoahrjgs ch`hrfi y hstftfi, ?) ifs fsgeafeagjhs aj`ustrafihs `hi shetgr futgmgtraz, 5) hmprhsfs prgvhh`grfs jfeagjfihs y igefihs y 0) ujavhrsa`f`hs, ifogrftgrags ifogrftgrags jfeagjfihs y ehjtrgs `h ajvhstadfeaõj. Nfstf hi mgmhjtg, if ajaeaftavf `h mfygr hjvhrdf`urf egjsasth hj if erhfeaõj `h uj pfrquh thejgiõdaeg iifmf`g Uh`h Phejgiõdaef Futgmgtraz y Fhrghspfeafi `h @hsfrrgiig @hsfrrgiig h Ajvhstadfeaõj `h Ugjgrf (UPFF@AU), euyg gokhtavg hs ampuisfr if erhfeaõj `h juhvfs hmprhsfs hj hstgs shetg-
rhs y cgrtfihehr if ef`hjf `h vfigr `h if aj`ustraf hj ifs ærhfs `h `ashög, mfjucfeturf y shrvaeags. Hstfs trhs grdfjazfeagjhs grdfjaz feagjhs surdahrgj hj igs fögs rheahjths, hj hi mfreg `h ifs fmpiafs hxphetftavfs dhjhrf`fs hj tgrjg f if fmpiafeaõj `hi egmpihkg futgmgtraz hjefohzf`g pgr Cgr` hj Nhrmgsaiig y `h if hxpfjsaõj `h ifs pifjtfs `hi shetgr fhrghspfeafi. Hstæj grahjtf`fs fi cgrtfiheamahjt cgrtfiheamahjtgg `h ifs efpfea`f`hs hmprhsfrafihs y thejgiõdaefs `h ifs hmprhsfs igefihs. Egjstatuyhj, f`hmæs, uj aj`aef`gr `h uj prgehsg `h cgrmfeaõj `h rh`hs h ajstatueagjhs, mh`afjth mh`afjth ifs eufihs ifs hmprhsfs y igs fdhjths igefihs mhkgrfj sus ciukgs `h ajcgrmfeaõj, `hsfrrgiifj sus hsquhmfs `h eggr`ajfeaõj y cgrtfihehj sus efpfea`f`hs `h fosgreaõj.
Egjeiusagjhs If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi sh efrfethrazõ nfstf nfeh fidujgs fögs pgr uj fitg javhi `h ajthdrfeaõj vhrtaefi y ujf rída`f khrfrquíf hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr, cuhrthmhjth egjtrgif`f pgr igs drfj`hs cforaefjths `h fhrgjfvhs. Rgrr rfzgjhs thejgiõdaefs y egmhreafihs, `urfjth ifs `gs ûitamfs `áef`fs Rg ifs ef`hjfs prg`uetavfs sh rhgrdfjazfrgj hj ujf paræma`h egj pgegs prgvhh`grhs `h fiefjeh digofi, e ufihs gphrfj eufihs egj mfygr futgjgmíf, hj uj efmoag quh ohjhcaeaõ f igsigs prgvhh`grhs digofihs y suoegjtrftastfs hspheafiazf`gs. Ifs cuhrzfs cuhrz fs mgtraehs `h hstgs efmoags nfj sa`g ifs erheahjths prhsagjhs pfrf rh`uear egstgs y `asmajuar igs tahmpgs `h hjtrhdf, tg`g hj hi mfreg `h uj ajerhmhjtg hj ifs prhvasagjhs y jgrmfs pfrf mhkgrfr if shdura`f` fárhf. F phsfr `h quh if prg`ueeaõj saduh egjehjtrf`f egjehjtrf`f hj uj rh`uea`g jûmhrg `h drfj`hs carmfs ií`hrhs, igs efmoags thejgiõdaegs y if digofiazfeaõj `h igs mhref`gs nfj phrmata`g ujf mfygr egmphthjeaf hj if ?61
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
prg`ueeaõj `h fhrgjfvhs, phrg sgorh tg`g hj if prg`ueeaõj `h pfrths y egmpgjhjths, egmpgjhj ths, shdmhjtg shdmhjtg hj hi quh nfj surda`g juhvfs carmfs y rhdagjhs prg`uetgrfs. If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj su egjkujtg hstæ ajmhrsf hj ujf cfsh `h ajthjsg efmoag thejgiõdaeg, tfjtg tfjtg rhsphetg `h ifs thejgigdífs ajegrpgrf`fs f ifs fhrgjfvhs, egmg egmg hj igs prgehsgs `h `ashög y mfjucfeturf, ig quh trfjscgrmff sustfjeafimhjth hi egjthja trfjscgrm egjthja`g `g `h igs ajsumgs, egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths y
pfrths ajegrpgrf`gs hj ifs if s fhrgjfvhs. Hj Máxaeg, f pfrtar `hi fög ?222, hi dgoahrjg ch`hrfi y fidujgs dgoahrjgs hstftfihs prgmgvahrgj if ajstfifeaõj `h pifjtfs fhrghspfeafihs, sgorh tg`g `h`aef`fs f if mfjucfeturf `h pfrths y egmpgj egmpgjhjths. hjths. Hj hstgs fögs, if aj`ustraf nf erhea`g ræpa`fmhjth, ræpa`fmhjth, hj ujf dfmf `h fetava`f`hs mfjucfeturhrfs quh fofrefj if cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths `h mgtgrhs, frjhshs y efoihs, egmpgjhjths `h sasthmfs `h fthrrazfkh, ajyheeaõj `h piæstaeg, ajthrefmoaf`grhs `h efigr, mfquajf`gs `h prheasaõj, rhpfrfeaõj `h suphrcaeahs fhrg`ajæmaefs, sasthmfs `h fu`ag y va`hg, egmpgjhjths hihetrõjaegs, cushifkh `h fasifmahjtg h ajthragr ajthragrhs, hs, hjtrh gtrfs. Hj if fetufia`f`, hxasthj hj Máxaeg firh`h`gr `h ?32 pifjtfs quh `fj hmpihg f ujfs 55 222 phrsgjfs. Uh trftf, hj su drfj d rfj mfygríf, `h hmprhsfs hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs quh nfj `hea`a`g trfsif`fr fidujfs fidujf s gphrfeagjhs f Máxaeg pgr rfzgjhs vajeuif`fs egj hi egstg `h if cuhrzf `h trfofkg, if ehrefjíf dhgdræcaef egj Hstf`gs Xja`gs y if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h mfjg `h gorf. Ifs gphrfeagjhs hj Máxaeg ihs phrmathj `asmajuar igs egstgs `h trfjspgrth y rh`uear sustfjeafimhjth igs egstgs `h prg`ueeaõj, f`hmæs `h mfjthjhr ujf eggr`ajfeaõj ehrefjf `h igs prgehsgs `h `ashög, `hsfrrgiig y mfjucfeturf. Ifs pramhrfs hmprhsfs hstfoihea`fs hj Máxaeg ajstfifrgj pifjtfs pfrf hi hjsfmoih `h egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths mhjgrhs, egj fitgs vgiûmhjhs `h prg`ueeaõj y prgehsgs prgehsgs ajthjsavgs hj mfjg `h gorf. gorf . Uaj hmofrdg, fögs rheahjths nfj rhdastrf`g `avhrsfsmæs ajvhrsagj ajvhrsagjhs hs `h mfygr fiefjehhjthejgiõdaeg, egj sh prgehsgs `h prg`ueeaõj sgcastaef`gs y ujf mhzeif `h fitgs y ofkgs vgiûmhjhs `h prg`ueeaõj, fsí egmg ujf thj`hjeaf f hstfoihehr pifjtfs `h mfygr tfmfög. If mfygríf `h ifs pifjtfs `h fhrgjæutaef sh uoaefj hj igs hstf`gs jgrthögs `hi pfís, `gj`h nfj hsegda`g hstfoihehrsh pfrf fprgvhenfr if hxphrahjeaf prhvaf `h hstf rhdaõj hj if aj`ustraf futgmgtraz, futgmgtraz, if ajcrfhstrueturf `hsfrrgiif`f hj tgrjg f ifs pifjtfs mfquaif`grfs y gtrfs aj`ustrafs
??2
Efpfea`f`hs `h mfjucfeturf digofi hj rhdagjhs hmhrdhjths
hxpgrtf`grfs, fsí egmg pgr if `aspgjaoaia`f` `h ujf cuhrzf `h trfofkg efiacaef`f y egj ofkgs javhihs sfifrafihs. Hj Ugjgrf sh nfj hstfoihea`g uj tgtfi `h 05 pifjtfs, if mfygríf `h ifs eufihs ajaeafrgj sus gphrfeagjhs `hspuás `hi fög ?222. Uh `h`aefj sgorh tg`g f prgehsgs `h mfquajf`g, suohjsfmoihs y cforaefeaõj `h egmpgjhjths mhjgrhs, hs `hear, f gphrfeagjhs `h threhr y eufrtg javhi. Hmphrg, vfrafs vfrafs rhfiazfj prgehsgs pfrf igs sasthmfs pramfrags `h ifs if s fhrgjfvhs,
egmg hi sasthmf na`ræuiaeg, jhumætaeg, trhj `h fthrrazfkh y mgtgrhs. If mfygríf `h hstfs pifjtfs egj prgehsgs egmpihkgs rhfiazfj gphrfeagjhs `h mfjucfeturf, jg sõig `h hjsfmoifkh. Hi fehihrf`g erheamahjtg `hi shetgr hj Ugjgrf nf sa`g ampuisf`g pgr ifs hstrfthdafs `h `hsehjtrfiazfeaõj prg`uetavf `h ifs trfjsjfeagjfihs y pgr ujf fetavf pgiítaef `h ftrfeeaõj `h ajvhrsagjhs pgr pfrth `hi dgoahrjg `hi hstf`g. Hstf egmoajfeaõj `h cfetgrhs cfe tgrhs nf dhjhrf`g uj fmoahjth `h fitfs hxphetftavfs hj hi mh`ag hmprhsfrafi `h if rhdaõj, f`hmæs `h prgpaeafr if cgrmfeaõj `h grdfjazfeagjhs y rh`hs `h egifogrfeaõj quh ajvgiuerfj f `avhrsgs fetgrhs hmprhsfrafihs, duohrjfmhjtfihs duohrjfmhjtfihs y fef`ámaegs, hj if oûsquh`f `h prgmg prgmgvhr vhr hi hsefifmahjtg hj if ef`hjf `h vfigr mh`afjth if ftrfeeaõj `h fetava`f`hs `h mfygr vfigr fdrhdf`g y if ajshreaõj `h ifs hmprhsfs hmpr hsfs igefihs hj ifs rh`hs `h fofstheamahjtg. Hjtrh ?262 y ?266, hmphzfrgj f hmhrdhr hmhrdhr fidujgs hihmhjtgs hihmhjtgs `h egjshjsg hj hi shjg `h hstfs rh`hs y grdfjazfeagjhs, hj tgrjg f fidujgs `h igs egmpgjhjths egmpgjhjths `h if hstrfthdaf `hi hstf`g `h Ugjgrf U gjgrf pfrf hi `hsfrrgiig `h if aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi; 6) if a`hf `h quh hi shdmhjtg egj mfygr mfygr vafoaia`f` pfrf if hjta`f` hs hi `h mfjucfeturf `h turoajfs< ?) if jhehsa`f` `h mhkgrfr if efia`f` y fumhjtfr if efjta`f` `h rheursgs numfjgs egmphtatavgs, shdûj hstæj`frhs ajthrjfeagjfihs, hspheafimhjth hj hi efsg `h ajdhjahrgs y táejaegs, quh phrmatf jg sõig if gphrfeaõj `h pifjtfs `h`aef`fs f if mfjucfeturf pfrths y egmpgj egmpgjhjths hjths mhjgrhs, sajg5)tfmoaáj `hsfrrgiifr prgehsgs mæs`hsgcastaef`gs y `h fitg vfigr fdrhdf`g< hi `ashög `h ujf pgiítaef `h `hsfrrgiig `h prgvhh`grhs y ehrtacaefeaõj `h pymhs igefihs,, fegmpföf`f `h uj ajstrumhjtg `h fpfifjefmahjtg quh phrmatf f igefihs ifs hmprhsfs igefihs rhspfi`fr igs fitgs rhquhramahjtgs cajfjeahrgs hj tármajgs `h ajcrfhstrueturf, hquapfmahjtg, ajvhjtfrag `h mfthrafs pramfs y `h iaqua`hz sgiaeatf`gs s giaeatf`gs pgr ifs hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs, y 0) hi `ashög `h ujf hstrfthdaf pfrf rhthjhr y gptamazfr hi egjgeamahjt egjgeamahjtgg thejgiõdaeg y f`majastrftavgg trfjschra`g pgr hsfs hmprhsfs trfjsjfeagjfihs. f`majastrftav ??6
sefr C. Egjtrhrfs y ivfrg Orfefmgjth Uahrrf
Cuhjths @higatth (?262). (? 262). ’Digofi Fhrgspfeh Mfrlht Gutiggl fj` Cgr Cgrhefst” hefst”,, `aspgjaoih `asp gjaoih hj 9nttp;//www 9nttp;//www.fafe.ef/upigf`h`Caihs/_hsgurehsWfj`WRuoiaeftagjs/_hc.fafe.ef/upigf`h`Caihs/_hsgurehsWfj`WRuoiaeftagjs/_hchrhjehW@geumhjts/FAFE_hpgrtWCAJFI.p`c:. Nufi`h, Ficrh`g y Kgrdh Efrraiig (?224). If aj`ustraf fhrghspfeafi hj Ofkf Efiacgrjaf. Efrfethrístaefs prg`uetavfs y egmphthjeafs ifogrfihs y prgchsagjfihs,
Pakufjf,_gmhrg, Hi Egihdag `h (?266). if Crgjthrf Jgrth. Cgrehs aj Fhrgspfeh Eiusthrs aj Mfrtíjhz Kfvahr (?266 ). ’Ehjtraphtfi Mhxaeg”, Ajjgvftagj fj` @hvhigpmhjt @hvhigpmh jt, vgi. 6, jûm. ?, pp. 525-56>. Jagsa, Kgrdh y Mfkiaj`f [nhdu (?228). ’Fhrgspfeh Eiusthrs; Igefi gr Digofi Ljgwih`dh Upaiigvhrs7”, Aj`ustry fj` Ajjgvftagj, vgi. 6?, jûm. 6, pp. 8-?1. Grjhifs, Uhrdag (?266). ’Mhxaeg‑s Fhrgspfeh Aj`ustry Jgjstgp”, Mhxaeg Jgw, vgi. 1, jûm. 80. Rrg`uEhj, Ehjtrg Ehjtrg `h Ajthiadhjeaf Hstrftádaef H strftádaef (?22>). (?22> ). Egmpgsaeaõj `h if Aj`ustraf Fhrgjæutaef hj Máxaeg, Pakufjf, Rrg`uEhj. Uupiahr _hiftagjs XU (?22>). Farerfct Mfjucfeturajd Aj`ustry aj tnh X.U. fj` ats Cgrhadj Prf`h, Arvajh, Uuppiahr _hiftagjs XU, IIE.
Fjhxg Hmprhsfs fhrghspfeafihs hstfoihea`fs hj Ugjgrf @astraoueaõj pgr mujaeapag y hmpihgs dhjhrf`gs Hmprhsf
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