La Evolución en La Dirección de Arte Cinematográfica

 

 

Lk hvmlu hvmlunoþc noþc hc llk k jorhnno jorhnnoþc þc jh k krth rth noch`ktmerëaonk Lk jorhnn oþ c jh krth krth nmc hl NEO NEO

Vmnàm Fhlïc Vupcob  71/71/67;5 Jorhnnoþc Noch`ktmerëaonk Hcsk m  Cuhvks Zhncmlmeàks

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Àcjonh Octrmjunnoþc …………………………………………………………………………………………   Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm ;9 Wro`hr hcnuhctrm9 L Lk kh hvmlu vmlu noþc hc lk jorhnnoþ jorhnnoþc c jh krth noch`ktmerëaonk…  ;.; Lk jorhnnoþc jh krth ;.6 Lms kûms º57 yº47 ;.> Jh lms kûms º?7 k 677:

Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm 69 Nmcmnohcjm9 Hl jorhntmr j h k krth rth noch`ktmer noch`ktmerëaonm ëaonm ……………………….…….. ……………………….……..   6.; ½[uï rml nu`plh hl jorhntmr jh krth hc lk kntuklojkj= 6.6 Hl jorhntmr jh krth hc uck prmjunnoþc kujomvosukl 6.> Lk jorhnnoþc jh krth trkjonomckl y lms nk`foms

Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm >9 H Hxplmr xplmr kcjm9 Hl `ucjm j joeot oeot kl………………………………..……………………. ………………………………..…………………….   >.; ½[uï hs hl NEO= >.6 Lk hxpkcsoþc jhl NEO  >.> Lk cuhvk thncmlmeàk y su o`pkntm o` pkntm kcth lms hsphntkjmrhs

Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm :9 Lk nmcqu nmcquostk9 ostk9 Hl NEO NEO h hc c joahrhcths prm prmjunnom junnomchs chs kujomvosu klhs…………… ……………   :.; Lk pro`hrk ocnursoþc hc hl NEO9 Uhstwmrlj :.6 Lk pro`hrk phlànulk rhklozkjk hc NEO, nmc kntmrhs rhklhs :.> Lk kntuklojkj jhl NEO9 Hl lofrm jh lk ^hlvk

Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm 89 Lk nmc nmcvovhcnok9 vovhcnok9 Hctrh lk jor jorhnnoþc hnnoþc jh jh k krth rth trkjonom trkjonomckl ckl y hl NEO……………. …………….   8.; Xck `orkjk k lms joahrhcths joa hrhcths plkchs jh hstujoms 8.6 Nkpknotknoþc hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth 8.> ^trkcehr tdoces nm`m uck rhlknoþc 8.: Hquolofrom y nmcvovhcnok hctrh lm trkjonomckl y hl NEO

Nmcnlusomchs ……………………………………………………………………………………….   Lostk jh r hah hahrhcnoks rhcnoks ……………………………………………………………………………….   Foflomerkaàk…………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….  

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Octrmjunnoþc Hl soeuohcth Wrmyhntm jh Erkjuknoþc auh plkcoaonkjm jhctrm jh lk nkthemràk jh Hcskym, jhfojm k quh sh rhklozk uc kcëlosos smfrh lk hvmlunoþc jhl jorhntmr jh krth noch`ktmerëaonm y nþ`m aauh uh nk`fokcjm y prmerhskcjm su rml nmc hl pksm jhl toh`pm. Kjh`ës sh `hjotk smfrh lk o`kehc ehchrkjk pmr nm`putkjmrk nm`m sustotunoþc jhl joshûm jh krth trkjonomckl hc phlànulks nmcth`pmrëchks. Zhcohcjm hc nuhctk quh lk làchk th`ëtonk smfrh lk quh sh trkfkik hs lk jh Cuhvks Zhncmlmeàks, yk quh sh rhaohrh kl NEO nm`m uck cuhvk dhrrk`ohctk y amr`k hc hl `hjom kujomvosukl. Hc hl prhshcth prmyhntm jh erkjm hl th`k quh sh kfmrjk hs hl jh Lk hvmlunoþc hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth noch`ktmerëaonk jhsjh noch`ktmerëaonk jhsjh sus oconoms dkstk lk kntuklojkj (67;5) pkrk kcklozkr y rhalhxomckr smfrh so hl NEO, o`kehc ehchrkjk pmr nm`putkjmrk, hstë rhh`plkzkcjm k lk jorhnnoþc jh krth trkjonomckl. Lk prheuctk prmflh`k hctmcnhs, hstë hcamnkjk hc so nk`fokrë hl rml jhl jorhntmr jh hstk ërhk hc lms prþxo`ms kûms, so hs quh sh hstë `mjoaonkcjm lk amr`k jh rhklozkr uck phlànulk. Hl mfihtovm procnopkl hs nmcmnhr `ës smfrh hl rml jhl jorhntmr jh krth y su pkphl hc lk noch`ktmerkaàk, kcklozkcjm lks pmsofolojkjhs jh k`plokr nmcmno`ohctms pkrk lk octherknoþc jh cuhvks thncmlmeàks y `himr amr`knoþc prmahsomckl, kpmrtkcjm uc puctm p uctm jh vostk joahrhcth smfrh hl o`pkntm jhl NEO hc hl `hjom. ` hjom. Wkrk llhekr k lms aucjk`hctms fësonms sh jhskrrmllk jh `mjm hxplonktovm hl trkfkim jh uc Jorhntmr jh Krth noch`ktmerëaonm, jkcjm k nmcmnhr smfrh nþ`m auh hvmlunomckcjm jhsjh sus oconoms k trkvïs jh lks dhrrk`ohctks quh sh auhrmc ocnmrpmrkcjm, thcohcjm hc nuhctk nu hctk lks amr`ks y tïnconks trkjonomcklhs pkrk plkcthkr uck prmpuhstk jh krth, yk quh luhem sh nm`pkrk nmc lk llhekjk jh lks cuhvks thncmlmeàks hc hl `hjom ` hjom noch`ktmerëaonm y lms nk`f nk`foms oms quh sh prmjunhc. ^h ocjkek knhrnk jhl NEO nm`m cuhvk thncmlmeàk noch`ktmerëaonk pkrk rhalhxomckr knhrnk jhl rml quh sh lh hstë jkcjm k lks l ks `os`ks. Kjh`ës sh dknh uc rhnmrth smfr smfrh h lk ocnmrpmrknoþc jhl

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NEO hc Dmllywmmj k pkrtor jh lms kûms º57, kcklozkcjm phlànulks nmcth`pmrëchks quh utolozkc hstk cuhvk amr`k jh rhklozkr uc aol`, ao l`, thcohcjm hc nuhctk Hstkjms Xcojms. Xco jms. Lk ojhk hctmcnhs, nm`m sh `hcnomcþ kcthromr`hcth, hs rhalhxomckr smfrh so lks cuhvks thncmlmeàks hc hl `hjom kujomvosukl ehchrkc chnhsojkjhs hc lk nkpknotknoþc jhl jorhntmr jh krth. Wmr hstk rkzþc, hc hsth prhshcth trkfkim dk jh shr jh kyujk auhcths `uy o`pmrtkcths9 lms Wrmyhntms jh Erkjuknoþc, jh lk Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m jh lk Aknultkj jh Joshûm y Nm`uconknoþc, yk quh kpmrtkc nm`m kcthnhjhcths knkjï`onms kl WE kntukl.  Krroemco Qëzquhz, (6774). Lk nmcstrunnoþc vhrmsà`ol jhl rhlktm. rhlktm . Jorhnnoþc jh krth hc hl noch jh  Hc hsth trkfkim sh dknh `hcnoþc ` hcnoþc k lk Jorhnnoþc jh krth hc hl noch jh kco`knoþc, hl kco`knoþc. Hc kco`knoþc. nukl kpmrtk ocamr`knoþc y/m foflomerkaàk fof lomerkaàk kl prmyhntm jh erkjm. Akeukekz @usu`hno, (67;:). Lk jorhnnoþc jh krth9 krth9 Klquo`  Klquo`ok ok hctrh hctrh olusoþc olusoþc y aucnomck aucnomcklojkj. lojkj. Dknh `hcnoþc k lk aucnomcklojkj y hl rml quh nu`plh uc jorhntmr jh krth hc hl jhskrrmllm jh prmjuntms kujomvosuklhs, lk lkfmr vosukl quh jhfh lmerkr hc nmciuctm nmc lks jh`ës ërhks y su o`pmrtkcnok hc lk noch`ktmerkaàk. no ch`ktmerkaàk. @knro, (67;8). Jhl nmcnhptm k lk o`kehc. Lk nrhktovojkj y lk jorhnnoþc jh krth hc lk  Hc hl prhshcth Wrmyhntm sh jhsplohekc lks jostoctks pkrths quh amr`kc nm`uconknoþc vosukl. vosukl. Hc uck o`kehc auhrth, ocjkekcjm smfrh lk Jorhnnoþc jh Krth nm`m uck jh lks dhrrk`ohctks procnopklhs jh lk nm`uconknoþc vosukl hahntovk. Nmmphrk nmc soecoaonknomchs y foflomerkaàk. Emljfhre, (67;8). Hl jorhntmr jh krth hc uc prmyhntm noch`ktmerëaonm. Wrmpuhstk hstïtonk pkrk hl nuhctm Coûk Whrvhrsk. Whrvhrsk.   Dknh rhahrhcnok kl jorhntmr jh krth jhctrm jh uc prmyhntm noch`ktmerëaonm, hl nukl tohch uc pkphl o`pmrtkcth o` pmrtkcth hc hl prmyhntm jh erkjm smfrh llk k Hvmlunoþc jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth krth,, pmr lm tkctm sorvh nm`m kpmrth y rhauhrzm hc nukctm kl rml quh nu`plh hl `os`m.

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 Klhxos, (6774). QAT (Hahntms Qosuklhs Joeotklhs). Joeotklhs) . ^h nhctrk hc uck cuhvk prmflh`ëtonk rhahrhcth k lk utolozknoþc jh lms hahntms vosuklhs vo suklhs joeotklhs tk`foïc nmcmnojms nm`m QAT, jhctrm jhl ë`fotm noch`ktmerëaonm. Wmr lm tkctm kpmrtk nmc foflomerkaàk y nmcnhptms. Ahrckcjhz ^kssm, (677?). Nk`klhmchs jhl @ucjm Kujomvosukl. Lms Jorhntmrhs jh Krth. Krth . Zohch nm`m mfihtovm jhaocor lk Jorhnnoþc Krtàstonk. Jh hstk amr`k, nmctrofuyh nmc foflomerkaàk y nmcnhpnomchs pkrk hl jhskrrmllm jhl prmyhntm prm yhntm jh erkjm. Frozzom, @kràk (67;6). Nrhkr soc luz. Krehctock ax. Dknh rhahrhcnok k cuhvks thncmlmeàks y phlànulks quh kpmrtkc nm`m aol`merkaàk pkrk hl jhskrrmllm jhl prhshcth prmyhntm. @kstrmlhmckrjm, (67;6). @mtomc nkpturh9 Cuhvk amr`k jh nrhkr kco`knomchs. Wrhshctk lks jostoctks thncmlmeàks jh nkpturk jh `mvo`ohctm ksà nm`m tk`foïc su dostmrok. Jondm `kthrokl, nmcnhptms y rhahrhcnoks foflomerëaonks sorvhc pkrk hl prmnhsm jhl prmyhntm pr myhntm jh erkjm. Lundhsso, (67;:). Hl o`pkntm jh lm joeotkl hc lk prmjunnoþc kujomvosukl. Xc kcëlosos jh lms AT  Jk k nmcmnhr so lk utolozknoþc jh cuhvks thncmlmeàks joeotklhs rhprhshctk hc hl nmcthxtm lmnkl. lmnkl. Jk uc akntmr quh phr`otk phcskr hc hl nrhno`ohctm jh uck ocjustrok jh lms hahntms hsphnoklhs joeotklhs, hc Krehctock. Kpmrtk foflomerkaàk foflome rkaàk y rhahrhcnoks foflomerëaonks. Xsmc, (67;8).  Kco`kn  Kco`knoþc oþc hc NEO. Wrmnhsm jh nrhknoþc jh uc vojhm `ocutm hc NEO. ^h jk k nmcmnhr lk thncmlmeàk NEO, sus aucnomck`ohctms y kleucks phlànulks hc jmcjh sh trkfkiþ nmc lk `os`k. Wmr lm tkctm kpmrtk nmc aol`merkaàk ao l`merkaàk y rhahrhcnoks foflomerëaonks. Wkrk jhskrrmllkr hsth prmyhntm, hc hl pro`hr nkpàtulm sh nm`ohczk nmc uck frhvh octrmjunnoþc smfrh hl prmerhsm jh lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk noch`ktmerëaonk dknohcjm uc rhnmrth smfrh lk `os`k jhsjh sus oconoms nm`m hsnhcþerkam dkstk lms l ms kûms 6777 hc Dmllywmmj. Hc hl sheucjm nkpàtulm sh jk k nmcmnhr `ës smfrh hl jorhntmr jh krth phrm sh nhctrk hc lm quh hs su rml hc lk kntuklojkj, ufonkcjm kl `os`m jhctrm jh uck prmjunnoþc kujomvosukl y lm quh llhvk k nkfm hc ïstk pkrk luhem hcthcjhr hcthcjh r k quh sh rhahrorï lk kutmrk jhl prmyhntm pmr jorhnnoþc jh krth trkjonomckl hc hl prmnhsm jhl prhshcth trkfkim. Jh hstk amr`k sh prhshctkc lms nk`foms nk` foms

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y lks rupturks quh sh jh`uhstrkc k lm lkrem jh lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk pkrk jkr nm`ohczm kl soeuohcth tàtulm. Hl thrnhr nkpàtulm hstë hcamnkjm hc hl `ucjm joeotkl, sh nm`ohczk k kfmrjkcjm smfrh quï hs hl NEO  pkrk luhem prmaucjozkr hc su hxpkcsoþc k trkvïs jhl toh`pm. Kjh`ës sh rhaohrh kl `os`m NEO pkrk nm`m uck cuhvk thncmlmeàk kcklozkcjm y rhalhxomckcjm smfrh su o`pkntm kcth lms hsphntkjmrhs y hl `hjom kujomvosukl.  K lm lkrem jhl nukrtm nkpàtulm, sh jhsplohek uc kcëlosos smfrh smfrh hl NEO hc joahrhcths prmjunnomchs kujomvosuklhs y joahrhcths ïpmnks pkrk rh`krnkr lms nk`foms y rhalhxomckr knhrnk jh hllms. Wkrk hsm, sh tohch hc nuhctk lk pro`hrk phlànulk quh ocnursomcþ hc hl NEO, Uhstwmrlj (;?5>) jhl jorhntmr Nrondtmc. Lk pro`hrk phlànulk rhklozkjk hcthrk`hcth hc NEO nmc kntmrhs rhklhs,  (677:) hsnrotk y joroeojk pmr Bhrry Nmcrkc. Nhrrkcjm hl ^by Nkptkoc y hl `ucjm jhl `kûkck `kûkck (677:) nkpàtulm nmc Hl lofrm jh lk shlvk  (67;1) uck phlànulk joroeojk pmr Akvrhku y prmjunojk pmr Uklt shlvk (67;1) Joschy Wonturhs Wonturhs,, pkrk kcklozkr lk kco`knoþc jh NEO hc lk kntuklojkj nm`puhstk nmc o`kehc rhkl hc joeotkl. Jh hstk `kchrk sh jk luekr kl quoctm y ùlto`m nkpàtulm hl nukl jk nm`ohczm nmc uck frhvh octrmjunnoþc smfrh hl kcëlosos jh lks phlànulks `hcnomckjks kcthromr`hcth y hl pmr quï ïstks nmcllhvkc k jkr uck `orkjk k lms joahrhcths plkchs jh hstujoms jh lks jostoctks ucovhrsojkjhs jmcjh sh jontk Jorhnnoþc jh Krth. Jhlofhrkcjm luhem smfrh so lks cuhvks thncmlmeàks hc hl `hjom kujomvosukl ehchrkc chnhsojkjhs hc lk nkpknotknoþc jhl jorhntmr jh krth, tkctm pkrk hl hstujokcth jh lk nkrrhrk nm`m pkrk kquhllms quh yk hstëc ocnursomckcjm hl `ucjm lkfmrkl k `mjm jh rhalhxoþc. Wkrk llhekr k lms aucjk`hctms fësonms knhrnk jh hstm, sh jhskrrmllk jh `kchrk hxplonktovk uc kcëlosos smfrh ^trkcehr Zdoces, Zdoces, uck shroh hstkjmucojhcsh jh nohcnok aonnoþc nrhkjk pmr Chtalox, hsnrotk y joroeojk pmr lms dhr`kcms @ktt y Vmss Juaahr, nm`m uck rhlknoþc hctrh lm trkjonomckl

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y hl NEO. Aocklozkcjm nmc uc ùlto`m sufnkpàtulm smfrh hl pmsoflh hquolofrom y nmcvovhcnok hctrh lms `os`ms jhctrm jhl ucovhrsm kujomvosukl. Hl WE hstë joroeojm k tmjms lms jorhntmrhs jh krth y k tmjms kquhllms octhrhskjms hc nmcmnhr hstms cuhvms nk`foms prmjunojms pmr lks cuhvks thncmlmeàks hc hl `hjom ` hjom kujomvosukl. Hl kpmrth knkjï`onm, jk k hcthcjhr hstms cuhvms nk`foms nk`f oms thncmlþeonms y hl rml jhl jorhntmr jh krth noch`ktmerëaonm, kcklozkcjm lk pmsofolojkj jh k`plokr nmcmno`ohctms `hjokcth lk octherknoþc jh cuhvks thncmlmeàks pkrk lk amr`knoþc prmahsomckl, kpmrtkcjm kpmrtkcjm uc puctm jh vostk joahrhcth smfrh lk ocnmrpmrknoþc h o`pkntm jhl NEO hc hl `hjom. Kjh`ës hsth hcskym kfkrnk uc th`k quh cm sh prmaucjozþ hc mtrms trkfkims jh prmyhntms jh erkjm y fusnk ehchrkr uck cuhvk auhcth jh ocamr`knoþc hc jmcjh `hjokcth uc kcëlosos jh kreu`hctms sh puhjk jh`mstrkr lk o`pmrtkcnok jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth kcth lms nk`foms.

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Nkpàtulm Nk pàtulm ;9 Wro`hr hcnuhctrm9 Lk hvmluno hvmlunoþc þc hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth noch`ktmer noch`ktmer ëaonk Hsth nkpàtulm nm`ohczk prmaucjozkcjm smfrh quï hs lk jorhnnoþc jh krth, nþ`m auh sureohcjm hc lk noch`ktmerkaàk y lk o`pmrtkcnok quh hstk sueohrh2 yk quh nu`plh nmc uc rml o`prhsnocjoflh y aucjk`hctkl hc hl `hjom kujomvosukl pkrk lmerkr lmer kr mroeocklojkj jhctrm jh uc pr prmjuntm, mjuntm, jëcjmlh ksà uck ucojkj hstolàstonk y vosukl kl aol`h, aol` h, fksëcjmsh hc uc euoþc y hc lm quh hl jorhntmr ehchrkl jhl prmyhntm quohrk plks`kr y rhprhshctkr hc su phlànulk. p hlànulk.  K pkrtor jh hsm, sh rhklozk uc u c kcëlosos smfrh lks tïnconks quh sh uskfkc uskf kc mroeockrok`hcth mroe ockrok`hcth pkrk lmerkr uck jorhnnoþc krtàstonk y lks dhrrk`ohctks nmc lks quh nuhctk uc jorhntmr jh krth pkrk lk nrhknoþc jh joahrhcths hstolms y `ucjms vosuklhs. Lk aocklojkj jh hstks pëeocks hs jkr uck vosoþc ehchrkl jhl prmerhsm y lk hvmlunoþc quh dk thcojm lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk hc hl noch, k trkvïs jh sus tïnconks jh rhklozknoþc, lk ïpmnk, sus phlànulks y hl eïchrm.

;.; ;.; Lk jor jorhnnoþc hnnoþc j h krth Lk jorhnnoþc jh krth hs hl jhpkrtk`hctm quh sh hcnkrek jh nmmrjockr ërhks nm`m hsnhcmerkaàk, utolhràk, k`fohctknoþc, vhstukrom y `kquollkih. Hcnkreëcjmsh jhl ksphntm hstïtonm jh uck phlànulk, pkrk nrhkrlh k nkjk rhlktm jhthr`ockjm y ùconm lk kt`msahrk `ës kjhnukjk2 kjh`ës trkfkik hc nmciuctm nmc hl jorhntmr jh amtmerkaàk pkrk lmerkr uck kr`mcàk hc lk nm`pmsonoþc jh lk o`kehc, y pkrk lk hlhnnoþc jh lk pklhtk jh nmlmrhs, jh `kthroklhs y vhsto`hctks, pkrk quh hc hl rmjkih cm hxostkc ocnmcvhcohcths, yk quh k`fms prmpmchc uck hstïtonk vosukl hc lk phlànulk.  Kl `m`hctm jh kpmrtkr nmcthcojms vosuklhs quh nmctrofuykc kl jhskrrmllm nmcnhptukl jh lk dostmrok quh sh vk k nmctkr, lk tkrhk jhl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth rhsultk tk`foïc pro`mrjokl y hshcnokl, yk quh hlheorë lms hlh`hctms y rhnursms krtàstonms `ës kprmpokjms pkrk plks`kr jovhrsms `ucjms y hspknoms, nmcsojhrkcjm y thcohcjm soh`prh prhshcth hl prhsupuhstm

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jhstockjm k ïstk ërhk pkrk hl jhskrrmllm jh lk prmpuhstk jh krth y lm quh jhshk mroeockr m plks`kr hl jorhntmr ehchrkl jh lk phlànulk. @urnok (67;7) nmcnluyh9 Lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk trktk soh`prh -fohc pmr shpkrkjm m nmciuctk`hcth- jh lk mfthcnoþc y/m nrhknoþc krtàstonk y tïnconk jh tmjms y nkjk ucm jh lms hspknoms nmcnrhtms, quh smc chnhskroms pkrk jhskrrmllkr uck jhthr`ockjk knnoþc jrk`ëtonk hc lks phlànulks, prmpuhstk jhsjh uc euoþc, jh `mjm quh ïstk puhjk shr aol`kjk kjhnukjk`hcth y jhsjh lk pkrtonulkr vosoþc jh uc Jorhntmr jh Noch. (p. 1>) Lk hsnhcmerkaàk, uck pkrth `uy o`pmrtkcth jhctrm jh lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk pkrk amr`kr jondms hspknoms nmcnrhtms, tohch su mroehc hc hl thktrm erohem. Auh ^hrlom (;:58- ;88:) hl pro`hr pr o`hr krtostk hsnïconm quh puflonþ sus joshûms hsnhcmerëaonms. Hc sus jhnmrkjms uskfk lk tïnconk jh lk phrsphntovk, lk nukl sureh hc hl Vhckno`ohctm, jëcjmlh ksà `ës rhklos`m k lks `os`ks. K su vhz, sureh tk`foïc hc Otklok Lk Nm``hjok jhllºkrth, jhllºkrth, lk nukl utolozkfk hsnhcmerkaàks poctkjks hc thlmchs quh aknolotkfkc su trkslkjm, yk quh lks rhprhshctknomchs quh sh dknàkc hrkc k`fulkcths. k` fulkcths. Ekrnàk ((6778) 6778) kaor`k9 “Lk “Lk hsnhcmerkaàk phr`oth nm`pmchr y rhsmlvhr, pmr `hjom jh pocturk, nkrpocthràk y mtrms `hjoms, hl jhnmrkjm jh uck pohzk thktrkl, utolozkcjm hlh`hctms quh iuhekc nmc lk thrnhrk jo`hcsoþc y kpmyëcjmsh hc hl joshûm jh lk olu`ocknoþc jhl hsnhckrom‐ hsnhckrom ‐ (p.?7). (p.?7). Wmr lm tkctm, uc jktm o`pmrtkcth hs quh lk hsnhcmerkaàk, nm`m rhprhshctknoþc pro`otovk jhl noch, prmvohch pro`hrm jhl thktrm hc jmcjh tuvm tk`foïc uck kpkronoþc tkrjàk hc su dostmrok. Nmcvortoïcjmsh ksà hc uc trkfkim jh ihrkrquàk ihrkrq uàk y nmc uck cmnoþc `ës e ehchrkl hchrkl llk`kjk jorhnnoþc jh krth, yk quh hsnhcþerkam hs uck pklkfrk quh cm kfkrnk tmjks lks tkrhks quh sh llhvkc k nkfm y sh rhsuhlvhc hc hsth rufrm r ufrm hsphnàaonm. Ehmreh @ïloäs (;41;-;?>4) hs nmcsojhrkjm hl pro`hr pomchrm jh hsnhcks noch`ktmerëaonks prhpkrkjks krtoaonokl`hcth nmc rhnursms quh hc su `m`hctm smlm sh uskfkc hc hl thktrm. Jhnojoþ octherkr hl noch`ktþerkam jh lms dhr`kcms Lu`oärh k sus mfrks thktrklhs jh `keok y utolozkrlm nm`m uck dhrrk`ohctk `ës pkrk sus trunms.

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@ïloäs joshûkfk y nmcstruàk hl vhstukrom, lk utolhràk y lms jhnmrkjms. Xtolozkfk `kquhtks, `uûhnms y jhnmrknomchs `ùltoplhs y plkcks nm`focëcjmlks nmc lms rhnursms jhl noch, mfthcohcjm ksà uck amr`k amr` k krtàstonk cuhvk. Lms pro`hrms hsnhcþerkams noch`ktmerëaonms jhfàkc trkfkikr hc hxthromrhs jhfojm k lks nmcjonomchs tïnconks hc su `m`hctm phrm luhem sh nrhkrmc lms pro`hrms hstujoms noch`ktmerëaonms k `mjm jh hcmr`hs ocvhrckjhrms nmc pkrhjhs y thndms jh nrostkl. Lk hsnhcmerkaàk noch`ktmerëaonk sh ocjhphcjozk jhl thktrm rhnoïc nmc lk phlànulk Nkforok Nkforok   jh Wkstrmch (;?;:), lk nukl thcàk erkcjhs jhnmrkjms quh phr`otàkc lk phrsphntovk jhsjh joahrhcths puctms jh vostk. Jh hstk `kchrk, kûms jhspuïs sh h`pohzkc h`p ohzkc k sustotuor lms thlmchs poctkjms pmr lk nrhknoþc jh shts y hl usm jh lmnknomchs. ^heùc `kcoaohstk Ekrnàk (6778) lk auhrth prhahrhcnok pmr nrhkr jhnmrkjms hc hl noch sh prmjunh hc Klh`kcok, jmcjh hl hxprhsomcos`m prmpmrnomcþ prmp mrnomcþ hl o`pulsm jhaocotovm k lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk.  K pkrtor jh hsth `mvo`ohctm noch`ktmerëaonm sh prmpmch rhklozkr lms jhnmrkjms k pkrtor jh fkstojmrhs nmc thlk poctkjk hc luekr jh nkrtþc y pohjrk quh hrk lm `ës nm`ùc, klhiëcjmsh jh lm ckturklostk, yk quh lms kntmrhs jhfàkc kjkptkrsh k lks nmctmrsomchs jhl jhnmrkjm nk`fokcjm sus kntuknomchs y kntotujhs. Jhsjh lms kûms vhocth dkstk lms nocnuhctk sh prmjunh uc ocnrh`hctm hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth, yk quh nkjk nukl fusnkfk uc hstolm vosukl ùconm y mroeockl pkrk lks phlànulks. Hc Nkloamrcok sh nrhk hl puhstm jh joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc quohchs sh jhjonkfkc k nmmrjockr hl trkfkim jh llms ms jorhntmrhs jh krth. Hl pro`hr joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc auh Nk`hrmc @hczohs quohc sh nmcvortoþ jh o`pmrtkcnok o` pmrtkcnok hc lk hvmlunoþc jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth, yk quh auh ucm jh lms pro`hrms hc o`plh`hctkr lk hlkfmrknoþc jh jofuims hc jmcjh sh `mstrkfkc hsnhcks jh lks phlànulks hc amr`k jh voûhtks, k lms nuklhs sh jhcm`ockrmc stmryfmkrj l ms stmryfmkrj.. Llhvkcjm k nkfm lk vosuklozknoþc y nmctocuojkj jh lms rhlktms. Hs rhnmcmnojm tk`foïc pmr su trkfkim hc hl aol` Lm quh hl vohctm sh llhvþ jh Alh`oce

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hc ;?>?, hc lk quh sh hstkflhnoþ pmr pro`hrk vhz k uc joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc, rhspmcskflh jh nrhkr lk o`kehc y `kcthchr lk ucoamr`ojkj jhl hstolm vosukl jh lk mfrk. Octhrvocohrmc vkroms jorhntmrhs jh amtmerkaàk, pmr lm quh @hczohs auh aucjk`hctkl, a ucjk`hctkl, kjh`ës trkfkiþ hc nmciuctm nmc hl jorhntmr jh krth Udhhlhr. Ehctolh, Ahrrkro, Jokz (6775) rh`krnkc9 “(…) hl pksm jh lk dostmrok jh lk hsnhcmerkaàk noch`ktmerëaonk, smc9 hsnhcþerkam, jorhntmr jh krth y joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc‐ (p. ;>;). ^h pmjràk jhnor hctmcnhs quh lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk h`phzþ nmc uck tkrhk `ës hsphnàaonk nm`m lk pkrth hsnhcmerëaonk pkrk luhem nmc lk kpkronoþc jh erkcjhs prmjunnomchs nmcvhrtorsh hc uck lkfmr `ës kfkrnkjmrk hc jmcjh sh thr`ock jh jhcm`ockr kl jorhntmr jh krth hc sà y prmctk`hcth kl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc jhphcjohcjm hl nklofrh jh nkjk prmyhntm noch`ktmerëaonm. Jh tmjks amr`ks, lm llk`kjm joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc m prmjuntomc jhsoechr   hs uc tïr`ocm prmpom jh Hstkjms Xcojms, yk quh sh nmcsojhrk k ïsth nm`m lk nkfhzk jh hquopm jhctrm jhl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth y quh k su vhz sh mnupk jhl joshûm j oshûm nmcnhptukl jh tmjm hl ksphntm jh lk phlànulk, trksaorohcjm jondk ojhk kl jorhntmr jh krth y jorhntmr jh amtmerkaàk, nmc lk aocklojkj jh ucoaonkr tmjm hl nrothrom hstïtonm. Whrm hstms nmcnhptms sh prmaucjozkrkc hc hl nkpàtulm jms, pmr hl `m`hctm sh sheuorë tm`kcjm nm`m nhctrm lk hvmlunoþc y lks tïnconks jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth pkrk luhem hcthcjhr `himr k jondks nmcnhpnomchs. Hs o`pmrtkcth jhstknkr quh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth jhspuïs jh lk ^heucjk Euhrrk @ucjokl vk k thchr uc o`pkntm nmc lk llhekjk jh lk thlhvosoþc pmrquh hstm dknh quh hl prhsupuhstm jhstockjm pkrk lks phlànulks sh nm`pro`ohrk, k nkusk jh quh lms hstujoms jh noch nm`hczkrmc nm`hczkrmc k prmjunor pkrk hl `hjom thlhvosovm. Luhem nmc hl jhskrrmllm jh thncmlmeàks `ës kvkczkjks nm`m në`krks `ës lovokcks y lhcths `ës lu`ocmsms jhikrmc k lks lmnknomchs nm`m lk mpnoþc `hcms nmstmsk y `ës kjhnukjk pkrk lks prmjunnomchs tm`kcjm nm`m ocaluhcnok kl chmrrhklos`m otklokcm jh lms kûms nocnuhctk quh lm quh dknàk hrk trkfkikr nmc hsnhckroms rhklhs y ckturklhs. ck turklhs.

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“Nm`m dh`ms vostm, lms lmerms jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth dkc kvkczkjm k lk pkr quh lks cuhvks thncmlmeàks hc lk dostmrok jhl noch‐ noch ‐ (Ekrnàk, 6778, p.>1). Hc nukctm k sus tïnconks y `kthroklhs jh rhklozknoþc tk`foïc dkc prmsphrkjm yk quh lk jhnosoþc jh lms `os`ms nmctrofuyh nmc hl kr`kjm jh lms hspknoms quh jkc vojk kl nmcthxtm n mcthxtm jh lms phrsmckihs hc lk dostmrok quh sh nuhctk, plks`kcjm soh`prh lk ojhk nmcnhptukl jhl aol`h y thcohcjm prhshcth hl prhsupuhstm jhl prmyhntm.  Kucquh hstm nmc nm c hl pksm jhl toh`pm vk k sheuor nk`fokcjm, yk quh q uh h`pohzkc sklor cuhvks thncmlmeàks y cuhvks amr`ks jh rhklozknoþc hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth nmcvortoïcjmsh jh hstk `kchrk hc uc trkfkim jh nk`fom nmcstkcth nkjk jïnkjk. Hstm `os`m sh kfmrjkrë hc lms soeuohcths sufnkpàtulms pkrk kdmcjkr uc pmnm `ës hc jhtkllhs. Hc nukctm k lks pro`hrks tïnconks y `kthroklhs jh rhklozknoþc nmcsojhrkcjm tmjm lm `hcnomckjm kcthromr`hcth, hs uc prmnhsm quh llhvk uck plkcoaonknoþc prhvok jh nmcstrunnoþc hc jmcjh trkfkikc phrsmcks hsphnoklozkjks hc amr`k nmciuctk nmc hl jorhntmr jh krth (quohc lms mrekcozk) pkrk llhvkr k nkfm nkf m nohrtks lkfmrhs hsphnàaonks. Jurkcth hsth prmnhsm sh hloehc lms jovhrsms `kthroklhs quh smc hstujokjms nuojkjmsk`hcth pmr hl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth pkrk su hlhnnoþc, jhspuïs sh pksk k rhklozkr lms plkcms, nrmquos m `kquhtks, pkrk luhem nm`hczkr k `kthroklozkr lk ojhk hsnhcmerëaonk. Xck vhz thr`ockjks lks hstrunturks sh nm`ohczk nmc lk mrck`hctknoþc, ocnluyhcjm `mljurks y rhlohvhs. _ aockl`hcth sh pksk kl jhnmrkjm jh lks suphraonohs s uphraonohs lks nuklhs sh puhjhc kplonkr jh joahrhcths `kchrks yk quh tmjm jhphcjhrë jh lks thxturks quh sh hloikc y lm quh sh quohrk nrhkr. Jhctrm jh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth sh hcnkrck tmjk hstk shroh jh prmnhjo`ohctms hctrh `undms mtrms nm`m lms quh o`plonkc hl kr`kjm jhl vhstukrom, hl `kquollkih y lk utolhràk. Jhfojm k lk llhekjk jh cuhvks thncmlmeàks hstm nk`fokrë lk l k amr`k jh rhklozkr uck hsnhcmerkaàk m hc nohrtms nksms dkstk uck vhsto`hctk. v hsto`hctk.

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;.6 ;.6 Lm Lmss kûm kûmss º57 yº47 Nm`m kcthromr`hcth sh nmcmnoþ uc pmnm `ës smfrh lk jorhnnoþc jh krth rhpkskcjm uck pkrth jh lk dostmrok jhsjh sus oconoms hc hl noch, nu`plohcjm nu` plohcjm hl rml hsnhcmerëaonm, dkstk sus tïnconks jh rhklozknoþc y lks quh sh ofkc ocnmrpmrkcjm hc lk lkfmr k `hjojk ` hjojk quh lk noch`ktmerkaàk nrhnàk nrhnàk nm`m ocjustrok m jhphcjohcjm so sh trktkfk jh uck erkc prmjunnoþc. ^h puhjh mfshrvkr quh hxostohrmc `undms ` undms nk`foms nmc hl pksm jhl toh`p toh`pm m nm`m lks joahrhcths rhsmlunomchs k lk dmrk jh plkcthkr uck prmpuhstk hsnhcmerëaonk jhctrm jhct rm jh uc sht, lk rhsphntovk hlhnnoþc jh lms `kthroklhs pkrk lk `os`k y dkstk lks `kchrks jh cm`frkr k uc jorhntmr jh krth. Nmc lk llhekjk jh lk kco`knoþc `hjokcth mrjhckjmr, k lm quh luhem sh rhahrorë nm`m NEO hc hl nkpàtulm trhs, auh ucm jh lms nk`foms quh marhnoþ lk thncmlmeàk k lk ocjustrok jhl noch, sh rhklozkrmc prmyhntms quh kctoeuk`hcth dufohshc sojm o`pmsoflhs jh dknhr. K aocklhs jh lms kûms nukrhctk y procnopoms jh lms nocnuhctk sh plkcthkrmc lms pro`hrms ocjonoms k trkvïs jh hxphro`hctknomchs pmr mrjhckjmr. Udotchy hs quohc jhskrrmllk lms `os`ms pkrk luhem hc ;?17 ; ?17 nrhkr @mtdomc Erkpdon Ocn. pr mjunor aol`hs. Whrm rhnoïc hc lms kûms º57 º5 7 Ocn. jmcjh sh nhctrkràk hc prmjunor hs jmcjh hl noch vk k ocnmrpmrkr hstk tïnconk `hjokcth lk kco`knoþc >J. Zrks lk kco`knoþc pmr nm`putkjmrk sh nrhkrmc erkcjhs hsnhckroms y `ucjms vosuklhs pmr lm quh hstk hs uck `uhstrk `ës jh lk dostmrok hc lk jorhnnoþc jh krth. krt h. Hc jmcjh dkfàk uck vosoþc `ës auturostk hc sus hsnhckroms. Hc ;?5>, kpkrhnh Uhstwmrlj Uhstwmrlj,, jh Nrondtmc, lk pro`hrk kco`knoþc joeotkl hc uck phlànulk, jmcjh sh dknàk usm jh o`ëehchs joeotklhs. Luhem hc ;?55, sureh ^tkr Ukrs9 Lk euhrrk jh lks eklkxoks hc eklkxoks  hc jmcjh hl jorhntmr Lunks rhnrhþ uc auturm pro`otovm nmc rmfmts, ckvhs, hspkjks lëshrhs, hctrh mtrks nmsks. Kjh`ës sh rhklozkrmc `kquhtks pkrk llhvkr k nkfm lms hahntms hsphnoklhs o`plh`hctkjms hc hl aol`h. Hl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth tuvm uc jhsploheuh o`pmrtkcth hc lk phlànulk jhfojm k lk hlkfmrknoþc jh kleucms jh sus phrsmckihs, lk nkrknthrozknoþc jh nkjk ucm jh lms vhstukroms, hl kr`kjm jh

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lks hsnhcmerkaàks y `kquhtks, lms fmnhtms y rhahrhcnoks ocsporkjmrks, ucoaonkcjm lk ojhk nmcnhptukl jh lk dostmrok plkcthkjk pmr hl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc. @ës tkrjh llhekràk Zrmc Zrmc   (;?46) jhl jorhntmr Losfhrehr nmc shnuhcnoks joeotklhs y k su vhz hsnhcmerkaàks rhklhs nmc ksphntm auturostk. Dkcsmc kaor`k9 Zrmc nmctohch ucks `ol jmsnohctks tm`ks jh hahntms hsphnoklhs hc lks quh sh h`plhkrmc hctrh jmnh y nukrhctk y nocnm hlh`hctms suphrpuhstms hc jovhrsks nkpks pkrk ausomckr lk knnoþc rhkl nmc hahntms jh kco`knoþc  jh > jh Aocndhr nmc hl joshûm jh prmjunnoþc jh Vhycmljs. Wrhshctkcjm uck phckl eklëntonk nm`m hsnhckrom procnopkl, ehchrkcjm uc k`fohcth ocquohtkcth y `ës nhrnkcm k lk rhklojkj. Kleucks hstrunturks hstkfkc akfronkjks nmc hspu`k y nkrtþc, kjh`ës sh utolozkrmc `kquhtks hc `ocokturks. Wmr lm tkctm, lk phlànulk `ës kllë jh quh sh rhklozþ rh klozþ hc lk hrk joeotkl, rhskltk lks hsnhcmerkaàks nmcstruojks jh `kchrk aàsonk pmr hl ërhk jh krth. Jhspuïs hc ;??>, llhek Iurksson Wkrb jh Wkrb jh ^pohlfhre uck phlànulk hc lk quh hl jorhntmr nmcsoeuh nm`pmchr `mjhlms >J jh lms jocmskuroms nmc juplonkjms jh lms `os`ms hc kco`ktrmcons kco`ktrmcons   k hsnklks. [uozë hstm sh puhjh rhalhikr hc mtrks pklkfrks9 (…) hl nm`phthcth ^thvhc ^pohlfhre, quohc nmc su —Iurksson Wkrb‟ (…) prmpusm ucms jocmskuroms akctks`keþronms y unrþconms ehchrkjms jh lk ckjk pmr lk thncmlmeàk jh lk o`kehc joeotkl, quh hnlopskrmc k lms kntmrhs jh nkrch y duhsm, nm`m hl vohim v ohim emrolk jh —Boce Bmce‟ dkfàk kculkjm hc lk `h`mrok nocïaolk k sus kctkemcostks du`kcms, hc kquhl kctoeum aol` hc flkcnm y cherm quh sh hroeoþ hroe oþ hc `mjhlm pkrk hl cuhvm rhlktm jh ^pohlfhre. (Eufhrc, ;??8, n, p.6?4). Hs jhnor, nmc rhsphntm k lk kco`knoþc sh klnkczþ rhklozkrlk k trkvïs jh o`ëehchs joshûkjks pmr nm`putkjmrk, rhprhshctkcjm hl pkskjm nmc uc ckturklos`m rhklostk hc sus hsnhckroms y phrsmckihs. Jms kûms jhspuïs, sureh hl pro`hr lkrem`htrkih jh kco`knoþc ehchrkjm hcthrk`hcth pmr mrjhckjmr y soc kntmrhs rhklhs. Zmy ^tmry jhl ^tmry jhl kûm ;??8, ekckjmr jhl Msnkr, joroeojk pmr Imdc Lksshthr y prmjunojm pmr Woxkr, lk nukl tuvm ïxotm nm`hrnokl hc hl `ucjm, nmlmnëcjmlk nm`m uck phlànulk prhnursmrk jh uck cuhvk oconoknoþc hc hl noch. “(…) lk joeotklozknoþc dk mfloekjm k Dmllywmmj k rhphcskr su hstrktheok jh lks phlànulks tkquollhrks nmc hl aoc jh hxplmrkr kl `ëxo`m lms hahntms joeotklhs hc lks mfrks jh nohcnok aonnoþc, ao nnoþc, akctksàk y nþ`on‐ (Wkrbocsmc, (Wkrbocsmc, 67;6, p.671).

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Hc ;??5 hl jorhntmr Fhssmc hstrhck Hl quoctm hlh`hctm, hlh`hctm, uck kfstrknnoþc auturostk arkcnhsk nmc hl joshûm jh prmjunnoþc jh Uhol, quohc nrhm uc k`fohcth fksëcjmsh hc lk noujkj jh Cuhvk _mrb y lm trkcspmrtþ kl auturm. Dkcsmc hxprhsk9 Wkrk nmcsheuor hstms octhrhskcths jhnmrkjms, ^thtsmc y su hquopm nm`fockrmc hl usm jh `ocokturks hc hl pro`hr plkcm y hl plkcm `hjom ` hjom nmc pocturks `ktth  joeotklhs hc 6J hc hl amcjm `ktth joeotklhs y uck nkpk ehchrkjk pmr mrjhckjmr hc lk quh ocshrtkrmc hl kihtrhkjm trëaonm kïrhm. (6771, p.1:) Hs jhnor quh sh knmplkrmc vkroks v kroks o`ëehchs joeotklhs nm`m amcjms jh lks `kquhtks ` kquhtks nmcstruojks k `kcm, hlkfmrkcjm jhnmrkjms vortuklhs quh pmthcnokrkc k lks `os`ks, octherkcjm tk`foïc lms vhdànulms kïrhms `hjokcth lk nm`putkjmrk pkrk knm`pkûkr knm`p kûkr hl nmcthxtm auturostk. @ohctrks tkctm hc hl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth, lms vhstukrostks trkfkikrmc hc hl joshûm y kr`kjm jh lk vhsto`hctk, hl phockjm y `kquollkih nmc hl nmcnhptm jh uc auturm rhtrmsphntovm, quh hc mtrks pklkfrks soecoaonk nm`fockr tmjks lks krths. Jhfàkc thchr uc ksphntm auturostk phrm quh k lk vhz cm hstï tkc klhikjm jh lk rhklojkj socm `ës fohc quh hsth ak`olokrozkjm nmc lk vhsto`hctk kntukl hc kquhl `m`hctm. Lks hsnhcmerkaàks, sus jhnmrkjms y `kquhtks auhrmc nrhkjms k pkrtor jh lk ucoaonknoþc jh vkroms hlh`hctms krquothntþconms jh joahrhcths luekrhs. Wkrk hstm, sh nmctrktkrmc joshûkjmrhs y krtostks nmcnhptuklhs pkrk ojhkr hl soelm TTOOO. Kucquh lk `kymr pkrth jh lk phlànulk sh rmjþ hc hstujom, tk`foïc sh erkfþ hc hsnhckroms rhklhs nm`m hl jhsohrtm kl nm`ohczm n m`ohczm jh lk phlànulk. Luhem uc suphrvosmr jh hahntms jh nrokturks sh hcnkreþ, iuctm nmc su hquopm, jh nmcstruor lks hsnulturks nmc kco`ktrmcons kco`ktrmcons,,  lks prþthsos y lms joshûms pkrk nkjk uck jh lks hsphnohs quh rhquhràk hl aol`h. Jhspuïs, hc ;??? sklh sklh Lk  Lk Euhrrk jh lks eklkxoks9 Lk k`hckzk akctks`k jhl akctks`k  jhl jorhntmr Lunks, jmcjh hl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc, Fmnquht, nrhþ jhnmrkjms hc nkctojkj pkrk lk phlànulk lms nuklhs tuvohrmc vkroks ocaluhcnoks krquothntþconks. Jondms jhnmrkjms auhrmc nmcstruojms hc hstujom  Lhkvhsjhc ^tujoms hc Vhocm Xcojm y mtrms k`fohcths auhrmc rhklozkjms vortukl`hcth k pkrtor jh hahntms hsphnoklhs. Lk knnoþc jh lk k`hckzk, pmr hih`plm, hstë nhctrkjk hc lms ;?

 

 

plkchtks Ckfmm, Zktmmoch y Nmrusnkct, nkjk ucm sh jhstknk pmr uck pklhtk jh nmlmr y krquothnturk joahrhcth joshûkjms pmr nm`putkjmrk. ^h donohrmc vkroms joshûms jh stmryfmkrj, yk quh jhfàkc vosuklozkr prhvok`hcth nkjk uck jh lks hsnhcks y plkcthkrsh fohc quï hrk lm quh sh rhklozkfk `hjokcth `kquhtk aàsonk y quï sh dknàk pmr nm`putkjmrk. ^oc h`fkrem, hl jorhntmr Lunks, utolozþ jhsjh lks tïnconks `ës vohiks k lm `ës cuhvm, nm`m `kquhtks ` kquhtks `ocokturks k hsnklk, `ktth pkoctoce, pkoctoce, shcsmrhs jh `mvo`ohctm, hsphnoklostks jh rmfþtonk, pmr lm `hcms nocnm phrsmcks pkrk nkjk ckvh y sh tkrjkfkc nocnm sh`kcks hc kr`kr nkjk uck jh hllks. Kjh`ës lk vosoþc hrk lmerkr tk`foïc tk`f oïc quh lms phrsmckihs ehchrkjms pmr mrjhckjmr octhrkntukrkc nmc lms kntmrhs rhklhs y k lk vhz quh hstm shk vhk vhrmsà`ol. Hc 677; sh hstrhck K.O. hstrhck  K.O. Octhloehcnok Octhloehcnok Krtoaonokl jh Krtoaonokl jh ^thvhc ^pohlfhre, uck rhnrhknoþc lofrh jh lks kvhcturks jh Wocmndm Wocmndm   k`fohctkjk hc hl kûm 678;. “K.O. hrk ucm jh lms prmyhntms jh lkrek ehstknoþc quh Bufronb dkfàk jhskrrmllkjm jh amr`k pkrtonulkr`hcth kntovk k procnopoms jh lk jïnkjk jh ;??7‐ (Dkcsmc, 677:, p.4>). Lks hsnhcks kr`mcozkc knnoþc rhkl hc pkctkllk kzul nmc hctmrcms vortuklhs, `kquhtks `ocokturks y jhnmrkjms k hsnklk. Wkrk hllm, sh kphlþ k trkfkikr nmc hahntms hsphnoklhs y kco`knoþc, `kquollkjmrhs jh prþthsos, uc suphrvosmr jh rmfþtonk m kco`ktrmcons pkrk lk nrhknoþc y nkrknthrozknoþc jh lms joahrhcths rmfmts y `kromchtks. K su vhz, hc nmciuctm nmc hl hquopm jh krth sh ksheurkfkc jh quh tmjm aucnomch fohc hc hl kr`kjm jh nohrtms jhnmrkjms. ^h donohrmc vkroms joshûms pmr olustrkjmrhs nmcnhptuklhs pkrk nrhkr lms hsnhckroms, lms vhdànulms, kleucms phrsmckihs, hsnhcks y krquothnturks. Aockl`hcth pkrk hl vhstukrom sh rhklozþ rmpk k`hronkck nlësonk y rhklostk, nmc lk octhcnoþc jh `mstrkr uck smnohjkj nmc vkrohjkj jh hstolms. Hl `os`m jorhntmr hc 6776, sknk su phlànulk @ocmroty Vhpmrt, lk nukl plkcthk uc auturm hc hl quh q uh hl hctmrcm hstë nmcamr`kjm pmr uck thncmlmeàk nkuthlmsk.

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Lk vosuklozknoþc jhl auturm jh @ocmroty Vhpmrt skloþ jh j h uc hquopm jh hxphrtms octherkcjm pmr hl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc Klhx @nJmwhll y hl jorhntmr ^thvhc ^pohlfhre. Hctrh k`fms nmcnofohrmc uc auturm o`keockrom akntoflh k pkrtor jh lk hvmlunoþc ckturkl jh lms kntuklhs prmerhsms thncmlþeonms, uc auturm fkskjm hc dhndms nohctàaonms, hc luekr jh hc lk aonnoþc purk. (Dkcsmc, 6771, p.4?) Hl hquopm ocvhstoeþ kleucms ojhklhs krquothntþconms nmcth`pmrëchms pkrk kyujkr k nmcsmlojkr lk nmcstrunnoþc jh uck utmpàk urfkck hc hl aol`h. Kjh`ës pkrk lms joshûms sh rhnurroþ tk`foïc k prhvosuklozknomchs jh lms erëaonms >J y lms jktms pkrk lks kco`knomchs y lms hahntms vosuklhs. Wmr lm tkctm sh utolozþ o`ëehchs ehchrkjks pmr mrjhckjmr, kl oeukl quh `kquhtks rhklozkjks k `kcm y k hsnklk pkrk jhthr`ockjms jhthr` ockjms mfihtms trojo`hcsomcklhs. Lk trolmeàk jh lms dhr`kcms Ukndmwsbo, @ktrox9 Vhvmlutomcs sureh ` ùltoplhs Vhvmlutomcs sureh hc 677>, nrhkcjm `ùltoplhs jhnmrkjms `hjokcth hahntms vortuklhs y uc joshûm jh prmjunnoþc quh octrmjunh kl hsphntkjmr hc uc auturm kpmnklàptonm y jhvkstkjmr, jmcjh sh vh uck krquothnturk rhklozkjk pmr `kquocks octhloehcths quh emfohrckc hl `ucjm. Lms jofuims nmcnhptuklhs rhklozkjms pmr Jmrrmw y lms dhr`kcms Ukndmwsbo sorvohrmc jh pkutk pkrk nrhkr lks amr`ks jhaocotovks jh lk krquothnturk jh lks `ëquocks y hl joshûm jh jhnmrkjms. Lms hcnkrekjms jh nmcvhrtor hstms jofuims hc rhklojkj auhrmc hl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc Mwhc Wkthrsmc, H^N Hcthrtkoc`hct jh Ekhtk y hl hquopm jh Zopphtt ^tujom, ckim lk suphrvosoþc, hctrh mtrms, jh Nrkoe Dkyhs. (Dkcsmc, 6771, p.;71) Wmr lm tkctm, sh nrhþ uck ojhk nmcnhptukl k pkrtor jh vkroks rhahrhcnoks krquothntþconks pkrk luhem joshûkr lms hsnhckroms jh lk phlànulk y lks `ëquocks quh rheoràkc smfrh lms du`kcms. Hc 677: sklh _m, sklh _m, Vmfmt, uc `o s`m quh dozm jh Jkrb Noty ;??4. Vmfmt, uc aol`h jhl jorhntmr Wrmyks, hl `os`m Noty ;??4. Hl jorhntmr thcàk prhvostm aol`krlk hc ^ojchy, Kustrklok, pkrk hllm nmctrktm kl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc Zktmpmulms, kr`kcjm prmpuhstks pkrk rhklozkrsh hc hl hstkjom mlà`ponm y mtrms luekrhs h`flh`ëtonms jh lk noujkj, fusnkcjm uck hstïtonk h stïtonk auturostk. Whrm iustm hc hsms `m`hctms, sh jhskrrmllkfk Lk Euhrrk jh lks Eklkxoks  Eklkxoks  pmr lm quh hstm o`pojoþ lk pmsofolojkj jh rhklozkrsh kllë. K lk pkr hl kntmr procnopkl Uoll ^`otd, hl prmtkemcostk, quhràk quh sh aol`krk nhrnk jh su ak`olok, nk`fokcjm hl plkc jh prmjunnoþc k Qkcnmuvhr, Nkckjë.

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Lm procnopkl pohzk pkrk quh lk phlànulk aucnomch vosukl`hcth hrk hl ksphntm jhl rmfmt, ucm jh lms prmtkemcostks, pmr lm tkctm, hstm o`plonþ o` plonþ hxk`ockr `ës jh nocnuhctk octhrknnomchs jh joshûm pkrk llhvkr k thchr lm quh sh vom hc hl aol`h. Wkrk lms hspknoms sh nrhkrmc `kquhtks nm`plhtks hc >J iuctm nmc sus jhnmrkjms y prmtmtopms aàsonms pkrk quh lms kntmrhs pujohrkc kntukr. ^h utolozkrmc hahntms joeotklhs, pkrk hl kr`kjm jhl hjoaonom procnopkl y lk maonock jhl ëtonm quh kpkrhnhc nm`m hsnhckroms hc _m, Vmfmt, Vmfmt, hctrh mtrks nmsks nm`m lms vojroms y hl hspknom jh hcsk`flkjurk jh lms rmfmts. Lms joshûms auhrmc ocaluhcnokjms pmr hl krquothntm Nklktrkvk, yk quh ïl trkfkik nmc lk trkspkrhcnok y kyujþ k jhthr`ockr lk hstïtonk ehchrkl jh lms hjoaonoms (Dkcsmc, 6771). Lk phlànulk frocjk uck vosoþc vhrmsà`ol, rhnrhkcjm uc Ndonkem nmc ksphntm auturostk, rhnurrohcjm k uck hstïtonk pkrtonulkr, jhsjh hl joshûm dkstk su thncmlmeàk y krquothnturk jh`mstrkjk jhctrm jh lk `os`k. Mtrm lkrem`htrkih quh sureh hc 677: hs Oc``mrthl  jhl jofuikcth, hsnrotmr y jorhntmr Folkl. Lk Oc``mrthl jhl dostmrok krrkcnk nmc lk o`kehc jh uck porë`ojh por ë`ojh almtkcjm smfrh @kcdkttkc, hc jmcjh sh utolozk hahntms vosuklhs, y cm dky ckjk jh rhklos`m amtmerëaonm nm`m sh vhcàk plkcthkcjm hc Dmllywmmj. ^h uskrmc iustk`hcth jhnmrkjms vortuklhs y sh octherkrmc hsnhcks jh lms kntmrhs erkfkjks smfrh pkctkllk vhrjh nmc `kquhtks ` kquhtks `ocunomsks hc >J. ^h h`plhþ uc hquopm jh jofuim pkrk p krk lks kco`knomchs, thxturks h olu` olu`ocknoþc. ocknoþc. Jmcjh sh rhklozþ lk nm`focknoþc jh kco`knomchs >J nmc knnoþc rhkl, hsnhcks nmc hahntms vosuklhs y amtm`mctkihs, thcohcjm hc nuhctk quh hl prhsupuhstm nmc hl hl quh sh ofkc k `kchikr hrk lo`otkjm, y hl prmyhntm rhquhràk nohrtks hxoehcnoks thncmlmeàks. Lk phtonoþc hxplànotk jhl jorhntmr jh hvotkr k tmjk nmstk hl hstolm amtmrrhklostk jh Dmllywmmj aknolotþ lk prmjunnoþc jh lms hahntms. Folkl jom ocstrunnomchs jh nrhkr uc dàfrojm hc hl quh sh sh nm`fockrk knnoþc rhkl nmc o`ëehchs ehchrkjks pmr mrjhckjmr, kntuknomchs smfrh pkctkllk jh nrm`k vhrjh y kco`knoþc joeotkl. (Dkcsmc, 6771, p.;:6) Nkfh jhnor hctmcnhs, k pkrtor jh tmjm lm `hcnomckjm kcthromr`hcth, quh hc lk jïnkjk jh lms cmvhctk y lms kûms jms `ol, lk tïnconk jh o`kehc nrhkjk pmr nm`putkjmrk, procnopkl`hcth hc 66

 

 

Hstkjms Xcojms, Dmllywmmj, lmerþ phrahnnomckrsh nkjk vhz `ës, rhvmlunomckcjm lk amr`k trkjonomckl jh dknhr noch. Lk ocnmrpmrknoþc jh cuhvks thncmlmeàks dozm nkpkz jh rhprhshctkr lm quh kcths hrk o`pmsoflh y aknolotþ kleucks ojhks k lms jorhntmrhs y prmjuntmrhs k lk dmrk jh plkcthkrsh nohrtks sotuknomchs. Hl jorhntmr jh krth tk`foïc sh vom ocaluhcnokjm hc nohrtk amr`k k o`plh`hctkr cuhvms dëfotms jh trkfkim, yk quh kctoeuk`hcth hrk hl nkfhzk jh hquopm h quopm y pmr lm tkctm hrk hcnkrekjm jh jkr lk ojhk nmcnhptukl pkrk llhvkr k nkfm lk prmpuhstk jh krth. Lm quh luhem k `hjojk quh lk ocjustrok ofk nrhnohcjm, pksm k rhspmcskfolojkj jhl joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc quohc sh nmcvortoþ nmcvor toþ hc hl cuhvm hcnkrekjm jhl jhpkrtk`hctm jh krth. Jh tmjks amr`ks, dkstk lm quh sh mfshrvþ y kcklozþ hl jorhntmr jh krth pujm sheuor kfkrnkcjm tkrhks nm`m hsnhcmerkaàk, vhstukrom, utolhràk y k`fohctknoþc phrm pkrtohcjm jh lk ojhk jh uc joshûkjmr jh prmjunnoþc.

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Lostk jh rhahrhcnoks foflomerëaonks  Kconhtm, N. (67;1). Qojhm joeotkl9 Hahntms hsphnoklhs. hsphnoklhs . Wkrkjo`keh ^mlunomchs. Ekrnàk, I., Ykvklk, D. y @mrhcm, K. (6778).Jorhnnoþc (6778).Jorhnnoþc Krtàstonk. Krtàstonk. @ïxonm9 XCK@. Ehctolh, @., Ahrrkro, W. y Jokz, V. (6775). Hsnhcmerkaàk noch`ktmerëaonk. noch`ktmerëaonk. Fuhcms Korhs9 Lk Nruiàk hjonomchs. Dkcsmc, @. (677:). Noch Joeotkl9 Hsnhckroms jh nohcnok aonnoþc. Fkrnhlmck9 Mnïkcm. Eufhrc, V. (;??8). Dostmrok jhl Noch (Zm`m ;,6 y >). Fkrnhlmck9 Hjotmrokl Fkfhr. Wkrbocsmc, J. (67;6). ;77 Ojhks quh nk`fokrmc hl noch. noch. Fkrnhlmck9 Krt Flu`h. ^kcjhrsmc, I., Emrmstozk, I., @urnok, A., Kfkjhs, V., Lþphz, E., Krtdur, N., Ahrcëcjhz, @., Ekrnàk, I., @hcsurm, K., Vhvuhltk, W., Vmshll, I. y ^kcz, @. (67;7). Nmcstruntmrhs jh Olusomchs9 Lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk noch`ktmerëaonk hc Hspkûk. Hspkûk9 Ehchrklotkt Qklhcnokck.   Qklhcnokck. Whrherock, @., @ollkc, V., Ykpohc, K. y Io`hchz, ^. RH`kup`P. (67;;, Mntufrh 8). Joschy Woxkr Jmnu`hctkl RKrndovm jh vojhmP. Vhnuphrkjm jh dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0TrZ8_jhI[Us Vondkrjsmc, ^. R@ollk ImvmvondVussokP. (67;6, Iucom 66). Zdh Aoatd Hlh`hct - @kboce Ma. RKrndovm jh vojhmP. Vhnuphrkjm jh dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0Fc_Xkm5xW1s&lost0WL dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0Fc_ Xkm5xW1s&lost0WLdeCXh:cx^MCY@eIwqzvCB deCXh:cx^MCY@eIwqzvCBrVQ rVQ h_yjU6uZ&ocjhx0; ^dhcb, I. R^tkr UkrsP. (67;:, Kfrol 8). Zdh fheoccoce. @kboce ^tkr Ukrs9 Hposmjh O tdh pdkctm` `hcknh. RKrndovm jh vojhmP. Vhnuphrkjm jh dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0jk4s?`:zHpm RJmnu`hctklhsJhNochP. RJmnu`hctklhsJhNoch P. (67;:, Kfrol ;8). Nþ`m ^h Dozm. Octhloehcnok Krtoaonokl. ^uftotulkjm Hc Hspkûml RKrndovm jh vojhmP. Vhnuphrkjm jh dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0[f5F>jX;`H7 Fmcoahr, @. RQD^axP. (67;>, Ahfrhrm ;;). Zdh @kboce ma Zmy ^tmry - (;??8) RKrndovm jh vojhmP. Vhnuphrkjm jh  jh dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0;QjHVn dttps9//www.ymutufh.nm`/wktnd=v0;QjHVnVI>iO&t011s VI>iO&t011s

6:

 

 

Foflomerkaàks    Klhxos, A. (6774). QAT (Hahntms (Hahntms Qosuklhs Joeotklhs). Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/667;.68>?;   Kconhtm, N. (67;1). Qojhm joeotkl9 Hahntms hsphnoklhs. hsphnoklhs . Wkrkjo`keh ^mlunomchs.  Krroemco Qëzquhz, L. L. (6774). Lk nmcstrunnoþc vhrmsà`ol jhl rhlktm. Jorhnnoþ Jorhnnoþc c jh krth hc hl noch jh kco`knoþc. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Jo spmcoflh erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/6>61.>:866 Frozzom, @kràk H. (67;6). Nrhkr soc luz. Krehctock ax. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/;;18.pja Akeukekz @usu`hno, @. H. (67;:). Lk jorhnnoþc jh krth9 Klquo`ok hctrh olusoþc y aucnomcklojkj. a ucnomcklojkj. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc . Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/611:.pja Ahrckcjhz ^kssm, N. (677?). Nk`klhmchs jhl @ucjm Kujomvosukl. Lms Jorhntmrhs jh Krth. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/;484.pja Ekrnàk, I., Ykvklk, D. y @mrhcm, K. (6778).Jorhnnoþc (6778).Jorhnnoþc Krtàstonk. Krtàstonk. @ïxonm9 XCK@. Ehctolh, @., Ahrrkro, W. y Jokz, V. (6775). Hsnhcmerkaàk noch`ktmerëaonk. noch`ktmerëaonk. Fuhcms Korhs9 Lk Nruiàk hjonomchs. Emljfhre, N. (67;8). Hl jorhntmr jh krth hc uc u c prmyhntm noch`ktmerëaonm. Wrmpuhstk hstïtonk pkrk hl nuhctm Coûk Whrvhrsk. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/>>6?.pja Eufhrc, V. (;??8). Dostmrok jhl Noch (Zm`m ;,6 y >). Fkrnhlmck9 Hjotmrokl Fkfhr. Dkcsmc, @. (677:). Noch Joeotkl9 Hsnhckroms jh nohcnok aonnoþc. Fkrnhlmck9 Mnïkcm. Dmfhr`kc, I. (67;:). Hl noch jhspuïs jhl noch. noch . Fuhcms Korhs9 Wkojþs

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Wkrbocsmc, J. (67;6). ;77 Ojhks quh nk`fokrmc hl noch. noch. Fkrnhlmck9 Krt Flu`h. Lundhsso, F. (67;:). Hl o`pkntm jh lm joeotkl hc lk prmjunnoþc kujomvosukl. Xc kcëlosos jh lms AT hc hl nmcthxtm lmnkl. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/647>.pja @knro, W. (67;8). Jhl nmcnhptm k lk o`kehc. o` kehc. Lk nrhktovojkj y lk jorhnnoþc jh krth hc lk nm`uconknoþc vosukl. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/nktklmem]jh]prmyhntms/jhtkllh]prmyhntm.pdp=oj]prmyh dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/nktklmem]jh]prmyhn tms/jhtkllh]prmyhntm.pdp=oj]prmyh ntm0>67?&totulm]prmyhntms0Jhl%67nmcnhptm%67k%67lk%67o`kehc @kstrmlhmckrjm, L. (67;6). @mtomc nkpturh9 Cuhvk amr`k jh nrhkr kco`knomchs. Wrmyhntm jh erkjuknoþc.. Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 erkjuknoþc dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/817.pja Vozzm, @. (6778). @kcukl jh Jorhnnoþc Krtàstonk Noch`ktmerëaonk. Noch`ktmerëaonk . Hspkûk9 M`hek ^kcjhrsmc, I., Emrmstozk, I., @urnok, A., Kfkjhs, V., Lþphz, E., Krtdur, N., Ahrcëcjhz, @., Ekrnàk, I., @hcsurm, K., Vhvuhltk, W., Vmshll, I. y ^kcz, @. (67;7). Nmcstruntmrhs jh Olusomchs9 Lk jorhnnoþc krtàstonk noch`ktmerëaonk hc Hspkûk. Hspkûk9 Ehchrklotkt Qklhcnokck.   Qklhcnokck. Ykvklk, D. (6774). Hl Joshûm hc hl noch9 prmyhntms jh jorhnnoþc krtàstonk. krtàstonk . @ïxonm9 XCK@. Xsmc, ^. (67;8). Kco`knoþc hc NEO. Wrmnhsm jh nrhknoþc jh uc vojhm `ocutm hc NEO. Wrmyhntm  Fuhcms Korhs9 Xcovhrsojkj jh Wklhr`m. Jospmcoflh hc9 jh erkjuknoþc. erkjuknoþc. Fuhcms dttp9//aojm.pklhr`m.hju/shrvonoms]jyn/prmyhntmerkjuknomc/krndovms/>8>?.pja

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