La Didactica Del Texto - Avendano, Fernando

 

Bm gkg gkgíotkom gib tixtn Istrmti`kms pmrm onfprijgir y prnguokr tixtns ij ib mubm

Lirjmjgn Mvijgmýn Mgrkmjm Tirrnji

 

Mvijgmýn, Lirjmjgn Bm gkgíotkom gib tixtn8 istrmti`kms pmrm onfprijgir y prnguokr tixtns ij ib mubm / Lirjmjgn Mvijgmýn y Mgrkmjm Tirrnji. - =m ig. 9m rikfp. Snsmrkn 8 Anfn _mpkijs Igkoknjis, 34=3. 344 p. 5 33x=9 of. - (Iguomokÿj - Anfn _mpkijs) K_CJ ;01-;94-141- omsn> 3. Tnr gispbmzm gispbmzmfkij fkijtn, tn, ¾m qukëjis qukëjis bi pirfkti pirfktijj ivnomr> ivnomr> ?. Bms kfí`ijis kfí`ijis qui bms monfpmýmj, monfpmýmj, onjhu`mj onjhu`mj y riluirzmj uj gncbi gncbi sk`jklkomgn. Ixpbæquibn. 7. ¾]uë iliotn iliotn prnguoi prnguoi isti isti hui`n orimtkv orimtkvnn gi pmbmcrms> pmbmcrms>

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Ispioklkqui y lujgmfijti tiÿrkomfijti quë suc-onfpitijokms onfujkomtkvms gickÿ pnjir ij hui`n pmrm onfprijgir y rimbkzmr omgm ujm gi bms motkvkgmgis mjtirknris. Wrmjsorkckfns m onjtkjumokÿj lrm`fijtns gi ujm obmsi gi Bij`um pmrm qui bim mtijtmfijti y rimbkoi bms motkvkgmgis qui sk`uij8 Trmotkomjti ij su Siskgijokm gnoijti Bij`um - 7¸ `rmgn Wifm8 ifm8 ib oui ouijtn jtn Trmotkomjti, ij ib lrijti8  ‟Bns ouijtns ouijt ns snj jmrrmoknjis gnjgi trmcmhmj gkstkjt gkstkjtns ns pirsnjmhis. @ijirmbfijti rmbfij ti bns pirsn pirsnjmhis jmhis snj mjkfmbktns mjkfmbktns.. _nj fmrmvkbbnsns fmrmvkbbnsns pnrqui, pnrqui, pnr  ihifpbn ij isti ouijtn, ouijtn, amy uj omstkbbn gi ooanonbm anonbmti. ti. ¡]uë fís bis puign puign giokr gib ouijtn>... _nj lnbebÿrkons y mjÿjkfns pnrqui si vmj trmjsfktkijgn gi `ijirmokÿj ij `ijirmokÿj.  ‟¾Bm kgiætm gib ouijtn istí obmrm, virgmg>  ‟_mquij ib bkcrn... \mfns \mfns m biir ib ouijtn ‒Ib omfkjn gi oanonbmti‖.

Yjm jijm8  ‟_iýn..., yn trmhi gns ouijtns... Trmotkomjti8  ‟Cuijn, pirn `umrgmbns, `umrgmbns, vmfns m biir ib gib bkcrn. (Bii ib ouijtn.)

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 ‟¾Is fmrmv fmrmvkbbnsn kbbnsn isti ouijtn ouijtn>... >... ¡Bivmjtmjgn ¡Bivmjtmjgn bm fmjn... fmjn...!! ¡Jn onjtistij onjtistij tngms hujtms!  ‟¾Oÿfn irm ib omfkjn> U...V  ‟Manrm vny m amoir ntrm pri`ujtm, pirn jn tkiji qui vir onj ib ouijtn. [  onjtistij gi m ujm..., bivmjtmjgn onjtistij bivmjtmjgn bm fmjn... fmjn... ¾]uë is kjmpitijti kjmpitijti> (bm pmbmcrm mpmrioi ij ib ribmtn).

Yjm jijm8  ‟Oumjgn jn tkiji t kiji mpitktn... mpitktn.. . Trmotkomjti8  ‟Smpkgktn, cusomjgn ij ib gkooknjmrkn, rmpkgktn. [n [n qukirn ib sk`jklkomgn. Ntrm jijm 8  ‟... ‒gis`mjn gi onfir mb`n‖.

Trmotkomjti8  ‟Fuy ckij. Manrm m cusomr ib skjÿjkfn. U...V (Ib ‒onfijtmrkn‖ gib ouijtn gurÿ =4 fkjutns.) Bm prmotkomjti isorkci mb`ujms pri`ujtms ij ib pkzmrrÿj8 =- Jnfcrm m bns prkjokpmbis pirsnjmhis gib ouijtn. 3- ¾]ukëj ijonjtrÿ m bns oakons> ?¾Wii `ustmræm ijonjtrmr uj omfkjn gi oanonbmti> 7- Jnfcrm aioans fmrm¾W vkbbnsns.  ‟Jijms, fi tkijij qui onjti onjtistmr stmr ij nrmokÿj. _k onjtistmj onjtistmj gkriotmfijti gkriotmfijti ‒bns oakon oa kons‖, s‖, msæ snbn snbn,, m fæ jn fi fi `ustm. `ustm. Yjm jijm 8  ‟_iýn, oumjgn tirfkji onj isms pri`ujtms, pri`ujtms, ¾puign si`ukr trmcmhmjgn onj @infitræm> Bm prmotkomjti8  ‟Jn, jn, jn..., oumjgn tirfkjis istn vms m si`ukr trmcmhmjgn ij Bij`um. U...V

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Yjm jijm8  ‟_iýnrktm, fkri... Bm prmotkomjti8  ‟Jn, gispuës onrrkhn oumjgn istë tngn. U...V (M bms jijms bbis is risubtm gk gklæokb læokb jnfcrmr ‒aioans fmrmvkbbnsns‖.)

Bm prmotkomjti8  ‟[nn qukirn qui tij`mj kjkokmtkvm ust  ‟[ ustigis, igis, amy tmjtms onsms bkjgms... Yjm jijm8  ‟¡Ma!... onfn sk jnsntrms onjtírmfns ib ouijtn... (jn smcij quë amoir8 sk onjtmr ‒aioans fmrmvkbbnsns‖ gi ouijtns onjnokgns n sk bns tkijij qui kjvijtmr). Bm prmotkomjti (m ujm jijm).  ‟¾[mm tirfkjmsti>...  ‟¾[ tirfkjmsti>.. . fff... fff. .. gifmskmgn rípkgn pmrm qui istë ckij. (M bm obm obmsi. si.))  ‟Cuijn, cuijn... (y siýmbm m oumtrn jijms) ustigis vmj m kr biyijgn bms rispuistms ij vnz mbtm. Yjm omgm ujm. (bms jijms bn amoij, ib ristn isouoam.)  ‟Manr  ‟Ma nrmm fi gih gihmj mj ib oum oumgir girjn jn ij ib isorkt isorktnrkn nrkn msæ bis onr onrrkhn rkhn m omg omgmm ujm. ujm. ¡Ma!... ¡Ma!... ¡pmrm bm prÿxkfm, trmk`mj ujm jntkokm gipnrtkvm! Tuigij Tuigij smbkr mb rriorin... iorin...

=. ¾]uë gickbkgmgis gickbkgmgis y lnrtmbizms si gisprijgij gisprijgij gi bm kjtirvijokÿj kjtirvijokÿj gi bm  prmotkomjti> Isorkcmj uj onfijtmrkn ij lujokÿj gi bms vksknjis gi Oanfsey y Ayfis. ¾Ouíb auckirm skgn su motktug lrijti m omgm ‒gickbkgmg pigm`ÿ`kom‖ gi bm riskgijti> 3. Onj ib nchitkvn nchitkvn gi amckbktmr amckbktmr m bns bns istugkmjtis istugkmjtis m gismrrnbbmr gismrrnbbmr bms onfpionfpitijokms jioismrkms pmrm onfprijgir y prnguokr tixtns-gksoursns tixtns-gksoursns ilkomois y mgioumgns, rilnrfubi bm obmsi y gitmbbi rioursns y motkvkgmgis qui gismrrnbbmræm. ¾Ouíjtms obmsis gistkjmræm mb tifm> Trn`rífibn ij uj oumgrn onfn ib qui sk`ui8 =1

 

Gnoijti8

Wifm8 Ib ouijtn

IJLN]YI ONFYJKOMWK\N Onfpitijokms onfujkomtkvms m gismrrnbbmr

Obmsi = (rioursns y motkvkgmgis)

Obmsi ... (rioursns y motkvkgmgis)

@rmfmtkomb _nokn-bkj`òæstkom  Gksourskvn tixtumb Istrmtë`kom  Ijokobnpëgkom  Bktirmrkm  _ifkÿtkom 

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OMTÆWYBN KK Ib tixtn

Amokm ujm mprnxkfmokÿj gi su gilkjkokÿj Onjnoir juistrm oubturm is smcir biir bns tixtns ij gnjgi mpmrioi onjstrukgm onfn gksoursn. Bns juivns gksiýns ourrkoubmr ourrkoubmris is rion` rion`ij ij istm kjtijokÿj pmrm gntmr mb mbufjn gi ujms onfpitijokms onfujkomtkvms qui vmymj fís mbbí gi smcir sncri bm skjtmxks gi bm nrmokÿj... Bm onfujkomokÿj si onjstruyi onjstruyi gisgi ib tixtn, ij ib qui si onjlk`ur onjlk`urmm ib suhitn gi bm  pmbmcrm,  pmbmcr m, onfn ijt ijtkgmg kgmg qui amcb amcbmm y is amcbmg amcbmgmm pnr ib bij`umhi. bij`umhi.=

Bm pmbmcrm tixtn am skgn usmgm gisgi skifpri ij bm isouibm, pirn onj uj sk`jklkomgn fuy gkstkjtn mb qui any ij gæm bi onjlkirij tmjtn bm bkj`òæstkom  onfn bm gkgíotkom. Ij `ijirmb, si risirvmcm pmrm rilirkrsi m bms prnguooknjis bktirmrkms. Any, oumjgn msufkfns qui ib nchitkvn gi bm ijsiýmjzm gi bm bij`um is gismrrnbbmr bm onfpitijokm onfujkomtkvm gi bns mbufjns, risk`jklkomfns ib onjoiptn gi tixtn pmrm rilirkrjns onj ëb m tngm ujkgmg onfujkomtkvm oklrmgm  ij ujn n vmrkns oÿgk`ns. Amcbmfns, ijtnjois, gi gklirijtis tkpns gi tixtn mpbkomgns ij gklirijtis onjtixtns y onj gklirijtis lujoknjis, ouyns ibifijtns isijokmbis gicirifns gkstkj`ukr pmrm lmvnrioir y fihnrmr ij ib mubm ib usn gi bm bij`um ij gkvirsms sktumoknjis gi onfujkomokÿj. M pmrtkr gi bns bns juivns ijlnquis ijlnquis pmrm bm ijsiýmjzm gi gi bm Bij`um, bns gnoijtis aifns gi oijtrmr juistrm tmrim ij bm motkvkgmg onfujkomtkvm ij onjtixtnn y sktumokÿ sktumokÿjj, Notmigrn, Cmroibnjm, p. 0. =. OISIXN MSSKMXM, F. (=;;0) Wixtn, onjtixt

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`ijirmb pirn, fuy ispiokmbfijti, ispiokmbfi jti, ij bm motkvkgmg onfujkomtkvm vircmb y ij bns tixtns figkmjti bns oumbis bns anfcris kjtiromfckmj sk`jklkomgns, ij sktumoknjis onfujkomtkvms onjoritms. Istms onjstktuyij omti`nræms riotnrms ij bms qui si gici lnombkzmr bm mtijokÿj gi bns mbufjns. _nstijifns, pnr bn tmjtn, qui bm ujkgmg gi mjíbksks is ib tixtn... onfn 3

 lnrfm gi bm motkvkgmg aufmjm y, m pmrtkr gi istm onjoiptumbkzmokÿj, onjoiptumbkz mokÿj, omrmotirkzmrifns gkoam ujkgmg gi mjíbksks.  Jn ixksti ij bm motumbkgmg uj `rmj onjsijsn pmrm gilkjkr isti tërfkjn. Istm jnokÿj mfpbkmfijti utkbkzmgm ij ib gnfkjkn gi bm bkj`òæstkom... rmrmfijti si gil gilkji kji gi fmjir fmjirmm obmr obmrm8 m8 mb`ujns bkfktmj ssuu mpbko mpbkomokÿj mokÿj mb gksoursn isorktn, isorktn, kjobusn m bm ncr ncrmm bktirmrkm5 ntr ntrns ns vij ij ibbm uj skjÿjkfn gi gksoursn5 pnr øbtkfn, uj `rupn bi onjoigi ujm ixtijskÿj trmjsifkÿtkom, amcbmjgn amcb mjgn gi ti tixtn xtn læb læbfko fkon, n, ti tixtn xtn fus fuskomb komb,, ito ito..? Ij rmzÿj gi istmcbioir uj pnskoknjmfkijtn rmznjmcbifijti mckirtn, ijujokmfns bm sk`ukijti gilkjkokÿj pmrm bui`n mjmbkzmrbm ij gitmbbi8

Wixtn is tngm ujkgmg gi onfujkomokÿj, oklrmgm ij ujn n ij vmrkns oÿgk`ns, onjobukgm y mutÿjnfm, onjlk`urmgm pnr uj onjtijkgn y uj ispmokn ritÿrkon.

• ...u ...ujk jkgm gmgg gi onfu onfujk jkom omok okÿj ÿj pnrqui si trmtm gi ujm siouijokm gi sk`jns qui prnguoi sijtkgn. Is jioismrkn, ij isti pujtn, rionrgmr qui onfujkomrsi jn is ijujokmr ujm suoiskÿj gi sk`jns, skjn trmjsfktkr uj onjtijkgn onfpbitn. Tnr ihifpbn8 sk ijtrmfns m uj mubm y ijonjtrmfns, ij ib pkzmrrÿj cnrrmgn bui`n gi ujm obmsi, bm pmbmcrm  ‒oirrmgn‖, risubtm kfpnskcbi gksoirjkr m quë rilkiri isi tërfkjn. _kj ifcmr`n, bm fksfm pmbmcrm ij uj omrtib mgairkgn m bm puirtm gi uj ji`nokn pirfkti ijtijgir qui jn is ib fnfijtn gi mtijokÿj y qui si gicirí ri`rismr fís tmrgi sk jioisktmfns onfprmr mb`n. Wmb ujkgmg  gi onfujkomokÿj is kjgipijgkijti gi su ixtijskÿj i kjobusn gi su 3. OMS MSNX NXXK XK GI S NHN NHN, F. (=;;7) ‒Ib bu`mr gi bns Bu`mris Onfujis‖, ij KMKI_, @. (onfp.)  Gkgíotkoms Ispiokmbis. Ispiokmbis. Istmgn gib gicmti, Mkqui, Cuijns Mkris, pp. 73-7?.  Juivn ijokobnpëgkon gi bms Okij?. okms GYOSNW N. y _OAMILLIS  , H. Fmgrkg, F. (=;;1) , Mrriokli, pí`. 970. gkooknjmrkn ijokobnpëgkon gib ,Bij`umhi

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lnrfm. Gi istn si kjlkiri qui tixtn puigi sir tmjtn ujm suoiskÿj gi snjkgns skj lnrfm lnjnbÿ`kom onfn ib ssss pmrm pigkr skbijokn, onfn bms fís gi fkb pí`kjms gi Bm `uirrm y bm pmz gi Wnbstnk. • ...o ...okl klrm rmgm gm ij ujn ujn n vm vmrk rkns ns oÿ oÿgk gk`n `nss kfpbkom qui jn skifpri bm  siouijokm gi sk`jns is gi omríotir bkj`òæstkon. Msæ snj tixtns bns omrtibis, bmsgi kjgkomoknjis gi tríjsktn, bns fmpms, ujm pmrtkturm fuskomb, bm tmpm uj bkcrn, ito. • ...o ...onj njob obuk ukgm gm y mu mutÿ tÿjn jnfm fm sk`jklkom qui bm ujkgmg gi onfujkomokÿj  ‟ib tixtn‟ is pnrtmgnrm gi uj sijtkgn pbijn pnr sæ fksfm5 jn is jioismrkn mpibmr m kjstmjokms supirknris qui bi gij sijtkgn. Ib tixtn tkiji mutnjnfæm onfujkomtkvm, onjlnrfm uj tngn sifíjtkon, is oirrmgn. Tnr ihifpbn8 ib ompætubn Q\KKK8 ‒Gnjgi si ouijtmj bms rmznjis qui pmsÿ _mjoan Tmjzm onj su siýnr Gnj ]ukhnti, onj ntrms mvijturms gk`jms gi sir onjtmgms‖ is uj lrm`fijtn gib tixtn  Gnj ]ukhnti gi bm Fmjoam, qui `umrgm kjtirgipijgijokm onj bns ompætubns mjtirknris y pnstirknris5 fkijtrms qui bm jnvibm Ib ourknsn kfpirtkjijti, kjobukg kjobukgmm ij bns bns ompætub ompætubns ns QQQ QQQKKK KKK m QQQ\ QQQ\ gi bm  fksfm ncrm, puigi biirsi gi fmjirm kjgipijgkijti, onjstktuyijgn uj tixtn pnr sæ fksfm. • ...onjl ...onjlk`ur k`urmgm mgm pnr uj oonjti njtijkgn jkgn y uj ispm ispmokn okn ri ritÿrk tÿrkon on sk`jklkom  qui tngn tixtn onjtkiji uj tifm n onjhujtn gi kjlnrfmoknjis, pirn bns gmtns si prisijtmj ij lujokÿj gi ujm sirki gi onjvijoknjis msnokmgms m bns kjtirbnoutnris. Tnr ihifpbn8 vmrkns tixtns puigij rilirkrsi m bm obnjmokÿj ‟onfpmrtij ib onjtijkgn ‟ pirn jn siríj kgëjtkons ij oumjtn m su nr`mjkzmokÿj sk ujn trmtm gi qui uj biotnr kjixpirtn ijtkijgm y mprijgm okirtns onjoiptns sncri ib tifm (bkcrn gi tixtn gi jkvib cískon)5 ntrn, gi prisijtmr ujm tinræm prnpkm mjti uj `rupn gi ixpirtns (tixtn ispiokmbkzmgn n okijtælkon)5 ntrn, gi gifnstrmr bn qui si am mprijgkgn pmrm mprncmr (uj ixmfij)5 y ntrn gi kjtirismr mb pøcbkon ij `ijirmb sncri uj tifm qui gisonjnoi (mrtæoubn gi gkvub`mokÿj okijtælkom). Is giokr8 tkijij gklirijtis ispmokns ritÿrkons. Gi bn gismrrnbbmgn ij bns pírrmlns mjtirknris, si puigi istmcbioir qui bns oÿgk`ns ixpriskvns ‟bkj`òæstkons, `rílkons, koÿjkons‟, bms kjlnrfmoknjis qui gib tixtn si gisprijgij, ib nchitkvn gi su isorkturm, ib tnjn, ib 3?

 

ri`kstrn y bns smciris qui gicij onjlnrfmr bm onfpitijokm gib biotnr, pirfktij mjmbkzmr bm rkquizm gi sk`jklkomgns y bms bioturms pnskcbis qui ijokirrmj bns tixtns.

Wixtn, onjtixtn onjtixtn y sktumokÿj sktumokÿj Bm `rmj fmynræm gi bns tixtns siræmj kfpnskcbis gi kjtirpritmr sk sÿbn onjnokërmfns ib sk`jklkomgn istrkotn gi bns sk`jns ifpbimgns i k`jnrírmfns bms okroujstmjokms, bns fntkvns y bns iliotns gi bms kjlnrfmoknjis trmjsfktkgms. Ixksti uj onjhujtn gi onjnokfkijtns y oriijokms onfpmrtkgns pnr bns kjtirbnoutnris gi uj kjtiromfckn onfujkomtkvn qui snj pirtkjijtis y jioismrkns pmrm kjtirpritmr y prnguokr sk`jklkomgns. sk`jklkomgns. Tnr ihifpbn8 _k gk`n m mb`ukij8 istny, gihmbi ib sn sncr crii mb pnrtir pnrtirnn, bm pirsnjm onj qukij amcbn m) _k jn istny, smci qui fi istny rilkrkijgn m qukij trmcmhm onfn pnrtirn ij ib igklkokn gnjgi vkvn. Tuigi gitirfkjmr ib rilirijti rilirijti gi bm ixpriskÿj ifpbimgm.

c) Istm nlkokjm mcri bns bujis puigi kjtirpritmrsi onfn mcri  kjobuskvi bns bujis sk ësi is ib gæm amcktumb gi okirri gi nr`mjksfns nr`mjksfns skfkbmris, n qui mcri snbn bns bujis. Bm ibiookÿj ijtri bms gklirijtis kjtirpritmoknjis, pmrm suprkfkr bm mfck`òigmg, gipijgirí gi qui si onjnzomj bms okroujstmjokms. o)  Krís mb okji fmýmjm puigi ijtijgirsi onfn ujm prnfism, ujm  prigkookÿj n ujm nrgij, si`øj simj bms ribmoknjis ijtri bns kjtirbnoutnris. Istm sktumokÿj pirfkti gitirfkjmr bm jmturmbizm gib motn gi amcbm. Is giokr qui ixksti gipijgijokm ijtri ib tixtn fksfn y ib onjtixtn. Ij `ijirmb, ij bkj`òæstkom, si ijtkijgi pnr onjtixtn mb onjhujtn gi onjnokfkijtns y oriijokms onfpmrtkgns pnr bns kjtirbnoutnris gi uj kjtiromfckn vircmb qui snj pirtkjijtis pmrm prnguokr i kjtirpritmr kjtirpri tmr sus ijujokmgns.  Jn sÿbn si rilkiri mb onjtixtn sifíjtkon, skjn m bms okroujstmjokms ij 37

 

figkn gi bms oumbis si gismrrnbbm ib motn onfujkomtkvn. _us fmtkois, pirfktij obmsklkomrbn ij8 

Onjtixtn bkj`òæstkon (m viois bbmfmgn ‒ontixtn‖)8 ‒ontixtn‖)8 ij isti onjtixtn, ujm pmbmcrm mgqukiri su sk`jklkomgn onj rilirijokm mb sk`jklkomgn gi bns ntrns. Is ijujokmgn giokr, qui istí lnrfmgn ib kfpnrtmjokm fmtirkmb quipmrm prioigi sk`ui m uj y risubtm gi pnr `rmj kjlirkry pmbmcrms n ijujokmgns gisonjnokgns ij motkvkgmgis gi bioturm n gi onfprijskÿj gib tixtn. Ncsirvifns oÿfn lujoknjm ib onjtixtn bkj`òæstkon ij bns sk`ukijtis ihifpbns8 m) ¾Tnr quë jn jns onjlujgkfns onjlujgkfns oumjgn mb`ukij jns jns onfujkom onfujkom mb`n utkbkzmjgn bm pmbmcrm tkfcri> Tnrqui is si`urn qui bm pirsnjm qui bm utkbkzm bm gkrí hujtn onj ntrms qui lnrfmj su onjtixtn bkj`òæstkon y qui myugmj m prioksmr su sk`jklkomgn. Isti ontixtn myugmrí  m mtrkcukr bm moipokÿj prioksm gi bm pmbmcrm. Ib ifpbimgn gib onrrin istmfpÿ ij bm omrtm ib tkfcri pnstmb. _u pmrtkoubmr tkfcri gi vnz skifpri lui rionjnokgn pnr bns onfpmýirns gib onrn. ¡Wngns si bivmjtmrnj oumjgn isouoamrnj qui tnomcmj ib tkfcri onj tmjtm kjskstijokm!

Ij istns ihifpbns amy mb`ujms pmbmcrms obmvi qui prioksmj ib sk`jklkomgn. Ij bm prkfirm nrmokÿj, bm ixpriskÿj ifp ifpbimg bimgnn gi onr onrrrin uckom m bm  pmbmcrm tkfcri ij ib onjtixtn gi uj sirvkokn pøcbkon gistkjmgn m gkbk pnstmb.b. `ijokmr onrrispnjgijokm, kgim qui istí rilnrzmgm pnr ib mghitkvn  pnstm Ij bm si`ujgm, bms pmbmcrms vnz y onrn mbugij mb snjkgn gi bm vnz. Ij ib tiroir ihifpbn, ihifpbn, bm pmbmc pmbmcrm rm tnomcmj siýmbm m quë obmsi gi tkfcri si amoi rilirijokm. c) Bm ixpr ixpris iskÿ kÿjj msnfmcm gi su cnom, si`ø si`øjj si trmti trmti ib ib tifm, tifm, kjtirkjtirpritmrifns qui8  ‟ msnfmcm gi bm mcirturm gib tucn gk`istkvn n  ‟ msnfmcm gi bm ijtrmgm n smbkgm gib tøjib.

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Onjtixtn sktumoknjmb is ib onjhujtn gi gmtns mooiskcbis m bns pmrtkokpmjtis gi ujm onjvirsmokÿj, qui si ijouijtrmj ij ib ijtnrjn læskon kjfigkmtn. Is giokr qui si rilkiri m bm sktumokÿj gi bns amcbmjtis ij ib ispmokn, ispmokn, ij ib tki tkifpn fpn y ij iibb gkíbn`n. \imfns mb`ujns ihifpbns8 Ijoijgë Ijoijg ë bm buz,onjtixtumbis pnr lmvnr tij`m m) jioismrkn Tmrm Tmrm qu quii ibqui ijuj ijujokm okmgn gn is amym okirtns riquksktns quisijtkgn, snj pmrti gi bm sktumokÿj gi amcbm8 qui istë nsourn y qui amym ujm tiobm gi ijoijgkgn, ijtri ntrms onsms. c) Wmfckëj mb mb`ujms `ujms pmbmcrms pmbmcrms n ixprisknjis ixprisknjis qui amoij rilirijokm rilirijokm mb bu`mr (oirom-bihns5 ijlrijti-mtrís5 m bm kzqukirgm-m bm girioam5 mrrk mr rkcm cm-m -mcm cmhn hn55 mq mquæ uæ,, mb mbbí bí,, ës ësti ti,, mq mquë uëb, b, ito. ito.)) riokcij su sk`jklkomokÿj pnr bm sktumokÿj ij ib ispmokn gib amcbmjti.

¡[n istny moí!

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Ystigis istíj oirom gi fæ pirn ibbm istí mbbí.

‒Tmokijti‖ istí m bm      

kzqukirgm gib fëgkon y ësti, mb onstmgn gi uj tmcbirn onj omrtms.

3<

 

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Onjtixtn læskon8 isti tiroir tkpn gi onjtixtn jn riourri m bms ntrms pmbmcrms qui mpmrioij hujtn onj mquëbbm ouyn sk`jklkomgn quirifns prioksmr, jk m bm sktumokÿj ij ib ispmokn, ij ib tkifpn n ij ib gkíbn`n, fujgn ixtirkn ixtirknrr, ij ib fujgn læsk læskon on qui skjn qui si mpnym ij ib fujgn jns rngim. \imfns mb`ujns ihifpbns8 m) Yj ijujok ijujokmgn mgn tmj skfpbi skfpbi onfn onfn ¾]uë anrm is> puigi gmr bu`mr m  vmrkms kjtirpritmoknjis si`øj gÿjgi si ifktm8  ‟ Gurmjti ujm ujm onjlirijokm, sk mb`ukij si bn gkoi m su onfpmýirn onfpmýirn Istny ny mcu mcurr rrkgn, kgn, ¾lmb ¾lmbtm tm fuo fuoan an gi mskijtn, si kjtirpritm onfn Ist  pmrm qui tirfkji>.  ‟ Ij bm ombbi, sk uj trmjsiøjti lnrfubm bm pri`ujtm, sÿbn gisim  smcir bm anrm. c) Bms Bms pmbm pmbmcr crms ms gmfms y omcmbbirns, kjsorkptms ij gns puirtms gklirijtis gi bu`mris onfn uj okji, uj cmr n uj antib, jns gmj ib sijtkgn prioksn gi su sk`jklkomgn. Isti onjtixtn is sibiotkvn y ionjÿfkon ym qui mpmrioi ij uj bu`mr gitirfkjmgn y gistkjmgn m  qukijis jioisktmj riokckr ism kjlnrfmokÿj, onfn tmfckëj lujoknjmj bns bitrirns  Jn istmoknjmr  n Lmrfmokm, n Ijtrmgm-smbkgm, n  Cnbitiræm, n bm pmbmcrm Lrí`kb mgairkgm m ujm omhm, ito.

Bms pmbmcrms ‒isouibm‖ y ‒fk onbi‖, ij istms kfí`ijis, gitirfkjmj onj obmrkgmg ib sk`jklkomgn y bm lujokÿj gib igklkokn mb qui mbugij.

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Ib onjtixtn læskon jn sÿbn si mprnvioam pmrm bns sk`jns bkj`òæstkons, skjn qui ij ëb si mpnymj fuoams ntrms obmsis gi sk`jns, onfn bns qui si utkbkzmj ij ib oÿgk`n gi omfkjns y ntrns. Ncsirvi bns qui mpmrioij m  onjtkjumokÿj y gisorkcm ib onjtixtn læskon mb qui rilkirij8

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Ij onjsiouijokm, gicifns istmr mtijtns rispiotn gi su ifpbin ym qui ib onjtixtn læskon puigi mjubmr ib onjtijkgn gi uj fijsmhi. Tnr ihifpbn, uj omrtib gi Jn amy bnombkgmgis tkiji sijtkgn ij bm vijtmjkbbm gi uj timtrn, pirn jn tijgræm sk`jklkomgn ij fktmg gi ujm ombbi.

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Onjtixtn snoknoubturmb8 ij rms`ns fuy `ijirmbis pngifns giokr qui riprisijt riprisijtmm tngn ib oøfu oøfubn bn gi onjnokf onjnokfkijt kijtns ns qui tkiji tkiji ib amcbmjti pnr ib skfpbi aioan gi vkvkr ij ujm onfujkgmg ‟akstÿrkons, mgqukrkgns ij bm isouibm y gi su prnpkm ixpirkijokm, ijtri ntrns‟. Is, pnr tmjtn, bm onjlk`urmokÿj gi gmtns qui prnoigij gi onjgkoknjmfkijtns snokmbis y oubturmbis sncri ib onfpnrtmfkijtn vircmb y su mgioumokÿj m gklirijtis okroujstmjokms. Amy ri`ubmoknjis snokmbis sncri oÿfn smbugmr, pnr ihifpbn, n sncri quë trmtmfkijtn n ri`kstrn bkj`òæstkon bkj`òæstkon usmr ij omgm tkpn gi sktumokÿj.

Ncsirvifns isti lrm`fijtn gi ujm gi bms akstnrkitms gi Ombnk7. Tmrm  qui bn`ri ib iliotn gisimgn ‟ib aufnr‟ jioisktmfns gi juistrn onjnokfkijtn gib fujgn mgqukrkgn8 onfprijgir ib kj`bës, amcir biægn ib tixtn gi _ameispimri y, mgifís, ib sk`jklkomgn snokmb onfpmrtkgn gi bn qui ‒gkoi‖ bm ombmvirm. _ÿbn onj istns smciris privkns pngrifns gmrbi ib sijtkgn mb fijsmhi y snjriær lrijti m bm orimtkvkgmg gib mutnr mr`ijtkjn. 7. Gkspnjkcbi ij8 attp8//www.ombnk.onf.mr/omb attp8//www.ombnk.onf.mr/ombnkgnsonpkn^jiw nkgnsonpkn^jiw/ombnkgnsonpkn /ombnkgnsonpkn.atf#%34. .atf#%34.

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Tnr ntrn bmgn, tngn ijujokmgn am gi mgmptmrsi m fmrons onjoiptumbis n gi rilirijokm qui pirtijizomj m bm ixpirkijokm gib ifksnr y gib rioiptnr y si nrgijij ij tnrjn m uj omfpn onjoiptumb qui rionhm tngns mquibbns onjoiptns, mooknjis y ribmoknjis qui tkijij qui vir onj ëb.

Ij sæjtisks8 Ib onjtixtn bkj`òæstkon is prnguotn gi bm sktumokÿj onfujkomtkvm, m  gklirijokm gi bns onjtixtns sktumoknjmbis, læskons y snoknoubturmbis qui motømj onfn onjgkoknjmjtis gi bm sktumokÿj onfujkomtkvm y gi bns fijsmhis qui gi ibbm sur`ij.

Tmrm pngir motumbkzmr tngns istns sk`jklkomgns y onjjntmoknjis tixtumbis is fijistir utkbkzmr bm ijokobnpigkm ixpriskvm qui tngns pnsiifns ij fmynr n ij fijnr figkgm. Bm ijokobnpigkm mbcir`m, m gklirijokm gib gkooknjmrkn, bns sk`jklkomgns onjtixtumbis y sktumoknjmbis gi bms ujkgmgis onfujkomtkvms, ompturmgns ij bm fifnrkm gi bns amcbmjtis, ij rmzÿj gi su ixpirkijokm onfn ifksnris n gistkjmtmrkns gi fijsmhis ij gkvirsms sktumoknjis ij bms qui si amj vkstn kjvnbuormgns. Ib gkooknjmrkn riøji snbn bns sk`jklkomgns bktirmbis, kjgipijgkijtis gi bm sktumokÿj gi usn5 bm ijokobnpigkm, bns sk`jklkomgns ri`ubmgns snokmbfijti.

Bms prnpkigmgis tixtumbis Tmrm qui uj motn onfujkomtkvn puigm sir onjskgirmgn virgmgirmfijti uj tixtn, gicirí tijir tixtumbkgmg, is giokr, gicirí oufpbkr onj okirtms prnpkigmgis tixtumbis. Tnr ihifpbn8 uj bkstmgn kjonjixn gi lrmsis sncri uj fksfn tifm jn onjstktuyi ujm ujkgmg onfujkomtkvm pnrqui bi lmbtm bm  istruoturmokÿj gi bms kgims pmrm ixprismr uj sk`jklkomgn onfpbitn onfpbitn.. Bms prnpkigmgis n onjgkoknjis gi tixtumbkgmg snj bms sk`ukijtis8 onaiskÿj, onairijokm, kjtijoknjmbkgmg, moiptmckbkgmg, kjlnrfmtkvkgmg, sktumoknjmbkgmg i kjtirtixtumbkgmg. ?4

 

• Bm onaiskÿj tkiji qui vir gkriotmfijti onj bm lnrfm gi uj tixtn y bns ijbmois ijtri bms pmrtis ‒ij supirlkoki‖ gi gkoan tixtn. Tmrm qui ësti sim onaiskvn, gici istmr ‒nrgijmgn‖. Yjm gilkjkokÿj gi isti prkjokpkn, ij tris pmbmcrms, pngræm sir ‒onjtkjukgmg gi lnrfm‖. • Bm onairijokm si fmjklkistm ij uj jkvib fís prnlujgn y istí gkriotmfijti ribmoknjmgm onj ib sijtkgn, ib vmbnrissifíjtkon giqui bms ujkgmgis qui bn onjstktuyij. Yj tixtnonj onairijti mquëb ij ib ixksti ujm onjtkjukgmg gi sijtkgn, ujm hirmrquæm sifíjtkom. • Bm kjtijoknjmbkgmg is uj prkjokpkn gi omríotir snoknbkj`òæstkon qui puigi gilkjkrsi onfn bm motktug gib prnguotnr gib tixtn, qui kjtijtm  nctijir ujns nchitkvns prilkhmgns, ibmcnrmjgn ujm ujkgmg onairijti y onaiskvm. • Bm moiptmckbkgmg si trmtm tmfckëj gi uj prkjokpkn snoknbk`òæstkon snoknbk`òæstkon qui onjsksti ij bm moiptmokÿj gib tixtn prnguokgn pnr pmrti gib gistkjmtmrkn qukij pirokci uj tixtn obmrn y onairijti, ibmcnrmgn onj ujm  kjtijokÿj gitirfkjmgm, ij uj onjtixtn snoknoubturmb onjoritn. Okirtns tixtns puigij sir onfprijgkg onfprijgkgns ns pnr gitirfkjmgns gitirfkjmgns gistkjmtmrkns y risubtmr kjonfprijskcbis pmrm ntrns, skj qui ibbn kfpbkqui lmbtm gi moiptmckbkgmg. Tnr ihifpbn, sk uj tixtn trmtm uj tifm ispiokmbkzmgn, is bÿ`kon qui si utkbkoi bm tirfkjnbn`æm ispioælkom gib omfpn gksokpbkjmr y qui si ivktij bms ixprisknjis onbnqukmbis. • Bm kjlnrfmtkvkgmg is uj prkjokpkn onfputmoknjmb qui tkiji qui vir onj ib `rmgn gi jnvigmg qui prisijtm uj tixtn (tinræm gi bm kjlnrfmokÿj). Ij bm onfujkomokÿj si cusom trmjsfktkr kjlnrfmokÿj juivm, mpnrtmr jnvigmgis, ivktmr bms tmutnbn`æms. Onj bm kjlnrfmtkvkgmg si amoi rilirijokm mb `rmgn gi prigkookÿj n prncmckbkgmg gi gitirfkjmgns ibifijtns n kjlnrfmoknjis qui mpmrioij ij ib tixtn. Bns tixtns onj fmynr omr`m kjlnrfmtkvm riqukirij ujm mtijokÿj fmynr qui bns tixtns líokbfijti prigiokcbis. Bm istruoturmokÿj gi uj tixtn istí ri`kgm pnr uj iqukbkcrkn hustn ijtri kjlnrfmoknjis juivms i kjlnrfmoknjis kjlnrfmoknjis onjnokgms. • Bm sktumoknjmbkgmg si rilkiri mb onjhujtn gi lmotnris, tmjtn ispmokmbis onfn tifpnrmbis, qui amoij qui uj tixtn sim ribivmjti onj rispiotn m bm sktumokÿj onfujkomtkvm qui si prisijtm. Wngn tixtn si ijfmrom ij gns onnrgijmgms8 ispmokn y tkifpn. Mgifís is jioismrkn kjobukr ij istm omti`nræm onjgkoknjis kfpuistms pnr bns ?=

 

kjtirbnoutnris onfn bm igmg, bm sktumokÿj, ib jkvib snoknoubturmb. Bm sirki gi istrmti`kms qui si sk`uij pmrm kr akbmjgn ib tixtn, si ijfmromj ij isti prkjokpkn. • Bm kjtirtixtumbkgmg supnji qui tngn tixtn gipijgi gi ujn n vmrkns tixtns mjtirknris. Yj tixtn tkiji sijtkgn ij lujokÿj gi ntrns tixtns y gksoursns. Bns tixtns si mgmptmj m ujns fngibns, ri`bms priistmcbiokgms pnr onjvijkn. Tnr ihifpbn8 ib tætubn mgiujms bm pibæoubm  _uiýn gi ujm jnoai gi kjvkirjn amoi rilirijokm m bm onfigkm gi _ameispimri _uiýn gi ujm jnoai gi virmjn. • Bm gkspnskokÿj `rílkom is bm riprisijtmokÿj isquifítkom gi bm  gkm`rmfmokÿj omrmotiræstkom gi bns tixtns y rilbihm su nr`mjkzmokÿj bÿ`kom. Mcmrom bms bbmfmgms onjvijoknjis snokmbis gi omgm tkpn gi tixtn8 lnrfmtn, gksiýn, tkpn`rmlæm, ito.

Ib tixtn y ib pmrmtixtn Wngn tixtn kfprisn si onfpnji gi uj ouirpn oijtrmb kjlnrfmtkvn y gi gkvirsns onfpnjijtis tixtumbis qui bn ijfmromj. Isti ‒ijfmrqui‖ ‟qui skifpri is sk`jklkomtkvn‟ sk`jklkomtkvn‟ si gijnfkjm pmrmtixtn. Wngns bns ibifijtns qui, ij ujm pucbkomokÿj, monfpmýmj mb ouirpn oijtrmb gi bm kjlnrfmokÿj (tætubns, suctætubns, prÿbn`ns, gkcuhns, tmpms, onjtrmtmpms, snbmpms, pnrtmgms, lntn`rmlæms, ipæ`rmlis, gkm`rmfms, `rílkons, kjln`rmlæms, rioumgrns, tmcbms, isquifms, gistmomgns tkpn`rílkons, ito.) onjstktuyij su pmrmtixtn. Ib pmrmtixtn is uj npirmgnr istrmtë`kon nrkijtmgn nrkijtmgn m smtkslmoir bms gkvirsms ixk`ijokms gi uj biotnr pburmb. Gi maæ qui ij bns tixtns isonbmris, bns ibifijtns pmrmtixtumbis hui`uij uj gncbi pmpib isijokmb8 pnr ujm pmrti, vuibvij vksumbfijti mtrmotkvn ib gksiýn y omptmj bm mtijokÿj gib gistkjmtmrkn mbufjn5 pnr ntrm, skrvij pmrm onfpbitmr, mfpbkmr, skjtitkzmr y hirmrqukzmr bm kjlnrfmokÿj qui si prnpnroknjm ij ib ouirpn prkjokpmb, nrkijtmjgn bm bioturm. Ij tmjtn gksoursn muxkbkmr mb sirvkokn gib tixtn, sipmrm, uji, vkjoubm, nrgijm, rismbtm, hirmrqukzm, onfpbitm bm kjlnrfmokÿj skj kjtirrufpkr ib onjtkjuuf gib tixtn prkjokpmb.

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...‒bm omti omti`nræm `nræm gi pmrmti pmrmtixtn xtn is pr prnpkm npkm gib fujgn `r `rílkon, ílkon, qui gisomjsm sncri bm ispiokmbkgmg y ib omríotir omríot ir pirgur pirgurmcbi mcbi gi bm isorkturm‖.9

Ib pmrmtixtn puigi sir vircmb8 prÿbn`ns, ipæ`rmlis y jntms5 koÿjkon8 kbustrmoknjis, kjln`rmlæms, `rílkons, tmcbms5 n fmtirkmb8 gksiýn y tkpn`rmlæm. Ij bms pucbkomoknjis igktnrkmbis pmrmtixtn gkvkgkrsi ijtri ibbns mutnr y ib igktnr. igktnr . M omr`n gib prkfirn ibsuibij istmrsuibi mb`ujns gistmomgns, tætubns, suctætubns, jntms, gkm`rmfms, fmpms onjoiptumbis. M omr`n gib si`ujgn, si`ujgn, bms snbmpms, tmpms, onjtrmtmpms i kbustrmoknjis.

SILBIQKNJI_ TMSM IB GNOIJWI 

Ibmcnri uj tixtnonj gi ibtrmfm onjoiptumb qui kjti`ri kgims obmvi gi istm ujkgmg onjtijkgn gib `bnsmrkn qui bibmsprisijtmfns m onjtkjumokÿj. Tuigi utkbkzmr onfn pmrmtixtns nrkijtmgnris bns sk`ukijtis suctætubns8 =- Orktirkns fitngnbÿ`kons pmrm bm ijsiýmjzm gi bm bij`um. Nchitkvns `ijirmbis gi bm iguomokÿj bkj`òæstkom. 3- Ib tixtn onfn ujkgmg gi onfujkomokÿj. @bnsmrkn Mprijgkzmhi sk`jklkomtkvn8 prnoisn gi mprijgkzmhi sustijtmgn ij bm  Mprijgkzmhi pnskckbkgmg gi istmcbioir væjoubns sustmjtkvns y jn mrcktrmrkns ijtri bns juivns onjtijkgns m mprijgir y bns smciris gkspnjkcbis pnr ib suhitn. Okijokms gib bij`umhi8 onjhujtn gi gksokpbkjms qui istugkmj ib bij`umhi (pskonbkj`òæstkom, snoknbkj`òæstkom, sifkÿtkom, lkbnsnlæm, okcirjëtkom, ritÿrkom, tinræm bktirmrkm, ijtri ntrms). Onfpitijokm onfujkomtkvm8 onjhujtn gi onjnokfkijtns bkj`òæstkons y amckbkgmgis onfujkomtkvms qui si vmj ijrkquiokijgn m bn

9. MB\MSMGN, F. (=;;7) (=;;7),, Tmrmtixtn, YCM, Cuijns Mkris, p. 31.

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bmr`n gib prnoisn gi snokmbkzmokÿj qui pirfktij usmr ib bij`umhi mprnpkmgmfijti mprnpkmgmfij ti ij gkvirsns onjtixtns snoknoubturmbis. Ijlnqui onfujkomtkvn-lujoknjmb8 pmrmgk`fm gkgíotkon oijtrmgn ij ib gismrrnbbn gi bm onfpitijokm onfujkomtkvm gi bns mbufjns qui mrtkoubm ib onjnokfkijtn lnrfmb onj ib onjnokfkijtn kjstrufijtmb gi bm bij`um y mbis. onjoigi kfpnrtmjokm lujgmfijtmb m bns onjtijkgns prnoigkfijtmbis. prnoigkfijt Bij`umhi8 gisgi uj pujtn gi vkstm lujoknjmb, is bm motkvkgmg aufmjm onfpbihm qui msi`urm bms lujoknjis cískoms gi onfujkomokÿj y riprisijtmokÿj. Gisgi uj pujtn gi vkstm istruoturmb is uj skstifm gi sk`jns kjtirribmoknjmgns. Tríotkoms gksourskvms8 usns snokmbis gib bij`umhi, tmjtn onfprijskvns onfn ixpriskvns, ij tngm su onfpbihkgmg y gkvirskgmg si`øj bns gkstkjtns pmrífitrns gi bm sktumokÿj onfujkomtkvm. Winræm onjstruotkvkstm8 pmrmgk`fm qui snstkiji qui tngm sktumokÿj gi mprijgkzmhi jioismrkmfijti, ujm mtrkcuokÿj gi onjnsk`jklkomgn pnr pmrtikfpbkom, gib suhitn qui mprijgi, tmjtn mb nchitn gi okfkijtn onfn mb onjtixtn kjstktuoknjmb i kjtirpirsnjmb gnjgi isi mprijgkzmhi si prnguoi. Wrmjspnskokÿj gkgíotkom8 onjhujtn gi gioksknjis moirom gi bm sibiookÿj, hirmrqukzmokÿj y siouijokmokÿj gi nchitkvns, onjtijkgns y istrmti`kms gkgíotkoms qui istmcbioij bm gkstmjokm ijtri ib onjnokfkijtn irugktn y ib onjnokfkijtn ijsiýmgn.

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Tnj`m ij hui`n bns onjtijkgns ij bm ujkgmg rilbixknji sncri tngns bm onjstruookÿj gi bm prisijtmgns sk`ukijti prnpuistm gkgío-y tkom. Tmrm ibbn, risuibvm bms motkvkgmgis qui mpmrioij kjtirombmgms8 kjtirombm gms8 _i prnvii prnvii m bns mbufjns ujm jmrr jmrrmokÿj mokÿj gkvkgkgm ij lrm`fijtns, prisijtmgns ij gisnrgij. Bm onjsk`jm onjsksti ij rionjstrukr ib tixtn.

=. ¾]uë omrmotiræstkoms omrmotiræstkoms gicirí prisijtmr isi tixtn tixtn pmrm pmrm sir onjskgirmgn onfn tmb> 3. ¾Is jioismrkn jioismrkn qui si rispiti su istruoturm istruoturm nrk`kjmb> nrk`kjmb> Lujgmfijti Lujgmfijti. ?7

 

_i ijtri`m m omgm mbufjn ujm tmrhitm ij gnjgi onjstm bm istruoturm gksbnomgm. gksbnom gm. _i pkg pkgii qui bimj, bimj, ij lnrfm kjgkvkgum kjgkvkgumb,b, mtijtmfijti mtijtmfijti ib tixtn tixtn y si ri rimbkzmj mbkzmj bms prkfirms prkfirms onjstmtm onjstmtmoknjis oknjis ij lnrfm onjhujtm8 onjhujtm8 qui ib tixtn istí gisnrgijmgn y amy qui nrgijmrbn.

?. Fijoknji Fijok nji bms onj gkoknjis njis ism gi tixtumbk tixt umbkgmg gmg qui gicirí gicirí smcir mpbkomr ib istugkmjti pmrmonjgkok ‒nrgijmr‖ istruoturm. 7. _u`kirm ujm onjsk`jm onjsk`jm ‟gisgi ‟gisgi bm jnrfmtkvm jnrfmtkvm gi bm bij`um‟ bij`um‟ qui qui bi pirfktm mb mbufjn onfijzmr m nr`mjkzmr ib ribmtn. _i pkgi m bns bns mbufjns qui, qui, `rupmbfijti, `rupmbfijti, bui bui`n `n gi ist istms ms mjtkokpmoknji mjtkokpmoknjis, s, rionrtij bns lrm`fijtns gib tixtn y prnoigmj m su rionjstruookÿj. Bns mbufjns kjtijtmj ib mrfmgn gib tixtn. Omgm `rupn onjlrnjtm su prnguookÿj onj ib ristn gi bns `rupns. Istm  puistm ij onføj pirfkti rilbixknjmr sncri ib pmpib gib onjtixtn, bns onjnokfkijtns privkns qui mpnrtm ib biotnr pmrm pngir risnbvir ib prncbifm.

9. ¾M pmrtkr pmrtkr gi quë pmrmgk pmrmgk`fm `fm gkgío gkgíotkon tkon istí pijsmg pijsmgmm istm prnpuist prnpuistm> m> Lujgmfijti.

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Sioupiri uj vkihn fmjumb gi su írim, ibkhm ujm ujkgmg gkgíotkom y gitirfkji8 m) ij quë figkgm bns bns tixtns gistkjmgns mb mbufjn pnskckbktmj u nctuncturmj ib gismrrnbbn gi bm onfpitijokm onfujkomtkvm gi ësti. Ncsirvi, pnr ihifpbn, sk amy vmrkigmg gi oÿgk`ns, sk istíj monfpmýmgns gi pmrmtixtns y ouíb is su lujokÿj, sk su ibiookÿj gispkirtm ib kjtirës gib istugkmjti ij oumjtn mb onjtijkgn, m bns onbnris..., sk oufpbi onj bms prnpkigmgis gi tixtumbkgmg, ito. c) _u`kirm _u`kirm motkvkgm motkvkgmgis gis supirmgn supirmgnrms. rms.

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OMTÆWYBN KKK Wkpnbn`æms tixtumbis

Ontkgkmjmfijti kjtirpritmfns y prnguokfns ujm `rmj gkvirskgmg gi tixtns gi onfujkomokÿj5 snfnsn pirliotmfijti ompmoisijgigklirijtis gkstkj`ukrsktumoknjis ujm onjvirsmokÿj gi ujm ijtrivkstm gi ujm onjlirijokm y smcifns qui jn snj kgëjtkons ib prnspiotn gi uj figkomfijtn, ujm rioitm gi onokjm, uj ouijtn, uj risufij, ujm omrtm. Omgm tixtn tkiji lujoknjis y rms`ns gkstkjtkvns pmrtkoubmris y riqukirij istrmti`kms onfujkomtkvms gklirijtis. Is giokr qui oumjgn jns onfujkomfns riourrkfns m bms gkstkjtms lnrfms n `ëjirns tixtumbis gkspnjkcbis ij juistrn onjtixtn oubturmb. Mb`ujns mutnris amj lnrfubmgn prnpuistms pmrm gitirfkjmr ujm tkpnbn`æm tixtumb, gkstkj`ukijgn ri`ubmrkgmgis gijtrn gi uj `rupn gi tixtns skfkbmris. _kj ifcmr`n, jn ixkstij tixtns ij istmgn purn qui puigmj sir obmsk lkomgns ij uj mpmrtmgn qui ri rispnjgm spnjgm m tngms bms omrmotiræstkoms qui bns gilkjij, jk ijonjtrmr ijonjtrmrifns ifns jkj`ujm omr omrmotiræstkom motiræstkom qui ssim im pr prnpkm npkm sÿbn gi uj tkpn gi tixtn.= Is pnr ibbn qui  ym gisgi sus kjkokns, ujn gi bns prkjokpmbis nchitkvns gi bm bkj`òæstkom gib tixtn am skgn istmcbioir ujm tkpnbn`æm okijtælkom y ixamustkvm gi tngm istm vmrkmokÿj tixtumb. Ij isti sijtkgn si am lnrfubmgn ib onjoiptn gi tkpn gi tixtn... Yj tkpn gi tixtn is uj fngibn fngibn ttiÿr iÿrkon, kon, onj =. CM__NB_, F. y WNSSIJW, M. (=;;0) Fngibns tixtumbis. tixtumbis. Winræm y ppríotkom ríotkom, Bufn/Notmigrn, Cmroibnjm, p. ;.

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ujms omrm omrmotiræs otiræstkoms tkoms bkj`òæst bkj`òæstkoms koms y onf onfujkomtkv ujkomtkvms ms gi gitirfkjm tirfkjmgms, gms, qui  puigi ijonjtrmrsi ihifpbklkomgn ij jufir jufirnsns nsns ihifpbns rimbis rimbis..3 Istmcbioir ujm tkpnbn`æm tixtumb iqukvmbi m fijoknjmr ixpbæoktmfijti bns gklirijtis lnrfmtns ixpriskvns ij bns qui bms príotkoms onfujkomtkvms onfujkomtkvms si amj onjlk`urmgn m bn bmr`n gi bm akstnrkm. Bns lnrfmtns puigij m`ru-

pmrsi si`øj gklirijtis ihis8 • bm kjtijoknjmbkgmg onfujkomtkvm, • ib omjmb pnr ib qui viakoubkzmj bns fijsmhis, • ib jøfirn gi ifksnris, • ib ífcktn gi okroubmokÿj, • bm istruoturmokÿj isquifítkom. Bns tris prkfirns ihis luirnj mgmptmgns, ij pmrti, gi OISIXN MSSKM@M (=;;0) y bns ristmjtis gi OM__MJ[ it mb. (=;;1).

Obmsis gi tixtns si`øj bm kjtijoknjmbkgmg onfujkomtkvm _i`øj isti ihi bns tixtns puigij sir gijntmtkvns (omrijtis gi kjtijoknjmbkgmg istëtkom) n onjjntmtkvns (onj kjtijoknjmbkgmg istëtkom). Bns tixtns onj kjtijoknjmbkgmg istëtkom ‟bktirmrkns n lkooknjmbis‟ jioisktmj gi uj bij`umhi ibmcnrmgn, onj ujm istruoturmokÿj gkstkjtm gi bm bij`um  onføj. Wmb Wmb istruoturmokÿj si rionjnoi pnr bms tëojkoms ixpriskvms y bns rioursns vircmbis (istkbæstkons) qui fmjkpubmj ib usn istíjgmr gib bij`umhi. Bns tixtns qui omrioij gi gkoam kjtijoknjmbkgmg ‟jn bktirmrkns n jn lkooknjmbis‟ snj bns qui si prnpnjij kjlnrfmr, pirsumgkr, ncbk`mr, nrkijtmr, nrkijtmr, ijsiýmr, ijtritijir, ijtritijir, ito. pnr ihifpbn8 risiýms ckcbkn`rílkoms, libkoktmoknjis, libkoktmo knjis, ixífijis, oakstis, mjujokns.

Obmsis gi tixtns si`øj ib omjmb pnr ib qui viakoubkzmj bns fijsmhis Bns tixtns nrmbis si vmbij gi bns ÿr`mjns gi lnjmokÿj pmrm ifktkr bns fijsmhis, su onjskstijokm is fnfijtíjim y su ifpbin istí vkjoubmgn m  3. OM__MJ[ it mb. (=;;1) Ijsiýmr bij`um, @rmÿ, Cmroibnjm, p. ??7.

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kjstmjokms prisijokmbis gi onfujkomokÿj. _kj ifcmr`n, figkmjti bms tëojkoms gi `rmcmokÿj, bns fijsmhis nrmbis puigij sir mbfmoijmgns y okroubmr ij gklirkgn ‟ij istns omsns amcbmfns gi nrmbkgmg figkmtkzmgm‟ onjstktuyijgn ujm ispioki gi isorkturm ibiotrÿjkom gib amcbm. Bns tixtns isorktns si onjokckirnj pmrm qui ib fijsmhi pirfmjiokirm  m pismr gi kjsorkpokÿj qui su gkluskÿj si akokirm akokir m onj pnstirknrkgmg mb fnfijtn ykjgibicbi mb onjtixtn gi su fmtirkmb. Bns prkfirns snj mckirtns puis puigij sir fmtkzmgns, rinr`mjkzmgns, mfpbkmgns, ito., ij lujokÿj gi bm pmrtkokpmokÿj gib gistkjmtmrkn5 ij omfckn, bns si`ujgns snj oirrmgns puis si nlrioij onfn mb`n momcmgn skj pnskckbkgmg gi rëpbkom, puis ib gistkjmtmrkn jn puigi onnpirmr onj ib rioiptnr ij bm onjlk`urmokÿj gi bns fksfns y bns onjtixtns gi ifkskÿj y rioipokÿj gklkirij pmrm ujn y ntrn.

Obmsis gi tixtns si`øj ib jøfirn gi ifksnris Bm fmynræm gi bns tixtns snj fnjnbn`mbis, is giokr, rispnjsmckbkgmg gi uj snbn ifksnr, onfn pnr ihifpbn bms jmrrmoknjis, bns kjstruotkvns. Tirn ij bms onjvirsmoknjis, bms ncrms gi timtrn, bns gicmtis, bns tixtns si onjlk`urmj pnr bm pmrtkokpmokÿj gi vmrkns prnguotnris. _nj tixtns gkmbn`mbis n prnguotn gi bm pmrtkokpmokÿ pmrtkokpmokÿjj gi vmrkns prnguotnris.

Obmsis gi tixtns si`øj ib ífcktn gi okroubmokÿj Bns tixtns puigij sir m`rupmgns tmfckëj ij lujokÿj gib ífcktn gi bm  motkvkgmg aufmjm ij ib qui okroubmj. Tmrm omgm ujn gi isns ífcktns ixkstij kjtirbnoutnris, lujoknjis, motkvkgmgis y tifms onjoritns. Ijtri ntrns, isns ífcktns puigij sir8

• Tirsnj rsnjmb mb n ppmr mrtk tkooub ubmr mr8 tixtns qui sÿbn isouoamrí n biirí ib pnsiignr. Bns tifms snj `ijirmbis, ib bij`umhi `ijirmbfijti is onbnqukmb y bm prisijtmokÿj fuy bkcri. Tnr ihifpbn8 m`ijgm, mpujtis gi obmsi, `rmcmokÿj gi omssitti.

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• Lmfkbk bkmr mr n mmf fks ksttnsn8 tixtns qui okroubmj ij uj ijtnrjn æjtkfn. Tnr bn `ijirmb `umrgmj bms fksfms omrmotiræstkoms qui bns mjtirknris. Tnr ihifpbn8 onjvirsmoknjis tibilÿjkoms, kjvktmoknjis, gigkomtnrkms. • Isonbm onbmrr n mo momg mgëëfk fkoon8 tixtns qui okroubmj ij kjstktuoknjis gi lnrfmokÿj y ijsiýmjzm. _nj tixtns ispiokmbkzmgns y onj tijgijokm m bm  lnrfmbkzmokÿj. ixífijis lkoams,y mgfkjkstrmtkvn. risøfijis. • B mcnrmb8 tixtnsTnr quiihifpbn8 okroubmj ij ib fujgnnrmbis, gib trmcmhn _us tifms snj ispiokmbkzmgns y onjtkijij uj bij`umhi ispioælkon y gi mbtn `rmgn gi lnrfmbkgmg. Tnr ihifpbn8 ijtrivkstms, motms, ourræoubns. • Onfu Onfujk jktm tmrk rknn y f fig igkí kíttkon kon8 tixtns gistkjmgns m bns figkns gi onfujkomokÿj snokmb y mugkijokms jufirnsms y aitirn`ëjims. Onjtkijij tifms ispiokmbkzmgns y lnrfmbkgmg vmrkmcbi si`øj ib onjtixtn. Tnr ihifpbn8 mrij`ms pnbætkoms, gicmtis pøcbkons, mrtæoubns gi prijsm. • Mgfkjkstrmtkvn8 tixtns ribmoknjmgns onj bm mgfkjkstrmokÿj m gfkjkstrmokÿj pøcbkom y prkvmgm, bms msnokmoknjis prnlisknjmbis, ib onfirokn. @ijirmbfijti trmtmj tifms ispioælkons, uj bij`umhi ispiokmbkzmgn y lnrfubmrkn. Tnr ihifpbn8 lnrfubmrknsonj kfprisns, snbkoktugis, ri`bmfijtns. • Bktirmrkn8 tixtns qui si vmbij gi rioursns ritÿrkons, bktirmrkns y prm`fítkons onj lkjmbkgmgis bøgkoms. _us tifms snj vmrkmgns. Tnr ihifpbn8 bktirmturm gi trmgkokÿj nrmb, jnvibms, grmfms.

Obmsis gi tixtns si`øj bm istruoturm isquifítkom Mjtis gi gismrrnbbmr istm obmsklkomokÿj, vmfns m noupmrjns gi gns onjoiptns ‟vkjoubmgns m bm nr`mjkzmokÿj kjtirjm gi bns tixtns‟ sncri bns qui si mskijtm isti orktirkn. Istns onjoiptns snj8 fmornistruoturm sifíjtkom y supiristruoturm isquifítkom. Bm fmornistruoturm sifíjtkom is ib jøobin kjlnrfmtkvn lujgmfijtmb gib tixtn, mb qui si gicij sucnrgkjmr gi lnrfm mrtkoubmgm bns gkvirsns onfpnjijtis. _i trmtm gib msujtn n gi mquibbn qui is sifíjtkomfijti onføj m tngms bms pmrtis qui bn kjti`rmj. Gi maæ qui ib tixtn si onjskgiri ujm rig gi væjoubns. Ij ëb puigij gmrsi gks`ri`moknjis qui si utkbkzmj pmrm ixpbkomr n fmtkzmr, mujqui ij rimbkgmg jn si mpmrtmj gi bm onjtkjukgmg gi sijtkgn (bms jntms m pki gi pí`kjm, bm kjlnrfmokÿj ijoirrmgm ijtri pmrëjtisks, onroaitis,ito.). 74

 

Bm fmornistruoturm si nctkiji m pmrtkr gi bms kgims gnfkjmjtis n bns ibifijtns fís ripitkgns, mbugkgns, sustktukgns, gi uj tixtn. Ij onjsiouijokm, pmrm lnrfubmr bm fmornistruoturm tixtumb is prioksn rimbkzmr uj ijujokmgn crivi qui onjtij`m isms kgims. Gkoan gi ntrm fmjirm8 si ijtkijgi pnr fmornistruoturm bm istruoturm uj tixtn qui tixtumb gi ujm tkpn riprisijtmokÿj `bncmb y gi jmturmbizm onjstktuyi mcstrmotm bÿ`kon-sifíjtkom gib sk`jklkomgn gibgifksfn. \kiji m sir onfn ib isquifm onjoiptumb, ib isquifm gi bms kgims qui kfpri`jm  y gm sijtkgn m bns ibifijtns bnombis. Bm supiristruoturm isquifítkom onjstktuyi, rispiotn gi bm fmornistruoturm, uj fmynr `rmgn gi mcstrmookÿj. Is ib fngn ispioælkon gi nr`mjkzmr bns onjtijkgns onjtijkgns sifíjtkons fmornistruoturmbis. Bns tixtns, mgifís gi gkspnjir bms kgims ij uj nrgij y hirmrquæm gitirfkjmgm (bm fmornistruoturm), su`kirij uj fngn onjoritn pmrm kjtirribmoknjmrbms. Yj fksfn onjtijkgn puigi sir nr`mjkzmgn gi fngn gkstkjtn gmjgn bu`mr m gkstkjtns tkpns giujtixtns. puigi trmtmr uj tifm gitirfkjmgn, pnr ihifpbn8 rncn5 Yjm pirn,jmrrmokÿj mgifís gib aioan gi qui ib tixtn pnsim uj tifm `bncmb (fmornistruoturm), am gi tijir m bm viz bm  omrmotiræstkom `bncmb gi qui si trmtm gi ujm jmrrmokÿj. Ib tifm n ib aioan jn snj sulkokijtis pmrm gitirfkjmr qui si trmtm gi ujm jmrrmokÿj, ym qui pngræmfns tijir uj tixtn qui trmtmrm gi uj rncn qui luirm ujm gijujokm  pnbkokmb n ib kjlnrfi pmrm ujm onfpmýæm gi si`urns, ito., ib fksfn onjtijkgn `bncmb gm bu`mr bu`mr m tkpns gi tixtns gklirijtis. M bms omrmotiræstkoms qui amoij qui uj tixtn sim jmrrmokÿj, mr`ufijtmokÿj n gisorkpokÿj, mb isquifm `ijirmb gi bm tkpnbn`æm tixtumb is m bn qui si bbmfm supiris-

truoturm isquifítkom. _i`øj bm supiristruoturm isquifítkom, ujm gi bms tkpnbn`æms fís gklujgkgms, pirfkti obmsklkomr bns tixtns ij8 gkíbn`n, jmrrmokÿj, gisorkpokÿj, ixpnskokÿj, kjstruookÿj y mr`ufijtmokÿj. _u`irkfnss qui ësti sim ib nrgij gi trmtmfkijtn ij bm isouibm. ¾Tnr quë _u`irkfn onfijzmr pnr ib gkíbn`n oumjgn bn amcktumb is pmrtkr gi bm jmrrmokÿj> Tnrqui onkjokgkfns onj \mj Gkhe oumjgn gkoi8 bms onjvirsmoknjis snj,  pnr msæ giokrbn, bm ‒lnrfm cískom‖ gi bm kjtirmookÿj bkj`òæstkom. Bms rilbirilbi xknjis qui lujgmfijtmj istm mlkrfmokÿj jn sÿbn mtmýij m bm akstnrkm gi bm bij`um (skj (skj gugm gugm,, ib gkíbn gkíbn`n `n ontkg ontkgkmjn kmjn pr prioigkÿ ioigkÿ m ntr ntrms ms lnr lnrfms fms gi gibb ‒amcbmr‖ ‒amcbmr ‖ y onj tngm si si`urkgm `urkgmgg m bms lnrfms gi onfujkom onfujkomokÿj okÿj isor isorktm), ktm), 7=

 

skjn qui tmfckëj tmfckëj jns cmsmfns cmsmfns ij or orktirkns ktirkns sskstifí kstifítkons, tkons, is giokr giokr,, istr istruouoturmbis y lujoknjmbis. Ij prkfir bu`mr, bu`mr, ij bm onjvir onjvirsmokÿj smokÿj jn puigi amcir  ristrkooknjis ris trkooknjis omti omti`nrkmbis `nrkmbis pmr pmrmm bns pmrtkokpmjtis8 ij gitirfkjmgms sktumoknjis tngn amcbmjti puigi pmrtkokpmr y pmrtkokpmrí ri`ubmrfijti ij bms onjvirsmoknjis. onjvir smoknjis. T Tnr nr bn gifís, jn ixkstij rristrkooknjis istrkooknjis lkhms gi onjtijkgn8 ij prkjokpkn prkjok pkn ujm onj onjvirs virsmokÿj mokÿj ispioælkoms puig puigii trmtmr ggii onjvir oumbquki oumbqukir r onsm,ispioælksk ckij ixkstij ristrkooknjis sifíjtkoms pmrm onjvirsmoknjis smoknjis oms. Wmfpnon Wmfpnon amy bkfktm bkfktmoknjis oknjis pr prm`fítko m`fítkoms8 ms8 ij prkjokp prkjokpkn, kn, ij ujm onj onjvirvirsmokÿj puigmj gmrsi tngns bns tkpns gi motns gi amcbm. Tnr Tnr øbtkfn, jn ixkstij ristrkooknjis ristrkooknjis ij oumjtn mb onjti onjtixtn xtn snokmb8 bm fmynræm gi bns onjtixtns pirfktij snstijir ujm onj onjvirsmokÿj. virsmokÿj. T Tnr nr tmjtn, si puigi ``ijirmbkzmr  ijirmbkzmr  gkokijgn qui bm onjvirsmokÿj is bm lnrfm ibifijtmb gi onjsirvmokÿj y onjtrnb gi istruoturms istruoturms snokmbis ij bm kjtirmookÿj ij ib fkornjkvib, is giokr giokr,, ij ib jkvib gi bm ribmokÿj gkriotm ijtri pmrtkokpmjtis.? Bm jmrrmokÿj is ntrm istruoturm ‒gifnorítkom‖, mb giokr gi Snbmjg

Cmrtais, y pnr isn tmfckëj onjvkiji su supnjij trmtmfkijtn Bm gisorkpokÿj, bm ixpnskokÿj y bm mr`ufijtmokÿj ntrntifprmjn. tkpn gi ristrkooknjis gksourskvms, y pnr bn tmjtn, gi mooisn fís ristrkj`kgn pmrm bm onjtkjukgmg bkj`òæstkom. Istms istruoturms onrrispnjgij m bns tixtns okijtælkons, gi kgims y gi npkjkÿj, pnr bn qui riqukirij uj trmtmfkijtn pnstirknr.

Ib gkíbn`n Bm fmynræm gi juistrns ijujokmgns si fmjklkistmj ij kjtirmooknjis tmbis onfn pri`ujtms y rispuistms, mlkrfmoknjis y onfijtmrkns, pigkgns y rimooknjis, smbugn y givnbuokÿj gib fksfn, ito. Is giokr qui ujm pmrti kfpnrtmjti gi bm kjtirmookÿj snokmb, m pmrtkr gib bij`umhi, is ib gkíbn`n qui ontkgkmjmfijti ontkgkmjmf ijti si fmjklkistm nrmbfijti ij bm onjvirsmokÿj . Bm omrmotiræstkom fís ivkgijti gi bm istruoturm gkmbn`uæstkom is qui si trmtm gi uj tixtn prnguokgn pnr gklirijtis amcbmjtis qui vmj mbtirjíjgnsi. _i trmtm gi ujm kjtirmookÿj. Tnr bn tmjtn, bm istruoturm is ujm siouijokm gi mooknjis bkj`òæstkoms suoiskvms ribmoknjmgms ijtri sæ y qui `umrgmj onairijokm. ?. \MJ GKHE, W., =;1?, =;1?, p. 390. 390.

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Gkoi \mj Gkhe, onj rispiotn mb gkíbn`n8 Ij bm kjtirmookÿj bkj`òæstkom bkj`òæstkom ckbmtir ckbmtirmb mb suoiskvm ix ixkstij, kstij, pnr gilkjkokÿj,, vmr okÿj vmrkns kns am amcbmj cbmjtis tis,, ouy ouyns ns iju ijujokm jokmgns gns/mot /motns ns gi amc amcbm bm vmj mb mbtir tir-jmjgn. Istm onfpbihm siouijokm gi mooknjis sÿbn is moiptmcbi onfn kjtirmookÿj sk simjti oufpbij gifís onjgkoknjis bis8 omgm amcb amcbmjti gic gicii bms tijir onjokijo onjokijokm km gi bmon`jktkvms pr prisijo isijokm kmamcktumgi bms gifís (y jmturm jmturmbfijti, bfijti, tmfckëj gi ssus us ijujokmgn ijujokmgns), s), y bn bnss aamcbmjtis mcbmjtis gicij ‒nrkijtmr ‒nrkijtmr‖ ‖ futum i kkjtijoknjm jtijoknjmbfijti bfijti ssus us motn motnss gi amc amcbm bm gi fmjirm qui omgm ujm gi bms pmrtis tij`m bm kjtijokÿj k jtijokÿj gi ‒fngklkomr‖ fijtmbfijti y momsn tmfckëj snokmbfijti m bm ntrm figkmjti bns rispiot ispiotkvns kvns motns gib amcbm. Ij ntrms pmbmcr pmbmcrms8 ms8 uj nyijti gici pmrtkr  gib supuistn gi qui uj amcbmjti tkiji tmbis kjtijoknjis y prnpÿsktns onj rispio rispiotn tn m ëb (y qui jn amcbm ‒omsumb‖ n ‒kj ‒kjvnbujtmr vnbujtmrkmfijti‖ kmfijti‖), ), fkijtr fki jtrms ms qqui ui iibb am amcbm cbmjti jti,, pnr su ppmr mrti ti,, pui puigi gi ssupn upnji jirr qu quii ib sk`ukijti motn gi amcbm gib nyijti mb amcbmjti) tmfckëj gicirí kjtirpritmrsi ij lujokÿj gi bm (gkrk`kgn fngklkomokÿj fijtmb pr p rnvnomgm  pnr ib motn gi am amcbm cbm mmjtirk jtirknr nr,, is giok giokr8 r8 onfn rimoo rimookÿj kÿj m bn ixprismgn  pnr ib amcb amcbmjti. mjti.7

Is giokr qui si trmtm gi ujm kjtirmookÿj bkj`òæstkom8 m) ckbmtirmb8 pnrqui istí kfpbkomgn fís gi uj m`ijti, c) mbtirjmjti8 pnrqui omgm mookÿj gi bm siouijokm is onjgkokÿj privkm  pmrm ntrm, n onjsiouijokm gi ntrm mookÿj, ihioutmgm pnr pirsnjms gklirijtis, o) jnrfmtkvm8 pnrqui tkiji qui oufpbkr onj bms ixk`ijokms gi onaiskÿj y onairijokm. N sim, bns kjtirbnoutnris tkijij girioans y giciris futuns. Tirn, mgifís, istm kjtirmookÿj onfujkomtkvm si prnguoi ij8 g) uj onjtixtn snokmb8 onjlnrfmgn pnr bms omrmotiræstkoms kjgkvkgumbis kjgkvkgumbis gi bns pmrtkokpmjtis, bms ribmoknjis ijtri ibbns (istmcbiokgms sncri bm  7. Kc., Kc., pp. 394394-=. =.

7?

 

cmsi gi gklirijtis tkpns gi onjvijoknjis8 ri`bms, onstufcris, prisorkpoknjis, ito.8 pmgris/akhns5 prnlisnris/mbufjns5 prnlisnris/mbufjns5 pmtrnjis/ncrirns5 vijgignr/obkijti5 ito.) y bm moiptmckbkgmg (gici sir onjskstijti onj istms onjvijoknjis), onjvijoknjis), i) uj fmron snokmb8 qui is ib ‒bu`mr‖ gi bm kjtirmookÿj, ij ribmokÿj onj ib onrrispnjgkijti (ib an`mr,ibbmristmurmjti, ombbi, bns figkns gi trmjspnrti, ib huz`mgn, onjtixtn bm ujkvirskgmg, ib onjsubtnrkn fëgkon, ito.). Omgm mpnrti gib amcbmjti, ij istm mbtirjmjokm, si gijnfkjm turjn. Ib turjn is, puis, mquibbn qui si amoi n si gkoi gurmjti bm pmrtkokpmokÿj onjtkjumgm ij ib gkíbn`n5 gi isi fngn ib amcbm quigm si`fijtmgm. Istn supnji qui bn qui si amoi n si gkoi gici sir kjtirpritmcbi, puis tkiji qui ixkstkr onairijokm (tmb onairijokm si istmcbioirí pnr onjixkÿj ijtri prnpnskoknjis, ribmoknjis rilirijokmbis, prnpkigmgis y ribmoknjis gib fksfn fmron, ito.). Amcrí turjns ncbk`mgns y bkcris. Ij bns prkfirns, ib amcbmjti sk`ukijti sÿbn puigi ison`ir ijtri ujm bkfktmgm omjtkgmg gi motns gi amcbm y gi kjlnrfmoknjis (trms ujm pri`ujtm, ib amcbmjti gici gmr ujm rispuistm5 m ujm libkoktmokÿj sk`ui ib m`rmgiokfkijtn5 m uj smbugn, bm rispuistm mb fksfn5 ito.). Ij bns si`ujgns jn amy mooknjis bkj`òæstkoms prisorkptms. Onfn bm onjvirsmokÿj si gismrrnbbm gi mouirgn onj ujm lnrfm tixtumb gkmbÿ`kom, ixkstij istruoturms isquifítkoms ispioælkoms qui bm gilkjij. ¾Ouíb is ib mrfmzÿj `bncmb gib gkíbn`n>

Omti`nræms Mpirturm Kjkokmr bm onfujkomokÿj

_ucomti`nræms Tripmrmokÿj _mbugn

Lnrfubms tæpkoms Næfi5 isouoai5 ia!5 ito.

Bbmfmr bm mtijokÿj

Nrkijtmokÿj Tripmrmr ib tifm  Gispirtmr ib kjtirës gib kjtirbnoubtnr

¾_mcës bn qui pmsÿ> ¡Kfm`æjijsi bn qui bi nourrkÿ m...! Isouoaí, qui istn is pmrm vns.

77

 

Omti`nræms

_ucomti`nræms

Lnrfubms tæpkoms

Nchitn gi bm onjvirsmokÿj  Jmrrmr Onfujkomr mb`n Kjlnrfmr Tigkr, nrgijmr Onjobuskÿj Wirfkjmr ib tifm 

Wirfkjmokÿj

 Jujom amcæm nægn jmgm  k`umb. ¡]uë fkign gicij amcir pmsmgn! Cuijn, ym istí ckij. _mbugn Okirri

Isn is tngn. ¡Ya! ¡quë tmrgi qui si akzn! Cuijn, tijifns qui krjns.

Yj ibifijtn lujgmfijtmb m tijir ij ouijtm ij bm onjvirsmokÿj, qui onjtrkcuyi m fmjtijir bm onairijokm bkjimb, snj bms bbmfmgms prnpkigmgis pmrmtixtumbis. Mb`ujns gi isns ibifijtns snj8 ib onjtmotn vksumb (cusomrbn, snstijirbn, ivktmrbn)5 bns `istns, bm fæfkom y fmjtijir n jn gkstmjokm. Bm pruicm gi qui jn snj ibifijtns mooisnrkns is qui trmjsourrij gi fmjirms gklirijtis bms onjvirsmoknjis tibilÿjkoms gi bms prisijokmbis.

Bm jmrrmokÿj  Jmrrmr is onjtmr onjtmr n ribmtmr suoisns qui bis suoigij m ujns pirsnjmhis pirsnjmhis ij uj bu`mr y uj tkifpn gitirfkjmgns. Bns aioans ribmtmgns puigij sir rimbis (jntkokms gi prijsm, ujm mjëogntm, ito.) n kfm`kjmrkns, onfn bns ribmtns bktirmrkns (ujm jnvibm, uj ouijtn, ito.). Bm istruoturm gi bns tixtns jmrrmtkvns si onfpnji gi ujm suoiskÿj bÿ`kom  gi suoisns n ipksngkns snbkgmrkns ‟is giokr, qui `umrgmj ijtri sæ ujm ribmokÿj gi omusm-iliotn‟ nr`mjkzmgns ij tnrjn m ujm trmfm onjlnrfmgm pnr bms sk`ukijtis omti`nræms8 uj fmron, ujm kjkokmokÿj, ujm onfpbkomokÿj y ujm 

risnbuokÿj n okirri. 79

 

Bns ipksngkns snj omgm ujm gi bms mooknjis qui onjlnrfmj bm trmfm. Gkoams mooknjis8

• si ijfmromj, is giokr, si ispioklkomj bms okroujstmjokms gi tkifpn, bu`mr y gifís sktumoknjis ij bms qui nourrij y ujm sirki gi trmjslnrfmoknjis gisgi ib istmgn kjkokmb amstm ib • sulrij gisijbmoi. Bm onfpbkomokÿj is bm lmsi giokskvm gi bm jmrrmokÿj ij bm qui mpmrioi uj ibifijtn juivn (pirsnjm, ibifijtn jmturmb, onsm kjispirmgm) qui mbtirm bm sktumokÿj ontkgkmjm kjkokmb gi bns pirsnjmhis, y bns amoi motumr. Bm risnbuokÿj rispnjgi m bm pri`ujtm8 ¾]uë pmsÿ lkjmbfijti> y riprisijtm bm rimookÿj gi bns pirsnjmhis mjti bm onfpbkomokÿj. Mpmrioi ij tngms bms jmrrmoknjis y iqukvmbi mb gisijbmoi gi bns aioans gisijomgijmgns pnr bm onfpbkomokÿ onfpbkomokÿj. j. Gi mouirgn (ib suhitnn qui ouijtm bns suoisns), bm  jmrrmokÿj puigionj sir ibijjmrrmgnr prkfirm pirsnjm ij tiroirm pirsnjm . Ij ib prkfir omsn, ib jmrrmgnr is uj pirsnjmhi qui pmrtkokpm ij bms mooknjis. Ij ib si`ujgn, ib jmrrmgnr jn si kjvnbuorm ij bns aioans qui ribmtm y pirfmjioi onfn uj tistk`n gi ibbns.

Bm gisorkpokÿj Amcktumbfijti si suibi gilkjkr bm gisorkpokÿj onfn ujm ‒pkjturm‖ aioam onj pmbmcrms, gi tmb fmjirm qui ujm cuijm gisorkpokÿj is mquibbm  qui prnvnom ij ib gistkjmtmrkn ujm kfpriskÿj sifihmj sifihmjti ti m bm sijskcbi, onj bn qui fijtmbfijti vi bm rimbkgmg gisorktm. Gisgi ujm pirspiotkvm tixtumb giokfns qui8 bm gisorkpokÿj is bm riprisijtmokÿj nrgijmgm nrgijmgm ‟pnr figkn gi pmbmcrms‟ gi rimbkgmgis læskoms (pirsnjms, mjkfmbis, nchitns, bu`mris), rimbkgmgis mcstrmotms (onjoiptns, tinræms, sijtkfkijtns, oriijokms) n kjobusn prnoisns, gitmbbmjgn sus gkstkjtms pmrtis y prnpkigmgis. Amcbmfns gi riprisijtmokÿj nrgijmgm puis bm kjlnrfmokÿj mpmrioi  hirmrqukzmgm ij pujtns jngmbis. Bns gmtns jn istíj lrm`fijtmgns lrm`fijtmgns jk gkspirsns ij gitmbbis kjøtkbis. Ij tnrjn m uj tifm  ‟rimbkgmg læskom, mcstrmotm n prnoisn‟ si prisijtmj bns gkstkjtns suctifms (mspiotns) y si 7<

 

prnpnroknjmj kjlnrfmoknjis ribmtkvms m okroujstmjokms ispmokn-tifpnrmprnpnroknjmj bis ij qui mpmrioij bms prnpkigmgis gib tifm (gitmbbis, omrmotiræstkoms, lujoknjis, oumbkgmgis). Ib ihi `ijirmtkvn gi bms gisorkpoknj gisorkpoknjis is is bm nr`mjkzmokÿj gi bns ibifijtns ij ib ispmokn, ym qui is lriouijti nrgijmr bm kjlnrfmokÿj gi bn `ijirmb m bnnpmrtkoubmr, gi si mrrkcm amokm mcmhn, gi kzqukirgm m girioam, si`øj ib nchitn prnoisn qui gisorkcm. Is kfpnrtmjti onjskgirmr bm motktug gisorkptkvm, bn qui jns pirfkti gkstkj`ukr ijtri gisorkpoknjis nchitkvms y suchitkvms. Bms prkfirms snj lujgmfijtmbfijti kjlnrfmtkvms, y ij ibbms ib ifksnr ivktm su pujtn gi vkstm pirsnjmb n trmtm gi qui ësti jn kjlbuym ij bm kfm`ij qui ib gistkjmtmrkn si lnrfi gi bm rimbkgmg gisorktm. Tnr ib onjtrmrkn, ij bms gisorkpoknjis suchitkvms, ib ifksnr nlrioi su prnpkm prnpkm vkskÿj gib nchitn. M bms gisorkpoknjis nchitkvms si bms gijnfkjm tmfckëj tëojkoms n okijtælkoms y m bms suchitkvms bktirmrkms n su`istkvms. _i`øj ib nchitkvn qui pirsk`m su ibmcnrmokÿj, uj tixtn gisorkptkvn puigi prisijtmrsi onfn8

• tmxnjnfæm8 n ijufirmokÿj gi onsms si`øj uj nrgij (bÿ`kon, mblmcëtkon, ornjnbÿ`kon, ito.) gistkjmgn m lmokbktmr su onjsubtm. Tnr ihifpbn8 bkstmgns, æjgkois, kjvijtmrkns, ito.

Cbnqui 43. Sibk`knjis priakstÿrkoms y ëtjkoms Bnombkzmokÿj y ornjnbn`æm ornjnbn`æm.......... .................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ..................... .................37 .......37 Bm ribk`kÿj ij ib Tmbinbætkon Tmbinbætkon.......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ............3< .3< Bm ribk`kÿj ij ib Jinbætkon .......... ..................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...............31 ....31 Bms ribk`knjis gi bns puicbns omzmgnris y rionbiotnris.........................?4 Bms ribk`knjis gi bns puicbns pmstnris y m`rkoubtnris............................?3 Gi bm priakstnrkm mb prisijti8 rktumbis y oamfmjksfn ........... ...................... .................?3 ......?3 Bms ribk`knjis gi bns puicbns jmtkvns mfirkomjns .......... ..................... ...................... ............?< .?< Bms ribk`knjis ij Ílrkom ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..................74 .......74 Bms ribk`knjis ëtjkoms ij Mustrmbkm y Noimjæm ........... ...................... ....................... .................73 .....73 Onjtmotn y omfckns ij bms ribk`knjis ëtjkoms ........... ...................... ...................... ..................77 .......77

70

 

Isti æjgkoi, ixtrmægn gi bm Ijokobnpigkm gib Istugkmjti gi Bm Jmokÿj (_mjtkbbmjm, 344